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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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On Visual, Vibrotactile, and 3D Audio Directional Cues for Dismounted Soldier Waypoint Navigation
- 2008
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 52nd ANNUAL MEETING—2008. - Los Angeles : Sage Publications. - 2169-5067 .- 1071-1813. ; , s. 1282-1286
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compared a visual GPS, a tactile torso belt, and a 3D audio display in a waypoint navigation task for dismounted soldiers. Using these displays one at a time, the soldier’s main tasks were to walk as fast and straight as possible towards the waypoints while visually scanning the terrain for detection of target flags. The results showed that all three types of displays gave similar navigation precision and target detection performance. The visual display entailed a somewhat higher navigation speed than the tactile and 3D audio displays. Both the visual and 3D audio displays, however, were rated as directing attention away from the terrain more than the tactile display. Compared to the tactile display, a higher mental workload was reported for the 3D audio, which was also rated least suitable for operational use in navigation tasks. Yet, the soldiers’ ability to localize directions to waypoints with the 3D audio display may point to its potential use for radio communication and cueing of directions to threats. In an overall evaluation, eight soldiers preferred the tactile display and four the visual, while none preferred the 3D audio. We discuss the results mainly regarding shortcomings of the study and the possibility of developing and combining the three display types for the dismounted soldier.
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| 8. |
- Kimenai, Dorien M., et al.
(författare)
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Sex-specific effects of implementing a high-sensitivity troponin I assay in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome : results from SWEDEHEART registry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE RESEARCH. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays with sex-specific 99th percentiles may improve management of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We investigated the impact of transitioning from a conventional troponin I assay to a high-sensitivity assay with sex-specific thresholds, in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome admitted to Swedish coronary care units. Based on data from SWEDEHEART registry (females, n=4,819/males, n=7,670), we compared periods before and after implementation of hs-cTnI assay (Abbott) using sex-specific 99th percentiles. We investigated differences on discharge diagnosis, in-hospital examinations, treatments, and clinical outcome. Upon implementation of the hs-cTnI assay, proportion of patients with troponin levels above diagnostic AMI threshold increased in women and men by 24.3% versus 14.8%, respectively. Similarly, incidence of AMI increased by 11.5% and 9.8%. Diagnostic interventions and treatments increased regardless of sex. However, these associations did not persist following multivariable adjustment, probably due to the effect of temporal management trends during the observation period. Overall, no risk reduction on major adverse cardiovascular events was observed (HR: 0.91 [95% CI 0.80-1.03], P=0.126). The implementation of hs-cTnI assay together with sex-specific 99th percentiles was associated with an increase in incidence of AMI regardless of sex, but had no major impact on clinical management and prognosis.
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| 9. |
- Kimenai, Dorien M., et al.
(författare)
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Sex-Specific Versus Overall Clinical Decision Limits for Cardiac Troponin I and T for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction : A Systematic Review
- 2018
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Ingår i: Clinical Chemistry. - : American Association for Clinical Chemistry. - 0009-9147 .- 1530-8561. ; 64:7, s. 1034-1043
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The overall clinical decision limits of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI; 26 ng/L) and T (hs-cTnT; 14 ng/L) may contribute to underdiagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in women. We performed a systematic review to investigate sex-specific and overall 99th percentiles of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT derived from healthy reference populations. CONTENT: We searched in PubMed and EMBASE for original studies, and by screening reference lists. Reference populations designed to establish 99th percentiles of hs-cTnI (Abbott) and/or hs-cTnT (Roche), published between January 2009 and October 2017, were included. Sex-specific and overall 99th percentile values of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were compared with overall clinical decision ranges (hs-cTnI, 23-30 ng/L; hs-cTnT, 13-25 ng/L). Twenty-eight studies were included in the systematic review. Of 16 hs-cTnI and 18 hs-cTnT studies, 14 (87.5%) and 11 (61.1%) studies reported lower femalespecific hs-cTn cutoffs than overall clinical decision ranges, respectively. Conversely, male-specific thresholds of both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were in line with currently used overall thresholds, particularly hs-cTnT (90% concordance). The variation of estimated overall 99th percentiles was much higher for hs-cTnI than hs-cTnT (29.4% vs 80.0% of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT studies reported values within the current overall clinical decision range, respectively). SUMMARY: Our data show substantially lower femalespecific upper reference limits of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT than overall clinical decision limits of 26 ng/L and 14 ng/L, respectively. The statistical approach strongly affects the hs-cTnI threshold. Downward adjustment of hs-cTn thresholds in women may be warranted to reduce underdiagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in women.
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| 11. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic Layer Deposition of NiO by the Ni(thd)2/H2O Precursor Combination
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - : WILEY. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 15:7-9, s. 186-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycrystalline nickel oxide is deposited on SiO2 substrates by alternating pulses of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)nickel(II) (Ni(thd)(2)) and H2O. The deposition process shows atomic layer deposition (ALD) characteristics with respect to the saturation behavior of the two precursors at deposition temperatures up to 275 degrees C. The growth of nickel oxide is shown to be highly dependent on surface hydroxide groups, and a large excess of H2O is required to achieve saturation. Throughout the deposition temperature range the amount of carbon in the film, originating from the metal precursor ligand, is in the range 1-2%. Above 275 degrees C ALD growth behavior is lost in favor of thermal decomposition of the metal precursor. The initial nucleation process is studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reveals nucleation of well-separated grains which coalesce to a continuous film after about 250 ALD cycles.
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| 12. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Vapour Deposition of Metastable Ni3N
- 2009
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Ingår i: EuroCVD17/CVD17. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 9781607680956 ; , s. 365-372
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metastable nickel nitride (Ni3N) has been chemically vapour deposited by the use of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)Ni(II) (Ni(thd)2) and ammonia precursors. The growth on both non-etched Si(100) and amorphous SiO2 is polycrystalline at deposition temperatures between 200-290{degree sign}C. However, at the highest temperatures the impurity level of oxygen and carbon originating from the metal precursor ligand, is about 5%. The growth rate dependence of temperature is divided into three different regions with large differences in activation energies, interpreted as different factors controlling the growth. In addition the deposition rate as a function of precursor supply as well as the incubation time for the growth initiation are different at temperatures which are further indications of differences in reaction mechanism. By substitution of NH3 for H2 to the reactant gas the growth mechanism is shown to occur via surface -NHx groups.
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| 13. |
- Lindahl, Erik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Doping of metastable Cu3N at different Ni concentrations : Growth, crystallographic sites and resistivity
- 2018
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 647, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copper nitride, Cu3N, is a metastable material whose properties can be changed considerably by doping with metals which opens for a variety of applications in several areas (sensors, electrical connects, batteries, memories, etc.). The present work is a systematic study in the system Cu-Ni-N of preferences regarding occupation of interstitial and substitutional crystallographic sites in the Cu3N structure as the metal dopant level increases and how the occupation influences growth behavior, texture, microstructure and resistivity. Ni doped Cu3N films of different chemical composition were grown by a gas-pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The occupation of the different crystallographic sites of the Cu3N by the Ni atoms was obtained from analysis of X-ray diffraction data. At low Ni content, less than about 21% in metal content, Ni replaced the Cu atoms in the structure. In the intermediate Ni metal content range from about 21 to 40% the vacant centre position became available. After filling the centre position, substitution of Cu for Ni occurred up to a Ni content of about 80% (Cu0.8Ni3.2N) which is the solid solubility limit of Ni in Cu3N. The film resistivity decreased rapidly by adding nickel to the Cu3N structure from about 10(9)mu Omega.cm without any Ni doping to about 100 mu Omega.cm with 80% Ni in the metal content. After filling the centre position the change in resistivity when Cu atoms were substituted for Ni was very small. Finally, the growth mechanism, texture and microstructure changed significantly with the uptake of Ni atoms in the structure.
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| 14. |
- Lindahl, Erik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxial NiO(100) and NiO(111) films grown by atomic layer deposition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 311:16, s. 4082-4088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epitaxial NiO (1 1 1) and NiO (1 0 0) films have been grown by atomic layer deposition on both MgO (1 0 0) and alpha-Al2O3 (0 0 1) substrates at temperatures as low as 200 degrees C by using bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)Ni(II) and water as precursors. The films grown on the MgO (1 0 0) substrate show the expected cube on cube growth while the NiO (1 1 1) films grow with a twin rotated 180 degrees on the alpha-Al2O3 (0 0 1) substrate surface. The films had columnar microstructures on both substrate types. The single grains were running throughout the whole film thickness and were significantly smaller in the direction parallel to the surface. Thin NiO (1 1 1) films can be grown with high crystal quality with a FWHM of 0.02-0.05 degrees in the rocking curve measurements.
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| 15. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Gas-Pulsed CVD for Film Growth in the Cu-Ni-N System
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - : Wiley. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 18:1-3, s. 10-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new ternary solid solution, Cu3-xNix+yN, is prepared by gas-pulsed CVD at 260 degrees C. Gas pulses of the precursor mixtures Cu(hfac)2+NH3 and Ni(thd)2+NH3, separated by intermittent ammonia pulses, are employed for the deposition of Cu3N and Ni3N, respectively. A few monolayers of the nitrides are grown in each CVD pulse and then mixed by diffusion to produce the solid solution. The metal content of the solid solution can be varied continuously from 100% to about 20% Cu, which means that the electrical properties can be varied from 1.6eV (band gap of Cu3N) to metallic (Ni3N). This is of interest for various applications, e.g., solar energy, catalysis, and microelectronics.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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In situ study of nickel formation during decomposition of chemical vapor deposition Ni3N films
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 28:5, s. 1203-1209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal decomposition of Ni3N thin films, deposited by chemical vapor deposition on SrTiO3 (001) and Si (100) substrates, has been studied by in situ x-ray diffraction, as well as temperature-programed controlled gas emission in both inert and hydrogen atmospheres. The decomposition at inert atmosphere conditions starts at the film/substrate interface, which results in a high degree of ordering in the formed nickel film. In the H-2 atmosphere, the initial film ordering is less pronounced and the decomposition occurs from the film surface and downward. This means that by choosing the annealing atmosphere, inert or hydrogen, the formation of the Ni film can be localized to either the original nitride/substrate interface or to the surface of the nitride. The annealed films show a cube-on-cube growth with respect to the SrTiO3 (001) substrate. The film morphology after the annealing experiments resembles the one of the as-deposited films. The lowest resistivity value is measured for the films annealed in the H-2 atmosphere. (C) 2010 American Vacuum Society. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3478298]
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| 18. |
- Lindahl, Erik, 1979-
(författare)
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Thin Film Synthesis of Nickel Containing Compounds
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most electrical, magnetic or optical devices are today based on several, usually extremely thin layers of different materials. In this thesis chemical synthesis processes have been developed for growth of less stable and metastable layers, and even multilayers, of nickel containing compounds. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for deposition of metastable Ni3N has been developed. The deposition process employs ammonia as nitrogen precursor. An atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for deposition of both polycrystalline and epitaxial NiO and using low oxygen activity, has also been developed. Both deposition processes utilizes bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)nickel(II) (Ni(thd)2) as the metal precursor. The Ni3N deposition proceeds via surface reactions. The growth rate is very sensitive to the partial pressure of ammonia, why adsorbed –NHx species are believed to be of importance for the film growth. Similar reactions can be expected between the metal precursor and H2O. For ALD of NiO a large excess of water was needed For the multilayered structures of Ni3N/NiO, growth processes, working at low activities of oxygen and hydrogen, are needed to avoid oxidation or reduction of the underlying layer. Chemical vapor growth methods such as CVD and ALD are often suffering from using high activities of hydrogen or oxygen to deposit metals and oxides. An alternative deposition pathway for metal deposition, without any hydrogen in the vapor, has been demonstrated. The metal has been formed by decomposition of the metastable nitride Ni3N in a post-annealing process. Ni3N decomposes via different mechanisms, depending on environment in the annealing process. The different mechanisms result in different degrees of ordering in the resulting Ni films. From the knowledge gained about the chemical growth of NiO and Ni3N as well as the decomposition of Ni3N, well-defined multilayer structures have been produced in different combinations of NiO, Ni3N and Ni.
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| 21. |
- von Beek, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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A two-step activation mechanism enables mast cells to differentiate their response between extracellular and invasive enterobacterial infection
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mast cells localize to mucosal tissues and contribute to innate immune defense against infection. How mast cells sense, differentiate between, and respond to bacterial pathogens remains a topic of ongoing debate. Using the prototype enteropathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and other related enterobacteria, here we show that mast cells can regulate their cytokine secretion response to distinguish between extracellular and invasive bacterial infection. Tissue-invasive S.Tm and mast cells colocalize in the mouse gut during acute Salmonella infection. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) sensing of extracellular S.Tm, or pure lipopolysaccharide, causes a modest induction of cytokine transcripts and proteins, including IL-6, IL-13, and TNF. By contrast, type-III-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1)-dependent S.Tm invasion of both mouse and human mast cells triggers rapid and potent inflammatory gene expression and >100-fold elevated cytokine secretion. The S.Tm TTSS-1 effectors SopB, SopE, and SopE2 here elicit a second activation signal, including Akt phosphorylation downstream of effector translocation, which combines with TLR activation to drive the full-blown mast cell response. Supernatants from S.Tm-infected mast cells boost macrophage survival and maturation from bone-marrow progenitors. Taken together, this study shows that mast cells can differentiate between extracellular and host-cell invasive enterobacteria via a two-step activation mechanism and tune their inflammatory output accordingly.
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| 22. |
- von Beek, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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A two-step activation mechanism enables mast cells to differentiate their response between extracellular and invasive enterobacterial infection
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mast cells localize to mucosal tissues and contribute to innate immune defense against infection. How mast cells sense, differentiate between, and respond to bacterial pathogens remains a topic of ongoing debate. Using the prototype enteropathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and other related enterobacteria, here we show that mast cells can regulate their cytokine secretion response to distinguish between extracellular and invasive bacterial infection. Tissue-invasive S.Tm and mast cells colocalize in the mouse gut during acute Salmonella infection. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) sensing of extracellular S.Tm, or pure lipopolysaccharide, causes a modest induction of cytokine transcripts and proteins, including IL-6, IL-13, and TNF. By contrast, type-III-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1)-dependent S.Tm invasion of both mouse and human mast cells triggers rapid and potent inflammatory gene expression and >100-fold elevated cytokine secretion. The S.Tm TTSS-1 effectors SopB, SopE, and SopE2 here elicit a second activation signal, including Akt phosphorylation downstream of effector translocation, which combines with TLR activation to drive the full-blown mast cell response. Supernatants from S.Tm-infected mast cells boost macrophage survival and maturation from bone-marrow progenitors. Taken together, this study shows that mast cells can differentiate between extracellular and host-cell invasive enterobacteria via a two-step activation mechanism and tune their inflammatory output accordingly.
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| 23. |
- Welinder, Karen Gjesing, et al.
(författare)
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Biochemical Foundations of Health and Energy Conservation in Hibernating Free-Ranging Subadult Brown Bear Ursus arctos
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - Rockville, USA : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 291:43, s. 22509-22523
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brown bears (Ursus arctos) hibernate for 5-7 months without eating, drinking, urinating and defecating at a metabolic rate of only 25% of the summer activity rate. Nonetheless, they emerge healthy and alert in spring. We quantified the biochemical adaptations for hibernation by comparing the proteome, metabolome, and hematologic features of blood from hibernating and active free-ranging subadult brown bears with a focus on conservation of health and energy. We found that total plasma protein concentration increased during hibernation, even though the concentrations of most individual plasma proteins decreased, as did the white blood cell types. Strikingly, antimicrobial defense proteins increased in concentration. Central functions in hibernation involving the coagulation response and protease inhibition, as well as lipid transport and metabolism, were upheld by increased levels of very few key or broad-specificity proteins. The changes in coagulation factor levels matched the changes in activity measurements. A dramatic 45-fold increase in sex-hormone-binding-globulin SHBG levels during hibernation draws, for the first time, attention to its significant but unknown role in maintaining hibernation physiology. We propose that energy for the costly protein synthesis is reduced by three mechanisms, (i) dehydration, which increases protein concentration without de novo synthesis; (ii) reduced protein degradation rates due to a 6 °C reduction in body temperature, and decreased protease activity; and (iii) a marked redistribution of energy resources only increasing de novo synthesis of few key proteins. This comprehensive global data identified novel biochemical strategies for bear adaptations to the extreme condition of hibernation, and have implications for our understanding of physiology in general.
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