| 1. |
- Dorais, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for a Single Clay/Temper Source for the Manufacture of Middle and Late Helladic Aeginetan Pottery from Asine, Greece
- 2004
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Ingår i: Geoarchaeology. - New York : Wiley. - 0883-6353 .- 1520-6548. ; 19:7, s. 657-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an effort to further characterize the Middle and Late Helladic pottery industry on Aegina, we have analyzed amphibole in 23 sherds imported to the coastal settlement of Asine. The sherds derive from vessels of different classes and shapes and range in age from MH I-II to LH IIIB-IIIC Early. All sherds come from vessels that carry manufacturing marks, and their amphiboles have compositions that are incompatible with those of Methana, Poros, and Melos. Twenty of the sherds have amphiboles that are identical in composition and overlap a narrow range of amphibole compositions found in specific lava flows on the northern portion of Aegina. Given that the dacites across Aegina contain amphiboles with a wide range in compositions, we suggest that the narrow range of amphibole compositions in the sherds indicates that they were derived from either a specific clay source on the island, located in a stream system southeast of the prehistoric settlement at Kolonna, or that the potters used a specific temper source along the same stream system. Multiple clay or temper sources would have produced sherds with a broader range of amphibole compositions reflecting the diversity of amphibole compositions found on Aegina. One sherd has amphibole compositions indicative of an additional Aeginetan component that is not found in the other sherds. Two sherds have amphiboles with compositions that do not match any known reference amphiboles for Aegina, Methana, Poros, or Melos. These may have been derived from still unsampled dacites on Aegina or have been manufactured from materials located outside the Saronic Gulf.
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| 2. |
- Gauss, Walter, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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The Middle Helladic Large Building Complex at Kolonna. A Preliminary View
- 2011
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Ingår i: Our Cups are Full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. - Oxford : Archaeopress. - 9781905739394 ; , s. 76-87
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper introduces the so-called Large Building Complex at Kolonna, Aegina for the first time in a comprehensive way. The “Large Building Complex” is the thus far largest building found at Kolonna, except the fortification wall. The Building was constructed at the beginning of the Middle Helladic period (MH I/II) and remained in use until the beginning of the Late Helladic period (LH I/II ). Within its long history, it underwent a series of changes and modifications. Size and dimensions as well as the rich finds from its interior clearly indicate that the “Large Building Complex” is the unambiguous residential building from Middle Helladic Kolonna
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| 3. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Some Reflections on Ceramic Technology Transfer at Bronze Age Kastri on Kythera, Kolonna on Aegina, and Lerna in the Argolid
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Transmission of Technical Knowledge in the Production of Ancient Mediterranean Pottery. - 9783900305789 ; , s. 225-237
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of novel ideas and skills in pottery manufacture at the settlements of Kastri, Kolonna, and Lernaare used to illustrate how different potting traditions in the Bronze Age Aegean intersected. The insertion of foreignceramic traits into previously established production environments are discussed as examples of acceptance (Kastri),rejection (Kolonna), and mediation (Lerna) in an attempt to nuance the complex process of ›Minoanization‹ in theAegean Bronze Age.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Finné, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Climate in the eastern Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, during the past 6000 years - A review
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-4403 .- 1095-9238. ; 38:12, s. 3153-3173
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The eastern Mediterranean, with its long archaeological and historical records, provides a unique opportunity to study human responses to climate variability. We review paleoclimate data and reconstructions from the region with a focus on the last 6000 years. We aim to provide an up-to-date source of information on climate variability and to outline present limitations and future opportunities. The review work is threefold: (1) literature review, (2) spatial and temporal analysis of proxy records, and (3) statistical estimation of uncertainties in present paleoclimate reconstructions (temperature, C). On a regional scale the review reveals a wetter situation from 6000 to 5400 yrs BP (note: all ages in this paper are in calibrated years before present (i.e. before 1950), abbreviated yrs BP, unless otherwise stated). This is followed by a less wet period leading up to one of fully-developed aridity from c. 4600 yrs BP. There is a need for more high-resolution paleoclimate records, in order to (i) better understand regional patterns and trends versus local climate variability and to (ii) fill the gap of data from some regions, such as the Near East, Greece and Egypt. Further, we evaluate the regional occurrence of a proposed widespread climate event at 4200 yrs BP. This proposed climate anomaly has been used to explain profound changes in human societies at different locations in the region around this time. We suggest that although aridity was widespread around 4200 yrs BP in the eastern Mediterranean region, there is not enough evidence to support the notion of a climate event with rapidly drying conditions in this region.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Aeginetan Late Bronze and Early Iron Age cooking pottery
- 2017
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Ingår i: From Cooking Vessels to Cultural Practices in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. - Oxford and Philadelphia : Oxbow Books. - 9781785706325 - 9781785706332 ; , s. 46-56
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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An Explosion of Polychromy : Establishing Localised Ceramic Identities at the Dawn of the Mycenaean Era
- 2021
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Ingår i: (Social) Place and Space in Early Mycenaean Greece. - Vienna : Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. - 9783700188544 - 9783700189343 ; , s. 549-569
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Near or at the end of the MH era, a wave of polychromy swept over the ceramic repertoires of the central and southern Greek mainland. Beginning at the start of the period we term LH I (c. 1675–1600 BC) or just beforeand persisting for some four to five generations thereafter down to some point within the LH IIA phase (c. 1600–1550/1525 BC), this predilection for bichrome and trichrome approaches to the decoration of tablewares was a feature of several different regions within the first half of the Prepalatial Mycenaean era. What inspired this sudden popularisationof the use of multiple colours for ceramic ornamentation? As striking as its relatively sudden emergence is the seeming contemporaneity of its disappearance from the various regional styles within which it had flourished. Was the virtual extinction of polychromy around the middle of the 16th century somehow related to the circumstances of its rapid adoption a century of more earlier? How this decorative fashion was exploited by its numerous producers may provide some answers to the questions surrounding the peculiar history of this characteristically early Mycenaean modeof pottery décor.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mastos in the Berbati Valley. - Stockholm : Eddy.se ab. - 9789179160586 ; , s. 177-179
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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Early Mycenaean Mortuary Meals at Lerna VI with Special Emphasis on their Aeginetan Components
- 2007
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Ingår i: Middle Helladic Pottery and Synchronisms. - Wien. - 9783700137832 ; , s. 115-135
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The integrative role played by feasting in the creation and maintenance of hierarchical social relations is well documented in the archaeological and ethnographic record. During the past decade, several archaeological contexts from the Bronze Age Aegean have been interpreted as remains of such activities. It is argued that a large portion of the mortuary remains from the two shaft graves at Lerna VI represent clear examples of this phenomenon already at the beginning of the Mycenaean period. Arguments for such an interpretation are presented here, followed by an overview of the Aeginetan component in the assemblage.
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| 14. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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Funerary meals at the LH I shaft graves at Lerna
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. - 0076-0730 .- 2041-5370. ; 51, s. 191-192
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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Prefiring Potters’ Marks
- 2007
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Ingår i: Midea. The Megaron Complex and Shrine Area. - Philadelphia. ; , s. 165-168
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 19. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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På återbesök i Malthi
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medusa. Svensk tidskrift för antiken. - Stockholm. - 0349-456X. ; :4, s. 11-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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The Chronology of the Lerna Shaft Graves
- 2011
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Ingår i: Our Cups are full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. - Oxford : Archaeoppress. - 9781905739394 ; , s. 140-153
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chronology of the two Lerna shaft grave fills is explored. It is concluded that the assemblages derive from either a single, one-time event approximately contemporary with the Late Minoan IA Mature volcanic destruction level at Akrotiri, or two events so close in time that they can only tentatively be separated by ceramic or radiocarbon study. In the latter case, shaft grave 1 is slightly older than shaft grave 2. Because of their large size, well-defined ceramic range, and intersecting position between southern and Central Greece, the two assemblages offer additional tools to sequence and evaluate Late Helladic/Late Cycladic I deposits elsewhere
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| 22. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
-
The Definition of Late Helladic I Revisited
- 2010
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Ingår i:
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In an endnote of Dickinson’s (1974) paper on the definition of Late Helladic I, the authorreferred to the ongoing work at Ayios Stephanos as potentially important for ourunderstanding of the origin of Lustrous Mycenaean Decorated (LDM) pottery. The finalpublication of the potterysequence at the settlement justifies a review of how this “transitionto Mycenaean” is identified. The possibility to split LH I into at least two parts –an early“becoming” with limited means of recognition outside Laconia, and a later “being”identifiable over considerable areas of the Greek Mainland –leave us with the conclusion thatthe “becoming” and hence beginning of LH I cannot be monitored outside ist initial core areawith the same set of diagnostic tools (as the later ‘being’ stage). In published deposits fromthe NE Peloponnese LDM pottery appears in analytically meaningful quantities only in thelater phase. The pottery from the Lerna shaft grave fills is used to show that LH I Late on theNE Peloponnese is contemporary with the volcanic destruction level (VDL) at Akrotiri andthe mature LM IA. Because of the large size of the Lerna shaft graves assemblages, theirwell-defined ceramic range, and intersecting position between southern and central Greece,they offers additional tools to sequence and evaluate LH I/LC I in other deposits.
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| 23. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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The Early Helladic Period
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mastos in the Berbati Valley. - Stockholm : Eddy.se ab. - 9789179160586 ; , s. 53-75
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 24. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-
(författare)
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The Middle Helladic period
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mastos in the Berbati Valley. - Stockholm : Eddy.se ab. - 9789179160586 ; , s. 77-96
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
- Lindblom, Michael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Two Early Helladic II terracotta rollers from Asine and their glyptic context
- 2018
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Ingår i: Opuscula. - : EDITORIAL COMMITTEE SWEDISH INST ATHENS & ROME. - 2000-0898. ; 11, s. 81-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two Early Helladic II terracotta rollers from the Third Terrace at Asine are presented. The objects, used to impress relief decoration on pithoi and hearths, are unique in that no other examples are known from the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Their origin is discussed based on chemical characterization and their depositional contexts are reviewed from an archaeological perspective. Although there are no known impressions from these rollers on pithoi and hearths at Asine, it is shown that their owners surrounded themselves with different objects featuring similar glyptic impressions. Two such impressions find identical parallels at Tiryns and the combined evidence strongly suggest that Asine was the home for one or several potters who produced Early Helladic impressed hearths and pithoi.*
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| 26. |
-
Mastos in the Berbati Valley : An Intensive Archaeological Survey
- 2011
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study presents the results of a small but intensive surface survey conducted on the Mastos Hill in the Berbati Valley in 1999. While remains from the Early and Late Helladic period were known from previous excavations on its southern and eastern slopes, this is the first analysis of the entire hill. It includes a digital documentation of the local topography as well as an account of the archaeological remains retrieved in the field. The study fills a gap in different data sets and results gained through old excavations and the extensive 1988–1990 Berbati-Limnes survey. The introductory chapter summarizes previous work in the valley, discusses its ancient routes of communication and outlines the method employed in the archaeological survey. This is followed by an account of the topographical survey and the geographical information system used. In the six following chapters the archaeological remains are presented and analyzed in a diachronic fashion. It is concluded that the hill was predominantly settled in prehistory with the exception of a small stronghold in medieval times on its top terrace. A detailed petrographic study of ceramics found at different locales in the valley is also included.
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| 27. |
- Nordquist, Gullög, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Curating the past : Asine and PRAGMATA
- 2020
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Ingår i: Methods and models in ancient history. - Athens : Norwegian Institute at Athens. - 9786188490307 ; , s. 285-294
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Digitalization and web-based repositories of information have become increasingly important in archaeologyas resources both for students and researchers. This paper discusses the work to make publicly available thedocumentation and finds from the Swedish excavations at Asine, Greece. Emphasis is put on the material fromthe 1926 excavations currently stored at Uppsala University and the effort to make it accessible for researchersin the form of the online database PRAGMATA.
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| 28. |
- Nuttall, Christopher, 1989-
(författare)
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Seascape Dialogues : Human-sea interaction in the Aegean from Late Neolithic to Late Bronze Age
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines human-sea interaction based on embodied and embedded action in the littoral and island regions of the Aegean from Late Neolithic (4800 BCE) to the end of Late Bronze Age I (1600 BCE). Fundamental to this approach is the concept of seascapes, defined here as a place or agent created by a human mind set. To facilitate the investigation, analysis focuses on embodied action, divided between spatial analysis, the consumption of seafood, the utilisation of marine faunal remains in material culture and the iconographic rendering of marine and maritime matters. Through GIS analysis it is determined that ‘coastality’ – the spatial relationship between locales and the coast – was temporally variable and related to network interaction. Coastality appears to have been a fundamental prerequisite for the formation of seascapes, though the formation of seascapes was not an inevitable outcome of coastality. Uneven recovery practices in excavations impacted the marine faunal record, though higher marine consumption wasrecognised on Crete from the end of the prepalatial period onwards, due in part to the greater recovery of ecofactual data on the island. Marine shell found a wide utility in the prehistoric Aegean, but cluster in the LN-EB III periods. Exceptions include the production of murex dye in the southern Aegean in MBA-LBA and the use of triton shells in cult places in MBA–LBA Crete. Iconographic representation of the sea was geographically restricted – almost entirely absent from the Greek mainland – and had particular chronological and thematic focuses. These included seafaring in the Cyclades and Saronic Gulf, as well as marine fauna scenes onwards from mid-EBA Cyclades and Crete. Such representations were metarepresentations of the sea, prompted by sustained, long-term interaction with the sea. This is particularly evident in the case of Crete, where marine themes became enmeshed in an archaeologically visible syntax of cult paraphernalia and practices. Seascapes were created under specific conditions according to local circumstances and choices. They were not expressed in a uniform manner through time and space and were not an inevitable outcome of living in an area with relative ease of access to the sea.
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| 29. |
- Rutter, Jeremy, et al.
(författare)
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A Shape for Few Seasons : The Rapid Appearance and Disappearance of the Mainland Greek Panel Cup
- 2022
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Ingår i: Hesperia. - : American School of Classical Studies at Athens. - 0018-098X .- 1553-5622. ; 91:4, s. 571-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The circulation of the panel cup on the Greek mainland beginning in Middle Helladic III is explored from various perspectives. The shape flourished for less than a century, principally in the northeast Peloponnese, in both funerary and domestic contexts. The shape was produced in two sizes. Pattern-painted examples exhibit remarkable variation, suggestive of intentional individualization. Although the form is originally Cycladic, its mainland imitation was inspired by contemporary Aiginetan products. Funerary contexts in the Argolid suggest a connection between decorated panel cups, elite male burials, and high-profile drinking events. After its brief floruit, the panel cup appears to have been replaced by identical or functionally related shapes made in precious metals.
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| 30. |
- Verhagen, Filmo
(författare)
-
Daily life in the Roman Republican countryside : A ceramic perspective on change and continuity in the production, distribution and consumption of cooking wares from the Pontine region (Central Italy), 4th–1st centuries BC
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Daily life in the Roman Republican countryside (4th–1st centuries BC) was influenced by the lasting effects of unification and integration into the Roman state. The outcomes of this process varied between areas depending on the local environment and pre-Roman history, leading to variation in daily practices among rural communities. This study aims to shed new light on the rural communities of the Pontine region and how they were impacted by larger-scale socio-economic processes. Through a detailed study of the production, distribution and consumption of cooking wares retrieved during surveys of farmsteads in the region, elements of change and continuity are explored. In order to be able to connect small-scale data obtained from ceramic fabrics and individual sherds to large-scale socio-economic and top-down political processes, a multi-scalar behavioural framework centred on the life cycle of cooking wares is employed. The assemblages recovered from consumption contexts are viewed as remnants of habitual behaviour performed in domestic settings. Indirectly, the ceramic fragments also provide information about the production and distribution of these pots through their fabrics. The morphological longevity and standardisation of different vessel forms suggests that production technology and consumption practices were widely shared, leading to the conceptualisation of what a cooking pot should look like. Minor morphological, technological and distributional changes occurred in the first half of the 2nd century BC. These tentatively point to changes in the organisation of production and distribution mechanisms, with regional and interregional producers supplying the Pontine pottery markets. This coincided with much wider societal changes associated with the Second Punic War. The assemblage study reveals intra-regional variation and similarities. The Pontine plain shows a high level of uniformity in the assemblages, suggesting a homogenous population of (Roman) colonists settling the previously uninhabited but now drained marshland in the late 4th century BC. On the other hand, the coastal area shows more variation in consumption practices, reflecting the co-habitation of different groups such as the Volscians and Latins, mixed with Roman colonists, as well as possibly more socio-economic diversity between households. Diachronically, Mid-Republican foodways were centred on (semi)liquid foods prepared in jars and served in bowls, supplemented with a pre-Roman local tradition of bread baking. By the Late Republican period, foodways and their associated assemblages became more varied. Nonetheless, by the end of the 1st century, what inhabitants of the region would serve for dinner would still been somewhat recognisable to their Mid-Republican ancestors.
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| 31. |
- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Social and Environmental Dynamics in Bronze and Iron Age Greece
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Urban Mind. - Uppsala : Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. - 9789150621754 ; , s. 149-194
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The authors present an overview of cultural and social resilience during more than two thousand years of fluctuating environmental circumstances in the Greek Bronze and Iron Ages. Central for discussions are four case studies focusing on discontinuities during periods of heightened societal stress combined with suggested climatic or environmental instability. Topics under discussion are how past environmental changes and cultural responses interact. Attempts to reconstruct human sustainability in the light of shifting environmental circumstances should aim to establish a firm sequence of events. Other important factors are discrepancies and inadequacies of environmental and archaeological datasets in the Aegean, and intra-regional variation where small-scale environmental changes have affected even neighbouring valley systems in different ways. Human decision-making and agency have been continually underestimated and under-explored, and the actual outcome of events after episodes or processes of environmental change lies in how they were perceived and dealt with by the people affected. All four case studies contain discussions on societal complexity, whether waxing or waning, and overexploitation with resulting degradation of lands is a factor for three of the four case studies. A significant change around 2200 and 1100 BCE is the disappearance on a supra-regional scale of common features in material culture, and the shift to regionalism and small-scale life, while a reverse development can be seen around 1600 BCE and 700 BCE.
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| 32. |
- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Svunna landskap
- 2010
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Ingår i: Hellenika. - Stockholm : Föreningen Svenska Atheninstitutets Vänner. - 0348-0100. ; 132, s. 14-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 33. |
- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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The Early Helladic II–III Transition at Lerna and Tiryns Revisited : Chronological Difference or Synchronous Variability?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Hesperia. - : American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). - 0018-098X .- 1553-5622. ; 83:3, s. 383-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lerna and the Lower Citadel of Tiryns are key sites for understanding the Early Helladic II–III transition in the northeastern Peloponnese. We argue that the differences between the two settlements do not reflect chronological variation, but rather the ways in which each settlement responded to events ca. 2200 b.c. The ceramic and architectural sequences are used to illustrate the divergent strategies practiced by the inhabitants of each site. Lerna III–IV epitomizes the renegotiation of social values during a period when centralized decision-making and coordination of economic activities was disintegrating. Activities in the coeval Lower Citadel of Tiryns, on the other hand, reflect the maintenance of continuity in a domestic setting.
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| 34. |
- Wild, Eva-Maria, et al.
(författare)
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14C dating of the Early to Late Bronze Age stratigraphic sequence of Aegina Kolonna, Greece
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 268:7-8, s. 1013-1021
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aegina Kolonna, located in the center of the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Mediterranean (Greece), is one of the major archaeological sites of the Aegean Bronze Age with a continuous stratigraphic settlement sequence from the Late Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. Due to its position next to the maritime cross roads between central mainland Greece, the northeast Peloponnese, the Cyclades and Crete, the island played an important role in the trade between these regions. In the course of new excavations, which focused on the exploration of the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age at Kolonna, several short lived samples from different settlement phases have been 14C-dated with the AMS method at the VERA laboratory. Bayesian sequencing of the 14C data according to the stratigraphic position of the samples in the profile was performed to enable estimates of the transition time between the cultural phases. The Aegina Kolonna 14C sequence is one of the longest existing so far for the Aegean Bronze Age, and therefore of major importance for the absolute Bronze Age chronology in this region. Preliminary results indicate that the Middle Helladic period seems to have started earlier and lasted longer than traditionally assumed. Further, at the present stage of our investigation we can give also a very tentative time frame for the Santorini volcanic eruption which seems to be in agreement with the science derived VDL date.
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| 35. |
- Worsham, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary report of the Malthi Archaeological Project, 2015-2016
- 2018
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Ingår i: Opuscula. - : EDITORIAL COMMITTEE SWEDISH INST ATHENS & ROME. - 2000-0898. ; 11, s. 7-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article offers preliminary results and tentative interpretations of new work at the previously excavated settlement of Malthi in Messenia, south-west Pelopponese. The work included an intensive survey of the site architecture, as well as test excavations of spaces within and outside of the fortification wall. We propose updated observations on the chronology and phasing of the site based on pottery dates from the new excavation and comment on the preserved architecture as it compares to other settlements of the period. The settlement appears to have been first inhabited in the second half of the Middle Helladic period. Little, if any, architecture from this phase can be securely identified today. At the beginning of the Late Helladic period a fortification was erected, and the entire layout of the site was transformed. The construction likely took place as a single project, as argued by the original excavator, and so indicates a significant investment of labor and capital. Such an undertaking speaks not only to local access to wealth at this time, but also compares well with changes in other Early Mycenaean communities. For yet unknown reasons, the settlement was abandoned no later than in Late Helladic IIIA1.*
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