| 1. |
- Abdul Kader, Hale, et al.
(författare)
-
The determinants of reinsurance in the Swedish property fire insurance market during the interwar years, 1919–39
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Business History. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0007-6791 .- 1743-7938. ; 52:2, s. 268-284
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing a framework from agency theory, we use a panel data design to examine the factors motivating the level of demand for reinsurance in the rapidly developing Swedish property fire insurance market during the interwar period 1919–39. We find that as hypothesised, reinsurance enabled Swedish fire insurers to mitigate underwriting and solvency risks and thus increased their capacity to underwrite new business in uncertain economic times. This in turn helped to increase the supply of indemnity coverage for property (buildings) fire risks in the Swedish insurance market. We also find that as expected, investment earnings are inversely related to reinsurance purchases. However, contrary to what was hypothesised, reinsurance appears to be positively related to liquidity levels, suggesting that over our period of analysis, fire insurers could have been reinsuring to ‘protect’ earnings and accumulated cash reserves therefore enabling investment opportunities to be realised. Analysis of the sub-period 1919–28 further supports this contention, while our results for the economic depression years after 1929 show that reinsurance helped mitigate underwriting and insolvency risks, suggesting that the reinsurance decision of fire insurance companies could be motivated by macroeconomic factors.
|
|
| 2. |
- Acar, Sevil, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Convergence of CO2 emissions and economic growth in the OECD countries : did the type of fuel matter?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1556-7249 .- 1556-7257. ; 12:7, s. 618-627
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes convergence in CO2 emissions in the OECD countries with respect to the source of emissions (oil versus coal). The investigated period 1973-2010 is divided into two sub-periods, 1973-1991 and 1992-2010. The first period covers the OPEC oil price shocks, where the OECD oil policy was to a high extent governed by energy security concerns and cold war strategic considerations. The second period corresponds to the end of the cold war and the rise of climate policy in several OECD countries. Due to such contextual differences, oil and coal behave differently in the two sub-periods. The generally stronger convergence with respect to oil-related emissions until 1991 conditional on GDP per capita is compatible with a situation where the rising oil prices led to a strong transformation in the countries of interest. Besides, we evidence decoupling of economic growth from oil-related emissions in the post-cold war period.
|
|
| 3. |
- Acar, Sevil, et al.
(författare)
-
Periods of converging carbon dioxide emissions from oil combustion : Evidence from a global sample and OECD countries
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Disability, Community & Rehabilitation. - : Elsevier. - 1054-853X .- 2405-5352. ; 23:6, s. 685-697
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines convergence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused by oil combustion for a panel of 86 countries considering the importance of analyzing sub-periods separately. The investigation also points at the necessity of choosing a restricted global sample, which takes into account, for instance, that Eastern Bloc countries reacted differently to increasing world crude oil prices than the rest of the world. The analysis builds on examining the β-convergence hypothesis in a neoclassical growth model setting with additional control variables such as emissions from combustion of solid fuels. The results reveal evidence in support of unconditional β-convergence of CO2 emissions intensity due to oil combustion in the restricted sample for the sub-periods 1973–1979 and 1979–1991, while no evidence for convergence was found for the post-1991, pre-Kyoto period. We could not find support for coal substituting for oil, which suggests that the two types of fuels were related to different basic technologies.
|
|
| 4. |
- Acar, Sevil, et al.
(författare)
-
Periods of converging carbon dioxide emissions from oil combustion in a pre-Kyoto context
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environmental Development. - : Elsevier. - 2211-4645. ; 19, s. 1-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines convergence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused by oil combustion for a panel of 86 countries considering the importance of analyzing sub-periods separately. The investigation also points at the necessity of choosing a restricted global sample, which takes into account, for instance, that Eastern Bloc countries reacted differently to increasing world crude oil prices than the rest of the world. The analysis builds on examining the β-convergence hypothesis in a neoclassical growth model setting with additional control variables such as emissions from combustion of solid fuels. The results reveal evidence in support of unconditional β-convergence of CO2 emissions intensity due to oil combustion in the restricted sample for the sub-periods 1973–1979 and 1979–1991, while no evidence for convergence was found for the post-1991, pre-Kyoto period. We could not find support for coal substituting technologies.
|
|
| 5. |
- Adams, Mike, et al.
(författare)
-
Commercial banking, insurance and economic growth in Sweden between 1830 and 1998
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Accounting Business and Financial History. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0958-5206 .- 1466-4275. ; 19:1, s. 21-39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine empirically the dynamic historical relation between commercial bank lending, insurance and economic (income) growth in Sweden using time-series data from 1830 to 1998 and performing tests for Granger causality. Because of the non-stationary nature of the time series examined the procedure of Toda andYamamoto (1995) is used. Our results, which have accounted for possible regime changes due to different exchange rate mechanisms over time, indicate that insurance has Granger-caused economic growth and bank lending. Therefore, we conclude that insurance is an important prerequisite for stimulating economic growth and that this could have important implications for contemporary developing economies.
|
|
| 6. |
- Adams, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Competing models of organizational form : Risk management strategies and underwriting profitability in the Swedish fire insurance market between 1903 and 1939
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic History. - 0022-0507 .- 1471-6372. ; 72:4, s. 990-1014
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutual and stock insurers have coexisted and competed against each other in insurance markets for centuries. In this article, we examine the risk management strategies and underwriting profitability of the different organizational forms in Sweden's property fire insurance market between 1903 and 1939. We demonstrate that stock insurers acted as intermediaries between policyholders and reinsurers to operate effectively in the potentially high-risk segments of the fire insurance market. In contrast, nationwide mutual insurers kept larger reserves to balance fluctuations in claims experiences, while local insurance pools relied on social obligation and trust to mobilize capital after adverse fire events.
|
|
| 7. |
- Adams, Mike, et al.
(författare)
-
Firm size and growth in Sweden's life insurance market between 1855 and 1947 : A test of Gibrat's law
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Business History. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0007-6791 .- 1743-7938. ; 56:6, s. 956-974
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data for the period from 1855 to 1947 and the two sub-periods, 1855-1902 and 1903-47, the article examines whether the organic growth rates of 38 Swedish life insurance firms are independent of size, as predicted by Gibrat's (1931) Law of Proportionate Effects. Using panel unit root tests and panel Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regression, the article finds a significant difference between the growth rates of small and large Swedish life insurance firms (with smaller firms tending to grow faster than larger firms), a result that clearly contradicts Gibrat's Law as a long-run tendency in the Swedish life insurance sector. significant influences were also found on firm growth from profitability, organisational form, reinsurance, the real rate of interest and the Swedish regulatory environment.
|
|
| 8. |
- Adams, Mike, et al.
(författare)
-
Managing policy lapse risk in Sweden's life insurance market between 1915 and 1947
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Business History. - : Routledge. - 0007-6791 .- 1743-7938. ; 62:2, s. 222-239
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the challenges that Swedish life insurers faced in managing the lapse risk of policies written on the lives of the industrial urban working class between 1915 and 1947. We observe that with the threat of State socialisation of insurance in the 1930s, industrial life insurers modified their business practices to better control policy lapses. Using firm-level data, we also analyse the effect of socio-economic changes, such as rising real wages, interest rate fluctuations and unemployment on life insurance policy lapses. Our results support contemporary tests of the emergency fund and interest rate explanations for the voluntary premature termination of life insurance policies.
|
|
| 9. |
- Adams, Mike, et al.
(författare)
-
Mutuality as a control for information asymmetry : a historical analysis of the claims experience of mutual and stock fire insur ance companies in Sweden, 1889 to 1939
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Business History. - Ilford, Essex : Cass. - 0007-6791 .- 1743-7938. ; 53:7, s. 1074-1091
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test two competing arguments regarding the influence of organisational form onunderwritingperformance usingdatafromtheSwedish fireinsuranceindustry for the years 1889 to 1939 – a period of both economic growth and stagnation. Since mutuality is a response to information asymmetry problems, mutual insurers are expected to report lower annual claims relative to premiums than stock insurance companies. However, an alternative view is that stock insurers seek to reduce information asymmetry problems by issuing non-participatory rights insurance contracts with high deductibles that induce risk-sharing between the insurer’s shareholders and policyholders. This implies that stock insurers are likely to report lower annual claims than mutual insurers. Our results show that organisational form is an important determinant of the claims experience of Swedish fire insurers, suggesting that mutuality acts as an effective control for information asymmetries in the market.
|
|
| 10. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Is Structural Change Speeding Up? : The Case of Sweden, 1850-2000
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1750-2837 .- 0358-5522. ; 56:3, s. 192-208
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on the importance of structural change on productivity growth and conditions in the labour market. From a productivity perspective, a positive relation is found between structural change and productivity growth from the industrial breakthrough until the first oil crisis. From the early 1970s, this positive relation weakened and eventually became negative as labour moved from high to low productive industries. From a labour market perspective, it is found that extent of sectoral reallocation of labour has become more intense over the twentieth century. The extent of job gains and losses seems to have been more intense during the postwar period than during the industrialization phase.
|
|
| 11. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Life insurance and income growth : the case of Sweden 1830-1950
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 58:3, s. 203-219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we provide an analysis of the life insurance market in Sweden from the early 19th century to the mid 20th century. We consider determinants put forward in the financial history literature to explain the growth of life insurance. The paper shows that income elasticity of demand gives a fairly good approximation of the development in the twentieth century, while the development of risk and insurance innovation among other things need to be taken into account to explain the growth of life insurance in nineteenth century. The price of life insurance, measured as the overhead-to-premium-income-ratio, remained fairly constant during the second half of the 19th century, while the risk, as indicated in terms of crude mortality rates and its volatility did decline. This probably improved the return on life-insurance savings and further helped the entry of new firms. The average premium size was reduced to enable the diffusion of life insurance to workers.
|
|
| 12. |
- Andersson, Lars-Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
The determinants of investment returns in the fire insurance industry : the case of Sweden, 1903-1939
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Financial History Review. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0968-5650 .- 1474-0052. ; 20:1, s. 73-89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weemploy a panel data research design to examine the determinants of investmentreturns in the Swedish property fire insurance industry from 1903 to 1939 – aperiod of great economic and political uncertainty. Contrary to expectations,we find that mutual fire insurers generated systematically higher investmentreturns than stock fire insurers. Investment returns are inversely related toleverage but positively related to liquidity, showing that firms adopting amore precautionary investment strategy attain higher returns.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unintentional climate policy : Swedish experiences of carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth 1950-2005
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper examines the development of carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden, especially with a focus on the absolute reductions during the post-war period, during the 1970s and 1980s. The paper shows that the largest reductions were achieved before the introduction of an active climate policy in 1991. This was in turn the result of significant improvements in energy efficiency and energy conversion, while structural changes were considerably less important. One reason behind this decoupling process may be that the active energy policy put pressure on households and industries to conserve energy and to substitute from oil to electricity and biofuels. The process was substantially reinforced by the development of world oil prices in combination with the development of domestic electricity prices, where nuclear power seems to have played an important role.
|
|
| 15. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Välfärden, skatterna, baumoleffekten och högerpopulismens framväxt
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm. - 0345-2646. ; 46:7, s. 33-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vi ser i dag en förtroendekris för de politiska krafter som under hela efterkrigstiden har fört en kamp kring avvägningen mellan skatter och offentligt finansierad välfärd under förutsättning att den makroekonomiska jämvikten inteäventyras. Utmanare är högerpopulismen som vunnit mark genom utpekandetav invandring som en allmän förklaring till höga skatter och upplevda brister ivälfärden. Men lika lite som invandringen egentligen kan förklara långsiktigtstigande skatter, lika bortglömd tycks Baumoleffekten vara. Bristen på strukturellekonomisk-historisk analys för att förstå utmaningarna för välfärdsfinansieringär uppenbara
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
- Barlind, Jonas G, et al.
(författare)
-
Design and optimization of pyrazinecarboxamide-based inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) leading to a clinical candidate dimethylpyrazinecarboxamide phenylcyclohexylacetic acid (AZD7687)
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 55:23, s. 10610-10629
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new series of pyrazinecarboxamide DGAT1 inhibitors was designed to address the need for a candidate drug with good potency, selectivity, and physical and DMPK properties combined with a low predicted dose in man. Rational design and optimization of this series led to the discovery of compound 30 (AZD7687), which met the project objectives for potency, selectivity, in particular over ACAT1, solubility, and preclinical PK profiles. This compound showed the anticipated excellent pharmacokinetic properties in human volunteers.
|
|
| 19. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Command-and-control revisited : environmental compliance and innovation in Swedish industry 1970-1990
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emissions reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for environmental compliance and innovation ; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970 - 1990. The empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied heavily on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures, and the standards were implemented in combination with extended probation periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and the research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. As such the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected firms to coordinate pollution prevention measures with productive investments.
|
|
| 20. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Command-and-control revisited : environmental compliance and technological change in Swedish industry 1970-1990
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 85, s. 6-19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emission reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical and empirical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for deep emission reductions and technology adoption; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970–1990. Our empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied solely on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures. These standards were implemented in combination with extended compliance periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. In these ways the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected companies to coordinate pollution abatement measures with productive investments.
|
|
| 21. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Creating Value Out of Waste : The Transformation of the Swedish Waste and Recycling Sector, 1970s–2010s
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Business history review. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-6805 .- 2044-768X. ; 97:1, s. 3-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the growth of the waste and recycling sector in Sweden since the 1970s and seeks to identify the conditions for market growth and underlying business dynamics. The article identifies a slow growth pattern at aggregate level in the 1970s, while a major shift toward higher growth rates took place only in the mid-1990s. Resembling the findings of existing studies of German and US industry counterparts, Swedish recycling companies grew larger in the 1970s and more knowledge-intensive from the 1980s. Our study concludes that the growth of the Swedish recycling industry has been driven not only by government policies addressing household waste but even more so by large manufacturing firms that have increasingly demanded more complex recycling services over time.
|
|
| 22. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic history and the political economy of energy transitions : A research overview
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The climate crisis is at the core of attention to the need for an energy transition at a scale resembling a new ‘low carbon’ industrial revolution. As energy transitions are relatively exceptional and prolonged processes, social scientists have increasingly turned their attention to historical experiences for lessons about how they might unfold in the future. Against this backdrop, the paper examines how the present political economy and barriers for energy transitions compare with past energy transitions. The paper argues that formidable challenges posed by existing energy regimes. Established over centuries and having played a foundational role in the development of modern capitalism since the Industrial Revolution, these 'incumbent' regimes or ‘historical blocks’ are not easily displaced. It urges economic historians to move beyond its traditional focus on how energy via technological change has created new economic growth opportunities and look more into the barriers for energy transition embedded in the architecture of the political economy.
|
|
| 23. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Förutsättningar och hinder för att nå nollutsläpp : Empirisk kartläggning av koldioxidutvecklingen inom olika sektorer och betydelsen av ekonomiska och politiska drivkrafter 2009–2019 samt en forskningsöversikt om betydelsen av populism och högerextrema värderingar för klimatpolitiken ur ett längre tidsperspektiv
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- UppdragetFöljande rapport är författad av docent Ann-Kristin Bergquist och professor Magnus Lindmark, ekonomisk historia, Umeå Universitet. Uppdraget för rapporten har varit att dels försöka gruppera drivkrafter bakom utsläppens faktiska utveckling i olika kategorier, med avseende på ekonomiska, tekniska och politiska förändringar, dels att undersöka betydelsen av populistiska och nationalistiska strömningar (värderingar) för utsläppsutvecklingen och klimatpolitiken. Önskemålet från Klimatrådet har varit att få utrett om det går det att säga något om betydelsen av dessa strömningar ur ett längre tidsperspektiv.Den första delen av rapporten (Del I) bygger dels på en kvantitativ kartläggning som syftar till att undersöka utsläppsförändringar fördelade efter olika ekonomiska aktiviteter på produktionssidan av ekonomin, dels på att med utgångspunkt i denna kvantitativa kartläggning diskutera centrala drivkrafter (ekonomiska, politiska, tekniska) bakom den kvantitativa förändringen. Fokus har enligt uppdraget riktats mot den icke handlande sektorn. Det specifika syftet med den kvantitativa undersökning har varit att studera de sektorer som bidragit minst respektive mest till utsläppsförändringarna, avgränsat till den icke handlande sektorn. På så sätt är det möjligt att identifiera mer precist var stagnationen har skett och varför. Metoden bygger på en explorativ analys av tidsseriedata, i syfte att identifiera de sektorer som varit ledande bakom utsläppsutvecklingen i Sverige. Med utgångspunkt i resultatet från undersökningen genomförs en kvalitativt baserad analys av drivkrafter.Den andra delen av rapporten (Del II) syftar till att undersöka betydelsen av populistiska och nationalistiska strömningar (värderingar) för utsläppsutvecklingen och klimatpolitiken ur ett längre tidsperspektiv. Det längre tidsperspektivet har en begränsning i att klimatfrågan som politikområdet är ett nytt fenomen, dvs att klimatfrågan utvecklades som ett aktivt politikfält först under 1990-talet. Utsläppsförändringarna av exempelvis koldioxid hade dessförinnan andra drivkrafter än klimatpolitiska, såsom förändrade priser på energi under 1970-talets oljekriser, som resulterade i både energisubstitution och energibesparingar, inte minst i Sverige. Sammanfattning av resultatenDel I. Var har stagnationen av utsläppsreduktioner i den icke-handlande sektorn skett? Rapporten behandlar perioden 2005 till 2017. Startåret motiveras av introduktionen av EU:s system för handel utsläppsrätter och slutåret är det sista året med officiell statistik över utsläpp av växthusgaser vid den tidpunkt rapporten skrevs. Den direkta förklaringen till stagnationen mellan 2014 och 2017 är att sektorer som hade en hög minskningstakt mellan 2005 och 2014 har upplevt avtagande minskningstakter från 2014. Dessa sektorer har främst varit bostäder och lokaler, industri samt el och fjärrvärme. Stagnationen förklaras även av sektorer som inte upplevt några större utsläppsminskningar under hela perioden 2005 till 2017: jordbruk, arbetsmaskiner samt produktanvändning. Detta beror på att dessa sektorer har kommit att utgöra en allt större del av de totala utsläppen från den icke-handlande sektorn. Utsläppen från inrikes transporter har motverkat stagnationen. Följande specifika faktorer förklarar i korthet varför de totala utsläppen stagnerat:· Struktureffekter: Sektorer med minskande utsläpp utgör en allt mindre andel av de totala utsläppen varför bidraget till de totala minskningarna avtar även om minskningstakten är oförändrad eller svagt avtagande. · Konjunktureffekter: Stagnationen har sannolikt även påverkats av konjunktureffekter. Detta beror på ett den ekonomiska tillväxten nästan var dubbelt så hög under perioden 2014 till 2017 i jämförelse med perioden 2005 till 2014. · Fallande reala bränslepriser: De inflationsjusterade bränslepriserna steg 2005 till 2014, men föll mellan 2014 till 2017. Efter 2017 har de reala bränslepriserna stigit något. · Stigande undvikandekostnader på marginalen i historiskt framgångsrika sektorer: Stagnationen i sektorer med hög, men avtagande procentuell minskning har sannolikt påverkats av att de billigaste minskningarna redan skett. Därmed stiger kostnaden för ytterligare reduktioner. Historiska erfarenheter är att spridningen av teknologi sker efter ett S-format mönster. Gäller det även klimatvänlig teknologi leder det till att utsläppen minskar efter en kurva som ser ut som ett spegelvänt S. · Institutionella struktureffekter: Minskningarna i sektorer som avfall beror delvis på att utsläppen flyttas till den handlande sektorn. Detta är att betrakta som en politisk drivkraft. Exakt hur stor effekten är har inte kunnat fastslås.· Det är svårt att avgöra om det politiska omvandlingstrycket ökat eller minskat eller om marginalkostnaderna stigit. Det är också svårt att avgöra hur starkt omvandlingstrycket varit mellan olika sektorer. Styrmedel har tveklöst haft stor betydelse i till exempel transportsektorn men små effekter i jordbruket. · Om omvandlingstrycket är konstant i en sektor och utsläppen minskar, allt annat lika, kan man anta att utsläppsminskningen drivs av teknisk utveckling. Ser vi till historiska erfarenheter av ekonomisk tillväxt är tillväxten i regel långsammare i länder med höga inkomstnivåer. Det beror på att det är dyrare att utveckla ny teknik än vad det är att börja använda befintlig teknik. I den mån Sverige är teknikledande på klimatområdet är det hypotetiskt möjligt att minskningstakten är lägre än i andra länder. Att så kan vara fallet visas av studier av koldioxidkonvergens (att CO2/BNP i olika länder närmar sig varandra över tid).Del II. På vilket sätt kan extrema och populistiska rörelser påverka klimatutsläppen? Vad finns de för historiska lärdomar?Den andra delen av rapporten bygger på en översikt av befintlig forskning. Forskningen är tämligen omfattande om fokus riktas mot sambandet mellan högerkonservatism och klimatförnekelse, framförallt vad gäller utvecklingen i USA där stödet för och attityder till den etablerade klimatforskningen och klimatpolitiken blivit alltmer partipolitiskt polariserad sedan början av 1990-talet. I fråga om ett tidsperspektiv som sträcker sig längre tillbaka än de senaste 40 åren, finns en begränsning i att klimatfrågan som politikområdet är ett nytt fenomen, dvs att det utvecklades som ett aktivt politikfält först under 1990-talet. I korthet drar vi följande slutsatser · Vad gäller frågan om hur högerpopulistiska och nationalistiska strömningar och värderingar påverkat klimatutsläppen historiskt, är det svårt att dra några slutsatser för perioden innan 1990-talet. 1930-talets fascistiska regimer i Europa hade exempelvis inte större klimatutsläpp än demokratier som hade en rik tillgång till fossil energi och med ekonomier på samma teknologiska nivå. Ur historisk synvinkel är det inte en självklarhet att dagens högerpopulistiska rörelser (far-right) skulle motsätta sig klimatpolitiska åtgärder eller klimatvetenskapen. · Det hot som de högerpopulistiska och nationalistiska rörelserna kan utgöra för svensk klimatpolitik blir beroende av i vilken utsträckning dessa partier anammar den nya vågen av högerpopulism i USA. Den högerpopulistiska och nationalistiska ideologi som idag har stort inflytande i USA under president Donald Trump, omfattar klimatförnekelse, ifrågasättande av IPCC:s trovärdighet, traditionella medier med mera. · Klimatförnekelsen i USA karaktäriseras enligt en omfattande forskningslitteratur som ideologiskt förankrad och har sedan 1990-talet ett säte i det Republikanska partiet. Som ideologi har den enligt tillgänglig forskning förhindrat genomförandet av en federal klimatpolitik i USA och har försvagat Kyotoprotokollet och Parisavtalet. · I en svensk kontext är den rörelse som motsvarar den amerikanska mycket liten och marginaliserad, men försöker att påverka opinionen främst via hemsidor, bloggar och sociala medier. Klimatförnekelsen har inte anammats av de traditionella etablerade svenska partierna. · Den trend som tycks finnas bland de europeiska högerpopulistiska och nationalistiska partierna är att klimatpolitiken, om den erkänns, inte ska påverka den “vanliga” människan. Priset på bensin och diesel blir den direkta frågan som dessa partier söker röster med, vilket också är tydligt i Sverige.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability and Shared Value in the Interwar Swedish Copper Industry
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Business history review. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-6805 .- 2044-768X. ; 90:2, s. 197-225
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study of the Swedish-based mining company Boliden examines the proactive strategies it adopted to deal with the potential for severe environmental problems associated with the establishment of its large copper smelter in the 1920s. The article demonstrates how international networks, personal experience, and knowledge transfer from the U.S. copper industry help to explain the importance given to environmental issues by the Swedish industrialists. It is suggested that the main explanation for the proactive stance of the Swedish managers is that they perceived excessive pollution as working against creating a profitable and sustainable business. This case provides compelling evidence that firms pursuing an agenda focused on earning profits can still deliver environmental innovation and value to the local community, compatible with the concept of creating shared value.
|
|
| 26. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability and Shared Value in the Interwar Swedish Copper Industry
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Business history review. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-6805 .- 2044-768X. ; 90:2, s. 197-225
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study of the Swedish-based mining company Boliden examines the proactive strategies it adopted to deal with the potential for severe environmental problems associated with the establishment of its large copper smelter in the 1920s. The article demonstrates how international networks, personal experience, and knowledge transfer from the U.S. copper industry help to explain the importance given to environmental issues by the Swedish industrialists. It is suggested that the main explanation for the proactive stance of the Swedish managers is that they perceived excessive pollution as working against creating a profitable and sustainable business. This case provides compelling evidence that firms pursuing an agenda focused on earning profits can still deliver environmental innovation and value to the local community, compatible with the concept of creating shared value.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Brolund, Johan
(författare)
-
Policy induced technological change : Productivity and innovation effects in biomass-using industry and energy generation
- 2016
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the impact of public environmental policy on technological change in the biomass-using industry and energy generation. The thesis contains an introductory part followed by the empirical investigation which is divided into two self-contained articles.One of the determinants of technological change is research and innovative activities. Article I studies whether renewable energy support schemes directed towards the production and usage of bioenergy have affected innovation with respect to bioenergy technology. A negative binominal count data model is employed analysing a panel consisting of 14 OECD countries over the years 1978–2009. As a proxy for innovation, bioenergy patents counts are used as the dependent variable explained by a set of policy variables as well as other determinants of innovation. The renewable energy policies investigated are feedin tariffs (FIT), renewable energy certificates (REC) and public investment support schemes. The results indicate that feed-in tariffs have had a positive impact on innovation but renewable energy certificates have not. The result regarding investment support schemes is ambiguous since the dummy variable representing strong investment policies was statistically significant whereas the continuous variable for investment support schemes was not. Furthermore, the regressions suggest that market factors such as total energy consumption and electricity prices are important drivers of innovation within bioenergy technology.A concept sometimes used in order to empirically investigate technological change is productivity. Article II aims to disentangle whether environmental regulation has affected the productivity development in the pulp and paper industry through its impact on technological change. A dynamic panel data approach is selected analysing a sample consisting of the pulp and paper industry in eight European countries. Industry total factor productivity for the period 1993–2009 is used as the dependent variable and is explained by the intensity of environmental regulation and a number of other determinants of productivity. The results indicate that regulation of nitrogen oxides is associated with productivity improvements with a one-year lag, whereas regulations regarding sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide have not had any statistically significant impact. However, since increased regulation, as displayed by the chosen proxy, not only mirrors environmental regulation stringency, but also investments in new capital and learning which coincide with lower emissions, the positive result does not per see imply that the maximum growth has been reached. The results could therefore not be viewed as a proof of the so-called strong Porter hypothesis which postulates that stringent well-designed environmental regulations increase productivity growth compared to a no-policy scenario.
|
|
| 29. |
- Eriksson, Liselotte, 1978-
(författare)
-
Life after death : The diffusion of Swedish life insurance - Dynamics of financial and social modernization 1830-1950
- 2011
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to understand the diffusion process of Swedish life insurance during the period c. 1830-1950, with the specific aim to understand financial modernization and social mobilization as reflected in the diffusion of life insurance to less well-to-do classes and women. In contrast to British and American experiences, the results of this thesis show that the rural classes played an important role in the diffusion of Swedish life insurance. The thesis shows that demand-side factors such as income and urbanisation cannot fully explain this diffusion of life insurance, and why additionally, non-quantitative factors need to be addressed. It is shown how cultural preferences assist in understanding the development of industrial life insurance in different countries. It is also stressed that women, in their capacity as policyholders, beneficiaries of life policies, as dependents, and their limited property rights, constituted the conditions under which the life insurance industry had to adjust and operate. In sum, female policyholders, cultural representations of women and legal constraints on women, constituted an important subset of the 'rules of the game' for the life insurance industry. Important results of the thesis are that female policyholders constituted a large part of the policyholders in the largest industrial life insurance company already in the early twentieth century. It is furthermore shown that life insurance representatives were members in organizations of the women's movement and that they acted for married women's property rights in parliament. It is also argued that different notions of 'a good death', as reflected in funeral practices, contributed to different developments of private and public insurance in Sweden and the United States. By widening the concept of 'business' and recognizing the cultural and social contexts under which the industry operated, this thesis highlights the interaction between business and social change.
|
|
| 30. |
- Eriksson, Liselotte, 1978-
(författare)
-
The Making of the Swedish Life Insurance Market 1855-1914
- 2008
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate thesis examines the development of the life insurance industry during the period 1855-1914. The aim with the study is to recognise dimensions not frequently addressed by previous research on the insurance industry, namely the impact of social dimensions, including the implicit and explicit economic importance of social movements and the diffusion of knowledge in society at large for the development of the life insurance industry. The study shows that income and price had limited importance in explaining the demand for life insurance before the 20th century and that this can be attributed to a lack of sufficient knowledge regarding financial issues and to a far too high access cost in acquiring a life insurance for a large part of society. The development of the life insurance industry must therefore be understood through improved knowledge both on the part of the life insurance companies and on part of the consumers. The licentiate further shows how diffusion of knowledge throughout society also was due to a diffusion of democratic ideas and the rise of social movements, movements that life insurance actors were a part of. These actions helped open up the financial market for the masses and probably also strengthened the trust towards the industry. It is however hard to dismiss the life insurance actors’ engagement in women’s movement as a cover-up for other disguised motives not so honourable, while a direct economic gain for the life insurance industry is hard to establish.
|
|
| 31. |
- Hansson, Göran, 1936-
(författare)
-
Såld spannmål av kyrkotionden : Priser i Östergötland under Sveriges stormaktstid
- 2006
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis presents annual price series for rye and barley in Östergötland during the period 1592-1735. Prices of wheat, oats, animal products, building materials, iron, nails, horse shoes and horse shoe nails from about the mid-17th century up to 1735 are also presented and analysed. New data has been excerpted from four hospitals and about fifty parishes in Östergötland. Prices from other provinces have also been excerpted for the study. This nes data is compared to already published prices from Sweden´s capital and from several provinces in central parts of the western national region of Sweden of that time. This area constituted Sweden´s core region. By linking the studies results to previous research, a description is made of the price developments for rye, butter and tallow up to 1775, that is, during Sweden´s period of great power and age of freedom. A principal result for the roughly 150 years primarily covered by the thesis is that it was chiefly the prices of rye and barley, the most important food at the time, that fluctuated in twelve cycles. Periodically there were large fluctuatons. The price cycles for corn (half rye, half barley) had an average amplitude of somewhat more than 100 % and a duration of 11 years on average. The prices were on average higher further north in the country. The causes of the price fluctuations are complex. During the major part of the period studied, Sweden was at war or in armistice period, which occupied a large part of the male population. Politically, increasingly great power was gradually concentrated to the king and autocracy was introduced, culminating at the end of Charles XII´s regency. The peasantry was burdened by high taxes and other onuses. After the middle of the 17th century the country was no longer self-subsistent but largely dependent on corn import. The production of foddstuffs decreased, partly through a smaller part of the country´s resources beeing used for production, and partly due to bad harvests. Recurrent epidemics reduced the population even up to the early 18th century.
|
|
| 32. |
- Hellsmark, Hans, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Teknologiska innovationssystem inom energiområdet: En praktisk vägledning till identifiering av systemsvagheter som motiverar särskilda politiska åtaganden
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna rapport är att illustrera hur ett praktiskt inriktat ramverk, tekno- logiska innovationssystem (TIS), kan användas av analytiker och beslutsfattare vid departement och myndigheter för att analysera strategiskt viktiga teknikområden ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????I rapporten analyseras fem TIS centrerade kring havsbaserad vindkraft, marin energi, ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? systemsvagheter som bromsar områdets vidare utveckling, vilka som kan åtgärdas av systemets aktörer och vilka som motiverar särskilda politiska åtaganden. Rapporten utgör därmed ett underlag för att formulera åtgärder för att åstadkomma ökad innova- tion, teknikspridning och industrialisering inom ovan nämnda teknikområden.Studien har även möjliggjort en jämförande analys av likheter och skillnader ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? mellan områdena – de är starka respektive svaga av olika orsaker. Detta visar att ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Samtidigt har områdena gemensamma drag. Systemets aktörer, där även politiska ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- skapsnätverk. Men de har varit sämre på att skapa tidiga nischmarknader som ger utrymme för fortsatt lärande och kostnadsreduktion. Sådana nischer kan ibland skapas av marknadens aktörer, men ofta krävs politiska styrmedel. De behövs för att investeringar i kunskapsutveckling ska kunna nyttiggöras och för att en bred industriell utveckling inom nya områden skall göras möjlig i Sverige.Vidare presenteras lärdomar kring vad en aktiv teknikpolitik innebär. Två huvud- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- hällsbygget och därför bör vara ett politikområde bland många samt att den skarpa ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????- ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? olika faser av innovationssystemets utveckling.För att lyckas med en aktiv teknikpolitik behövs en hög grad av koordinering ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? teknikområden så att ”rätt” typ av åtgärder kan sättas in vid ”rätt” tidpunkt av ”rätt” aktör. TIS-ramverket lyfts här fram som en metod för att skapa ett sådant underlag. Slutligen presenteras en metod för projektbedömningar som syftar till att stötta handläggare i utvärderingar av projekt inom nya teknikområden.Rapporten i sin helhet riktar sig särskilt till beslutsfattare och handläggare vid myndigheter, departement och politiker, men även andra organisationer och indi- vider med intresse av att högt ställda klimatmål ska kunna nås samtidigt som en positiv näringslivsutveckling möjliggörs.
|
|
| 33. |
- Honningdal Grytten, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
The wealth of nations and sustainable development : energy intensity and the environmental Kuznets curve
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environmental Economics. - Sumy, Ukraine : CPC Business Perspectives. - 1998-6041 .- 1998-605X. ; 11:1, s. 110-123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholars warn that wealth leads to unsustainable environmental development. However, over the last decades, studies have shown an increase in environmental degradation at the initial stage of economic growth, and then a decline when economic growth reaches a certain level. This first acceleration and then deceleration create an inverted U-shaped curve between pollution and economic growth, called the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Environmental degradation can be measured by different factors. This paper deals with two of them, i.e. energy consumption and energy intensity (EI). The latter is measured as the ratio between energy consumption and GDP. The relationship of energy consumption and intensity to economic growth can serve as a tool for examining whether an EKC exists.The paper presents continuous series of energy consumption energy intensity and gross domestic product for the Norwegian mainland economy 1835–2019. The series are used to examine the possible existence of relative and absolute environmental Kuznets curves (EKC). Time series are established using available data and annual figures for 1835–2019, which are presented for the first time. They depict a development that, first, reflects an almost constant downward trend in EI, and, second, the existence of EKCs. The paper also proposes a polynomial regression model to discuss the relationship between environmental degradation as measured by energy consumption and intensity on the one hand, and economic growth on the other. It is concluded that there are both relative and absolute EKC-relations between environmental degradation and economic growth, with 1975 as relative and 2002 as absolute turning point.
|
|
| 34. |
- Huss, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental evidence of gradual size-dependent shifts in body size and growth of fish in response to warming
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 25, s. 2285-2295
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A challenge facing ecologists trying to predict responses to climate change is the few recent analogous conditions to use for comparison. For example, negative relationships between ectotherm body size and temperature are common both across natural thermal gradients and in small-scale experiments. However, it is unknown if short-term body size responses are representative of long-term responses. Moreover, to understand population responses to warming, we must recognize that individual responses to temperature may vary over ontogeny. To enable predictions of how climate warming may affect natural populations, we therefore ask how body size and growth may shift in response to increased temperature over life history, and whether short-and long-term growth responses differ. We addressed these questions using a unique setup with multidecadal artificial heating of an enclosed coastal bay in the Baltic Sea and an adjacent reference area (both with unexploited populations), using before-after control-impact paired time-series analyses. We assembled individual growth trajectories of similar to 13,000 unique individuals of Eurasian perch and found that body growth increased substantially after warming, but the extent depended on body size: Only among small-bodied perch did growth increase with temperature. Moreover, the strength of this response gradually increased over the 24 year warming period. Our study offers a unique example of how warming can affect fish populations over multiple generations, resulting in gradual changes in body growth, varying as organisms develop. Although increased juvenile growth rates are in line with predictions of the temperature-size rule, the fact that a larger body size at age was maintained over life history contrasts to that same rule. Because the artificially heated area is a contemporary system mimicking a warmer sea, our findings can aid predictions of fish responses to further warming, taking into account that growth responses may vary both over an individual's life history and over time.
|
|
| 35. |
- Hussein, Ahmad, 1967-
(författare)
-
Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon 1920-1965
- 2011
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate thesis examines the development of Swedish–Lebanese trade relations and the changes of significance for Swedish trade towards Lebanon during the period 1920-1965. The aim of the study is to explore how Sweden as representing a small, open Western economy could develop its economic interests in the emerging Middle East market characterised both by promising economic outlooks, and a high degree of political instability during the age of decolonisation, Cold War logic, and intricate commercial and geo-political factors. The study shows that the Swedish trade with Lebanon was very small during the Interwar period. It was neither possible to find any formal Swedish-Lebanese trade agreements before 1945. In the Post-War period, the promotion of Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon witnessed more interests from the both parties. Two categories of explanations were found for the periods of 1946-53 and 1954-65 respectively. In the first period the Swedish-Lebanese trade developed in a traditional direction with manufactured goods being exported from Sweden and agricultural products being exported from Lebanon. Furthermore, there were no trade agreements between the two countries. In the second period, several Lebanese attempts were made to conclude bilateral trade agreement with Sweden in hope to change the traditional trade direction, and to improve the Lebanese balance of trade. Sweden was, however, convinced that Lebanon could never achieve a balanced foreign trade at least not on a bilateral basis. To maintain a fair access to the Lebanese market, the Swedish authorities avoided to conclude any trade agreement with Lebanon. Despite the Lebanese concern on the big trade deficit between the two countries, Sweden managed in increasing the trade volumes to the region of Middle East through the transit link of Lebanon.
|
|
| 36. |
- Hussein, Ahmad, 1967-
(författare)
-
Vägen till Beirut : Svenska handelsfrämjande åtgärder i Libanon 1920-1975
- 2012
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates Swedish trade promotion in Lebanon from 1920 to 1975. The aim is to increase knowledge about how actors in a small open western economy tried to develop their economic interests in an emerging market characterized by great uncertainty. Here, the promising economic outlook coincided with a high degree of political instability. The study analyzes the interactions between Swedish trade related authorities, organizations and companies in their efforts to develop Swedish business interests in Lebanon: a developing country in a conflict-affected area with potentially large and emerging markets, where the cultural distance to Sweden was significant.In this study a model, which is known as the Uppsala model, forms an analytical interpretative framework for studying the actions and strategies of the trade related authorities and organizations despite the model's specific perspective on the establishment process of firms abroad. Based on the taxonomy, which is the basis of this interpretative model, this interpretative framwork has been possible to apply because of the assumed interactions between trade related authorities/organizations and companies when establishing commercial presence in new markets. The assumption is that the trade related authorities and organizations enhance for companies in various ways, while there is an economic-political interest that the state strives to reach by encouraging companies to set up business in new markets. By using this model, the events have been systematized through a historical generalization and periodization of Swedish trade promotion and organization. Added with the type of knowledge development that has taken place. In this way, the role of authorities and organizations in trade promotion and organizational build-up abroad has been highlighted.The results show that Swedish trade promotion attempts and organization in Lebanon took place in close cooperation with Swedish trade related authorities and organizations through their information inflows. In practice the companies' needs for information and assistance were reflected in the work that has been exercised by the authorities and organizations. By playing an important role in information building, escalating network positions and at the same time providing the companies with specific information, the trade related authorities and organizations became key actors in the development of Swedish trade relations with Lebanon. The study concludes that new perspectives can be obtained by including trade related authorities and organizations when using the Uppsala model in future studies.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and growth in the long run-Sweden during 200 years
- 2004
-
Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - 1361-4916. ; 8:3, s. 297-335
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the evolution of energy use and pollution emissions in Sweden over the past two centuries – a much longer period than has been investigated in the large literature on the environmental Kuznets curve. In this article we show that both energy consumption and pollution emissions in Sweden declined relative to GDP over the last two hundred years. In absolute terms both energy use and pollution increased up until 1970, after which date energy consumption stabilised and pollutant emissions declined, leading to less environmental stress. The energy intensity results are decomposed to determine the relative impact of structural changes in the output structure versus within-sector changes. For the period after 1970 another decomposition for pollution emissions is performed to separate out changes in preferences from energy-related changes. The analyses show that technical change in a broad sense has been crucial for explaining the long-term decline in both energy intensity and pollutant intensity, while the transition to the service economy had negligible effects. Changed preferences affected the decline in emissions after 1970.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Foreign trade and declining pollution in Sweden: a decomposition analysis of long-term structural and technological effects
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 34:13, s. 1590-1599
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines whether there exists any causal relationship between foreign trade and declining pollution in developed countries. In other words, do developed countries outsource their problems to less developed countries rather than solve them? The case study is the Swedish economy and the two environmental indicators employed are energy consumption and CO2 emissions. No causal relationships are found, since Sweden has long been a net exporter of embodied energy and CO2 and continues to be so after 1970, when energy consumption stabilizes and CO, emissions decline. In addition, the ratios of net exported energy and CO2 to total consumption remain stable, which means there were no effects on the energy intensity or CO, intensity either. These results suggest that internal forces, like efficiency improvements, changed consumption patterns and transformation of the energy system, have been crucial for relative environmental improvement in Sweden, while foreign trade has played no role. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 41. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Teknisk förändring och energiintensitet
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Miljö-ekonomi-historia (Forskning i Halmstad, nr 6). ; , s. 49-60
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Levin, Mikael, 1981-
(författare)
-
Att elda för kråkorna? : hushållens energianvändning inom bostadssektorn i Sverige 1913-2008
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the development of the long-term energy consumption in the Swedish households by estimating the sector’s total energy use and moreover, by examining how structural, institutional and economic factors have affected the demand for energy in the residential sector during the period 1913-2008. The investigated period covers a transition from traditional fuels, such as firewood, to fossil fuels and finally renewable energy. Previous quantitative research in the field of energy history has mainly focused on estimates of the primary energy supply, and further, this research has primarily been supply-oriented and has therefore focused the production of energy and the supporting infrastructure. Overall, there is currently a lack of knowledge covering the long-term patterns in Swedish household’s energy consumption, including changes of the household energy mix. Identifying the central mechanisms behind these changes is the central research question in this thesis. Improved understanding of the energy transformation in Swedish households constitutes important knowledge for all actors who address energy and climate policy, not the least are knowledge about the complex factors that have affected the household consumption of fossil fuels, and thereby the household’s carbon dioxide emissions, important.- The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better under-standing of the households' role in the energy system and how this role has changed during the 1900s until 2008. The thesis uses a structural analytical approach, based on the concepts suggested by foremost Olle Krantz and Lennart Schön, to understand how the household’s energy consumption is linked to structural changes and techno-logical development. Although the structural analytical chronology, as suggested by Schön, primary builds on the industrial sector, the households can be expected to follow a similar pattern of transformation. This since general-purpose energy technologies is central for the pattern of transformation. However, since different sectors face different conditions and different abilities to utilize the energy, it is equally plausible to assume that the households follow a different pattern than other sectors. The response could either have been faster or slower. The thesis concludes that the period covering the years 1913 to 1973 was a catching-up phase. The households lagged behind the industrial sector with respect to the transition to coal, electricity and oil. But in 1973 the households had however a similar energy mix to other sectors. The second conclusion is therefore that the households made a faster transition from oil to electricity and district heating. After 1985 the household’s energy mix took a different path compared to other sectors, which is the third conclusion. After 1985 the household’s oil consumption continued to decline as the consumption of district heating was increasing. The households were also more prone to increase their consumption of bio-fuels during the 1990s.
|
|
| 45. |
- Lilljegren, Josef, 1984-
(författare)
-
Networks that organised competition : corporate resource sharing between Swedish property underwriters 1875-1950
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the corporate networks of Swedish property underwriters 1875-1950. During this period, networks of increasing intensity was an essential part in the organisation of the Swedish property insurance market. Corporate resource sharing allowed underwriters to accommodate the ever-changing industrialised demand for property insurance. Interlocking directorates, ownership ties and membership in collaborative organisations were the vessels of this corporate resource sharing.This study proposes a network perspective on the organisation of competition and collaboration. It finds that networks lowered firms’ cost-threshold for underwriting diversification, causing wellconnected firms to expand into new markets more easily. An essential resource to underwriters was information, and information exchange motivated several interfirm rapprochements. The driving forces for the organisational shift towards increased networking were, however, complex, and included both socioeconomic and strategic factors.Through networks of mutual resource sharing, the consolidation that appears in the industry after 1950 was preceded by a long historical process in which firms who would later merge developed measurably clustered network structures as early as in the 1910s. In the 1920s the networks already contributed to a high market concentration. Networks thereby conditioned the underwriting operation of individual firms as well as the structural evolution of the Swedish insurance market as a whole.
|
|
| 46. |
- Lindmark, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Membrane filtration of process water at elevated temperatures : a way to increase the capacity of a biogas plant
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Desalination. - : Elsevier BV. - 0011-9164 .- 1873-4464. ; 267:2-3, s. 160-169
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste water from a biogas process is often recirculated and mixed with the incoming organic material to produce a feed for the digester. The dry matter (DM) content of the final mixture should be as high as possible to maximise the capacity of the plant without exceeding the capability of the pumps. This means that the DM content of the recirculated process water has a large impact on the amount of substrate that can be processed. Experiments to reduce the dry matter content of the recirculated process water were carried out using a ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The influence on the flux through the membrane and the separation efficiency at different operation temperatures, 70°C, 90°C and 110°C, were investigated. Higher temperatures resulted in increased flux/flow through the membrane. The DM content was reduced from 4% to 1.6%, corresponding to a 29 % increase of new material that could be added to the process. The energy required to heat the membrane when using heat recovery is small compared to the energy of the methane produced from the additional added substrate. The lifespan of the membranes and uncertainties in the substrate DM content are showed to be important for the economic result.
|
|
| 47. |
- Lindmark, Magnus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
All fired up : the growth of fire insurance in Sweden, 1830-1950
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Financial History Review. - : Cambridge Journals. - 0968-5650 .- 1474-0052. ; 17:1, s. 99-117
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article we investigate supply and demand factors that have been put forward to explain the growth of fire insurance markets in Sweden during the financial revolution. We show that income growth and urbanisation fostered the demand for fire insurance. The supply of fire insurance, on the other hand, helps explain financial market development. Fire insurance assisted in mortgaging fixed assets, such as houses, through guaranteeing them as collateral. On both the upply side and the demand side, fire insurance was a key factor of the financial revolution in Sweden.
|
|
| 48. |
- Lindmark, Magnus, 1967-
(författare)
-
An EKC-pattern in historical perspective: carbon dioxideemissions, technology, fuel prices and growth in Sweden1870–1997
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 42:2, s. 333-347
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) has been subject to research and debate since the early 1990s. This articleexamines the inverted-U trajectory of Swedish CO2 emissions during an extended time period beginning in 1870. Thebasis for the investigation is a structural time series approach that utilizes a stochastic trend as an indicator oftechnological and structural change, and GDP growth and changes in the price of fuel and cement price asindependent variables. Finally, the development of technological and structural change with respect to CO2 emissionsis interpreted within the context of growth regimes. The result suggests that the period 1920–1960, with high,sustained growth rates was associated with less technological and structural changes relating to CO2 emissions thanperiods with lower growth rates, such as the late 1800s and the post-1970 period. Furthermore, it is suggested thattime-specific technological clusters may affect EKC patterns.
|
|
| 49. |
- Lindmark, Magnus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
An historical wealth assessment – measuring the Swedish national wealth for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 64:2, s. 122-137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.
|
|
| 50. |
- Lindmark, Magnus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Den deflaterade kvotens dilemma
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Nordiske historiske nasjonalregnskaper. - Bergen : Fagbokforlaget. - 8276745237 ; , s. 177-191
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
