| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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FERSI position paper: Safety through automation? : ensuring that automated and connected driving contribute to a safer transportation system
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020. ; , s. 5-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2018, the Forum of European Road Safety Research Institutes (FERSI) published a report on automated driving (AD) from a road safety point of view, prepared by a dedicated FERSI Working Group with experts from eleven European countries. The group identified 23 high priority concerns or questions, clustered into four categories, to ensure that connected AD and co-operative ITS successfully contribute to a smart, green, and integrated transport system which at the same time is a safe transport system. The discussions resulted in ten principles to be fulfilled in order to optimise the safety effects of AD. Even if these principles may seem straightforward, the underlying questions are complex, and the identification and realisation of cost-efficient and effective solutions will require considerable effort. Many strong industrial and political driving forces exist, but so far improving road safety seems to get insufficient priority. FERSI therefore recommends a number of focused actions.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Evaluation of the Initial 50th Percentile Female Prototype Rear Impact Dummy, BioRID P50F–Indications for the need of an additional dummy size
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to present the design of a prototype rear impact crash test dummy, representing a 50th percentile female, and compare its performance to volunteer response data. The intention was to develop a first crude prototype as a first step toward a future biofidelic 50th percentile female rear impact dummy. The current rear impact crash test dummy, BioRID II, represents a 50th percentile male, which may limit the assessment and development of whiplash protection systems with regard to female occupants. Introduction of this new dummy size will facilitate evaluation of seat and head restraint (HR) responses in both the average sized female and male in rear impacts. A 50th percentile female rear impact prototype dummy, the BioRID P50F, was developed from modified body segments originating from the BioRID II. The mass and rough dimensions of the BioRID P50F is representative of a 50th percentile female. The prototype dummy was evaluated against low severity rear impact sled tests comprising six female volunteers closely resembling a 50th percentile female with regard to stature and mass. The head/neck response of the BioRID P50F prototype resembled the female volunteer response corridors. The stiffness of the thoracic and lumbar spinal joints remained the same as the average sized male BioRID II, and therefore likely stiffer than joints of an average female. Consequently, the peak rearward angular displacement of the head and T1, and the rearward displacement of the T1, were lesser for the BioRID P50F in comparison to the female volunteers. The biofidelity of the BioRID P50F prototype thus has some limitations. Based on a seat response comparison between the BioRID P50F and the BioRID II, it can be concluded that the male BioRID II is an insufficient representation of the average female in the assessment of the dynamic seat response and effectiveness of whiplash protection systems.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impact Sled Tests at Two Head Restraint Distances
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical and kinematic responses of female volunteers with two different head restraint (HR) configurations when exposed to a low-speed rear loading environment. A series of rear impact sled tests comprising eight belted, near 50th percentile female volunteers, seated on a simplified laboratory seat, was performed with a mean sled acceleration of 2.1 g and a velocity change of 6.8 km/h. Each volunteer underwent two tests; the first test configuration, HR10, was performed at the initial HR distance ∼10 cm and the second test configuration, HR15, was performed at ∼15 cm. Time histories, peak values and their timing were derived from accelerometer data and video analysis, and response corridors were also generated. The results were separated into three different categories, HR10C (N = 8), HR15C (N = 6), and HR15NC (N= 2), based on: (1) the targeted initial HR distance [10 cm or 15 cm] and (2) whether the volunteers’ head had made contact with the HR [Contact (C) or No Contact (NC)] during the test event. The results in the three categories deviated significantly. The greatest differences were found for the average peak head angular displacements, ranging from 10° to 64°. Furthermore, the average neck injury criteria (NIC) value was 22% lower in HR10C (3.9 m2/s2), and 49% greater in HR15NC (7.4 m2/s2) in comparison to HR15C (5.0 m2/s2). This study supplies new data suitable for validation of mechanical or mathematical models of a 50th percentile female. A model of a 50th percentile female remains to be developed and is urgently required to complement the average male models to enhance equality in safety assessments. Hence, it is important that future protection systems are developed and evaluated with female properties taken into consideration too. It is likely that the HR15 test configuration is close to the limit for avoiding HR contact for this specific seat setup. Using both datasets (HR15C and HR15NC), each with its corresponding HR contact condition, will be possible in future dummy or model evaluation.
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Motion of the Head and Neck of Female and Male Volunteers
- 2010
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Ingår i: IRCOBI Conference – Hanover (Germany). - 9783033025509 ; , s. 29-39
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study indications of differences in motion pattern of females and males have been found. The objective was to quantify dynamic motion responses of female and male volunteers in rear impact tests. Such data can be used as an input in the development process of improved occupant models such as computational models and crash test dummies.High-speed video data from rear impact tests at 4 km/h and 8 km/h with 12 female and 11 male volunteers was analysed. The females in this study had smaller rearward horizontal and angular motions of the head and T1 compared to the males. Furthermore, the females had more pronounced rebound motion.
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| 6. |
- Chang, Fred, et al.
(författare)
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EvaRID: a dummy model representing females in rear end impacts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proc. Whiplash 2010, 3rd International Conference, Munich, November 18 – 20, 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Seventh Framework project ADSEAT (Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female andMale Occupants) aims at establishing the properties for a model of an average female and toimplement those in a computational model in order to provide an improved tool for the developmentand evaluation of adaptive systems with special focus on protection against whiplash injuries. As suchthe project will result in a computational model of a female, in addition to the male model that alreadyexists, for low severity testing. Both the female and the male model will then be used in be used instudies to design and evaluate adaptive seat systems that provide enhanced neck injury protection.This paper will present the first version of the female dummy model, called EvaRID, as developedduring the first year of the ADSEAT project. Background information on the size selection,anthropometry and the scaling method used will be described. The performance of the EvaRID V1.0release is shown by comparing simulation results with volunteer data.
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| 7. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Human Volunteer Kinematics in Rear-End Sled Collisions
- 1998
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. ; , s. 289-301
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of current projects are developing new crash test dummies for rear-end impact testing. The validation of such a dummy design requires human response data from pertinent test situations. The objectives of this study are to quantify human head, neck, chest, pelvis and femur mechanical response in a well defined test seat. Another aim is to see how the response varies with seat design and sled speed change during low-speed rear-end collisions. This data is intended to be used in the validation of the crash test dummy (BioRID I) in rear-end impact situations, with a focus on low delta V (velocity change) collisions. Thirteen human subjects were exposed to 28 rear-end collision sled impacts with velocity changes close to 5 and 7 krn/h respectively. The results showed vertical motion of the subjects' H-point caused by ramping up along the seat, a forward rotat ion of the subjects' femur and maybe a contraction of the subjects' gluteus muscles. A vertical motion of the subjects' torso and head was also observed. This motion was caused by a combination of ramping up along the seat back and the straightening of the thoracic kyphosis. In the first 100 ms after impact, several subjects flexed their head relative T1. These new data have proven to be useful as validation data for new rear-end impact dummies.
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| 8. |
- Ekström, Camilla, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Fatally injured cyclists in Sweden 2005–2015 : analysis of accident circumstances, injuries and suggestions for safety improvements
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cycling is part of the sustainable transport system and plans are in place to increase this part of the transport system in Sweden, Europe as well as globally. Improving the safety for this group of roadusers is of great importance. The aim of this study was to identify patterns among fatally injured cyclists in Sweden, in order to suggest general safety improvements or improvements addressing different groups of cyclists as well as specific traffic conditions.The information was sourced from the in-depth study database of fatalities as well as the joint register for police and hospital injury and accident data, STRADA, in Sweden. Data was analysed and interpreted for an 11 year period from 2005–2015. The in-depth study of the fatalities provided details about the accidents and individuals involved in the accident and the information was retrieved by parameter values, in free text description and documents in the database. STRADA was used to sort official data within the in-depth study, assigning codes for accident type, complementing parameters and additional parameters.A total of 271 fatalities were identified and analysed where the majority of the accidents occurred during spring–autumn. Male fatalities accounted for two-thirds of the studied cases and in ages above 40, male fatalities are twice as many as female fatalities. Fatalities in Motor vehicle accidents are distributed in all age groups, while in the Single bike and Other bike category, there were no children and only a few young adults reported.
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| 9. |
- Genzel, Jonny, et al.
(författare)
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An Open-Source Finite Element Model of a Generic Car Seat: Development and Validation for Low-Severity Rear Impact Evaluations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - : IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2022-September, s. 229-242, s. 229-242
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Finite Element model of a generic Laboratory Seat was developed to replicate a physical counterpart used in rear-impact volunteer tests. The Laboratory Seat has a simplified design, developed to facilitate replication in computational models. The seat has a flat rigid base and the seatback consists of four horizontal panels attached to side posts by coil springs. The seat model was validated with results from component tests and sled tests, including the Anthropomorphic Test Device, BioRID II. An initial test series was carried out to generate data for component validation: the first set of tests to characterise the coil spring properties; and the second set comprising Impactor Tests on Head Restraint Foam to assess the head restraint material properties. For system level validation, sled tests were conducted both with the empty Laboratory Seat and with the BioRID II. The BioRID II tests were conducted in conjunction with an earlier volunteer test study. Both the component and the sled tests were reproduced in a virtual environment. Good agreement was achieved between the mechanical tests and the computational simulations. The seat model is freely available to use: https://openvt.eu/fem/open-access-laboratory-seat-model.
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| 10. |
- Howard, Christian, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Review of Swedish experiences concerning analysis of people injured in traffic accidents
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides a review of Swedish experiences concerning the national road traffic accident information system STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition). STRADA contains information on accidents occurring in the Swedish road transport system as reported by the police, and medical data on persons injured as reported by the hospitals. By combining data from two sources, the STRADA system can provide more comprehensive information on both the circumstances and the consequences of road traffic accidents. The aim was to provide a review of accident and injury data in STRADA, including methods for collecting, sharing and analyzing the data. The primary focus is on the injury data provided by the hospitals and how these can be used in conjunction with police data. The main results provided in this report are descriptions of how the STRADA database is structured and what data are available, how the police and hospitals collect data, and how the data are made available to various stakeholders. The report describes the organizations involved in maintaining and developing the STRADA system and a number of examples of how hospital data has been used in various projects are also provided. Information about STRADA was compiled mainly from material provided by the responsible authority – The Swedish Transport Agency. In addition, a literature review was performed in order to identify examples of how hospital data has been used in different projects. The report was commissioned by the Belgian Road Safety Institute (BRSI).
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| 11. |
- Karemyr, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Seat Evaluation Tools (SETs) : Development of prototype concepts of the SETs of an average female and male for low severity rear impact crash testing
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study has been to develop new Seat Evaluation Tools (SET)s with the geometries of an average female (50F) and male (50M) as seated car occupants, based on data from humanshape.org. The SETs have been designed to evaluate the occupant protection performances of car seats in a low severity rear impact.Focus areas have been the motion of the spine, neck and shoulders to enable a human-like interaction with the car seat. Improvements have been made to previous designs of the neck spring and damper system, and a new solution for shoulder flexibility has been implemented. Soft body materials have been used to facilitate the motion of the torso, and a 3D thoracic and lumbar spine design has been developed.Two physical prototypes, SET v0.1 50F and 50M, have been developed and all drawings and CAD models have been made available under open-source license on the OpenVT platform (https://openvt.eu/). The prototypes have been run in initial dynamic tests and the results have been compared to previous volunteer tests.This work was carried out within the EU-funded project, VIRTUAL.
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| 12. |
- Klug, Corina, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of injury predictors and kinematics of Human Body Models representing average female and male road users in car crashes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 27th ESV Conference Proceedings. - : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in injury risk between females and males are often reported in field data analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in kinematics and injury risk between average female and male car occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, under well-controlled boundary conditions. Therefore, a simulation study comprising the newly introduced VIVA+ human body models was performed, representing the first model line-up consisting of average female and male models originating from the same base model. A generic vehicle interior, detailed seat models and a generic vehicle exterior were used to simulate crash scenarios close to those currently tested in consumer information tests. Differences in injury risks, load distribution and injury mechanisms were observed between the average female and male VIVA+ models for different load cases and body regions. While in some load cases, loading was more severe for the average female, opposite trends have also been observed. In order to understand trends observed in the field and to derive appropriate countermeasures, further variations in load cases and anthropometries should be considered in future work using the tools presented in this study.
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| 13. |
- Klug, Corina, et al.
(författare)
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How much does the injury risk between average female and average male anthropometry differ? – A simulation study with open source tools for virtual crash safety assessments
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in injury risk between females and males are often reported in field data analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in kinematics and injury risks between average female and male anthropometry in two exemplary use cases. A simulation study comprising the newly introduced VIVA+ human body models (HBM) was performed for two use cases. The first use case relates to whiplash associated disorders sustained in rear impacts and the second to femur fractures in pedestrians impacted by passenger cars as field data indicates that females have higher injury risk compared to males in these scenarios. Detailed seat models and a generic vehicle exterior were used to simulate crash scenarios close to those currently tested in consumer information tests. In the evaluations with one of the vehicle seats and one car shape the injury risks were equal for both models. However, the risk of the average female HBM for whiplash associated disorders was 1.5 times higher compared to the average male HBM for the rear impacts in the other seat and 10 times higher for proximal femur fractures in the pedestrian impacts for one of the two evaluated vehicle shapes.. Further work is needed to fully understand trends observed in the field and to derive
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Krašna, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Human Response to Longitudinal Perturbations of Standing Passengers on Public Transport During Regular Operation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-4185. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the response of standing passengers on public transport who experience balance perturbations during non-collision incidents. The objective of the study was to analyse the effects of the perturbation characteristics on the initial responses of the passengers and their ability to maintain their balance. Sled tests were conducted on healthy volunteers aged 33.8 ± 9.2 years (13 males, 11 females) standing on a moving platform, facilitating measurements of the initial muscle activity and stepping response of the volunteers. The volunteers were exposed to five different perturbation profiles representing typical braking and accelerating manoeuvres of a public transport bus in the forward and backward direction. The sequence of muscle activations in lower-extremity muscles was consistent for the perturbation pulses applied. For the three acceleration pulses combining two magnitudes for acceleration (1.5 and 3.0 m/s2) and jerk (5.6 and 11.3 m/s3), the shortest muscle onset and stepping times for the passengers to recover their balance were observed with the higher jerk value, while the profile with the higher acceleration magnitude and longer duration induced more recovery steps and a higher rate of safety-harness deployment. The tendency for a shorter response time was observed for the female volunteers. For the two braking pulses (1.0 and 2.5 m/s2), only the lower magnitude pulse allowed balance recovery without compensatory stepping. The results obtained provide a reference dataset for human body modelling, the development of virtual test protocols, and operational limits for improving the safety of public transportation vehicles and users. © Copyright © 2021 Krašna, Keller, Linder, Silvano, Xu, Thomson and Klug.
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| 16. |
- Lackner, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Future Transportation. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-5210. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To improve mobility in cities in line with environmental goals, in urban traffic, trams represent an increasingly important means of transport. Due to the close interaction with other road users, this makes collisions with trams fairly frequent. This study has investigated accidents between trams and vulnerable road users resulting in personal injury, aimed at identifying priorities for simulating collisions between trams and pedestrians to assess passive safety measures. Tram accident data collection established throughout Europe from multiple sources and with varying degree of details, have been combined and analysed. These analyses comprise risk assessments per km-driven and general tram accident partner and site type evaluations, with more detailed analyses on accident site distance to the closest tram stop and injured body regions, respectively. In total, 7,535 tram-pedestrian accident resulting in 8,802 pedestrian injuries, collected in the year 2000–2021, was analysed. Accident risk ranges from 0.934 accidents per number of tram (million) km-driven, for slight injuries to 0.063 for fatal injuries. Pedestrians represent a large proportion of tram accident collision partners, especially for severe and fatal accidents. In accidents between trams and pedestrians, 3% of reported injuries are fatal, 23% severe and 74% minor. Generally, low-speed accidents close to tram stops often leading to minor injuries were observed to be of significant importance (<20m to the GPS location of a stop). Analysis of accidents was done bases on gender of the pedestrian showing overall similar involvements in accident with slight difference for various age groups and sites. Regardless of injury severity, the most frequently injured body region in accidents involving a tram is the head. Likewise, injuries sustained to the thorax, especially for higher injury severities are of high relevance, followed by injuries to the lower extremities. Based on this study, recommendations for developing reasonable tram-pedestrian accident scenarios for virtual testing can be derived for further optimisation of pedestrian safety of trams.
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| 17. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Seat Optimisation Considering Reduction of Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants – Applications of the EvaRID Model and a Loading Device Representing a 50th Percentile Female
- 2013
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Ingår i: The 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Seoul (Korea), May 27-30, 2013.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is ofworldwide concern and the injury risk is greater forfemales than males. However, whiplash protectionsystems have shown to be more beneficial for malesthan females. Hence there is a need for improvedtools to address female protection.One objective of the European 7th Framework,project ADSEAT was to develop a finite elementmodel of a rear impact dummy representing femalesfor application in seat optimization studies along withthe BioRID II. In support of this injury risks forfemales were studied revealing target size for thedummy model. Related anthropometric data werederived from literature and dynamic volunteer testscomprising females performed to set biofidelitytargets. On this basis a finite element model representing females was developed and relevant injury criteria and thresholds identified. For the latter use was made of a prototype loading device consisting of a modified BioRID dummy that better matches the female anthropometry.This paper article documents the development of the female whiplash dummy model called EvaRID (Eva female, RID – Rear Impact Dummy) and its application to a series of production seats. The loading device BioRID50F and initial test results are also presented herein.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Leo, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Swedish and Dutch accident data on cyclist injuries in cyclist-car collisions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 20:sup2, s. 160-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To reduce the number of severe injuries sustained by cyclists in crashes with vehicles, it is important to understand which kinds of injuries are occurring to identify what should be assessed by means of virtual testing. Method: A detailed analysis of injuries was made based on Swedish and Dutch accident data. The most frequently injured body regions and the most frequent single injuries of these body regions were analysed. Results: Cyclists most frequently injured their heads, upper and lower extremities, and bone fractures as well as brain injuries were identified as one of the most important injuries. Conclusions: For the virtual assessment of cyclist protection, injury predictors for long bone, skull and pelvic fractures as well as brain injuries are required in Human Body Models.
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| 20. |
- Leo, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Are There Any Significant Differences in Terms of Age and Sex in Pedestrian and Cyclist Accidents?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study has analyzed sex-specific differences in pedestrian and cyclist accidents involving passenger cars. The most frequently injured body regions, types of injuries, which show sex-specific differences and the general accident parameters of females and males were compared. Accident data from three different European countries (Austria, Netherlands, Sweden) were analyzed. The current analysis shows that for both, females and males, pedestrian and cyclist injuries are sustained mainly to the body regions head, thorax, upper extremities and lower extremities. The results show that the odds for sustaining skeletal injuries to the lower extremities (incl. pelvis) in females are significantly higher. It was observed in all datasets, that the odds of females being involved in a rural accident or an accident at night are lower than for males. Elderly pedestrian and cyclist (≥60YO) tend to sustain more severe injuries (AIS2+ and AIS3+) than younger pedestrian and cyclists (
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| 21. |
- Leo, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Holistic pedestrian safety assessment for average males and females
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: An integrated assessment framework that enables holistic safety evaluations addressing vulnerable road users (VRU) is introduced and applied in the current study. The developed method enables consideration of both active and passive safety measures and distributions of real-world crash scenario parameters. Methods: The likelihood of a specific virtual testing scenario occurring in real life has been derived from accident databases scaled to European level. Based on pre-crash simulations, it is determined how likely it is that scenarios could be avoided by a specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system. For the unavoidable cases, probabilities for specific collision scenarios are determined, and the injury risk for these is determined, subsequently, from in-crash simulations with the VIVA+ Human Body Models combined with the created metamodel for an average male and female model. The integrated assessment framework was applied for the holistic assessment of car-related pedestrian protection using a generic car model to assess the safety benefits of a generic AEB system combined with current passive safety structures. Results: In total, 61,914 virtual testing scenarios have been derived from the different car-pedestrian cases based on real-world crash scenario parameters. Considering the occurrence probability of the virtual testing scenarios, by implementing an AEB, a total crash risk reduction of 81.70% was achieved based on pre-crash simulations. It was shown that 50 in-crash simulations per load case are sufficient to create a metamodel for injury prediction. For the in-crash simulations with the generic vehicle, it was also shown that the injury risk can be reduced by implementing an AEB, as compared to the baseline scenarios. Moreover, as seen in the unavoidable cases, the injury risk for the average male and female is the same for brain injuries and femoral shaft fractures. The average male has a higher risk of skull fractures and fractures of more than three ribs compared to the average female. The average female has a higher risk of proximal femoral fractures than the average male. Conclusions: A novel methodology was developed which allows for movement away from the exclusive use of standard-load case assessments, thus helping to bridge the gap between active and passive safety evaluations.
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| 22. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Acceleration pulses and crash severity in low velocity rear impacts—real world data and barrier tests
- 2001
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Ingår i: ESV Conference. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dummy responses in a crash test can vary depending not only on the change of velocity but also on how the impact was generated. Literature reporting how acceleration pulses can vary in cars impacted in different configurations is limited. The aim of this study was to collect and categorise different acceleration pulses in 3 different types of rear collision. The acceleration pulse resulting from a solid, 1000 kg, mobile barrier test at 40% overlap and an impact velocity of 15 km/h was studied for 33 different cars. Seven cars were impacted at 100% overlap at higher impact velocities using the same mobile barrier. Acceleration pulses from two different car types in real-world collisions producing a similar change of velocity were also analysed.The results from the barrier tests show that a similar change of velocity can be generated by a large variety of pulse shapes in low velocity rear impacts. The results from real-world collisions showed that a similar change of velocity was generated in different ways both in terms of peak and mean acceleration. The results of this study highlight the importance of knowing the acceleration pulse both when evaluating the severity of a real world crash and when designing test methods for evaluating vehicle safety performance in low velocity rear-end impacts, particularly in respect of soft tissue neck injuries.
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| 23. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
- 2012
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Ingår i: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1907-1922
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injuries due to low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of ADSEAT is to provide guidance on how to evaluate the protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The main achievements are: reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, developing a finite element model of an average female and performing sled tests with a scaled down male dummy.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Average male and female virtual dummy model (BioRID and EvaRID) simulations with two seat concepts in the Euro NCAP low severity rear impact test configuration
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 114, s. 62-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, the world first virtual model of an average female crash test dummy was developed. In this study, simulations were run with both this model and an average male dummy model, seated in a simplified model of a vehicle seat. The results of the simulations were compared to earlier published results from simulations run in the same test set-up with a vehicle concepts seat. The three crash pulse severities of the Euro NCAP low severity rear impact test were applied. The motion of the neck, head and upper torso were analysed in addition to the accelerations and the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC). Furthermore, the response of the virtual models was compared to the response of volunteers as well as the average male model, to that of the response of a physical dummy model. Simulations with the virtual male and female dummy models revealed differences in dynamic response related to the crash severity, as well as between the two dummies in the two different seat models. For the comparison of the response of the virtual models to the response of the volunteers and the physical dummy model, the peak angular motion of the first thoracic vertebra as found in the volunteer tests and mimicked by the physical dummy were not of the same magnitude in the virtual models.The results of the study highlight the need for an extended test matrix that includes an average female dummy model to evaluate the level of occupant protection different seats provide in vehicle crashes. This would provide developers with an additional tool to ensure that both male and female occupants receive satisfactory protection and promote seat concepts that provide the best possible protection for the whole adult population. This study shows that using the mathematical models available today can provide insights suitable for future testing.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Dummy Kinematics Assessment : Evaluation of a Combined Gyro and Accelerometer Set-up
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 2023 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. - : International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury (IRCOBI). ; , s. 230-231
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Crash test dummy kinematics is commonly obtained from high-speed video recordings or other opticalmethods. The present study evaluates a cost-efficient sensor system combining gyros and accelerometers toderive the kinematics of different parts of a dummy. This evaluation was done on the newly designed humansurrogates, the Seat Evaluation Tools (SET) 50F and 50M, developed for low severity rear impacts and hereequipped with gyros at four locations
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| 29. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the BioRID P3 and the Hybrid III in Pendulum Impacts to the Back: A Comparison with Human Subject Test Data
- 2002
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. ; 3, s. 159-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crash test dummies able to mimic the motion of a human are needed to assess theprotective performance of seats and head restraints in crash tests. This study evaluatesboth a newly developed dummy for rear impacts (BioRID P3) and the Hybrid III dummyby means of a recently available set of human subject data. The study also meets the needfor validation of the BioRID P3 at a higher impact severity than that previously achieved.The BioRID P3 and the Hybrid III were evaluated by means of pendulum impacts to theback and compared with data from previously run cadaver tests. Seated dummies werestruck with a pendulum with a mass of 23kg and an impact velocity of 4.6m/s at the levelof the 6th thoracic vertebra. The results showed that peak values and temporal responsesof the BioRID P3 was closer to that of the corridor of the cadavers than the Hybrid III interms of horizontal, vertical, and angular displacement of the head and of the headrelative to T1.
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| 30. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Low severity rear impact simulations with average male and female dummy models in Euro NCAP test configuration
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference 14 - 16 October, Gold Coast, Australia.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rear impacts often cause soft tissue neck injuries, also referred to as whiplash injuries, which can lead to long term suffering. These injuries account for more than 60% of the costs of all injuries leading to permanent medical impairment for the insurance companies with respect to injuries sustained in vehicle crashes. Injury statistics have shown that females are subject to a higher risk of sustaining this type of injury than males and that recently developed anti-whiplash systems protect females less than males. In this study, simulations were run with both an average male and a recently developed average female dummy model seated in a vehicle seat. The three crash pulse severities of the Euro NCAP low severity rear impact test were applied. The motion of the neck, head and upper torso were analysed in addition to the accelerations and neck injury criterion, NIC.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Occupant safety assessment in European regulatory tests : review of occupant models, gaps and suggestion for bridging any gaps
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are two parts to the aim of this study. The first part was to review how adult men and women are represented in regulatory tests conducted to assess adult occupant safety in vehicles. Based on the results of the review an outline for how to better represent the adult population in regulatory tests was suggested. The second part of the aim, described as emancipatory knowledge of interest, included highlighting the values declared in the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred as "the Treaties"). This means that the purpose of the knowledge is to recognize the legal values of equality between women and men, as well as non-discrimination on which the Union is founded, article 2 of the Treaty on European Union. as expressed in the above-mentioned Treaties. In addition to that to contribute to women's and men's liberation and to the development of society.
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| 33. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Open-Source Tools for Road User Safety Abessment from the VIRTUAL Project
- 2023
-
Ingår i: TRA Lisbon 2022 Conference Proceedings Transport Research Arena. - : Elsevier. ; 72, s. 423-430
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the abessment of road user and vehicle occupant safety, physical testing is limited to a few scenarios. Virtual testing (VT) offers an opportunity to advance transport safety by introducing additional test cases. The objective of the VIRTUAL project is to provide tools such as finite element models, guidelines and a corresponding platform to foster the uptake of VT. A VT platform, OpenVT, has been established and provides open-source human body models (HBMs) of both an average female and male, seated and standing, as well as a seat, generic vehicle and tram front models. The tool chain from virtual to physical testing has been illustrated in the low severity impact case where the seat evaluation tool was developed. The newly established organisation OVTO will run the OpenVT platform in the future and govern the evolution of the results of the VIRTUAL project after its completion.
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| 34. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Review of average sized male and female occupant models in European regulatory safety assessment tests and European laws : Gaps and bridging suggestions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 127, s. 156-162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are two parts to the aim of this study. The first part comprised reviewing how men and women are represented in regulatory tests conducted to assess adult occupant safety in vehicles in Europe. This part also contains an overview of some differences between females and males that may influence dynamic responses in a crash. Based on the results of the review an outline for how to better represent the adult population in regulatory tests has been suggested. The second part was to reflect on these issues from a specific critical legal perspective, that is from a Gender Legal Studies point of view, focusing on the European legal framework that governs the tests of adult occupant safety in vehicles in Europe. Since the beginning of the 1970s legal scholars have shown in several areas of law that there is a gap between superior legislation and practice, but also between gender equality as a superior legal principle and subordinate legal rules that govern safety requirements. The same pattern can be discerned in the area of Transportation Law.The results of the review of the ECE regulations shows that the average sized male represents the adult population and that the average sized female has been excluded from regulations assessing the protection of adult vehicle occupants. The fundamental values, on which the Union is founded, including the overarching goals of the Union, seem to be rendered invisible in the laws and critically impact the safety of women in everyday life. According to the gender system theory, the interests and priorities of men are continuing to shape the law. Consequently, the law neglecting the safety of women on roads has implications on the development of society. The lack of legal provisions that demand female crash test dummies representing the female part of the population, means that there is no incentive for car manufacturers, authorities or other stakeholders to develop test methods and female crash test dummies in ways that promote political objectives expressed in legal form, i.e., the legal values expressed in general provisions and principles stated in the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, such as gender equality between women and men as well as non-discrimination This study highlights the undeniable gap between the legal framework and legal requirements with regard to occupant safety for the whole adult population. It would be attainable to bridge this particular gender gap by providing equal representation for the female part of the population with regard to vehicle safety, as that males benefit from.
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| 35. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
-
Road safety : the average male as a norm in vehicle occupant crash safety assessment
- 2019
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Ingår i: ISR. Interdisciplinary science review. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-0188 .- 1743-2790. ; 44:2, s. 140-153
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review addresses how women and men are represented in regulatory tests conducted to assess adult occupant safety in vehicles. Injury statistics show that protection in the event of a crash is lower for females than males. Still, vehicle crash safety assessment for adult occupants is only using the average sized male to represent the entire adult population, while the average sized female is not represented. In order to enable car manufacturers and road safety regulators to safeguard that females benefit equally from crash safety measures as males, it is necessary to develop new dedicated occupant models. These new models must represent the female part of the population, i.e. crash test dummies and human body models representing the average female. New female models would, together with their male equivalents, make it possible to identify the vehicle occupant safety systems which provide the best safety features for both females and males.
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| 36. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations with average male and female dummy models with two seat concepts in the Euro NCAP low severity rear impact test configuration
- 2016
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Ingår i: 17th International Conference Road Safety On Five Continents (RS5C 2016), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17-19 May 2016. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft tissue neck injuries, also referred to as whiplash injuries, which can lead to long term suffering are most common in rear impacts. These injuries account for more than 60% of the cost of all injuries leading to permanent medical impairment for the insurance companies with respect to injuries sustained in vehicle crashes. Injury statistics have since the mid-1960s consistently shown that females are subject to a higher risk of sustaining this type of injury than males, on average twice the risk of injury. Furthermore, recently developed anti-whiplash systems have shown to protect females less than males. The diversity of males and females should be addresses when designing and evaluating vehicle safety systems to ensure maximum safety for everyone. This is currently not the case. The norm for crash test dummies representing humans in crash test laboratories is an average male. The female part of the population is not represented in tests performed by consumer information organisations such as NCAP due to the absence of a physical dummy representing an average female. Recently, the world first virtual model of an average female crash test dummy was developed. In this study, simulations were run with both an average male, and the recently developed average female dummy model, seated in a laboratory vehicle seat. The results of the simulations were compared to earlier published results from the same test set-up with a vehicle concepts seat. The three crash pulse severities of the Euro NCAP low severity rear impact test were applied. The motion of the neck, head and upper torso were analysed in addition to the accelerations and the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC). Furthermore, the response of the virtual models was compared to that volunteers and for the average male model, to that of the response of a physical dummy model. Simulations with the male and the female dummy models revealed differences related to the crash severity, as well as between the two dummies in different crash severities in two different seats. For the comparison of the response of the virtual models to the response of the volunteers and the physical dummy model, the peak angular motion of first thoracic vertebra as found in the volunteer tests and mimicked by the physical dummy were not of the same magnitude in the virtual models.
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| 37. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
-
Stabilitet på cykel med och utan ABS : en pilotstudie
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet, som är en pilotstudie, syftade till att undersöka effekten av låsningsfria bromsar, ABS, på cykel. Fråga som projektet syftade till att besvara: Kan cyklars stabilitet under inbromsning förbättras av låsningsfri broms (ABS) på framhjulet? Frågan söks besvaras genom utformning och genomförande av bromsprov av cykel med och utan ABS. Cykelolyckor är bland de vanligaste orsakerna till trafikskador i Sverige, ofta med svåra skador och medicinsk invaliditet som följd. Närmare hälften av alla svårare trafikskador har uppstått på grund av cykelolyckor. ABS-bromsar har visats reducera risken för skada för motorcyklister genom ökad stabilitet och därmed minskad risk för omkullkörning i samband med bromsning. Däremot finns begränsad kunskap om effekten för cyklister. Två Crescentcyklar med sluten ram (herrcykel) testades: en konventionell, bakhjulsdriven modell med v-broms (fäljbroms) på framhjulet och en framhjulsdriven modell med el-assistans och navbroms i framhjulet. Med den konventionella cykeln utfördes två typer av tester, med och utan ABS-bromsar. ABS-bromsen var av modellen SABS V1. På el-cykeln med navbroms justerades bromsverkan så att framhjulet ej låstes, jämfört med full bromsverkan. En Hybrid II krockdocka, 50-percentil man, användes som cyklist i proven. Proven utfördes vid hastigheterna 17 och 20 km/h. Cyklarna bromsades maximalt på framhjulet. Friktionen var ungefär 0,7–0,8. Resultaten visade att ABS på cykelns framhjul gör att framhjulet inte låses vid full inbromsning och bakhjulet behåller kontakten med underlaget. Vid prov med v-broms eller navbroms med full broms-verkan blev bromssträckan cirka 2 meter, men framhjulet låstes vid full broms och bakhjulet lyfte från underlaget. Det innebar att cykeln då endast balanserade på framhjulet. Prov med ABS-broms på v-bromsen och justerad bromsverkan på navbromsen resulterade däremot i inbromsning utan låsning av framhjulet. Bromssträckan var i dessa prov cirka 4 meter. Resultaten var liknande för de båda cyklarna.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
-
The VIRTUAL project : Open source human body models and tools for virtual crash safety assessment
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 20-22
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the assessment of road user and vehicle occupant safety, physical testing is limited to a few scenarios. To advance transport safety, it is vital to further develop the test procedures and, for example, to consider additional impact conditions. Virtual Testing (VT) offers an opportunity to introduce such additional scenarios and thus to broaden our safety assessment. The current standards in testing consider very few anthropometries, and population inhomogeneity is not appropriately represented. Future safety assessment procedures should thus aim for a more inclusive approach to better embrace diversity of all road users. VT is likely the most feasible technique to assess safety performance in a multitude of impact configurations. VT incorporating evaluation through advanced Human Body Models (HBMs) has not only the potential to expand the 21 current safety assessment with respect to population diversity, but also allows for additional test scenarios and additional injury mechanisms. VT provides a far wider range of occupant specific characteristics than is, and would ever be, viable in physical testing. The VIRTUAL project strives to contribute to the development of VT in the crash safety assessment area. It will develop and provide models and procedures needed to conduct VT in scenarios addressing vehicle occupant and vulnerable road users (VRU) safety.
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| 40. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
VIRTUAL - a European approach to foster the uptake of virtual testing in vehicle safety assessment
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the assessment of road user and vehicle occupant safety, physical testing is limited to a few scenarios. To advance transport safety it is vital to include more relevant scenarios. Virtual Testing offers an opportunity to introduce additional test scenarios. The objectives of the VIRTUAL project, described in this paper, include: Identifying impact scenarios relevant for the future, providing tools such as models, guidelines, and a corresponding platform to foster the uptake of virtual testing. The safety of standing passengers on public transport has been reviewed, scenarios for Vulnerable Road User testing have been identified and new seated positions for future vehicles have been described. In addition, a virtual testing platform has been established on which human body models are provided. The platform follows the open access approach, complements other approaches and does not just provide the models, but also guidelines on how to implement new scenarios in test procedures.
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| 41. |
- Putra, I Putu Alit, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Biofidelity Implications for Developing Design Concept of Female Physical Test Device based on Human Body Simulations
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Oxford abstracts.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Studies have shown that most of the whiplash injuries are caused by the rear crashes [1,2], and therefore, there is a need for evaluate restraint systems in this specific type of crash. Currently, BioRID is the most biofidelic Anthropometric Test Device (ATD) for rear impacts and it represents an average male anthropometry [3]. However, epidemiological data has shown that females have a higher risk for whiplash injury compared to males [4]. Presently, there is only a prototype female ATD developed for evaluating whiplash injuries with respect to rear impacts [5]. This study was conducted to evaluate biofidelity of design changes in a Finite Element (FE) human body model of an average sized female with objective to provide a design concept of a physical test device. The results of this study could provide guidance for development of the future ATDs. Methods The open source ViVA 50th percentile female model [4] was adopted as a baseline model for this study. The FE simulations were conducted with the solver LS-DYNA (LSTC, Livermore,CA). Simplifications were made to the spinal column. Design-1 had a rigid thoracolumbar spine (T1-L5), and Design-2 had a rigid thoracic spine (T1-T12). Output were parameters such as cervical spine curvatures and kinematics. A rear impact was simulated with the models positioned on a simplified rigid seat [4]. Results Design-1 and 2 both had almost similar head kinematics. The cervical kinematics changed when the inferior spinal portions were made rigid. After positioning the models with gravity, the initial cervical curvatures were different with more pronounced lordosis and superior location of T1 in the Design-1 and Design-2. Discussion This study indicates the importance of thoraco-lumbar spinal curvature and stiffness on the cervical kinematics in rear impacts. In the design with rigid thoraco-lumbar spine, the cervical joints will be subjected to larger flexion-extension motions with slightly difference in head kinematics. This study is a first attempt to identify simplifications of the spine for implementation in a physical model with maintained main characteristics that allow the model to identify injury protective performances of the seat. Simulations with different seat models will be needed to ensure that the simplifications do not affect the ability of the model to distinguish between such characteristics of a seat. Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and was carried out at SAFER. References 1.Galasko,CSB.,et al.,(1993).Injury,Vol.24.No.3pp.155-157 2.Krafft,M.,(1998).IRCOBI.,pp.235-248 3.Davidsson,J.,et al.,(2000)J.CrashPrevInjControl,Vol.2(3) pp.202–220 4.Östh,J.,et al.,(2017).IRCOBI.,pp.443-466 5.Carlsson,A.,et al.,(2012).IRCOBI.,pp.249–262
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| 42. |
- Putra, I Putu Alit, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of control strategies for the cervical muscles of an average female head-neck finite element model
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 20:S2, s. S116-S122
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: ViVA OpenHBM is the first open source Human Body Model (HBM) for crash safety assessment. It represents an average size (50th percentile) female and was created to assess whiplash protection systems in a car. To increase the biofidelity of the current model, further enhancements are being made by implementing muscle reflex response capabilities as cervical muscles alter the head and neck kinematics of the occupant during low-speed rear crashes. The objective of this study was to assess how different neck muscle activation control strategies affect head-neck kinematics in low speed rear impacts.Methods: The VIVA OpenHBM head-neck model, previously validated to PMHS data, was used for this study. To represent the 34 cervical muscles, 129 beam elements with Hill-type material models were used. Two different muscle activation control strategies were implemented: a control strategy to mimic neural feedback from the vestibular system and a control strategy to represent displacement feedback from muscle spindles. To identify control gain values for these controller strategies, parameter calibrations were conducted using optimization. The objective of these optimizations was to match the head linear and angular displacements measured in volunteer tests.Results: Muscle activation changed the head kinematics by reducing the peak linear displacements, as compared to the model without muscle activation. For the muscle activation model mimicking the human vestibular system, a good agreement was observed for the horizontal head translation. However, in the vertical direction there was a discrepancy of head kinematic response caused by buckling of the cervical spine. In the model with a control strategy that represents muscle spindle feedback, improvements in translational head kinematics were observed and less cervical spine buckling was observed. Although, the overall kinematic responses were better in the first strategy.Conclusions: Both muscle control strategies improved the head kinematics compared to the passive model and comparable to the volunteer kinematics responses with overall better agreement achieved by the model with active muscles mimicking the human vestibular system.
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| 43. |
- Putra, I Putu Alit, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
COMPARISON OF HEAD-NECK KINEMATICS BETWEEN ISOLATED FINITE ELEMENT (FE) HEAD-NECK MODEL AND FULL-BODY MODEL IN LOW SEVERITY REAR-END IMPACT
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 27th ESV Conference Proceedings. - : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the kinematics of an isolated head-neck model can replicate those observed on a whole body model in order to reduce simulation time in development or optimization tasks. Previous studies have shown how muscle controllers improved head-neck kinematics responses over a passive neck muscle implementation. These studies used volunteer T1 displacement time histories prescribed on the model T1 as the loading input to develop the neck controller characteristics. It was not clear whether the implementation of a controller based on volunteer kinematics with an isolated head-neck model was directly transferable to a full-body model. The current study shows that the head-neck model produced almost identical responses as the full body model for the first 200ms of the event for most kinematic variables. The head rotational displacement corresponded well during the first 150ms. The isolated head-neck model predicted more displacement and rotations than when mounted on a full-body model. The current simplification of a head-neck model still produced reasonable kinematic responses during the critical time period to assess soft tissue neck injuries, making it suitable for developing and tuning neck muscle controllers.
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| 44. |
- Putra, I Putu Alit, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Kinematics Evaluation of Female Head-Neck Model with Reflexive Neck Muscles in Low-Speed Rear Impact
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study highlights the importance of evaluating active model performance in different configurations. This study has shown that additional development of the ViVA OpenHBM must be done before being used in the development and assessement of vehicle occupant safety. This is especially relevant before using the model to conduct accident reconstructions and whiplash injury predictions.
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| 45. |
- Putra, I Putu Alit, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Optimization of Female Head–Neck Model with Active Reflexive Cervical Muscles in Low Severity Rear Impact Collisions
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-9686 .- 0090-6964. ; 49:1, s. 115-128
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ViVA Open Human Body Model (HBM) is an open-source human body model that was developed to fill the gap of currently available models that lacked the average female size. In this study, the head–neck model of ViVA OpenHBM was further developed by adding active muscle controllers for the cervical muscles to represent the human neck muscle reflex system as studies have shown that cervical muscles influence head–neck kinematics during impacts. The muscle controller was calibrated by conducting optimizationbased parameter identification of published-volunteer data. The effects of different calibration objectives to head–neck kinematics were analyzed and compared. In general, a model with active neck muscles improved the head–neck kinematics agreement with volunteer responses. The current study highlights the importance of including active muscle response to mimic the volunteer’s kinematics. A simple PD controller has found to be able to represent the behavior of the neck muscle reflex system. The optimum gains that defined the muscle controllers in the present study were able to be identified using optimizations. The present study provides a basis for describing an active muscle controller that can be used in future studies to investigate whiplash injuries in rear impacts.
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| 46. |
- Sato Sakayachi, Fusako, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Average-sized male and female rear-impact dummy models in simulations of real world cases addressing sensitivity in Whiplash associated disorder assessment
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2017-September, s. 623-641
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in motion and load responses between the EvaRID and BioRID finite element models by reconstructing real world accidents in order to assess ATD-specific injury assessment reference values for female and male occupants. Four rear-impact crash cases in cars equipped with the same type of front seats were selected from the Folksam accident database. The cars were fitted with crash recorders and the crash pulses were accessed together with occupant data, including neck injury severity. The Whiplash Associated Disorder injury outcomes reported in the crash data were more severe for female occupants than male occupants. The accident reconstruction simulations were conducted by applying the crash pulse to a finite element model of the seat. The analysis showed that neck injury criteria values were lower for the EvaRID than the BioRID. During an impact, kinematic response differences due to differences in body size, geometry, weight distribution, joint stiffness and mass were observed between the EvaRID and BioRID, which may all contribute to the lower neck injury criteria values for the EvaRID. The accident reconstruction analyses indicated a need of separate injury criteria thresholds for each gender to assess the risk of sustaining Whiplash Associated Disorders for both male and female occupants. The method used in this study could be used on a larger amount of cases in order to establish the threshold values for females as has been established for males.
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| 47. |
- Sato Sakayachi, Fusako, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards occupant protections for both men and women
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030202156 ; 975, s. 603-615
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The susceptibility of female occupants to Whiplash Associated Disorders (WADs) has been the focus over the past decades. To improve occupant protections, it is required to understand how gender differences affect the WAD injury mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential impact of the whole spinal alignment on the cervical vertebral kinematics and ligament elongation during a rear impact by analysing rear impact reconstruction simulations. The simulations demonstrated a potential impact of gender differences in whole spinal alignment on cervical vertebral kinematics and ligament elongations. It seems that the average female spinal alignment may expose women to larger deformation of the cervical soft tissues considered related to WAD, due to greater cervical vertebral kinematics, compared to the average male spinal alignment. The findings highlight the importance of the whole spinal alignment when developing female models to evaluate WAD countermeasures, and may thus improve occupant protection for women as well as men.
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| 48. |
- Silvano, Ary P., 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Traffic safety for cyclists in roundabouts: geometry, traffic, and priority rules : A literature review
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to carry out a literature review of roundabout geometric characteristics and traffic management regulations addressing the safety for cyclists. The literature review examined articles from 1990 until 2017. An article was considered relevant as follows:Investigation of the relationship between roundabout geometric design and cyclist accidents (2 articles)Investigation of the relationship between roundabout geometric design and cyclist operation/interaction with other traffic, i.e., motorised vehicles (4 articles)Investigation of any safety impacts of the conversion of intersections into roundabouts for cyclists (9 articles)Psychological/behavioural studies of cycling at roundabouts (5 articles)The results show that the impact on cyclist safety is not as clear as for motorised vehicles with some studies showing a deterioration for cyclists (Jensen, 2013; 2016; Daniels et al. 2008; 2009). The cycle facility type (e.g., mixed traffic, cycle lane, and cycle path) and the priority rules have the potential to increase safety for cyclists. For example, the priority rules vary among different countries and within some countries.From the literature, which priority rules provide the safest cycling environment remain unclear in terms of number of accidents and injury severity. The identified priority strategies are: (i) cyclists always yield to vehicles, (ii) shared yielding responsibility, (iii) vehicles always yield to cyclists, and (iv) an alternate solution ‘with’ and ‘without’ priority based on special characteristics (e.g., presence of vulnerable road users, geographic location). Furthermore, cycle lanes are the most unsafe cycle facility compared to mixed traffic or cycle paths. Likewise, coloured cycle lanes at roundabouts are less safe than non-coloured cycle lanes (Jensen, 2016). On the other hand, it is recommended that cyclists should ride in front of or behind vehicles in mixed traffic at single-lane roundabouts and in the middle of the lane, and should not ride parallel with vehicles (Cumming, 2012).Some research directions are highlighted. The impact of the different priority rules needs further investigation in terms of number of accidents and injury severity. Some questions to study include: (i) what the best priority strategy is; (ii) what special road markings should be used; (iii) what the best distance is to place the cycle path from the circulatory roadway. Another research direction is to establish the impact on cyclist safety of cycle lanes at roundabouts. Finally, the impact on traffic safety, by cycling in the middle of the lane, needs further investigation as well.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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