| 1. |
- Locke, Adam E, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 197-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.
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| 2. |
- Shungin, Dmitry, et al.
(författare)
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New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 187-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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| 3. |
- Amiel, Joshua Johnstone, et al.
(författare)
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Egg incubation effects generate positive correlations between size, speed and learning ability in young lizards
- 2014
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1435-9448 .- 1435-9456. ; 17:2, s. 337-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have suggested that body size and locomotor performance are targets of Darwinian selection in reptiles. However, much of the variation in these traits may derive from phenotypically plastic responses to incubation temperature, rather than from underlying genetic variation. Intriguingly, incubation temperature may also influence cognitive traits such as learning ability. Therefore, we might expect correlations between a reptiles size, locomotor speed and learning ability either due to selection on all of these traits or due to environmental effects during egg incubation. In the present study, we incubated lizard eggs (Scincidae: Bassiana duperreyi) under hot and cold thermal regimes and then assessed differences in hatchling body size, running speed and learning ability. We measured learning ability using a Y-maze and a food reward. We found high correlations between size, speed and learning ability, using two different metrics to quantify learning (time to solution, and directness of route), and showed that environmental effects (incubation temperature) cause these correlations. If widespread, such correlations challenge any simple interpretation of fitness advantages due to body size or speed within a population; for example, survivors may be larger and faster than nonsurvivors because of differences in learning ability, not because of their size or speed.
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| 4. |
- Carré, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Asking about condom use : a key to individualized care when screening for chlamydia
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of STD and AIDS (London). - : Sage Publications. - 0956-4624 .- 1758-1052. ; 22:8, s. 436-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection has been a target for both selective and national screening programmes, and Sweden has an opportunistic approach. A national plan of action states that risk groups should be identified and offered risk reduction counselling. Patients attending a drop-in sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic reception at the University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, were invited to complete a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms and sexual risk behaviour; all had a CT test taken. A total of 1305 patients were included, 58% men, mean age 27.8 years. CT prevalence was 11%; 51% of those with CT were ≥ 25 years old. Only 5% used a condom during the entire sexual intercourse with their last new/temporary partner. Sexually active inconsistent condom users comprised 62% of the study population and contributed to 81% of the chlamydia infections. Asking whether a condom was used could quickly triage patients into groups with a 'higher risk' (none or inconsistent use of condoms and at least one new/temporary partners), and 'lower risk' (with more consistent condom use, although not always accurate) allowing for individualized care and counselling when screening for chlamydia. Evaluating whether a condom was used throughout the sexual intercourse did not add any useful information.
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| 5. |
- Carré, Helena, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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High prevalence of anxiety and hazardous alcohol consumption among patients attending an STI-clinic in northern Sweden
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: Depression and hazardous alcohol consumption is associated to high-risk sexual behaviours among adolescents and young adults. Is the same true among grownups? The impact of anxiety on sexual risk behaviour is not thoroughly investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the correlation between hazardous alcohol consumption, depression and anxiety to sexual risk taking including Chlamydia infections, among patients attending an STI reception. Method: Patients attending an urban STI reception in Sweden were consecutively included and received questionnaires; screening- and demographic information, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD). All patients also had a test for Chlamydia trachomatis taken. Results: 539 patients were included in the study, mean age 28 years. 152 (30%) had signs of anxiety and 37 (7%) of depression, of which 30 had also anxiety. Neither anxiety nor depression was correlated to sexual risk behaviour. >50% had hazardous alcohol consumption and it was independently linked to sexual risk behaviours and anxiety. Conclusion: Depression is not associated to sexual risk behaviours among adult STI-patients. Health care staff and must consider the high frequency of anxiety and hazardous alcohol consumption at their treatment of STI-clinic patients and in the preventive work. The society must work with lowering the stigmatization that still seems to be connected to STIs.
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| 6. |
- Chen, Hongjie, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale cross-cancer fine-mapping of the 5p15.33 region reveals multiple independent signals
- 2021
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Ingår i: Human Genetics and Genomics Advances. - : Cell Press. - 2666-2477. ; 2:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of cancer risk loci revealing many risk regions shared across multiple cancers. Characterizing the cross-cancer shared genetic basis can increase our understanding of global mechanisms of cancer development. In this study, we collected GWAS summary statistics based on up to 375,468 cancer cases and 530,521 controls for fourteen types of cancer, including breast (overall, estrogen receptor [ER]-positive, and ER-negative), colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, glioma, head/neck, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal cancer, to characterize the shared genetic basis of cancer risk. We identified thirteen pairs of cancers with statistically significant local genetic correlations across eight distinct genomic regions. Specifically, the 5p15.33 region, harboring the TERT and CLPTM1L genes, showed statistically significant local genetic correlations for multiple cancer pairs. We conducted a cross-cancer fine-mapping of the 5p15.33 region based on eight cancers that showed genome-wide significant associations in this region (ER-negative breast, colorectal, glioma, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer). We used an iterative analysis pipeline implementing a subset-based meta-analysis approach based on cancer-specific conditional analyses and identified ten independent cross-cancer associations within this region. For each signal, we conducted cross-cancer fine-mapping to prioritize the most plausible causal variants. Our findings provide a more in-depth understanding of the shared inherited basis across human cancers and expand our knowledge of the 5p15.33 region in carcinogenesis.
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| 7. |
- Dahlgren Lindström, Adam, 1993-
(författare)
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Learning, reasoning, and compositional generalisation in multimodal language models
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We humans learn language and how to interact with the world through our different senses, grounding our language in what we can see, touch, hear, and smell. We call these streams of information different modalities, and our efficient processing and synthesis of the interactions between different modalities is a cornerstone of our intelligence. Therefore, it is important to study how we can build multimodal language models, where machine learning models learn from more than just text. This is particularly important in the era of large language models (LLMs), where their general capabilities are unclear and unreliable. This thesis investigates learning and reasoning in multimodal language models, and their capabilities to compositionally generalise in visual question answering tasks. Compositional generalisation is the process in which we produce and understand novel sentences, by systematically combining words and sentences to uncover the meaning in language, and has proven a challenge for neural networks. Previously, the literature has focused on compositional generalisation in text-only language models. One of the main contributions of this work is the extensive investigation of text-image language models. The experiments in this thesis compare three neural network-based models, and one neuro-symbolic method, and operationalise language grounding as the ability to reason with relevant functions over object affordances.In order to better understand the capabilities of multimodal models, this thesis introduces CLEVR-Math as a synthetic benchmark of visual mathematical reasoning. The CLEVR-Math dataset involve tasks such as adding and removing objects from 3D scenes based on textual instructions, such as \emph{Remove all blue cubes. How many objects are left?}, and is given as a curriculum of tasks of increasing complexity. The evaluation set of CLEVR-Math includes extensive testing of different functional and object attribute generalisations. We open up the internal representations of these models using a technique called probing, where linear classifiers are trained to recover concepts such as colours or named entities from the internal embeddings of input data. The results show that while models are fairly good at generalisation with attributes (i.e.~solving tasks involving never before seen objects), it is a big challenge to generalise over functions and to learn abstractions such as categories. The results also show that complexity in the training data is a driver of generalisation, where an extended curriculum improves the general performance across tasks and generalisation tests. Furthermore, it is shown that training from scratch versus transfer learning has significant effects on compositional generalisation in models.The results identify several aspects of how current methods can be improved in the future, and highlight general challenges in multimodal language models. A thorough investigation of compositional generalisation suggests that the pre-training of models allow models access to inductive biases that can be useful to solve new tasks. Contrastingly, models trained from scratch show much lower overall performance on the synthetic tasks at hand, but show lower relative generalisation gaps. In the conclusions and outlook, we discuss the implications of these results as well as future research directions.
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| 8. |
- Danielsson, Sverker, 1978-
(författare)
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Xylan Reactions in Kraft Cooking : Process and Product Considerations
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Xylan is the main hemicellulose in birch, eucalyptus, and most other hardwood species. During kraft pulping a series of chemical reactions and physical processes involving xylan takes place. The processes studied here are the following: dissolution, degradation, redeposition onto the fibres, side-group conversion, and cleavage of side groups off the xylan backbone. The side group in native xylan consists of methylglucuronic acid, which is partly converted into hexenuronic acid during kraft cooking. Hexenuronic acid affects the pulp in terms of increased brightness reversion and reduced bleachability. The kinetics of the side-group cleavage and conversion reactions were studied using various analytical tools. The study revealed that the most common methods for methylglucuronic acid quantifcation can be signifcantly improved in terms of accuracy. A modifcation and combination of two of the methods was suggested and evaluated. In order to minimise the hexenuronic acid content, a common suggestion involves the use of a high cooking temperature. The kinetic study found that the degree of substitution of pulp xylan is only slightly affected by temperature, and that the observed effects are likely to be more associated with the xylan content of the pulp than with the hexenuronic acid content of the xylan. For the dissolved xylan, however, the degree of substitution indicated a high temperature dependency for birch kraft cooking. By collecting black liquors at different stages in the cook, different molecular properties of the dissolved xylan was obtained. The liquors were charged at later parts of the cook, making the dissolved xylan to reattach to the fibres. Depending on the molecular properties of the added xylan, the tensile strength properties of the produced paper were improved. These improvements in paper properties were correlated to the molecular behaviour of the added xylan in solution.
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| 9. |
- Gamero, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking Progress Toward EU Biodiversity Strategy Targets : EU Policy Effects in Preserving its Common Farmland Birds
- 2017
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Ingår i: Conservation Letters. - : Wiley. - 1755-263X. ; 10:4, s. 395-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maximizing the area under biodiversity-related conservation measures is a main target of the European Union (EU) Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. We analyzed whether agrienvironmental schemes (AES) within EU common agricultural policy, special protected areas for birds (SPAs), and Annex I designation within EU Birds Directive had an effect on bird population changes using monitoring data from 39 farmland bird species from 1981 to 2012 at EU scale. Populations of resident and short-distance migrants were larger with increasing SPAs and AES coverage, while Annex I species had higher population growth rates with increasing SPAs, indicating that SPAs may contribute to the protection of mainly target species and species spending most of their life cycle in the EU. Because farmland birds are in decline and the negative relationship of agricultural intensification with their population growth rates was evident during the implementation of AES and SPAs, EU policies seem to generally attenuate the declines of farmland bird populations, but not to reverse them.
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| 10. |
- Gilleland, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Forecast Verification: Image Warping
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In response to a growing need for more informative forecast verification in the face of gridded verification sets, many new methods have been proposed. While widely varying in their approaches, the new methods generally fall into two ma- jor categories of filter and displacement, each of which can be further subdivided. One of the displacement approaches, a field deformation approach known as image warping, will be demonstrated here. Results for spatial verification of the spatial forecast verification Inter-Comparison Project test cases are shown. An initial look at space-time verification using the image warp is also discussed, with an applic- ation to NCAR and NCEP 4-km WRF models cases from the 2005 NSSL/SPC Spring Program. The approach is found to be very useful for obtaining guidance about forecast performance. Both diagnostic and summary score information can be gleaned. Initial findings for the space-time approach show that while the NCEP model has better initial scores, the NCAR models require drastically less deform- ation to achieve a much higher reduction in error. This is most likely a result of the NCEP model’s highly over forecasting low-intensity precipitation spatially.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Hastie, Roxanne, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal lithium use and the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes : a Swedish population-based cohort study
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1741-7015. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Lithium is prescribed during pregnancy, but there is limited information about pregnancy and neonatal outcomes following in utero exposure. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the associations between lithium use and adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.Methods: This population-based cohort study examined associations between maternal lithium use and major adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes via inverse probability weighted propensity score regression models.Results: Of 854,017 women included in this study, 434 (0.05%) used lithium during pregnancy. Among pre-specified primary outcomes, lithium use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth (8.7% vs 3.0%; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2.64 95% CI 1.82, 3.82) and birth of a large for gestational age infant (9.0% vs 3.5%; aRR 2.64 95% CI 1.91, 3.66), but not preeclampsia nor birth of a small for gestational age infant. Among secondary outcomes, lithium use was associated with an increased risk of cardiac malformations (2.1% vs 0.8%; aRR 3.17 95% CI 1.64, 6.13). In an analysis restricted to pregnant women with a diagnosed psychiatric illness (n=9552), associations remained between lithium and spontaneous preterm birth, birth of a large for gestational age infant, and cardiovascular malformations; and a positive association with neonatal hypoglycaemia was also found. These associations were also apparent in a further analysis comparing women who continued lithium treatment during pregnancy to those who discontinued prior to pregnancy.Conclusions: Lithium use during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth and other adverse neonatal outcomes. These potential risks must be balanced against the important benefit of treatment and should be used to guide shared decision-making.
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| 13. |
- Hellström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Fågelräkning och ringmärkning vid Ottenby fågelstation 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vid Ottenby fågelstation sker standardiserad fångst av flyttfåglar. Insamlad data används för att registrera populationstrender, fenologitrender samt för beräkning av årlig häckningsframgång. Under 2015 fångades totalt 19 083 fåglar av 100 arter i den standardiserade fångsten. Summan ligger knappt 5 % över referensvär-det.Våren: Totalt under våren fångades 6 874 fåglar vilket ligger nära 25 % över referensvärdet, främst förklarat av goda summor för rödhake. Våren visade relativt genomsnittliga summor för många arter men svarthätta och göktyta är exempel där fångsten överskred referensvärdet ordentligt. Gräshoppsångare, domherre och ortolansparv fångades inte alls och även rödvingetrast, rosenfink, gulsparv och grönsångare fångades i antal långt under medelvärdet. Blåhaken fortsätter sin oroande sentida kräftgång med endast tre individer fångade under våren (vilket ska jämföras med ett referensvärde på 51 individer).Hösten: Trädgårdsfångsten gav 8 640 fåglar, vilket är knappt 7 % under referensvärdet. Goda fångstsummor erhölls för bland annat gransångare och gärdsmyg men även för mindre flugsnappare och både hus– och ladusvala. Låga summor noterades för t.ex. blåhake, grönfink, rödvingetrast och gulsparv. Inte en enda göktyta, rosenfink eller ortolansparv noterades i fångsten.Vadare: Totalt fångades 3 569 vadare vilket är drygt 5 % över referensvärdet. Summan förklaras i hög grad av en god förekomst av kärrsnäppor. Myrsnäppa fångades i goda antal, långt över medel, medan flera andra arter tvärtom visade svaga fångstsummor. Fångsten fick dessvärre avbrytas tidigt under sommaren (innan årsungarna anlände) på grund av förekomst av mink på udden.Fenologi: Sveriges flyttfåglar anländer allt tidigare om våren, och förändringen framgår tydligt i fångstse-rien. Vintern 2014/2015 var mild och vårsträcket förlöpte enligt det tidiga schema som vi numera vant oss vid. Under vårflyttningen visar 15 arter signifikanta förändringar i sitt fenologiska uppträdande och i samtliga fall handlar det om en tidigareläggning av schemat. I genomsnitt uppvisade de 33 analyserade arterna ett medeldatum som 2015 låg 5,0 dagar tidigare än vid mätningarnas början 1979. Gruppen med kort- och medeldistansflyttare anlände med ett medeldatum 3,7 dagar tidigare än vid standardiseringens början 1979 och för tropikflyttare gällde 6,3 dagar. Tittar man på hela den standardiserade perioden 1979–2015 uppvisar arterna en genomsnittlig förändring av motsvarande storlek: -4,0 dagar. Därmed blev 2015 ett år som förstär-ker mönstret under 2000-talet med tidiga ankomstdatum.Häckningsframgång: Andelen ungfåglar i höstfångsten uppgick under 2015 till 83 %. Detta värde är mycket lågt och utgör det tredje lägsta sedan den standardiserade höstfångsten inleddes 1972. Försommaren 2015 var på många håll i landet kall, blåsig och nederbördsrik och att häckningsutfallet skulle bli dåligt var därför väntat.
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| 14. |
- Jiguet, Frederic, et al.
(författare)
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Bird population trends are linearly affected by climate change along species thermal ranges
- 2010
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Ingår i: Royal Society of London. Proceedings B. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2954. ; 277:1700, s. 3601-3608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beyond the effects of temperature increase on local population trends and on species distribution shifts, how populations of a given species are affected by climate change along a species range is still unclear. We tested whether and how species responses to climate change are related to the populations locations within the species thermal range. We compared the average 20 year growth rates of 62 terrestrial breeding birds in three European countries along the latitudinal gradient of the species ranges. After controlling for factors already reported to affect bird population trends (habitat specialization, migration distance and body mass), we found that populations breeding close to the species thermal maximum have lower growth rates than those in other parts of the thermal range, while those breeding close to the species thermal minimum have higher growth rates. These results were maintained even after having controlled for the effect of latitude per se. Therefore, the results cannot solely be explained by latitudinal clines linked to the geographical structure in local spring warming. Indeed, we found that populations are not just responding to changes in temperature at the hottest and coolest parts of the species range, but that they show a linear graded response across their European thermal range. We thus provide insights into how populations respond to climate changes. We suggest that projections of future species distributions, and also management options and conservation assessments, cannot be based on the assumption of a uniform response to climate change across a species range or at range edges only.
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| 15. |
- Levinsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Suicidal behaviour in over-indebted individuals : a cross-sectional study in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 77:7, s. 669-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Associations between debt and suicidal behaviour have been identified, but the research is sparse. Thus, more research is needed to understand the association between economic vulnerability and suicide. The study aimed to generate further knowledge about over-indebted individuals who have attempted suicide at least once. Method: Participants were a Swedish sample comprising 641 over-indebted individuals. The inclusion criteria were that the participants should be indebted and have been subjected to debt collection measures and/or seizure orders by the Swedish Enforcement Authority. Participants answered questionnaires regarding socio-demographic variables, debt size, history of suicide attempt, critical life events, and social contacts, and filled the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In the statistical analyses, Chi2 test for independence and t-test was used, and binary logistic regression to adjust for the confounding effects of the variables on each other. Results: The analysis revealed that nearly one in five (19.3%, N = 123) had attempted suicide at least once. A larger part of the respondents who had a history of suicide attempts reported that they were living alone (OR 2.30 (95% CI 1.34–3.89, p =.002). Many of those living alone were women (χ2 (1, n = 121) = 4.88, p = 0.03, ɸ = 0.22). Conclusions: The results of the current study point to the fact that economic vulnerability is an important psychosocial aspect to take into serious consideration concerning mental health and suicide prevention. Longitudinal research is needed to explain, predict and prevent suicide due to over-indebtedness.
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| 16. |
- Lindström, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Accidental deaths caused by electricity in Sweden, 1975-2000.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of forensic sciences. - 0022-1198. ; 51:6, s. 1383-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes accidental fatalities caused by electricity--at work and during leisure time--to evaluate risk factors, the role of alcohol, and to identify possible preventive strategies. In Sweden, data on fatalities by electrocution from 1975 through 2000 were collected from the National Cause-of-Death Register. Additional cases were found in the archives of The Swedish National Electrical Safety Board. Suicides and deaths by lightning were excluded. Two hundred and eighty-five deaths were found, including occupational (n=132), leisure time (n=151), and unknown (n=2). Most deaths were caused by aerial power lines, and the most common place for an electrical injury was a railway area or residential property. Postmortem blood from 20% (n=47) of the tested cases was found positive for alcohol, and these persons were killed mainly during leisure time. During the study period, the overall incidence of electricity-related fatalities has decreased, in spite of increased use of electricity. This indicates that safety improvements have been successful.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Lindström, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Survey of personal injuries caused by dogs and cats in Umeå. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to injury
- 2002
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 99:7, s. 656-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Injuries due to interaction with dogs and cats are not uncommon, and constituted 1.4% of all injuries in an unselected policlinical and inpatient material. This material was collected from a population of 135,000 people in Northern Sweden, and during 2 years 280 patients with injuries related to these domestic animals were found (Ndogs = 212, Ncats = 68). The injuries were in most cases caused by bites and by falls. The former were more common among men, the latter more common among women and related to fractures and dislocations. In contrast to many previous investigations, bite injuries were more common among adults than among children, possibly related to national differences in the keeping of dogs. Most dog related injuries were caused by the owner's dog. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to personal injury. The cost for inpatient cases (treated at the University Hospital, Umea) caused by dogs and cats is of the same magnitude as the cost due to motorcycling in traffic, but less than the cost for injuries sustained during horseback riding and other horse related activities, for soccer, snowmobiling and for assaults.
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| 20. |
- Lindström, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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A large study of androgen receptor germline variants and their relation to sex hormone levels and prostate cancer risk : Results from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 95:9, s. E121-E127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Androgens are key regulators of prostate gland maintenance and prostate cancer growth, and androgen deprivation therapy has been the mainstay of treatment for advanced prostate cancer for many years. A long-standing hypothesis has been that inherited variation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene plays a role in prostate cancer initiation. However, studies to date have been inconclusive and often suffered from small sample sizes. Objective and Methods: We investigated the association of AR sequence variants with circulating sex hormone levels and prostate cancer risk in 6058 prostate cancer cases and 6725 controls of Caucasian origin within the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. We genotyped a highly polymorphic CAG microsatellite in exon 1 and six haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and tested each genetic variant for association with prostate cancer risk and with sex steroid levels. Results: We observed no association between AR genetic variants and prostate cancer risk. However, there was a strong association between longer CAG repeats and higher levels of testosterone (P = 4.73 × 10−5) and estradiol (P = 0.0002), although the amount of variance explained was small (0.4 and 0.7%, respectively). Conclusions: This study is the largest to date investigating AR sequence variants, sex steroid levels, and prostate cancer risk. Although we observed no association between AR sequence variants and prostate cancer risk, our results support earlier findings of a relation between the number of CAG repeats and circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol.
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| 21. |
- Lindström, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide analyses characterize shared heritability among cancers and identify novel cancer susceptibility regions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 115:6, s. 712-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The shared inherited genetic contribution to risk of different cancers is not fully known. In this study, we leverage results from 12 cancer genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to quantify pairwise genome-wide genetic correlations across cancers and identify novel cancer susceptibility loci.METHODS: We collected GWAS summary statistics for 12 solid cancers based on 376 759 participants with cancer and 532 864 participants without cancer of European ancestry. The included cancer types were breast, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, glioma, head and neck, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal cancers. We conducted cross-cancer GWAS and transcriptome-wide association studies to discover novel cancer susceptibility loci. Finally, we assessed the extent of variant-specific pleiotropy among cancers at known and newly identified cancer susceptibility loci.RESULTS: We observed widespread but modest genome-wide genetic correlations across cancers. In cross-cancer GWAS and transcriptome-wide association studies, we identified 15 novel cancer susceptibility loci. Additionally, we identified multiple variants at 77 distinct loci with strong evidence of being associated with at least 2 cancer types by testing for pleiotropy at known cancer susceptibility loci.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that some genetic risk variants are shared among cancers, though much of cancer heritability is cancer-specific and thus tissue-specific. The increase in statistical power associated with larger sample sizes in cross-disease analysis allows for the identification of novel susceptibility regions. Future studies incorporating data on multiple cancer types are likely to identify additional regions associated with the risk of multiple cancer types.
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| 22. |
- Lindström, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence variants in the TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 genes and prostate cancer risk. Results based on pooled analysis from three independent studies.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. - 1055-9965 .- 1538-7755. ; 19:3, s. 873-876
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in two members of the Toll-like receptor family, TLR4 and the gene cluster TLR6-1-10, has been implicated in prostate cancer in several studies but the associated alleles have not been consistent across reports. METHODS: We did a pooled analysis combining genotype data from three case-control studies, Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and the Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, with data from 3,101 prostate cancer cases and 2,523 controls. We did imputation to obtain dense coverage of the genes and comparable genotype data for all cohorts. In total, 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR4 and 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR6-1-10 were genotyped or imputed and analyzed in the entire data set. We did a cohort-specific analysis as well as meta-analysis and pooled analysis. We also evaluated whether the analyses differed by age or disease severity. RESULTS: We observed no overall association between genetic variation at the TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 loci and risk of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Common germ line genetic variation in TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 did not seem to have a strong association with risk of prostate cancer. IMPACT: This study suggests that earlier associations between prostate cancer risk and TLR4 and TLR6-1-10 sequence variants were chance findings. To definitely assess the causal relationship between TLR sequence variants and prostate cancer risk, very large sample sizes are needed.
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| 23. |
- Lindström, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the time scale of synchronousmovement: a study on tropical snakes
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Movement Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2051-3933. ; 3:12, s. 1-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Individual movement is critical to organismal fitness and also influences broader population processes such as demographic stochasticity and gene flow. Climatic change and habitat fragmentation render the drivers of individual movement especially critical to understand. Rates of movement of free-ranging animals through the landscape are influenced both by intrinsic attributes of an organism (e.g., size, body condition, age), and by external forces (e.g., weather, predation risk). Statistical modelling can clarify the relative importance of those processes, because externally-imposed pressures should generate synchronous displacements among individuals within a population, whereas intrinsic factors should generate consistency through time within each individual. External and intrinsic factors may vary in importance at different time scales.RESULTS:In this study we focused on daily displacement of an ambush-foraging snake from tropical Australia (the Northern Death Adder Acanthophis praelongus), based on a radiotelemetric study. We used a mixture of spectral representation and Bayesian inference to study synchrony in snake displacement by phase shift analysis. We further studied autocorrelation in fluctuations of displacement distances as "one over f noise". Displacement distances were positively autocorrelated with all considered noise colour parameters estimated as >0. We show how the methodology can reveal time scales of particular interest for synchrony and found that for the analysed data, synchrony was only present at time scales above approximately three weeks.CONCLUSION:We conclude that the spectral representation combined with Bayesian inference is a promising approach for analysis of movement data. Applying the framework to telemetry data of A. praelongus, we were able to identify a cut-off time scale above which we found support for synchrony, thus revealing a time scale where global external drivers have a larger impact on the movement behaviour. Our results suggest that for the considered study period, movement at shorter time scales was primarily driven by factors at the individual level; daily fluctuations in weather conditions had little effect on snake movement.
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| 24. |
- Lindström, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid shifts in dispersal behavior on an expanding range edge
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 110:33, s. 13452-13456
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dispersal biology at an invasion front differs from that of populations within the range core, because novel evolutionary and ecological processes come into play in the nonequilibrium conditions at expanding range edges. In a world where species range limits are changing rapidly, we need to understand how individuals disperse at an invasion front. We analyzed an extensive dataset from radio-tracking invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) over the first 8 y since they arrived at a site in tropical Australia. Movement patterns of toads in the invasion vanguard differed from those of individuals in the same area postcolonization. Our model discriminated encamped versus dispersive phases within each toads movements and demonstrated that pioneer toads spent longer periods in dispersive mode and displayed longer, more directed movements while they were in dispersive mode. These analyses predict that overall displacement per year is more than twice as far for toads at the invasion front compared with those tracked a few years later at the same site. Studies on established populations (or even those a few years postestablishment) thus may massively underestimate dispersal rates at the leading edge of an expanding population. This, in turn, will cause us to underpredict the rates at which invasive organisms move into new territory and at which native taxa can expand into newly available habitat under climate change.
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| 25. |
- Lindström, Therese, 1976-
(författare)
-
The history of the concept of grammaticalisation
- 2004
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis discusses the history and meaning of the term and concept called grammaticalisation. Linguists usually ascribe the coinage of the term grammaticalisation to Antoine Meillet (1866-1936), who allegedly played a vital role in the history of grammaticalisation. It is also widely acknowledged that grammaticalisation was in some way 'revived' during the 1970s, and that Talmy Givón had an important role in this, as demonstrated by the popularity of the saying 'Today’s morphology is yesterday’s syntax' (taken from one of his articles). I show that Meillet wrote little about grammaticalisation and that he hardly ever used this word, and possibly did not mean for it to be viewed as a term / label. Moreover, the paper in question (Meillet, 1912) is basically a general introduction to a concept which he sees as a continuation of a notion with a long history. In addition, I prove that there are no clear links between Meillet and Givón’s work in the early 1970s. Despite the general acceptance that Meillet coined grammaticalisation, my thesis proves that it could have been coined more than once, and that it does not always mean the same thing to all users. I show that sometimes the term is accompanied by examples which others have used to illustrate lexicalisation, a term which some employ for a process that is seen as the opposite of grammaticalisation. I therefore advocate careful use of our definitions of terminology and concepts, and insist that we should define our notions, instead of letting examples do the work of illustration and definition. Finally, I question whether it is true that grammaticalisation is unidirectional. I research the history of the view that grammaticalisation is a unidirectional process. Grammatical relations can be expressed by different means – e.g. word order, content words becoming grammatical markers, or parts of words being given a function. I believe all these should be compared, in order to improve our knowledge of how languages change and why. I claim that they all represent sub-processes of a superordinate category which I have labelled supergrammaticalisation.
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| 26. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Övervakning av fåglarnas populationsutveckling : Årsrapport för 2008
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom Svensk Fågeltaxering övervakas de svenska fågel-populationernas häckande bestånd så att eventuella oroväckande tendenser kan upptäckas i tid. Bevakningen sker genom årligen upprepade inventeringar med standardiserade metoder. Denna årsrapport omfattar vintern 2007/2008 och sommaren 2008. Det är nu den 33:e vintersäsongen och den 34:e sommarsäsongen som redovisas sedan punkttaxeringarna startade 1975 och den 13:e säsongen för standardrutterna som startade 1996. I rapporten presenteras populations-trender för ett stort antal svenska fågelarter. Värden för enskilda år skall alltid tolkas försiktigt. Projektets stora värde ligger istället i de långsiktiga trenderna, som visar populationsutvecklingen för svenska fåglar de senaste drygt trettio åren. Under 2008 gjordes en storsatsning på standardrutts-inventeringar i Norrland, inom ramen för den s.k. Basinventeringen av Natura 2000-områden i Sverige. Jämfört med 2007 gjordes ytterligare 120 ordinarie standardrutter i Norrland och därtill gjordes 67 extra standardrutter som lagts ut i norrländska Natura 2000-områden. Det europeiska samarbetet om övervakning av de vanliga fåglarna fortsätter, där fåglarna fungerar som indikatorer på biologisk mångfald inom EU. Svenska punktruttsdata ingår och fler och fler länder ansluter sig. Vi beräknar motsvarande indikatorer för Sverige. Samtliga tre indikatorer föll under 2008. Motsvarande kurvor baserat på standardrutterna visar en likartad men något mer positiv bild. Under våren 2008 tillkom på Miljömålsportalen(www.miljomal.nu) ytterligare några indikatorer baserade på fågeldata från standardrutterna. Dessa fungerar som indikatorer på hur riksdagens olika miljömål efterlevs. Standardruttsdata är i dagsläget några av de få biodiversitetsdata som används som miljömålsindikatorer i Sverige. I denna rapport presenteras indikatorer för sjö-, våtmarks-, jordbruks-, skogs- och fjällfåglar. Under 2008 använde 15 län standardrutterna som regionalt fågelövervakningsprogram, nämligen AC, BD, C, D, E, F, G, H, S, T, U, W, X, Y och Z län. Inga nya län tillkom under året, men fler länsstyrelser har flaggat för att delta under 2009, bland annat eftersom standardrutterna föreslagits bli ett gemensamt övervaknings-program för alla länsstyrelser. Kunskapen om populationstrenderna för våra ugglor och andra nattaktiva arter är generellt mycket dålig. Vi har under året därför diskuterat utformningen av ett nattfågelprogram och hoppas kunna initiera ett sådant under 2010. Denna rapport delas ut till de runt 500 inventerare som deltagit i Svensk Fågeltaxering, samt till åtskilliga andra intressenter. Genom att på detta sätt belysa tillståndet för de svenska fåglarna hoppas vi både sporra till fortsatt inventerande samt stimulera till nödvändiga naturvårds-åtgärder för de arter och artgrupper som det går dåligt för.
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| 27. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Övervakning av fåglarnas populationsutveckling : Årsrapport för 2007
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom Svensk Fågeltaxering övervakas de svenska fågelpopulationernas häckande bestånd så atteventuella oroväckande tendenser kan upptäckas i tid. Bevakningen sker genom årligen upprepadeinventeringar med standardiserade metoder. Denna årsrapport omfattar vintern 2006/2007 ochsommaren 2007. Det är nu den 32:a vintersäsongen och den 33:e sommarsäsongen som redovisassedan punkttaxeringarna startade 1975. Populationstrender för ett stort antal svenska fågelarterpresenteras. Värden för enskilda år skall alltid tolkas försiktigt. Projektets stora värde ligger istället ide långsiktiga trenderna, som visar populationsutvecklingen för svenska fåglar de senaste drygttrettio åren.Jämfört med tidigare år är två nya personer medförfattare till denna årsrapport, nämligenMartin Green och Richard Ottvall. De båda har sedan ett par år tillbaka deltagit i flera aktiviteter därdata från Svensk Fågeltaxering varit i fokus. Det har gällt utformning av de nationella miljömålsindikatorerna,utvärdering av standardruttsdata i förhållande till habitatdata från NILS (ett nationelltlandskapsövervakningsprogram), en stor utredning om trender hos samtliga Sveriges fågelarternämnd nedan, samt den pågående storsatsningen på standardruttsinventeringar i Norrland (sehemsidan). Vi gläds åt att på detta sätt kunna stärka arbetet med övervakningen av Sveriges fåglar.Under året har vi inom Svensk Fågeltaxering, på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket ochtillsammans med en expertgrupp från olika universitet och organisationer, analyserat och beskrivittrender för samtliga svenska häckfågelarter. En stor del av materialet utgörs av Svenskfågeltaxerings siffror. Den generella bilden som framkommer är att det är fler arter som har minskatän ökat de senaste 30 åren, men också att för många av de långsiktigt minskande arterna harkurvorna det senaste decenniet planat ut och för en del även svängt uppåt. Denna bild är ocksåtydlig i de trender som presenteras i föreliggande rapport.Det europeiska samarbetet om övervakning av de vanliga fåglarna fortsätter, där fåglarnafungerar som indikatorer på biologisk mångfald inom EU. Svenska punktruttsdata ingår. Vi harberäknat motsvarande indikatorer för Sverige. Under 2007 ökade jordbruksfågelindikatorn ochindikatorn för övriga vanliga fåglar, medan skogsfågelindikatorn låg kvar på samma nivå.Motsvarande kurvor baserat på standardrutterna visar en mer positiv bild.Våren 2007 lades data från standardrutterna ut på Miljömålsportalen (www.miljomal.nu) där defungerar som indikatorer på hur riksdagens olika miljömål efterlevs. De är tillsammans med data förflodpärlsmusslan några av de få biodiversitetsdata som används som miljömålsindikatorer i Sverige.I denna rapport presenteras indikatorer för jordbruks-, skogs- och fjällfåglar.Ytterligare länsstyrelser har anammat standardrutterna, inte minst då på grund av möjlighetenatt stärka de regionala miljömålsindikatorerna (beskrivet ovan). Under 2007 var 15 län anslutna,nämligen AC, BD, C, D, E, F, G, H, S, T, U, W, X, Y och Z län.Under 2007 färdigställdes två vetenskapliga uppsatser baserat på data från SvenskFågeltaxering. En om gransångarens utbredning och populationsutveckling (Ornis Svecica 3-4,2007) och en om ortolansparvens habitatval enligt standardrutterna (kommer i Ornis Svecica 1,2008).Denna rapport går ut till de runt 500 inventerare som deltagit i Svensk Fågeltaxering, samt tillåtskilliga andra intressenter. Genom att på detta sätt belysa tillståndet för de svenska fåglarnahoppas vi både sporra till fortsatt inventerande samt stimulera till nödvändiga naturvårdsåtgärder förde arter och artgrupper som det går dåligt för.
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| 28. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Övervakning av fåglarnas populationsutveckling. Årsrapport för 2010.
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present the results of the Swedish Bird Survey, run by the Department of Biology, Lund University, as a part of the National Monitoring Programme of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results for 2010 include data from 622 winter point count routes in 2009/2010 (35th winter), of which 281 were carried out during the Christmas/New Year count and 262 summer point count routes (36th year). A third programme is running since 1996 with 716 Fixed routes, systematically (semi-randomly) distributed over Sweden (combined line transect and point counts). In total 498 Fixed routes were completed in the summer of 2010 (third best year). Trends were analyzed using TRIM. A new programme for covering night-active birds started in 2010 (point counts along roads with one route per 25x25 km square of the country). 105 routes were covered at three occasions each (March, April and June) this year. In the Christmas/New Year count 2009/2010, about 300,000 individuals of 133 species were counted by 230 observers on 281 different routes (Fig. 1). Almost half of the birds were Bramblings. Moderate to strong increases in winter populations over the last decade are present in eleven species. Declines over the same period are prominent in four species (Fig. 10). On the point count routes in summer 2010, about 100 000 birds of 204 species were counted by 161 observers on 262 different routes (Fig. 1). From the Fixed routes 143,000 birds of 221 species were reported by 250 different persons. Trend graphs for a large number of species are presented in Fig. 11. More graphs and indices can be found on the homepage (address below). Over the last 10–12 years, 22 species have had moderate to strong positive trends, while 18 species show clear negative trends during the same period. Following the hard winter of 2009/2010, the summer population size of cold sensitive species like Grey Heron, Wren and Goldcrest dropped dramatically from the year before. The night routes yielded good data for five owl species and several other night-active birds. In the future we expect to be able to calculate trends for at least ten species that none of the other programmes have covered before. Larger mammals were also counted on the night routes, suggesting that it will be possible to calculate trends for about ten species. Bird indicators were calculated for Sweden based on summer point counts and the species selection and methods of the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (page 10). Farmland birds (“Vanliga jordbruksfåglar”, 11 species) show a more than 50% decline since 1975. Woodland birds (“Vanliga skogsfåglar”, 26 species) have declined with about 30%, whereas a group of other common birds (“Övriga vanliga fåglar”, 21 species) have declined with about 10%. We also present the corresponding indicators based on the new system with Fixed routes (indices since 1998). All but one of six indicators turned downwards during 2010. The birds in Sweden are doing relatively better according to the Fixed routes, but also among them, farmland birds are doing worst. Another set of indicators, official indicators of biodiversity within the national Environmental Objectives set by the Swedish Parliament based on data from the Fixed routes, are presented as well. Four indicators showed positive changes between 2009 and 2010 (farmland, mountain tundra, mountain birch forest and northern wetlands) while two indicators remained virtually unchanged between the years (forest and ‘a rich diversity of plant and animal life’). The indicators for birds in lakes and streams and for southern wetlands showed lower values 2010 compared to 2009.
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| 29. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Övervakning av fåglarnas populationsutveckling Årsrapport för 2011
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport redovisas populationstrender för 175 svenska fågelarter för åren 1975–2011. Fåglarna har räknats på vintern och på sommaren enligt strikt standardiserade metoder. Sommar- respektive vinterpunktrutter har räknats sedan 1975, i huvudsak i södra Sverige. Standardrutterna räknas också på sommaren men täcker hela Sverige. De har räknats sedan 1996. Vintern 2010/2011 räknades 75 000 fåglar av 109 arter på 273 rutter. Sommaren 2011 räknades 94 000 fåglar av 199 arter på 262 punktrutter och 129 000 fåglar av 217 arter på 462 standardrutter. På standardrutterna räknades för första gången även större däggdjur och totalt sågs 1281 djur av 17 arter. Talrikaste arterna var rådjur, fälthare, dovhjort och älg.Mest anmärkningsvärt på fågelsidan var de höga siffrorna för flera lämmelspecialister, samt att den andra kalla vintern på rad inte verkar ha haft samma svåra effekt på köldkänsliga arter (häger, gärdsmyg och kungsfågel) som året före.Över de senaste 10–15 åren uppvisar följande arter de mest oroväckande nedgångarna: dalripa, storspov, brushane, gråtrut, dvärgmås, tornseglare, spillkråka, sånglärka, hussvala, lappmes, nötkråka, kungsfågel, hämpling, rosenfink, bergfink, ortolansparv, videsparv och lappsparv. Samma period har en påtaglig ökning registrerats för grågås, sångsvan, glada, tjäder, järpe, trana, småspov, skogssnäppa, skogsduva, ringduva, kaja, talgoxe, blåmes, nötväcka, dubbeltrast, svarthätta, gransångare (båda raserna), steglits och mindre korsnäbb. Ser man på trender för hela grupper av arter går det fortsatt sämst för fåglarna i jordbrukslandskapet.Inom nattfågeltaxeringen, det nya system som startades under 2010, inventerades 115 rutter (punktrutter, en rutt per 25x25 km ruta) vid tre tillfällen (mars, april och juni) under 2011. Huvuddelen av ugglearterna registrerades i högre antal och med fler kullar under 2011 jämfört med 2010 i norra Sverige. I södra Sverige var resultatet det motsatta. Av övriga arter utmärkte sig vaktel genom att betydligt fler individer registrerades under 2011 än året innan. Större däggdjur inräknades i ungefär samma omfattning som under 2010. Både fågel- och däggdjursdata kommer att användas för trendberäkningar så snart tidsserierna blivit tillräckligt långa.
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| 30. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Övervakning av fåglarnas populationsutveckling. Årsrapport för 2011.
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present the results of the Swedish Bird Survey, run by the Department of Biology, Lund University, as a part of the National Monitoring Programme of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results for 2011 include data from 589 winter point count routes in 2010/2011 (36th winter), of which 273 were carried out during the Christmas/New Year count and 262 summer point count routes (37th year). A third programme is running since 1996 with 716 Fixed routes, systematically (semi-randomly) distributed over Sweden (combined line transect and point counts). In total 462 Fixed routes were completed in the summer of 2011 (fourth best year). Trends were analyzed using TRIM. A programme for covering night-active birds started in 2010 (point counts along roads with one route per 25x25 km square of the country). In 2011, 115 routes were covered at three occasions each (March, April and June). The distribution of the covered routes is presented in Figure 1. In the Christmas/New Year count 2010/2011, about 75,000 individuals of 109 species were counted by 221 observers. The winter was unusually harsh and started already in November. This certainly explains many of the dramatically low winter figures. Moderate to strong increases in winter populations over the last decade are present in seven species. Declines over the same period are prominent in nine species (Fig. 10). On the point count routes in summer 2011, about 94,000 birds of 199 species were counted by 161 observers on 262 routes. From the Fixed routes 129,000 birds of 217 species were reported by 236 persons. Trend graphs for a large number of species are presented in Fig. 11. More graphs and indices can be found on the homepage (address below). Over the last 10–12 years, the most pronounced declines are found in Grey Heron, Wigeon, Merlin, Willow Grouse, Ruff, Herring Gull, Little Gull, Swift, Siberian Tit, Goldcrest, Common Rosefinch, Ortolan, Rustic and Lapland Bunting. The strongest increases are shown by Cormorant, Greylag Goose, Red Kite, Hobby, Hazel Hen, Crane, Whimbrel, Stock Dove, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Mistle Thrush, Blackcap, Chiffchaff (both Swedish ssp.), Goldfinch, crossbills, A second consecutive hard winter, did not seem to affect cold sensitive species like Grey Heron, Wren and Goldcrest as dramatically as the year before. It was a good year for lemming-eating birds such as Rough-legged Buzzard, Long-tailed Skua, Hawk Owl and Short-eared owl. The night routes showed higher owl activity and better breeding results in the north compared to 2010. In the southern part of the country owl numbers and breeding output was lower than in 2010. Very high numbers of Quail were recorded during the night routes in 2011. The numbers of larger mammals counted were relatively similar to the year before. Both bird and mammal data from the night routes will be used for calculating trends as soon as the time series are long enough. Bird indicators were calculated for Sweden based on summer point counts and the species selection and methods of the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (page 14). Farmland birds (“Vanliga jordbruksfåglar”, 11 species) show a more than 50% decline since 1975. Woodland birds (“Vanliga skogsfåglar”, 26 species) have declined with about 30%, whereas a group of other common birds (“Övriga vanliga fåglar”, 21 species) have declined with about 10%. We also present the corresponding indicators based on the new system with Fixed routes (indices since 1998). All but one of six indicators turned downwards during 2010. In the recent 5–10 years, the indicators based on the two schemes have become more and more similar within each habitat. Another set of indicators, official indicators of biodiversity within the national Environmental Objectives set by the Swedish Parliament based on data from the Fixed routes, are presented as well (Fig. 6). Among these, the indicator for mountain birch forest birds is the only one showing a significant trend (negative) for the last ten years. Five indicators (lakes and streams, forest, mountain tundra, mountain birch forest and ‘a rich diversity of plant and animal life’) showed negative changes between 2010 and 2011. The indicators for birds in wetlands (both northern and southern) and farmland showed unchanged or higher values 2011 compared to 2010.
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| 31. |
- Lundgren, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study : No association with islet autoimmunity
- 2017
-
Ingår i: BMC Pediatrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2431. ; 17:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of analgesic antipyretic use across the clinical centers of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) prospective cohort study and test if ANAP use was a risk factor for islet autoimmunity. Methods: Data were collected for 8542 children in the first 2.5 years of life. Incidence was analyzed using logistic regression with country and first child status as independent variables. Holm's procedure was used to adjust for multiplicity of intercountry comparisons. Time to autoantibody seroconversion was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model with cumulative analgesic use as primary time dependent covariate of interest. For each categorization, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used. Results: Higher prevalence of ANAP use was found in the U.S. (95.7%) and Sweden (94.8%) compared to Finland (78.1%) and Germany (80.2%). First-born children were more commonly given acetaminophen (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.49; p = 0.007) but less commonly Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.002). Acetaminophen and NSAID use in the absence of fever and infection was more prevalent in the U.S. (40.4%; 26.3% of doses) compared to Sweden, Finland and Germany (p < 0.001). Acetaminophen or NSAID use before age 2.5 years did not predict development of islet autoimmunity by age 6 years (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.09; p = 0.27). In a sub-analysis, acetaminophen use in children with fever weakly predicted development of islet autoimmunity by age 3 years (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.024). Conclusions: ANAP use in young children is not a risk factor for seroconversion by age 6 years. Use of ANAP is widespread in young children, and significantly higher in the U.S. compared to other study sites, where use is common also in absence of fever and infection.
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| 32. |
- Magnusson, Anna, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
GABAB receptors contribute to vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy in pigmented rats
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 134:1, s. 32-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex was studied in pigmented rats, which had been unilaterally, chemically labyrinthectomised 6–144 days previously. During this partially compensated stage after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), both static and dynamic deficits remain. The former was evaluated by recording of spontaneous eye movements in darkness, and the latter by estimating the slow-phase velocity (SPV) gain of compensatory eye movements during horizontal vestibular stimulation. The GABAB agonist baclofen caused a reversal of the remaining ipsilesional drift of the eyes in darkness into a nystagmus with a contralesional slow phase. The GABAB antagonist CGP 36742 caused a decompensation by exaggerating the remaining ipsilesional eye drift. Further, baclofen equilibrated or reversed the asymmetry between ipsi- and contralesional SPV gains during horizontal sinusoidal rotations at 0.2 Hz and 0.8 Hz. This was achieved by an increase in the ipsilesional gain and a decrease in the contralesional gain. The phase lead during sinusoidal rotation (0.2 Hz) was larger following rotation to the lesioned side than to the intact side in UL rats. This asymmetry was reversed by baclofen. CGP 36742 inhibited the effects of baclofen, while the antagonist per se aggravated SPV gain and phase lead asymmetries in UL rats during vestibular stimulation. Per- and post-rotatory nystagmus induced by velocity step stimulation revealed an imperfect velocity-storage function in UL animals, which was modulated by baclofen. An investigation of the baclofen effect on SPV gain asymmetry during different time intervals after chemical UL showed a completely developed effect on the 6th day. Bilateral flocculectomy did not alter the effects of baclofen on UL animals. It is concluded that physiological stimulation of GABAB receptors contributes to minimise the vestibulo-oculomotor asymmetry during the partially compensated period after UL. Administration of an agonist or an antagonist changes the asymmetry towards the ipsi- or contralesional side, possibly by altering the spontaneous neuronal activity in the bilateral medial vestibular nuclei. The results are compatible with a hypothesis, supported by in vitro slice experiments, that the efficacy of GABAB receptors is up-regulated on the ipsilesional side and down-regulated on the contralesional side.
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| 33. |
- Mason, Lucy R., et al.
(författare)
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Population responses of bird populations to climate change on two continents vary with species’ ecological traits but not with direction of change in climate suitability
- 2019
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 157:3-4, s. 337-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is a major global threat to biodiversity with widespread impacts on ecological communities. Evidence for beneficial impacts on populations is perceived to be stronger and more plentiful than that for negative impacts, but few studies have investigated this apparent disparity, or how ecological factors affect population responses to climatic change. We examined the strength of the relationship between species-specific regional population changes and climate suitability trends (CST), using 30-year datasets of population change for 525 breeding bird species in Europe and the USA. These data indicate a consistent positive relationship between population trend and CST across the two continents. Importantly, we found no evidence that this positive relationship differs between species expected to be negatively and positively impacted across the entire taxonomic group, suggesting that climate change is causing equally strong, quantifiable population increases and declines. Species’ responses to changing climatic suitability varied with ecological traits, however, particularly breeding habitat preference and body mass. Species associated with inland wetlands responded most strongly and consistently to recent climatic change. In Europe, smaller species also appeared to respond more strongly, whilst the relationship with body mass was less clear-cut for North American birds. Overall, our results identify the role of certain traits in modulating responses to climate change and emphasise the importance of long-term data on abundance for detecting large-scale species’ responses to environmental changes.
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| 34. |
- McKay, James D., et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale association analysis identifies new lung cancer susceptibility loci and heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across histological subtypes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 49:7, s. 1126-1132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although several lung cancer susceptibility loci have been identified, much of the heritability for lung cancer remains unexplained. Here 14,803 cases and 12,262 controls of European descent were genotyped on the OncoArray and combined with existing data for an aggregated genomewide association study (GWAS) analysis of lung cancer in 29,266 cases and 56,450 controls. We identified 18 susceptibility loci achieving genome-wide significance, including 10 new loci. The new loci highlight the striking heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across the histological subtypes of lung cancer, with four loci associated with lung cancer overall and six loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma. Gene expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in 1,425 normal lung tissue samples highlights RNASET2, SECISBP2L and NRG1 as candidate genes. Other loci include genes such as a cholinergic nicotinic receptor, CHRNA2, and the telomere-related genes OFBC1 and RTEL1. Further exploration of the target genes will continue to provide new insights into the etiology of lung cancer.
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| 35. |
- Montero, Angeles M., et al.
(författare)
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Clinicopathological significance of the expression of PD-L1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1092-9134 .- 1532-8198. ; 51, s. 151701-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: PD1/PD-L1 pathway targeting therapies are nowadays an established treatment option for patients with NSCLC. We assessed whether PD-L1 expression in NSCLC tumor cells was associated with specific clinical features or overall survival using four different clones. Methods and results: A retrospective study included formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) surgical tumors from 482 patients. PD-L1 status was assessed with immunohistochemistry in tumor cells on tissue microarrays using clones 28-8, 22C3, SP263 and SP142. Associations with OS were assessed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox's regression analysis. Patients' median age: 68 years (39–86); histology: adenocarcinoma (AdCa) 61%, squamous-cell carcinoma (SqCC) 33%, and large cell carcinoma (LCC) 6%; p-stage: IA (46%), IB (30%), IIA (10%), IIB (11,4%), IIIA (1,2%), IIIB – IV (0,4%). PD-L1 positivity (≥1%) in NSCLC for clones 28-8, 22C3, SP263, SP142 was 41.5%, 34.2%, 42.7%, 10.4%, respectively (Pearson Chi-square p < 0.0001). PD-L1 expression was correlated with histology, tumor size and grading. Statistically significant association between PD-L1 expression and OS in NSCLC and Non-AdCa was observed with clone SP142 (log-rank p = 0.045 and p = 0.05, respectively). Statistically significant association between PD-L1 expression and OS in LCC was observed with clones 22C3 (log-rank p = 0.009) and SP263 (log-rank p = 0.050). Conclusions: Overexpression of the PD-L1 clone SP142 was associated with poor overall survival in NSCLC and Non-AdCa. Clones 22C3 and SP263 were associated with poor prognosis in LCC. PD-L1 status might serve as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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| 36. |
- Morrison, Catriona A., et al.
(författare)
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Covariation in population trends and demography reveals targets for conservation action
- 2021
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Ingår i: Royal Society of London. Proceedings B. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2954. ; 288:1946, s. 20202955-20202955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wildlife conservation policies directed at common and widespread, but declining, species are difficult to design and implement effectively, as multiple environmental changes are likely to contribute to population declines. Conservation actions ultimately aim to influence demographic rates, but targeting actions towards feasible improvements in these is challenging in widespread species with ranges that encompass a wide range of environmental conditions. Across Europe, sharp declines in the abundance of migratory landbirds have driven international calls for action, but actions that could feasibly contribute to population recovery have yet to be identified. Targeted actions to improve conditions on poor-quality sites could be an effective approach, but only if local conditions consistently influence local demography and hence population trends. Using long-term measures of abundance and demography of breeding birds at survey sites across Europe, we show that co-occurring species with differing migration behaviours have similar directions of local population trends and magnitudes of productivity, but not survival rates. Targeted actions to boost local productivity within Europe, alongside large-scale (non-targeted) environmental protection across non-breeding ranges, could therefore help address the urgent need to halt migrant landbird declines. Such demographic routes to recovery are likely to be increasingly needed to address global wildlife declines.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- O'Reilly, Enya, et al.
(författare)
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An assessment of relative habitat use as a metric for species’ habitat association and degree of specialization
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to understand species’ sensitivity to habitat change, we must correctly determine if a species is associated with a habitat or not, and if it is associated, its degree of specialization for that habitat. However, definitions of species’ habitat association and specialization are often static, categorical classifications that coarsely define species as either habitat specialists or generalists and can fail to account for potential temporal or spatial differences in association or specialization. In contrast, quantitative metrics can provide a more nuanced assessment, defining species’ habitat associations and specialization along a continuous scale and accommodate for temporal or spatial variation, but these approaches are less widely used. Here we explore relative habitat use (RHU) as a metric for quantifying species’ association with and degree of specialization for different habitat types. RHU determines the extent of a species’ association with a given habitat by comparing its abundance in that habitat relative to its mean abundance across all other habitats. Using monitoring data for breeding birds across Europe from 1998 to 2017; we calculate RHU scores for 246 species for five habitat types and compared them to the literature-based classifications of their association with and specialization for each of these habitats. We also explored the temporal variation in species’ RHU scores for each habitat and assessed how this varied according to association and degree of specialization. In general, species’ RHU and literature-derived classifications were well aligned, as RHU scores for a given habitat increased in line with reported association and specialization. In addition, temporal variation in RHU scores were influenced by association and degree of specialization, with lower scores for those associated with, and those more specialized to, a given habitat. As a continuous metric, RHU allows a detailed assessment of species’ association with and degree of specialization for different habitats that can be tailored to specific temporal and/or spatial requirements. It has the potential to be a valuable tool for identifying indicator species and in supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of conservation management actions.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Ottvall, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Landskapets betydelse för fåglarnas förekomst och populationsutveckling : En pilotstudie med monitoringdata från Svensk Fågeltaxering och NILS
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Populationsutvecklingen hos ett antal utvalda fågelarter används idag som indikatorer påhur den biologiska mångfalden utvecklas, både inom EU och i Sverige. Det ärföljaktligen av största vikt att kunna förklara fågelpopulationernas utveckling. En av deviktigaste faktorerna härvidlag är landskapets sammansättning och utveckling. I Sverigesamlas fågeldata från häckningstid in av Svensk Fågeltaxering (genom de s.k.standardrutterna). Detaljerade habitatdata samlas parallellt in av Nationell Inventering avLandskapet i Sverige (NILS). De två systemen är rikstäckande, geografiskt överlappandeoch data samlas in med standardiserade metoder.Till denna rapport använde vi redan tillgängliga GIS-skikt med habitatdata (SvenskMarktäckeData, skogliga data från kNN-Sverige samt altituddata) för att undersöka ivilken utsträckning nästa generations habitatdata av den typ som NILS för närvarandesamlar in kan gå att använda till att förklara olika fågelarters förekomst. Detta för att vi iframtiden skall kunna använda förändringar i habitatens utbredning och kvalitet till attförklara antalsförändringar hos fåglarna.En viktig del av arbetet var att finna lämpliga analysmetoder och relevant statistiskbehandling av data. Vi arbetade med flera olika statistiska metoder, med tyngdpunkt pålogistisk regression och ROC-kurvor (Receiver Operating Curve). I analyserna har vifokuserat på de jordbruks- och skogsfåglar som används som miljömålsindikatorer.Både kvalitativa (närvaro/frånvaro) och kvantitativa (antal individer) mått påfågeltillgången korrelerade väl med förekomsten av olika habitat. Bäst korrelation fann viför typiska jordbruksfåglar, även om flera av jordbruksarterna även förekom i andramiljöer. Även förekomsten av ett par andra habitatspecialister, ringtrast (stenbranter ifjällen) och backsvala (grustag), gick med stor precision att förutsäga med hjälp avhabitatdata. Antal jordbruksarter sedda per inventeringsrutt ökade med mängdenjordbruksmark runt rutten. Först vid ungefär 30 % jordbruksmark förekommer de flestajordbruksarter. Artrikedomen bland skogslevande fåglar var högst när lövskogsinslagetvar ungefär 25 %, men kopplingen till habitat var svagare än för jordbruksfåglarna.En given yta jordbruksmark eller skog höll i många fall fler individer av en art omäven omgivningen innehöll stora mängder av det föredragna habitatet. En arts förekomstpåverkas alltså inte bara av habitatförekomsten i fågelns omedelbara närhet utan även ilandskapet i större perspektiv.Inom Svensk Fågeltaxering beräknas i huvudsak artspecifika populationstrender. Dehabitatbeskrivningar som nu kan göras med NILS-data möjliggör separatatrendberäkningar för de populationer av en art som uppträder i olika habitat. I ett exempelpå hur sådana analyser kan göras fann vi att trender för de törnskator och gulsparvar somförekommer i jordbrukslandskap respektive övriga habitat var ungefär de samma.Vi har visat att det redan med tillgängliga habitat- och fågeldata går att görameningsfulla analyser om olika fågelarters absoluta och relativa förekomst på olikageografiska nivåer. Det finns dock brister i befintliga habitatdata, framför allt är mångahabitatklasser väl grova. De metoder vi nu provat ut kommer att bli än mer kraftfulla närnya, mer detaljerade habitatdata blir tillgängliga inom NILS. Vi föreslår därför att merdetaljerade analyser görs i den takt som nya NILS-data blir tillgängliga. Givet skogensdominerande betydelse som fågelhabitat är det av speciell vikt är att närmare utredasambanden mellan fågelförekomsten där och de habitatstrukturer som utpekas somviktiga för biologisk mångfald i miljömålet Levande skogar. Motsvarande analys börockså göras för fåglar i odlingslandskapet.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Ottvall, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Population trends for Swedish breeding birds
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ornis Svecica. - 1102-6812. ; 19:3, s. 117-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have assessed the population trends for the 255 bird species breeding in Sweden (including distinct subspecies), based on data for the last 30 and 10 years, respectively. Over the past 30 years more species have decreased (38%) than increased (32%) in numbers. In particular, formerly common farmland species have fared poorly but this is also true for some forest species. Over the past 10 years there are more species with increasing trends (29%) than there are species with decreasing trends (19%). Trends for several species in long-term decline have levelled off and have in some cases even started to increase. It is not known whether this recent change is a result of conservation efforts or simply that population numbers have stabilised at lower levels now permitted by the environment. It is therefore essential to initiate research devoted to finding factors directly linked to ongoing population changes, particularly for species in longterm decline. To cover population trends for all Swedish species additional monitoring programmes are needed, in particular on owls and in mountain habitats.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Price-Rees, Samantha J., et al.
(författare)
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The effects of weather conditions on dispersal behaviour of free-ranging lizards (Tiliqua, Scincidae) in tropical Australia
- 2014
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463. ; 28:2, s. 440-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary Animals may switch between alternative modes of movement (e.g. philopatry vs. dispersal) in response to complex interactions between internal state, landscape characteristics, dispersal capacity and navigational capacity. In this study, we use an extensive data set from GPS telemetry of free-ranging lizards (bluetongue skinks, Tiliqua spp.) in the Australian wet-dry tropics, to examine how abiotic conditions (temperature, air pressure, precipitation, humidity and wind speed) influence lizard dispersal. The GPS transmitters provided >60,000 records of lizard location from 49 individuals (41 T. scincoides intermedia, 8 T. multifasciata) monitored for a mean of 65 days each. We used a maximum likelihood analytical tool to objectively distinguish intra-patch movements from dispersive movements. Threshold levels of dispersal to differentiate between these two movement phases averaged 36–42 m displacement per hour, depending on species and site. Whether bluetongue lizards within the study population dispersed (rather than remained encamped) was highly associated with weather variables, notably air temperature and atmospheric pressure. Fine-scale (hourly) weather conditions were better predictors of lizard dispersal than daily mean values. Lizards primarily dispersed between widely scattered patches of core-habitat under fine, hot, clear weather conditions. Air pressure tended to predict lizard dispersal more accurately than did more commonly analysed variables such as temperature and precipitation.
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| 47. |
- Ried, Janina S., et al.
(författare)
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A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways.
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| 48. |
- Singer, Andrew C., et al.
(författare)
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Compliance to Oseltamivir among Two Populations in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom Affected by Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, November 2009 : A Waste Water Epidemiology Study
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antiviral provision remains the focus of many pandemic preparedness plans, however, there is considerable uncertainty regarding antiviral compliance rates. Here we employ a waste water epidemiology approach to estimate oseltamivir (Tamiflu (R)) compliance. Oseltamivir carboxylate (oseltamivir's active metabolite) was recovered from two waste water treatment plant (WWTP) catchments within the United Kingdom at the peak of the autumnal wave of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Predictions of oseltamivir consumption from detected levels were compared with two sources of national government statistics to derive compliance rates. Scenario and sensitivity analysis indicated between 3-4 and 120-154 people were using oseltamivir during the study period in the two WWTP catchments and a compliance rate between 45-60%. With approximately half the collected antivirals going unused, there is a clear need to alter public health messages to improve compliance. We argue that a near real-time understanding of drug compliance at the scale of the waste water treatment plant (hundreds to millions of people) can potentially help public health messages become more timely, targeted, and demographically sensitive, while potentially leading to less mis- and un-used antiviral, less wastage and ultimately a more robust and efficacious pandemic preparedness plan.
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| 49. |
- Stenberg, Gunilla, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Living with an electric wheelchair : the user perspective
- 2016
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Ingår i: Disability and Rehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-3107 .- 1748-3115. ; 11:5, s. 385-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To explore the experiences of using an electric wheelchair in daily living. Methods: Fifteen participants, eight women and seven men, living in different parts of a Nordic country were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in the home or at the workplace. Open-ended questions were used. The data were collected and analyzed according to the grounded theory. Results: Analysis resulted in one core category: "Integrating the electric wheelchair - a manifold process", describing a process commencing from initial resistance against use of an electric wheelchair, to acceptance with various extent of integration. Six categories emerged that represent this core process: incorporating the electric wheelchair into the self-identity process, calculating functional consequences, encountering the reactions of others, facing duality in movability, using proactive strategies, and being at the mercy of the system. Findings indicate that the integration process is complex and manifold. Practical, personal, and social dimensions were intertwined and significantly involved. Conclusions: Integrating an electric wheelchair is a process closely connected to symbolic value, usability, community mobility and identity. These aspects should be considered in the production, prescription, and adaptation processes. Implications for Rehabilitation Integrating an electric wheelchair is a process closely connected to symbolic value, usability, community mobility, and identity. These aspects should be considered in the wheelchair production, prescription, and adaptation processes.
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| 50. |
- Stephens, Philip A., et al.
(författare)
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Consistent response of bird populations to climate change on two continents
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 352:6281, s. 84-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Large-scale analyses have generally focused on the impacts of climate change on the geographic ranges of species and on phenology, the timing of ecological phenomena. We used long-term monitoring of the abundance of breeding birds across Europe and the United States to produce, for both regions, composite population indices for two groups of species: those for which climate suitability has been either improving or declining since 1980. The ratio of these composite indices, the climate impact indicator (CII), reflects the divergent fates of species favored or disadvantaged by climate change. The trend in CII is positive and similar in the two regions. On both continents, interspecific and spatial variation in population abundance trends are well predicted by climate suitability trends.
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