| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Bravo, L, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 4. |
- Thomas, HS, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2019
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 5. |
- Tabiri, S, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 6. |
- Glasbey, JC, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Drake, TM, et al.
(författare)
-
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings.MethodsA multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI).ResultsOf 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45·1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34·2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20·6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12·8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24·7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI.ConclusionThe odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Sartelli, Massimo, et al.
(författare)
-
Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action
- 2023
-
Ingår i: WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY. - 1749-7922. ; 18:1
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Del Chiaro, M, et al.
(författare)
-
European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 1468-3288 .- 0017-5749. ; 67:5, s. 789-804
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence-based guidelines on the management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are lacking. This guideline is a joint initiative of the European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas, United European Gastroenterology, European Pancreatic Club, European-African Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, European Digestive Surgery, and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. It replaces the 2013 European consensus statement guidelines on PCN. European and non-European experts performed systematic reviews and used GRADE methodology to answer relevant clinical questions on nine topics (biomarkers, radiology, endoscopy, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), serous cystic neoplasm, rare cysts, (neo)adjuvant treatment, and pathology). Recommendations include conservative management, relative and absolute indications for surgery. A conservative approach is recommended for asymptomatic MCN and IPMN measuring <40 mm without an enhancing nodule. Relative indications for surgery in IPMN include a main pancreatic duct (MPD) diameter between 5 and 9.9 mm or a cyst diameter ≥40 mm. Absolute indications for surgery in IPMN, due to the high-risk of malignant transformation, include jaundice, an enhancing mural nodule >5 mm, and MPD diameter >10 mm. Lifelong follow-up of IPMN is recommended in patients who are fit for surgery. The European evidence-based guidelines on PCN aim to improve the diagnosis and management of PCN.
|
|
| 16. |
- Arthur, Edmund, et al.
(författare)
-
Central Macular Thickness in Diabetic Patients : A Sex-based Analysis
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Optometry and Vision Science. - : American Academy of Optometry. - 1040-5488 .- 1538-9235. ; 96:4, s. 266-275
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SIGNIFICANCE The pathological changes in clinically significant diabetic macular edema lead to greater retinal thickening in men than in women. Therefore, male sex should be considered a potential risk factor for identifying individuals with the most severe pathological changes. Understanding this excessive retinal thickening in men may help preserve vision. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in retinal thickness in diabetic patients. We tested whether men with clinically significant macular edema had even greater central macular thickness than expected from sex differences without significant pathological changes. This study also aimed to determine which retinal layers contribute to abnormal retinal thickness. METHODS From 2047 underserved adult diabetic patients from Alameda County, CA, 142 patients with clinically significant macular edema were identified by EyePACS-certified graders using color fundus images (Canon CR6-45NM). First, central macular thickness from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (iVue; Optovue Inc.) was compared in 21 men versus 21 women without clinically significant macular edema. Then, a planned comparison contrasted the greater values of central macular thickness in men versus women with clinically significant macular edema as compared with those without. Mean retinal thickness and variability of central macular layers were compared in men versus women. RESULTS Men without clinically significant macular edema had a 12-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (245 ± 21.3 and 233 ± 13.4 μm, respectively; t40 = −2.18, P = .04). Men with clinically significant macular edema had a 67-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (383 ± 48.7 and 316 ± 60.4 μm, P < .001); that is, men had 55 μm or more than five times more (t20 = 2.35, P = .02). In men, the outer-nuclear-layer thickness was more variable, F10,10 = 9.34. CONCLUSIONS Underserved diabetic men had thicker retinas than did women, exacerbated by clinically significant macular edema.
|
|
| 17. |
- Alahamami, Mastour A., et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of cysts in red and green images for diabetic macular edema
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To improve the detection of macular cyst with photoscreening, we tested whether in a population of largely minority patients the red channel image from a color fundus camera visualizes cysts in diabetic macular edema better than the green channel image. In assessing diabetic retinas for clinically significant macular edema, the presence of cysts must be judged with respect to the central macula. Some grading programs use red free images, often derived from green channel images, to enhance visualization of retinal vessel damage or macular pigment, but some red and near infrared instruments have detected cysts better than short wavelength techniques. Methods: We evaluated macular cysts in 13 diabetic patients diagnosed with clinically significant macular edema, age range 33-68 years. Diabetic patients were selected from the screening study of >2000 underserved patients seen at Eastmont Wellness Center, Oakland, CA. Patients underwent photoscreening with a nonmydriatic color fundus camera (Canon Cr-DGi, Tokyo, Japan) and SD-OCT (iVue, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). The color fundus images for those patients were transformed into red and green channels to evaluate the appearance of macular cysts in red channel images and green channel images. The region of each cyst was compared SD-OCT scans (Adobe Photoshop CS5.1, San Jose, CA). Only cysts touching the central 1 mm around the fixation from the SD-OCT scans were sampled. Results: The average size of retinal cysts in red channel images, 124.57 µm (±106.96), was significantly greater than in green channel, 59.44 µm (±76.6), (p<0.006). Entire cysts could not be seen in 5 eyes in the green channel images. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the grading of cysts in the central macular might be improved by incorporating red channel images. There are a number of potential factors that could make cysts less visible in the green channel images, including poorer light penetration through to the deeper retina or macular pigment. Anterior segment issues impact more on green channel images. This population includes mostly minority patients who have dark fundi, and darker images.
|
|
| 18. |
- Parimi, Vamsi, et al.
(författare)
-
Clinically significant macular edema in an underserved population : Association with demographic factors and hemoglobin A1c
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Optometry and Vision Science. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1040-5488 .- 1538-9235. ; 101:1, s. 25-36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SIGNIFICANCE: Suspected clinically significant macular edema (SCSME) from exudates differed among ethnic groups in our underserved population. African American and Asian subjects had higher prevalence than Hispanics and non-Hispanic Caucasians, from the same clinics. Men had higher prevalence than women. Highly elevated blood glucose was frequent and associated with SCSME.PURPOSE: We investigated the association between the presence of SCSME from exudates and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), as well as demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnic group. Our population was underserved diabetic patients from the same geographic locations. Ethnic groups were White Hispanic, non-Hispanic Caucasian, African American, and Asian, with a high proportion of underrepresented minorities.METHODS: In a diabetic retinopathy screening study at four community clinics in Alameda County, California, nonmydriatic 45° color fundus images were collected from underserved diabetic subjects following the EyePACS imaging protocol. Images were analyzed for SCSME from exudates by two certified graders. Logistic regression assessed the association between SCSME from exudates and age, sex, ethnic group, and HbA1c.RESULTS: Of 1997 subjects, 147 (7.36%) had SCSME from exudates. The mean ± standard deviation age was 53.4 ± 10.5 years. The mean ± standard deviation HbA1c level was 8.26 ± 2.04. Logistic regression analysis indicated a significant association between presence of SCSME from exudates and HbA1c levels (p<0.001), sex (p=0.027), and ethnicity (p=0.030). African Americans (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.50; p=0.025) and Asians (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.54; p=0.029) had a higher risk than Hispanics. After adjusting for ethnicity, sex, and age, the odds of developing SCSME from exudates increased by 26.5% with every 1% increase in HbA1c level (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.36; p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: In our underserved population, many diabetic patients had very high HbA1c values. Ethnic background (African American > Asians > Hispanics), sex (male > female), and HbA1c level were strong indicators for identifying who is at increased risk of developing SCSME from exudates.
|
|
| 19. |
- Alahamami, Mastour A., et al.
(författare)
-
Investigation of Photoreceptors in Diabetic Macular Edema
- 2014
-
Ingår i: IOVS. - Orlando, Florida, USA.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the photoreceptor integrity in diabetic patients with macular edema using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) Methods: We compared macular thickness in diabetic patients with and without macular edema to determine the role of damage to the external limiting membrane (ELM) or photoreceptors. Diabetic patients were selected from the screening study of > 2000 minority patients seen at Eastmont Wellness Center, Oakland, CA. Patients underwent photoscreening with a Canon Cr-DGi nonmydriatic camera (Tokyo, Japan) and an iVue OCT (Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). Retinal scans of 70 diabetic patients, age range 33-68 yr., were selected so that A) 50% of patients had clinical significant macular edema (CSME), as diagnosed by the presence of hard exudates within 1 disc diameter from the fovea in the color photos, B) the full range of central macular thicknesses in our population was included. And C) patients with CSME were the same age as those not diagnosed with CSME. We graded the retinal scans according to the external limiting membrane (ELM) integrity; 6 patients had damaged ELM and the remaining 64 had intact ELM. Similarly, we graded the retinal scans according to the photoreceptor integrity; 14 patients had damaged photoreceptors and the remaining 56 had intact photoreceptors Results: Average retinal thickness was 254 µm (±57.4) and 356 µm (±95.9) in patients with intact and damaged ELM, respectively; and was 240 µm (±30.0), and 363 µm (±90.0) in patients with intact and damaged photoreceptors, respectively. Retinal thickness means were significantly greater for patients with damaged compared with intact ELM ( P=0.031). Similarly, Retinal thickness means in patients with damaged photoreceptors were significantly greater compared to patients with intact photoreceptors ( P = 0.0001). We also observed that all 6 patients who have damaged ELM were diagnosed with CSME, but were not significantly older than the diabetic patients not diagnosed with CSME ( P = 0.393) Conclusions: ELM and photoreceptor layer damage are found more often when retinal thickness exceeds 355 µm. It is not known if this outer retinal damage is the result of the edema or whether there is more edema because the outer retinal blood brain barrier is failing
|
|
| 20. |
- Alhamami, Mastour, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of Cysts in Red and Green Images for Diabetic Macular Edema
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Optometry and Vision Science. - 1040-5488 .- 1538-9235. ; 94:2, s. 137-149
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To investigate whether cysts in diabetic macular edema are better visualized in the red channel of color fundus camera images, as compared with the green channel, because color fundus camera screening methods that emphasize short-wavelength light may miss cysts in patients with dark fundi or changes to outer blood retinal barrier.Methods: Fundus images for diabetic retinopathy photoscreening were acquired for a study with Aeon Imaging, EyePACS, University of California Berkeley, and Indiana University. There were 2047 underserved, adult diabetic patients, of whom over 90% self-identified as a racial/ethnic identify other than non-Hispanic white. Color fundus images at nominally 45 degrees were acquired with a Canon Cr-DGi non-mydriatic camera (Tokyo, Japan) then graded by an EyePACS certified grader. From the 148 patients graded to have clinically significant macular edema by the presence of hard exudates in the central 1500 [mu]m of the fovea, we evaluated macular cysts in 13 patients with cystoid macular edema. Age ranged from 33 to 68 years. Color fundus images were split into red, green, and blue channels with custom Matlab software (Mathworks, Natick, MA). The diameter of a cyst or confluent cysts was quantified in the red-channel and green-channel images separately.Results: Cyst identification gave complete agreement between red-channel images and the standard full-color images. This was not the case for green-channel images, which did not expose cysts visible with standard full-color images in five cases, who had dark fundi. Cysts appeared more numerous and covered a larger area in the red channel (733 +/- 604 [mu]m) than in the green channel (349 +/- 433 [mu]m, p < 0.006).Conclusions: Cysts may be underdetected with the present fundus camera methods, particularly when short-wavelength light is emphasized or in patients with dark fundi. Longer wavelength techniques may improve the detection of cysts and provide more information concerning the early stages of diabetic macular edema or the outer blood retinal barrier.
|
|
| 21. |
- Arthur, Edmund, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual Retinal Layer Thickness in Diabetic Patients with Clinically Significant Macular Edema : A Gender Based Analysis
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To compare segmented retinal layer thicknesses between male and female diabetics with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). This study expands our earlier analysis of central macular thickness (CMT) measurements in diabetic males vs. females. Methods: Diabetic retinopathy screening of 2080 diabetics from Alameda County, CA, indicated 142 patients with CSME, as judged by EyePACS certified graders using color fundus images (Canon CR6-45NM). Of the 2080 diabetics, 1784 were imaged with SD-OCT (Optovue iVue). From the 142 patients, we selected 11 males with good fixation, CMT > 300 µm, and no other ocular complications, along with 11 females with the greatest values of CMT while controlling for age, HbA1c and diabetes duration. Manual segmentation of retinal layers using custom software (Mathworks Matlab) of the SD-OCT images of these subjects was done. We analyzed thicknesses for regions 1 deg - 2 deg for nasal and temporal retina in a B-scan centered on the fovea. A 2 X 2 ANOVA probed the differences in thickness for gender, meridian, and their interaction. We also analyzed the central 1 mm of the outer retinal layers, and performed t-tests. Results: Males had significantly thicker nerve fiber layer (NFL) (13.30 ± 2.85 µm) than females (10.13 ± 6.13 µm) and ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) (62.54 ± 21.18 µm) than females (48.07 ± 25.91 µm), p < 0.05. There was no effect of meridian and no interaction (p > 0.05). All other layers except the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were thicker for males than females even though these were not significant (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences for the layers of the outer retina, which were highly variable and distorted by cysts. Conclusion: Outside the fovea, NFL and GCL-IPL thicknesses were significantly higher in males than females.
|
|
| 22. |
- Baskaran, Karthikeyan, et al.
(författare)
-
Stability of fixation in diabetes patients with and without clinically significant macular edema
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - Eye diseases affecting central vision impair fixation and interfere with day-to-day tasks such as reading. Diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema (CSME) are leading causes of visual impairment in diabetes patients. The aim of this study is to find whether diabetic patients with CSME have poorer fixation stability compared to patients without CSME, by analyzing the fundus images obtained from the Laser Scanning Digital Camera (LSDC).Methods - Two hundred underserved, diabetic patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy at the Eastmont Wellness Center within the EyePACS telemedicine network, using LSDC. One eye of each patient who had diabetic retinopathy was included in this study. Non-mydriatic color fundus photos were classified for presence of CSME by two independent, certified EyePACS graders. The first 50 patients (25 males & 25 females) with CSME were selected and 50 (27 males & 23 females) diabetic patients without CSME were selected as controls. Mean age was 59 (±9) years for patients with CSME and was 55 (±10) years for patients without CSME. The subjects included 53% Hispanics, 26% African Americans and 21% other. A series of 20 images (36 deg field, 1024 X 1024 pixels, and 850 nm) were acquired at 11 fps. Eye positions were obtained by selecting a region of interest in the first image of each series and aligning the remaining images to that region by cross-correlation. The bi-contour ellipse area (BCEA) and the standard deviation of the Euclidean distance (SDED) were used to quantify fixation stability.Results - The fixation stability for patients with CSME was significantly worse than for those without CSME (t test: p < 0.001, 0.007 for BCEA and SDED, respectively). The mean fixation stability obtained by the BCEA metric was 2.74 (±0.40) log(minArc2) and 2.34 (±0.42) log(minArc2) for patients with and without CSME, respectively. For SDED the mean was 48.4 (±28.8) microns and 34.6 (±20.4) microns for patients with and without CSME, respectively. The correlation with age was not significant for either group (R2 = 0.052, 0.011).Conclusions - Diabetic patients with CSME had poorer fixation stability than patients without CSME for both metrics. Fixation stability is a potential tool for assessing macular function and could be used for tracking the treatment and progression of macular edema.The LSDC images provide one method to quantify fixation stability rapidly.
|
|
| 23. |
- Litvin, Valentina A., et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental and theoretical study of the mechanism formation of silver nanoclusters in the reduction reaction of Ag+ ions by alizarin solution
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Colloid and Interface Science Communications. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 2215-0382. ; 29, s. 47-54
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the study of the processes of the Ag+ ions interaction with humic substances a low molecular weight model compound - alizarin - was used for the first time in the present work. It has been established that alizarin carries out a double role in the process of synthesis of silver nanoparticles: reducing agent of Ag+ ions and a stabilizer of the formed nanoparticles. Based on the analysis of experimental data a mechanism of silver nanoparticles formation was proposed. In particular, at the moment of mixing of the reagents, a microphase Ag2O is formed and becomes a source of silver ions in solution. Alizarin molecules form a complex with silver ions, which provide the centres of primary clusters formation. The growth of primary clusters occurs through the reduction of Ag+ ions from the solution. Organic component of the complex undergoes oxidative hydroxylation by the Elbs reaction type.
|
|
| 24. |
- Litvin, V. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Growth of silver nanoparticles using polythiocyanatohydroquinone in aqueous solution
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Acta Chimica Slovenica. - : Slovensko Kemijsko Drustvo. - 1318-0207 .- 1580-3155. ; 66:2, s. 427-434
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivated by evidence that silver nanoparticles have found numerous technological applications we have explored in this work utilization of polythiocyanatohydroquinone as a new efficient reducing and stabilizing agent for the preparation of such nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles has been confirmed by the UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and by transmission electron microscopy. The potentiometric and spectroscopy kinetic measurements during the nanoparticles growth are also presented. Thermodynamic activation parameters for the silver nanoparticle formation have been determined from the reaction kinetic studies at variable temperatures. On the ground of observations using these techniques, a mechanism for silver nanoparticle growth has been proposed. The narrow size (20–40 nm) and spherical shape distribution of the fabricated nanoparticles together with the high stability of colloids for sedimentation provide a firm basis for applications of the polythiocyanatohydroquinone polymer as a reducing and stabilizing material for the metal nanoparticles preparation and storage.
|
|
| 25. |
- Litvin, Valentina A., et al.
(författare)
-
The size-controllable, one-step synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles protected by synthetic humic substances
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Materials Chemistry and Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0254-0584 .- 1879-3312. ; 144:1-2, s. 168-178
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we demonstrate the use of synthetic humic substances (HSs) in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles in which the unprecedented control of particle size and shape is achieved by varying the experimental conditions. In this reaction, the synthetic HSs are used as a reductive and protective reagent. A number synthetic HSs from different fenol precursors are tested. The nanoparticles formation processes were monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy, and the results were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The preference of synthetic HSs over natural HSs is determined by a standardization problem resolution due to the strict control of the HSs formation conditions that expand the areas of application of the gold nanoparticles fabricated with such technique. These nanodispersions are aggregately stable for more than one year. The possible formation mechanism of primary gold nanoclusters is proposed.
|
|
| 26. |
- Young, Stuart B., et al.
(författare)
-
Central Macular Thickness in Diabetic Patients : A Gender Based Analysis
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To investigate gender differences in central macular thickness (CMT) in underserved diabetic patients who were judged to have clinically significant macular edema (CSME), using the criterion of hard exudates within 1500 microns of the fovea. METHODS: Using EyePACS certified graders, 142 of 2080 diabetic patients from Alameda County, CA, clinics, had CSME as judged from color fundus images (Canon CR6-45NM). Of the 2080 patients, 1784 were imaged with SD-OCT (iVUE). Graders then analyzed the SD-OCT images for hard exudates and macular edema, excluding subjects with poor fixation or other ocular conditions. From these data, 142 patients with CSME, 11 males had CMT >300 microns. The 11 females from the group with the greatest values of CMT were then compared for CMT, and mean age. A control group, diabetic patients without CSME, showed a 12-micron larger CMT for males, as compared with females. Thus, a one-tailed t-test was used to determine if the CMT for males with CSME also was greater than for females by 12 microns. We compared mean age, self-report of duration of diabetes, and HbA1c values between genders. RESULTS: Males with CSME had an average CMT of 377 microns, statistically greater than the 12 micron difference expected between genders, with females averaging 321 microns (p<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the mean age between genders 59.3 vs. 59.2 yr. (p>0.05) or the population HbA1c levels 9.5 vs. 9.3% for males and females (p>0.05), respectively. While females had slightly longer durations of diabetes, Chi square analysis also showed no significance between genders (p>0.05). In the OCT images, males had cysts that were larger and more numerous. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CSME, males had greater CMT than females. This difference is not explained by differences in thickness with gender when CSME is not found, nor by age or duration of diabetes. Instead, the cystic changes in the retinas of males were more striking.
|
|
