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1.
  • Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1459-1544
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FINDINGS: Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.INTERPRETATION: At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.
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2.
  • Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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3.
  • Liu, Hangning, et al. (författare)
  • Cobalt Oxide Arrays Anchored to Copper Foam as Efficient Binder‐free Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: ChemPhysChem. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1439-4235 .- 1439-7641. ; 24:17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The development of lithium-ion batteries with simplified assembling steps and fast charge capability is crucial for current battery applications. In this study, we propose a simple in-situ strategy for the construction of high-dispersive cobalt oxide (CoO) nanoneedle arrays, which grow vertically on a copper foam substrate. It is demonstrated that this nanoneedle CoO electrodes provide abundant electrochemical surface area. The resulting CoO arrays directly act as binder-free anodes in lithium-ion batteries with the copper foam functioning as the current collector. The highly-dispersed feature of the nanoneedle arrays enhances the effectiveness of active materials, leading to outstanding rate capability and superior long-term cycling stability. These impressive electrochemical properties are attributed to the highly-dispersed self-standing nanoarrays, the advantages of binder-free constituent, and the high exposed surface area of the copper foam substrate compared to copper foil, which enrich active surface area and facilitate charge transfer. The proposed approach to prepare binder-free lithium-ion battery anodes streamlines the electrode fabrication steps and holds significant promise for the future development of the battery industry.
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4.
  • Naghavi, Mohsen, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 385:9963, s. 117-171
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specifi c all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specifi c causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65.3 years (UI 65.0-65.6) in 1990, to 71.5 years (UI 71.0-71.9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million (UI 46.8-48.2) to 54.9 million (UI 53.6-56.3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute diff erences between countries decreased but relative diff erences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative diff erences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specifi c mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade.
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5.
  • Chen, Fei'er, et al. (författare)
  • The effects of PM2.5 on asthmatic and allergic diseases or symptoms in preschool children of six Chinese cities, based on China, Children, Homes and Health (CCHH) project
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 232, s. 329-337
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The urbanization and industrialization in China is accompanied by bad air quality, and the prevalence of asthma in Chinese children has been increasing in recent years. To investigate the associations between ambient PM2.5 levels and asthmatic and allergic diseases or symptoms in preschool children in China, we assigned PM2.5 exposure data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project to 205 kindergartens at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° in six cities in China (Shanghai, Nanjing, Chongqing, Changsha, Urumqi, and Taiyuan). A hierarchical multiple logistical regression model was applied to analyze the associations between kindergarten-level PM2.5 exposure and individual-level outcomes of asthmatic and allergic symptoms. The individual-level variables, including gender, age, family history of asthma and allergic diseases, breastfeeding, parental smoking, indoor dampness, interior decoration pollution, household annual income, and city-level variable-annual temperature were adjusted. A total of 30,759 children (average age 4.6 years, 51.7% boys) were enrolled in this study. Apart from family history, indoor dampness, and decoration as predominant risk factors, we found that an increase of 10 μg/m3 of the annual PM2.5 was positively associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 1.29) and diagnosed asthma by OR of 1.10 (95% CI 1.03, 1.18). Those who lived in non-urban (vs. urban) areas were exposed to more severe indoor air pollution arising from biomass combustion and had significantly higher ORs between PM2.5 and allergic rhinitis and current rhinitis. Our study suggested that long-term exposure to PM2.5 might increase the risks of asthmatic and allergic diseases or symptoms in preschool children in China. Compared to those living in urban areas, children living in suburban or rural areas had a higher risk of PM2.5 exposure.
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6.
  • Kassebaum, Nicholas J., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1603-1658
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2.9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2.9-3.0) for men and 3.5 years (3.4-3.7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0.85 years (0.78-0.92) and 1.2 years (1.1-1.3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum.
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7.
  • Vos, Theo, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 386:9995, s. 743-800
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2.4 billion and 1.6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537.6 million in 1990 to 764.8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114.87 per 1000 people to 110.31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21.1% in 1990 to 31.2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.
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8.
  • Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The lancet. HIV. - : Elsevier. - 2352-3018. ; 3:8, s. e361-e387
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.
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9.
  • Chen, Heyin, et al. (författare)
  • Investigating Surface Reactivity of a Ni-Rich Cathode Material toward CO2, H2O, and O2 Using Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 6:22, s. 11458-11467
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Layered Ni-rich transition metal oxide materials are considered the most promising cathodes for use in commercial Li-ion batteries. Due to their instability in air, an impurity layer forms during storage under ambient conditions, and this layer increases electrochemical polarization during charging and discharging, which ultimately leads to a lower cycling capacity. In this work, we found that storage of the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC 811) material in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) can restore the surface by reducing the amount of native carbonate species in the impurity layer. In this work, in situ soft X-ray ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy is used to directly follow the interaction between common gases found in air and the NMC 811 surface. During gas exposure of the NMC 811 surface to pure CO2, O2, and a mixture of both pure gases, surface-adsorbed CO2 or/and O2 were detected; however, permanent changes could not be identified under UHV after the gas exposure. In contrast, a permanent increase in metal hydroxide species was observed on the sample surface following H2O vapor exposure, and an increased intensity in the carboxylate peak was observed after exposure to a mixture of CO2/O2/H2O. Thus, the irreversible degradation reaction with CO2 is triggered in the presence of H2O (on relevant time scales defined by the experiment). Additional measurements revealed that X-ray irradiation induces the formation of metal carbonate species on the NMC 811 surface under CO2 and H2O vapor pressure.
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10.
  • Chen, Tianyi, et al. (författare)
  • Maternal exposure to PM2.5/BC during pregnancy predisposes children to allergic rhinitis which varies by regions and exclusive breastfeeding
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 165
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundIncreasing prevalence of childhood allergic rhinitis(AR) needs a deeper understanding on the potential adverse effects of early life exposure to air pollution.ObjectivesThe main aim was to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to PM2.5 and chemical constituents during pregnancy on preschool children’s AR, and further to explore the modification effects of regions and exclusive breastfeeding.MethodsA multi-center population-based study was performed in 6 cities from 3 regions of China in 2011–2012. Maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 and main chemical constituents(BC, OM, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+) during pregnancy was assessed and a longitudinal prospective analysis was applied on preschool children’s AR. The modification effects of regions and exclusive breastfeeding were investigated.ResultsA total of 8.8% and 9.8% of children reported doctor-diagnosed allergic rhinitis(DDAR) and current hay fever, respectively, and 48.6% had less than 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. The means of PM2.5 during pregnancy were 52.7 μg/m3, 70.3 μg/m3 and 76.4 μg/m3 in the east, north and central south of China, respectively. Multilevel log-binomial model regression showed that each interquartile range(IQR) increase of PM2.5 during pregnancy was associated with an average increase in prevalence ratio (PR) of DDAR by 1.43(95% confidence interval(CI): 1.11, 1.84) and current hay fever by 1.79(95% CI: 1.26, 2.55), respectively. Among chemical constituents, black carbon (BC) had the strongest associations. Across 3 regions, the eastern cities had the highest associations, followed by those in the central south and the north. For those equal to or longer than 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding, the associations were significantly reduced.ConclusionsChildren in east of China had the highest risks of developing AR per unit increase of maternal exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy, especially BC constituent. Remarkable decline was found in association with an increase in breastfeeding for ≥6 months, in particular in east of China.
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11.
  • Chien, Yu-Chuan, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Rapid determination of solid-state diffusion coefficients in Li-based batteries via intermittent current interruption method
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is considered the go-to method for determining the Li+ diffusion coefficients in insertion electrode materials. However, GITT-based methods are either time-consuming, prone to analysis pitfalls or require sophisticated interpretation models. Here, we propose the intermittent current interruption (ICI) method as a reliable, accurate and faster alternative to GITT-based methods. Using Fick’s laws, we prove that the ICI method renders the same information as the GITT within a certain duration of time since the current interruption. Via experimental measurements, we also demonstrate that the results from ICI and GITT methods match where the assumption of semi-infinite diffusion applies. Moreover, the benefit of the non-disruptive ICI method to operando materials characterization is exhibited by correlating the continuously monitored diffusion coefficient of Li+ in a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2-based electrode to its structural changes captured by operando X-ray diffraction measurements.
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12.
  • Kim, Hyeyun, 1986-, et al. (författare)
  • Feasibility of Chemically Modified Cellulose Nanofiber Membranes as Lithium-Ion Battery Separators
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 12:37, s. 41211-41222
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Chemical modification of cellulose is beneficial to produce highly porous lithium-ion battery (LIB) separators, but introduction of high charge density adversely affects its electrochemical stability in a LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)/graphite full cell. In this study, the influence of carboxylate functional groups in 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) on the electrochemical performances of the LIB separator was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in operando mass spectrometry measurements were used to elucidate the cause of failure of the batteries containing TOCN separators in the presence and absence of sodium counterions in the carboxylate groups and additives. For the TOCN separator with sodium carboxylate functional groups, it seems that Na deposition is the dominant reason for poor electrochemical stability of the cell thereof. The poor performance of the protonated TOCN separator, attributed to a high amount of gas evolution, is dramatically improved by adding 2 wt % of vinylene carbonate (VC) because of suppressed gas evolution. Unveiling the failure mechanism of the TOCN separators and successively implementing the strategies to improve performance, for example, removing Na, adding VC, and adjusting cycling rates, enable a remarkable cycling performance in the NMC/graphite full cell at approximate to 2 C (3 mA/cm(2)) of a fast discharging rate. Despite the aforementioned efforts and compromises required, an increased charge density of the TOCN is beneficial to acquire a mechanically stronger separator. In conclusion, the manufacturing process of cellulose nanofibers needs to be carefully adjusted to acquire a desired separator property. To the best of our knowledge, it is first reported to perform operando gas evolution measurements to systematically investigate the electrochemical stability of nanocellulose as an LIB separator material. The results elucidate not only the challenges for extensive applications of hygroscopic biomaterials for commercial LIBs but also the practical solutions to achieve high electrochemical stability of the materials.
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13.
  • Källquist, Ida, et al. (författare)
  • Advances in studying interfacial reactions in rechargeable batteries by photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 10:37, s. 19466-19505
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many of the challenges faced in the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and next-generation technologies stem from the (electro)chemical interactions between the electrolyte and electrodes during operation. It is at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces where ageing mechanisms can originate through, for example, the build-up of electrolyte decomposition products or the dissolution of metal ions. In pursuit of understanding these processes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become one of the most important and powerful techniques in a large collection of available tools. As a highly surface-sensitive technique, it is often thought to be the most relevant in characterising the interfacial reactions that occur inside modern rechargeable batteries. This review tells the story of how XPS is employed in day-to-day battery research, as well as highlighting some of the most recent innovative in situ and operando methodologies developed to probe battery materials in ever greater detail. A large focus is placed not only on LIBs, but also on next-generation materials and future technologies, including sodium- and potassium-ion, multivalent, and solid-state batteries. The capabilities, limitations and practical considerations of XPS, particularly in relation to the investigation of battery materials, are discussed, and expectations for its use and development in the future are assessed.
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14.
  • Lee, Ming-Tao, et al. (författare)
  • The Surface Chemistry of Thin Lithium-Metal Electrodes in Lithium-Sulfur Cells
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Batteries & Supercaps. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2566-6223. ; 3:12, s. 1370-1376
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, we explore the surface chemistry of Li metal electrodes used in Li-S batteries when employing a very thin (30 mu m) lithium metal foil. The foil thickness is instrumental for achieving a balanced cell with optimal energy density, but previous work has largely neglected how the change to thinner anodes will influence the critical surface phenomena in the cell. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used as the main characterisation tool to follow the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Li electrode, complemented by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the XPS analyses, the premature capacity fading observed for the cell with thin Li metal electrode could be ascribed to changes in the composition of the surface layer on the Li electrode, due to that the resulting rougher surface more rapidly consume the LiNO(3)electrolyte additive. This highlights that mitigating the degradation mechanisms at the Li metal surface is of large importance when the Li electrode is scaled down for better cell balancing in Li-S cells.
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15.
  • Leng, Jiewu, et al. (författare)
  • Unlocking the power of industrial artificial intelligence towards Industry 5.0: Insights, pathways, and challenges
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of manufacturing systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-6125 .- 1878-6642. ; 73, s. 349-363
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the continuous development of human-centric, resilient, and sustainable manufacturing towards Industry 5.0, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gradually unveiled new opportunities for additional functionalities, new features, and tendencies in the industrial landscape. On the other hand, the technology-driven Industry 4.0 paradigm is still in full swing. However, there exist many unreasonable designs, configurations, and implementations of Industrial Artificial Intelligence (IndAI) in practice before achieving either Industry 4.0 or Industry 5.0 vision, and a significant gap between the individualized requirement and actual implementation result still exists. To provide insights for designing appropriate models and algorithms in the upgrading process of the industry, this perspective article classifies IndAI by rating the intelligence levels and presents four principles of implementing IndAI. Three significant opportunities of IndAI, namely, collaborative intelligence, self-learning intelligence, and crowd intelligence, towards Industry 5.0 vision are identified to promote the transition from a technology-driven initiative in Industry 4.0 to the coexistence and interplay of Industry 4.0 and a value-oriented proposition in Industry 5.0. Then, pathways for implementing IndAI towards Industry 5.0 together with key empowering techniques are discussed. Social barriers, technology challenges, and future research directions of IndAI are concluded, respectively. We believe that our effort can lay a foundation for unlocking the power of IndAI in futuristic Industry 5.0 research and engineering practice.
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16.
  • Liu, Biyu, et al. (författare)
  • A min–max solution to optimise planned lead time in a remanufacturing system
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Transactions in Operational Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0969-6016 .- 1475-3995. ; 26:2, s. 485-506
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Determining a rational planned lead time (PLT) is a critical and difficult problem in production planning, especially for a remanufacturing system. This paper considers an optimisation problem of the PLT in a make-to-order remanufacturing system to coordinate disassembly–remanufacturing–reassembly and to improve performance. This optimisation model is designed to determine the PLT that minimises the inventory holding and shortage costs. Given the unknown distribution of remanufacturing time but with known first and second moments, this model is solved by a min–max approach, which can capture distributions with the same first and second moments. How the PLT and total cost are affected by yield rate with different first and second moments, unit holding cost, unit shortage cost and purchasing lead time are also investigated through numerical examples in this paper. The results of this study are shown to be consistent with practice and can be a support to decision-making in production planning and scheduling for remanufacturing.
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17.
  • Liu, Biyu, et al. (författare)
  • Maintenance service strategy for leased equipment : integrating lessor-preventive maintenance and lessee-careful protection efforts
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Computers & industrial engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0360-8352 .- 1879-0550. ; 156
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lessees may abuse equipment during the lease period since lacking of ownership, thereby increasing lessors’ repair cost and lessees’ downtime losses. This study integrates lessees’ effort to protect leased equipment during the lease period with lessors’ preventive maintenance (PM) into maintenance service strategies. It is proved in a non-cooperative game, neither party achieves the cooperative game’s ideal revenue, but improvement in the lessee’s effort level and lessor’s PM degree can increase the other party’s revenue. A cost-sharing contract model is designed to achieve the maximum revenue as in a cooperative game and ensure Pareto improvement of the leasing parties. In the contract, the lessor grants the lessee a rental discount, and the lessor’s PM cost and lessee’s effort cost are shared with cost-sharing coefficients. Conditions under which the ideal revenue and Pareto improvement can be achieved are discussed. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of contract parameters, unit penalty on the effort level, and revenue. Managerial insights are finally proposed for leasing parties. The results show: the effect of the effort level and PM degree on equipment failures is marginally diminishing; proposed cost-sharing contract model can achieve the ideal revenue and Pareto improvement; the rental discount has a greater impact on the lessee, while the cost-sharing coefficients have a greater impact on the lessor; and increasing the unit penalty decreases (increases) the lessor’s (lessee’s) revenue but maintains the effort level at constant.
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18.
  • Liu, Biyu, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal Operational Decision Making of Manufacturers and Authorized Remanufacturers with Patent Licensing under Carbon Cap-and-Trade Regulations
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Complexity. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1076-2787 .- 1099-0526. ; 2020
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Constrained by production capacity and the pressure to reduce emissions, many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) authorize third-party remanufacturers (TPRs) to remanufacture patented products. We investigate the operational decisions of OEMs and authorized TPRs under carbon cap-and-trade regulations in a two-echelon supply chain. We first formulate an operational decision model for OEMs before a TPR enters. Then, for the cases of centralized and decentralized decision making, we formulate an operational decision-making model for the TPR and, subsequently, establish one for the OEM after the TPR enters. We further analyze the effects of carbon emissions cap, trading price of carbon permits, yield rate, and consumer willingness to pay (WTP) on optimal decisions. Our results indicate: whether TPRs accept authorization remanufacturing depending on the ratio of carbon emissions cap to carbon emissions for producing per remanufactured product; royalty rate is negatively affected by trading price of carbon permits and per remanufactured product’ carbon emissions other than that for per new product, and can offset the threat caused by TPRs; the implementation of carbon cap-and-trade regulations causes OEMs to charge TPRs lower royalty rate; centralized decision making increases the total profit of the supply chain and delivers superior environmental benefits. As yield rate and WTP increase, the total profit increases, increasingly sensitive to WTP.
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19.
  • Liu, Biyu, et al. (författare)
  • Supplier evaluation and selection in a sustainable supply chain based on fuzzy-BWM, entropy method and grey relational TOPSIS
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems. - : IOS Press. - 1064-1246 .- 1875-8967. ; 44:6, s. 9919-9932
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Suppliers significantly affect the effectiveness of sustainable supply chain management. Hence, it is extremely important to evaluate and select suppliers scientifically and objectively. Based on the theory of triple bottom line (economic, social, and environmental dimension) and a balanced scorecard, a measureable supplier evaluation framework in a sustainable supply chain is first formulated. Second, to reduce the defects of the single weight method, the subjective and objective weights of evaluation indicators are determined by combining the fuzzy best-worst method (BWM) and the entropy method, and then the combination weights are obtained through linear weighting. Third, the grey relational technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is further adopted to evaluate and rank the suppliers. Finally, a case study illustrates and demonstrates the availability of the proposed supplier evaluation index system and evaluation method. Subsequently, some suggestions are proposed according to the results.
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20.
  • Liu, Cong, et al. (författare)
  • Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - Waltham : Massachusetts Medical Society. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 381:8, s. 705-715
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The systematic evaluation of the results of time-series studies of air pollution is challenged by differences in model specification and publication bias.METHODS: We evaluated the associations of inhalable particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) and fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) with daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries or regions. Daily data on mortality and air pollution were collected from 652 cities in 24 countries or regions. We used overdispersed generalized additive models with random-effects meta-analysis to investigate the associations. Two-pollutant models were fitted to test the robustness of the associations. Concentration-response curves from each city were pooled to allow global estimates to be derived.RESULTS: On average, an increase of 10 μg per cubic meter in the 2-day moving average of PM10 concentration, which represents the average over the current and previous day, was associated with increases of 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.50) in daily all-cause mortality, 0.36% (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.43) in daily cardiovascular mortality, and 0.47% (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.58) in daily respiratory mortality. The corresponding increases in daily mortality for the same change in PM2.5 concentration were 0.68% (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.77), 0.55% (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.66), and 0.74% (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.95). These associations remained significant after adjustment for gaseous pollutants. Associations were stronger in locations with lower annual mean PM concentrations and higher annual mean temperatures. The pooled concentration-response curves showed a consistent increase in daily mortality with increasing PM concentration, with steeper slopes at lower PM concentrations.CONCLUSIONS: Our data show independent associations between short-term exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 and daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in more than 600 cities across the globe. These data reinforce the evidence of a link between mortality and PM concentration established in regional and local studies. (Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and others.).
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21.
  • Liu, Cong, et al. (författare)
  • Coarse particulate air pollution and daily mortality : a global study in 205 cities
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. - : American Thoracic Society. - 1073-449X .- 1535-4970. ; 206:8, s. 999-1007
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • RATIONALE: The associations between ambient coarse particulate matter (PM2.5-10) and daily mortality is not fully understood at a global scale.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the short-term associations between PM2.5-10 and total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries/regions worldwide.METHODS: We collected daily mortality (total, cardiovascular, respiratory) and air pollution data from 205 cities in 20 countries/regions. Concentrations of PM2.5-10 were computed as the difference between inhalable and fine particulate matter. A two-stage time-series analytic approach was applied, with over-dispersed generalized linear models and multilevel meta-analysis. We fitted two-pollutant models to test the independent effect of PM2.5-10 from co-pollutants (fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide). Exposure-response relationship curves were pooled and regional analyses were conducted.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5-10 concentration on lag 0-1 day was associated with increments of 0.51% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18%, 0.84%), 0.43% (95%CI: 0.15%, 0.71%) and 0.41% (95%CI: 0.06%, 0.77%) in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. The associations varied by country and region. These associations were robust to adjustment by all co-pollutants in two-pollutant models, especially for PM2.5. The exposure-response curves for total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were positive, with steeper slopes at lower exposure ranges and without discernible thresholds.CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel global evidence on the robust and independent associations between short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5-10 and total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, suggesting the need to establish a unique guideline or regulatory limit for daily concentrations of PM2.5-10.
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22.
  • Liu, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Understanding the Roles of Tris(trimethylsilyl) Phosphite (TMSPi) in LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)/Silicon-Graphite (Si-Gr) Lithium-Ion Batteries
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Advanced Materials Interfaces. - : WILEY. - 2196-7350. ; 7:15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The coupling of nickel-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes with high-capacity silicon-graphite (Si-Gr) anodes is one promising route to further increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Practically, however, the cycle life of such cells is seriously hindered due to continuous electrolyte degradation on the surfaces of both electrodes. In this study, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TMSPi) is introduced as an electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performance of the NMC811/Si-Gr full cells through formation of protective surface layers at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. This is thought to prevent the surface fluorination of the active materials and enhance interfacial stability. Notably, TMSPi is shown to significantly reduce the overpotential and operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that an irreversible "two-phase" transition reaction caused by the formed adventitious Li2CO3 layer on the surface of NMC811 can transfer to a solid-solution reaction mechanism with TMSPi-added electrolyte. Moreover, influences of TMSPi on the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the NMC811 and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the Si-Gr are systematically investigated by electron microscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which allows for the nondestructive depth-profiling analysis of chemical compositions and oxidation states close to the electrode surfaces.
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23.
  • Luo, Jingjie, et al. (författare)
  • Modified DSAN for unsupervised cross-domain fault diagnosis of bearing under speed fluctuation
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of manufacturing systems. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0278-6125 .- 1878-6642. ; 65, s. 180-191
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Existing researches about unsupervised cross-domain bearing fault diagnosis mostly consider global alignment of feature distributions in various domains, and focus on relatively ideal diagnosis scenario under the steady speeds. Therefore, unsupervised feature adaptation between all the corresponding subdomains under speed fluctuation remains great challenges. This paper proposes a modified deep subdomain adaptation network (MDSAN) for more practical and challenging cross-domain diagnostic scenarios from the fluctuating speeds to steady speeds. Firstly, to extract the representative features and effectively suppress negative transfer, a novel shared feature extraction module guided by multi-headed self-attention mechanism is constructed. Then, a new trade-off factor is designed to improve the convergence performance and optimization process of MDSAN. The proposed method is used for analyzing experimental bearing vibration data, and the results show that it has higher diagnostic accuracy, faster convergence, better distribution alignment, and is more suitable for unsupervised cross-domain fault diagnosis under speed fluctuation scenario compared with the existing methods.
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24.
  • Ma, Shuaiyin, et al. (författare)
  • Data-driven sustainable intelligent manufacturing based on demand response for energy-intensive industries
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 274
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The circular economy plays an important role in energy-intensive industries, aiming to contribute to ethical sustainable societal development. Energy demand response is a key actor for cleaner production and circular economy strategy. In the Industry 4.0 context, the advanced technologies (e.g. cloud computing, Internet of things, cyber-physical system, digital twin and big data analytics) provide numerous opportunities for the implementation of a cleaner production strategy and the development of intelligent manufacturing. This paper presented a framework of data-driven sustainable intelligent/smart manufacturing based on demand response for energy-intensive industries. The technological architecture was designed to implement the proposed framework, and multi-level demand response models were developed based on machine, shop-floor and factory to save energy cost. Finally, an application of ball mills in a slurry shop-floor of a partner company was presented to demonstrate the proposed framework and models. Results showed that the energy efficiency of ball mills can be greatly improved. The energy cost of the slurry shop-floor saved approximately 19.33% by considering electricity demand response using particle swarm optimisation. This study provides a practical approach to make effective and energy-efficient decisions for energy-intensive manufacturing enterprises. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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25.
  • Ma, Shuaiyin, et al. (författare)
  • Digital twin and big data-driven sustainable smart manufacturing based on information management systems for energy-intensive industries
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier Science Ltd. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 326
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which has made manufacturing processes more smart, efficient and sustainable, has received increasing attention from the industry and academia. As one of the most important applications for IoT, sustainable smart manufacturing enables lower cost, higher productivity and flexibility, better quality and sustainability during the product lifecycle management. Over the years, numerous enterprises have promoted the implementation of both sustainable and smart manufacturing. In the Industry 4.0 context, a digital twin is widely used to achieve smart manufacturing, although this approach often ignores sustainability. This study aims to simultaneously consider digital twin and big data technologies to propose a sustainable smart manufacturing strategy based on information management systems for energy-intensive industries (EIIs) from the product lifecycle perspective. The integration of digital twin and big data provides key technologies for data acquisition in energy-intensive production environments, prediction and mining in uncertain environments as well as real-time control in complex working conditions. Moreover, a digital twin-driven operation mechanism and an overall framework of big data cleansing and integration are designed to explain and illustrate sustainable smart manufacturing. Two case studies from Southern and Northern China demonstrate the efficacy of the strategy, with the results showing that Companies A and B achieved the goals of energy saving and cost reduction after implementing the proposed strategy. By applying an energy management system, the unit energy consumption and energy cost of production in Company A decreased by at least 3%. In addition, the cradle-to-gate lifecycle big data analysis indicates that the costs of environmental protection in Company B decrease significantly. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy and some managerial insights for EIIs in China are analysed and discussed.
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26.
  • Meng, Qijun, et al. (författare)
  • Efficient BiVO4 Photoanodes by Postsynthetic Treatment : Remarkable Improvements in Photoelectrochemical Performance from Facile Borate Modification
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 58:52, s. 19027-19033
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Water-splitting photoanodes based on semiconductor materials typically require a dopant in the structure and co-catalysts on the surface to overcome the problems of charge recombination and high catalytic barrier. Unlike these conventional strategies, a simple treatment is reported that involves soaking a sample of pristine BiVO4 in a borate buffer solution. This modifies the catalytic local environment of BiVO4 by the introduction of a borate moiety at the molecular level. The self-anchored borate plays the role of a passivator in reducing the surface charge recombination as well as that of a ligand in modifying the catalytic site to facilitate faster water oxidation. The modified BiVO4 photoanode, without typical doping or catalyst modification, achieved a photocurrent density of 3.5 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V and a cathodically shifted onset potential of 250 mV. This work provides an extremely simple method to improve the intrinsic photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO4 photoanodes.
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27.
  • Meng, Xia, et al. (författare)
  • Short term associations of ambient nitrogen dioxide with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality : multilocation analysis in 398 cities.
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1756-1833. ; 372
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short term associations between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries/regions worldwide, using a uniform analytical protocol.DESIGN: Two stage, time series approach, with overdispersed generalised linear models and multilevel meta-analysis.SETTING: 398 cities in 22 low to high income countries/regions.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily deaths from total (62.8 million), cardiovascular (19.7 million), and respiratory (5.5 million) causes between 1973 and 2018.RESULTS: On average, a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration on lag 1 day (previous day) was associated with 0.46% (95% confidence interval 0.36% to 0.57%), 0.37% (0.22% to 0.51%), and 0.47% (0.21% to 0.72%) increases in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. These associations remained robust after adjusting for co-pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm or ≤2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide). The pooled concentration-response curves for all three causes were almost linear without discernible thresholds. The proportion of deaths attributable to NO2 concentration above the counterfactual zero level was 1.23% (95% confidence interval 0.96% to 1.51%) across the 398 cities.CONCLUSIONS: This multilocation study provides key evidence on the independent and linear associations between short term exposure to NO2 and increased risk of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, suggesting that health benefits would be achieved by tightening the guidelines and regulatory limits of NO2.
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28.
  • Mokdad, Ali H., et al. (författare)
  • Adolescent health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Public Health. - : SPRINGER BASEL AG. - 1661-8556 .- 1661-8564. ; 63, s. 79-96
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The 22 countries of the East Mediterranean Region (EMR) have large populations of adolescents aged 10-24 years. These adolescents are central to assuring the health, development, and peace of this region. We described their health needs. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we report the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents in the EMR from 1990 to 2015. We also report the prevalence of key health risk behaviors and determinants. Communicable diseases and the health consequences of natural disasters reduced substantially between 1990 and 2015. However, these gains have largely been offset by the health impacts of war and the emergence of non-communicable diseases (including mental health disorders), unintentional injury, and self-harm. Tobacco smoking and high body mass were common health risks amongst adolescents. Additionally, many EMR countries had high rates of adolescent pregnancy and unmet need for contraception. Even with the return of peace and security, adolescents will have a persisting poor health profile that will pose a barrier to socioeconomic growth and development of the EMR.
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29.
  • Mokdad, Ali H., et al. (författare)
  • Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Public Health. - : SPRINGER BASEL AG. - 1661-8556 .- 1661-8564. ; 63, s. 177-186
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to update our previous publication on the burden of diabetes and chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (CKD-DM) during 1990-2015. We extracted GBD 2015 estimates for prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes (including burden of low vision due to diabetes, neuropathy, and amputations and CKD-DM for 22 countries of the EMR from the GBD visualization tools. In 2015, 135,230 (95% UI 123,034-148,184) individuals died from diabetes and 16,470 (95% UI 13,977-18,961) from CKD-DM, 216 and 179% increases, respectively, compared to 1990. The total number of people with diabetes was 42.3 million (95% UI 38.6-46.4 million) in 2015. DALY rates of diabetes in 2015 were significantly higher than the expected rates based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Our study showed a large and increasing burden of diabetes in the region. There is an urgency in dealing with diabetes and its consequences, and these efforts should be at the forefront of health prevention and promotion.
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30.
  • Shi, Wenming, et al. (författare)
  • Ambient PM2.5 and its chemical constituents on lifetime-ever pneumonia in Chinese children : A multi-center study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 146
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The long-term effects of ambient PM2.5 and chemical constituents on childhood pneumonia were still unknown. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30,315 children in the China Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project, involving 205 preschools in six cities in China, to investigate the long-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia. Information on the lifetime-ever pneumonia and demographics were collected by validated questionnaires. The lifetime annual average ambient PM2.5, ozone and five main PM2.5 constituents, including SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC), were estimated according to preschool addresses by a combination of satellite remote sensing, chemical transport modeling and ground-based monitors. The prevalence of lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia was 34.5% across six cities and differed significantly among cities (p = 0.004). The two-level logistic regression models showed that the adjusted odds ratio for PM2.5 (per 10 µg/m3) and its constituents (per 1 µg/m3)-SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OM were 1.12 (95% CI:1.07-1.18), 1.02 (1.00-1.04), 1.06 (1.04-1.09), 1.05 (1.03-1.07) and 1.09 (1.06-1.12), respectively. Children in urban area, aged < 5 years and breastfeeding time < 6 months enhanced the risks of pneumonia. Our study provided robust results that long-term levels of ambient PM2.5 and its constituents increased the risk of childhood pneumonia, especially NH4+, NO3- and OM.
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31.
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32.
  • Shi, Wenming, et al. (författare)
  • Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to childhood asthmatic and allergic symptoms in Shanghai
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 121, s. 276-286
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Few studies can be found on phthalate exposure in relation to childhood asthma and allergic symptoms from Mainland China, where a persistent increase in prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic disease has been observed. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the exposure levels to phthalates and its relationship with asthmatic and allergic symptoms among children in Shanghai, which has the highest prevalence of childhood asthma in Mainland China. Methods: A follow-up study (2013-2014) of 434 children aged 5-10 years was conducted, based on the China, Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) study (2011-2012) in Shanghai, China. Information on asthmatic and allergic symptoms (wheeze, rhinitis, and eczema) were collected using validated questionnaires. Ten phthalate metabolites in morning urine samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between symptoms and urinary phthalate metabolites controlling for demographics, family history of allergic diseases and other covariates. Results: Nine out of 10 phthalate metabolites were detected in all subjects (average detection rate of 93.2%). By multivariable logistic regression analyses, the 4th quartile of Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (reference: 1st quartile) had adjusted prevalence odds ratios (aPORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of 2.27(1.06-4.88), 2.14(1.02-4.46) and 2.98(1.19-7.50) for wheeze, rhinitis and eczema, respectively, while those of Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were 2.23(1.08-4.62) and 2.96(1.02-8.60) for rhinitis and eczema, respectively. The highest quartile of mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate(MEHHP) and mono 2 ethyl 5 ox ohexyl phthalate(MEOHP) had aPORs and 95%CIs of 3.10(1.10-8.74) and 2.63(1.02-6.80) for eczema, respectively. By summing up the 4 low molecular weight metabolites (Sigma 4LMWP) and all 9 metabolites (Sigma(9)Total), the highest quartiles of Sigma 4LMWP and Sigma(9)Total were significantly associated with all symptoms. In most of the above associations, a significantly increasing trend from the 1st to the 4th quartile was observed. Subjects with 2 or 3 concomitant symptoms (reference: no symptoms) had significant positive associations with a higher level (the 4th quartile) of phthalate metabolites. Conclusions: Low MW metabolites such as MnBP and MiBP, high MW DEHP and the total amount of phthalate metabolites might have adverse health effects on asthma and allergic symptoms in Chinese children.
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33.
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34.
  • Tesfamhret, Yonas, et al. (författare)
  • On the Manganese Dissolution Process from LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: ChemElectroChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2196-0216. ; 8:8, s. 1516-1523
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Transition metal (TM) dissolution is a process experienced by most cathode materials based on lithium transition metal oxides. Spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) is the best-known cathode material that suffers from TM dissolution. Therefore, LMO is selected here to understand the dissolution process and derive an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method for quantifying dissolved metal ions. Furthermore, the LMO powder is coated with thin Al2O3 films of different thicknesses using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in an attempt to suppress the dissolution of Mn. Two different types of counter electrodes, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and Li-metal, were used to investigate the role of the counter electrode on Mn dissolution. HF is identified as the lead cause of Mn dissolution, through comparisons of cells containing LiPF6 or LiClO4 based electrolytes. The results show that Li-metal counter electrode effectively minimizes the dissolution process via likely consuming HF and H2O impurity. In contradiction to the purpose of the protective Al2O3 thin film coating, surface coated LMO showed higher dissolution of Mn compared to pristine LMO, both in LFP||LMO and Li||LMO configurations. Al2O3 is proposed to generate H2O when reacts with HF. H2O could have the possibility to migrate back in the electrolyte and participate in the hydrolysis of LiPF6, resulting in more HF and thereby more Mn dissolution.
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35.
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36.
  • Tesfamhret, Yonas, et al. (författare)
  • The role of ethylene carbonate (EC) and tetramethylene sulfone (SL) in the dissolution of transition metals from lithium-ion cathodes
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 13, s. 20520-20529
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Transition metal (TM) dissolution is a direct consequence of cathode-electrolyte interaction, having implications not only for the loss of redox-active material from the cathode but also for the alteration of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition and stability at the counter electrode. It has widely been reported that the limited anodic stability of typical carbonate-based electrolytes, specifically ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolytes, makes high-voltage cathode performance problematic. Hence, the more anodically stable tetramethylene sulfone (SL) has herein been utilized as a co-solvent and a substitute for EC in combination with diethyl carbonate (DEC) to investigate the TM dissolution behavior of LiN0.8C0.17Al0.03 (NCA) and LiMn2O4 (LMO). EC|DEC and SL|DEC solvents in combination with either LiPF6 or LiBOB salts have been evaluated, with LFP as a counter electrode to eliminate the influence of low potential anodes. Oxidative degradation of EC is shown to propagate HF generation, which is conversely reflected by an increased TM dissolution. Therefore, TM dissolution is accelerated by the acidification of the electrolyte. Although replacing EC with the anodically stable SL reduces HF generation and effectively mitigates TM dissolution, SL containing electrolytes are demonstrated to be less capable of supporting Li-ion transport and thus show lower cycling stability.
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37.
  • Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana M, et al. (författare)
  • Short term association between ozone and mortality : global two stage time series study in 406 locations in 20 countries
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1756-1833. ; 368
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To assess short term mortality risks and excess mortality associated with exposure to ozone in several cities worldwide.DESIGN: Two stage time series analysis.SETTING: 406 cities in 20 countries, with overlapping periods between 1985 and 2015, collected from the database of Multi-City Multi-Country Collaborative Research Network.POPULATION: Deaths for all causes or for external causes only registered in each city within the study period.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily total mortality (all or non-external causes only).RESULTS: A total of 45 165 171 deaths were analysed in the 406 cities. On average, a 10 µg/m3 increase in ozone during the current and previous day was associated with an overall relative risk of mortality of 1.0018 (95% confidence interval 1.0012 to 1.0024). Some heterogeneity was found across countries, with estimates ranging from greater than 1.0020 in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Estonia, and Canada to less than 1.0008 in Mexico and Spain. Short term excess mortality in association with exposure to ozone higher than maximum background levels (70 µg/m3) was 0.26% (95% confidence interval 0.24% to 0.28%), corresponding to 8203 annual excess deaths (95% confidence interval 3525 to 12 840) across the 406 cities studied. The excess remained at 0.20% (0.18% to 0.22%) when restricting to days above the WHO guideline (100 µg/m3), corresponding to 6262 annual excess deaths (1413 to 11 065). Above more lenient thresholds for air quality standards in Europe, America, and China, excess mortality was 0.14%, 0.09%, and 0.05%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that ozone related mortality could be potentially reduced under stricter air quality standards. These findings have relevance for the implementation of efficient clean air interventions and mitigation strategies designed within national and international climate policies.
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38.
  • Wang, Huan, et al. (författare)
  • A conducting additive-free high potential quinone-based conducting redox polymer as lithium ion battery cathode
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 391
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Organic carbonyl compounds have been considered as promising alternatives to traditional inorganic battery materials due to their low-cost, sustainability and structural diversity. The development of carbonyl compounds as energy storage materials is, however, hampered by dissolution as well as by the low electronic conductivity of these materials. Herein a conducting redox polymer concept is employed where the carbonyl group is functionalized onto a conducting polymer. The utilization of a conducting polymer prevents the dissolution and provides electron transport pathways to support the carbonyl group redox reaction. A high potential quinizarin (Qz) is used as capacity-carrying group. It is functionalized onto a thiophene-based trimer unit which is polymerized through a post-deposition polymerization method. In the resulting material, Qz is redox-matched with the conducting polymer backbone and exhibits two reversible 1e/1Li + redox processes at 3.1 and 3.4 V vs. Li + /0 , respectively. Together with a lithium metal anode, a battery cell with an average discharge voltage of 3.3 V, a discharge capacity of 65 mAh/g at 1.5 C and a capacity retention of 74% after 500 cycles is assembled. 
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39.
  • Wang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 384:9947, s. 957-979
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success.METHODS: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030.FINDINGS: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone.INTERPRETATION: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.
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40.
  • Wang, Huan, et al. (författare)
  • Redox-State-Dependent Interplay between Pendant Group and Conducting Polymer Backbone in Quinone-Based Conducting Redox Polymers for Lithium Ion Batteries
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 2:10, s. 7162-7170
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Conducting redox polymers (CRPs) have attracted increased interest in recent years because of the possibility of combining the favorable electron-transport properties of conducting polymers with the additional functionality provided by the redox active pendant groups (PGs). Herein we present a series of quinone-substituted PEDOT-CRPs where the quinone PGs have been substituted by electron-withdrawing substituents. Introducing electron-withdrawing substituents leads to an increase of the quinone formal potential, making, for example, CF3-substituted CRPs, a promising high-voltage cathode material for lithium ion batteries with a well-defined charge/discharge plateau around 3 V vs Li+/Li0. Interestingly, we find a shift in conductance onset potential concomitant with the quinone formal potential shift, indicating that the polymer backbone conductance is intimately associated with the PG redox chemistry. Through in situ UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance experiments as well as by experiments in lithium- and tert-butyl-ammonium-based electrolytes, we show that the conductance delay is caused by the reduced lithiated quinone state, most likely by localizing the polaron charge carrier as indicated by EPR and UV–vis experiments.
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41.
  • Yan, Shen, et al. (författare)
  • Hybrid robust convolutional autoencoder for unsupervised anomaly detection of machine tools under noises
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 0736-5845 .- 1879-2537. ; 79
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Anomaly detection of machine tools plays a vital role in the machinery industry to sustain efficient operation and avoid catastrophic failures. Compared to traditional machine learning and signal processing methods, deep learning has greater adaptive capability and end-to-end convenience. However, challenges still exist in recent research in anomaly detection of machine tools based on deep learning despite the marvelous endeavors so far, such as the necessity of labeled data for model training and insufficient consideration of noise effects. During machine operation, labeled data is often difficult to obtain; the collected data contains varying degrees of noise disturbances. To address the above challenges, this paper develops a hybrid robust convolutional autoencoder (HRCAE) for unsupervised anomaly detection of machine tools under noises. A parallel convolutional distribution fitting (PCDF) module is constructed, which can effectively fuse multi-sensor information and enhance network robustness by training in parallel to better fit the data distribution with unsupervised learning. A fused directional distance (FDD) loss function is designed to comprehensively consider the distance and angle differences among the data, which can effectively suppress the influence of noises and further improve the model robustness. The proposed method is validated by real computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool data, obtaining better performance of unsupervised anomaly detection under different noises compared to other popular unsupervised improved autoencoder methods.
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42.
  • Yan, Yinglin, et al. (författare)
  • Waste Office Paper Derived Cellulose-Based Carbon Host in Freestanding Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: ChemElectroChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2196-0216. ; 9:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Due to large sulfur (S) content and simple manufacturing techniques, free-standing cathodes for lithium-sulfur (Li−S) batteries are gaining a lot of attention recently. Waste office paper, which is consumed in large quantities annually, was used to make a free-standing paper-based carbon (FPC) substrate, which inherited fiber-like morphology. In addition, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets modified FPC (rGO@FPC) host was also prepared by a vacuum filtration method. After S impregnation, the FPC/S and rGO@FPC/S free-standing cathodes were employed in Li−S batteries. The rGO@FPC/S free-standing cathode exhibited extremely competitive electrochemical performance, including a reversible discharge capacity of 315 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C after 500 cycles. This is due to the uniform S distribution, which boosts the utilization ratio, and the significant blocking action for polysulfide ions, which prevents the redox shuttle effect.
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43.
  • Yang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Emergency decision-making model of suppliers with updating information in cases of sudden accidents
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Computers & industrial engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0360-8352 .- 1879-0550. ; 162
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In view of uncertainties caused by sudden accidents (SAs) and affecting retailers’ demand in many districts, it is difficult for suppliers to determine when and how many products to procure/produce. Considering a supply chain consisting of two types of competing suppliers and multi-retailer, this work studies the suppliers’ optimal emergency procurement/production decision (EPD) with information updating. Firstly, a probability evolution model with information updating to describe the probability of the retailers’ procurement behavior and the occurrence probability of supply disruption (SD) is inferred. Secondly, suppliers’ EPDs regarding retailers’ procurement behavior and occurrence probability of SD are discussed and a real-time updated emergency decision-making model (EDM) is proposed based on Stackelberg game and Bayesian inference. Thirdly, the value of information updating and the critical factors that affect the suppliers’ optimal EPD are quantitatively analysed. Numerical examples are finally provided to verify the EDM. Results indicate that information is the premise and foundation for the suppliers to deal with SA effectively; suppliers can easily determine when and how many products to procure/produce based on the proposed EDM; it is demonstrated that for any chosen supplier strategy, there exists a corresponding optimal procurement/production quantity for the suppliers that maximises the expected profits. Moreover, the suppliers’ EPD with information updating is affected by cost parameters, with the rank of information collection cost coefficient, unit procurement/production cost, unit sales price, unit holding cost and unit shortage cost, from apparently to slightly.
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44.
  • Yang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • Identification of source information for sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents in surface water on the basis of particle swarm optimisation, differential evolution and Metropolis-Hastings sampling
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Nature. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 28:47, s. 67292-67309
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A quick and accurate identification of source information on sudden hazardous chemical leakage accident is crucial for early accident warning and emergency response. This study firstly regards source identification problem of sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents as an inverse problem and presents a source identification model based on the Bayesian framework. Secondly, a new identification method is designed on the basis of particle swarm optimisation (PSO), differential evolution (DE) and the Metropolis–Hastings (M–H) sampling method. Lastly, the designed method, i.e. PSO-DE-MH, is verified by an outdoor experiment analyses in a section of the South–North Water Transfer Project. Results show that the number of iterations, the average absolute error, the average relative error and the average standard deviations of the identification results obtained by PSO-DE-MH are less than those of PSO-DE and DE-MH. Moreover, the relative error and the sampling relative error of the identification results under five different measurement errors (MEs) (σ = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) are less than 9.5% and 0.2%, respectively. The designed method is effective even when the standard deviation of the ME increases to 0.2. Therefore, the designed method can effectively and accurately obtain the source information of sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents. This study provides a new idea and method to solve the difficult problems of emergency management.
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45.
  • Yang, Haidong, et al. (författare)
  • On source identification method for sudden water pollution accidents
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Shui Kexue Jinzhan. - 1001-6791. ; 25:1, s. 122-129
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to solve the source identification problem of sudden water pollution accident accurately and quickly, a method based on the Differential Evolution and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is presented. First, the problem is considered as a Bayesian estimation problem, and the posterior probability distribution of the unknown parameters that include source's position, intensity and events' initial time are deduced with Bayesian inference. Second, these unknown parameters are estimated by sampling the posterior probability distribution using the Differential Evolution algorithm and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation, and the sources are further identified. To test the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method, numerical experiments are carried out, and the model result is compared to that of the Bayesian-MCMC method. The conclusions are as following: three fourth of the iterations can be reduced, the average relative error of the source's position, intensity and events initial time are reduced 1.23%, 2.23% and 4.15%, their mean errors are decreased 0.39%, 0.83% and 1.49% by using the proposed method. The latter is thus more stable and robust than the Bayesian-MCMC method, and is able to identify the sudden water pollution accidents' source effectively. Therefore, this study provides a new approach and method to solve the difficult traceability problem of sudden water pollution accidents.
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46.
  • Yang, Jiaojiao, et al. (författare)
  • Electrochemically Active, Compressible, and Conducting Silk Fibroin Hydrogels
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 59:19, s. 9310-9317
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Silk fibroin-based conducting hydrogels possess hierarchical structural motifs featuring unique properties, but the development of such materials has proven to be challenging. Herein, we develop a novel strategy for the fabrication of a conducting silk fibroin hydrogel based on an interpenetrated network of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and silk fibroin. The hydrogel possesses good electrical conductivity and considerable capacitance and cycling stability due to the existence of the PEDOT conducting network, as well as enhanced mechanical properties such as compressibility due to beta-sheets in the silk fibroin network and Ca2+ cross-linking of the PSS components. A symmetric charge storage device based on conductive silk fibroin hydrogel electrodes exhibited a remarkable areal capacitance of 1.1 F cm(-2) at 0.5 mA cm(-2), as well as a good capacitive response under a compressed state. This combination of compression strength and electrochemical properties makes this conducting silk hydrogel a potential material for unconventional energy storage applications.
  •  
47.
  • Yin, Zekun, et al. (författare)
  • Computing Platforms for Big Biological Data Analytics : Perspectives and Challenges
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. - : Elsevier. - 2001-0370. ; 15, s. 403-411
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The last decade has witnessed an explosion in the amount of available biological sequence data, due to the rapid progress of high-throughput sequencing projects. However, the biological data amount is becoming so great that traditional data analysis platforms and methods can no longer meet the need to rapidly perform data analysis tasks in life sciences. As a result, both biologists and computer scientists are facing the challenge of gaining a profound insight into the deepest biological functions from big biological data. This in turn requires massive computational resources. Therefore, high performance computing (HPC) platforms are highly needed as well as efficient and scalable algorithms that can take advantage of these platforms. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art HPC platforms for big biological data analytics. We first list the characteristics of big biological data and popular computing platforms. Then we provide a taxonomy of different biological data analysis applications and a survey of the way they have been mapped onto various computing platforms. After that, we present a case study to compare the efficiency of different computing platforms for handling the classical biological sequence alignment problem. At last we discuss the open issues in big biological data analytics.
  •  
48.
  • Zhang, Liangwei, et al. (författare)
  • An unsupervised end-to-end approach to fault detection in delta 3D printers using deep support vector data description
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of manufacturing systems. - : Elsevier. - 0278-6125 .- 1878-6642. ; 72, s. 214-228
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fault detection in 3D printers is crucial for safety and quality assurance, emphasizing proactive prediction over reactive rectification based on manufacturing factors. Presently, most detection techniques rely on shallow models with limited representational capabilities, necessitating manual feature extraction from the captured signals. This manual process is not only cumbersome and potentially costly but often requires intricate domain-specific knowledge. Additionally, these handcrafted features might not optimally distinguish between normal and faulty samples, potentially reducing prediction accuracy. In this study, we introduce an end-to-end approach using the Deep Support Vector Data Description model for fault detection in 3D printers. This design inherently facilitates automatic feature learning, where the features are synergistically optimized for fault detection. Our experiments leverage magnetic field signals for fault detection in 3D printers, using 1D convolutional layers to discern temporal signal patterns and wide kernels in the initial layer to mitigate high-frequency noise. Furthermore, our model can be easily adapted to integrate multi-channel signals for enhanced accuracy. Evaluations on real-world data from a delta 3D printer underscore the superiority of our method compared to existing alternatives.
  •  
49.
  • Zhang, Liangwei, et al. (författare)
  • Wave-ConvNeXt : An Efficient and Precise Fault Diagnosis Method for IIoT Leveraging Tailored ConvNeXt and Wavelet Transform
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: IEEE Internet of Things Journal. - 2327-4662. ; , s. 1-1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The burgeoning field of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) necessitates advanced fault diagnosis methods capable of navigating the dual challenges of high predictive accuracy and the constraints of edge computing environments. Our study introduces Wave-ConvNeXt, a novel fault diagnosis model that seamlessly integrates the state-of-the-art ConvNeXt architecture with Wavelet Transform. This innovative model stands out for its lightweight design yet delivers exceptional accuracy in fault diagnosis. In Wave-ConvNeXt, we re-engineer the ConvNeXt model for IIoT applications by adopting onedimensional convolution, tailored for processing high-frequency, non-periodic inputs. This adaptation is complemented by replacing the traditional “patchify” layer with a Wavelet transform layer, which simplifies input signals into sub-signals, thereby easing learning complexities and diminishing the dependence on elaborate deep architectures. Further enhancing this model, we incorporate a squeeze-and-excitation module, enriching its ability to prioritize channel-wise feature relevance, akin to self-attention mechanisms. This integration is rigorously validated through an ablation study. Wave-ConvNeXt epitomizes a holistic approach, enabling an end-to-end optimization of feature learning and fault classification. Our empirical analysis on two real-world IIoT datasets demonstrates Wave-ConvNeXt’s superiority over existing models. It not only elevates prediction accuracy but also significantly curtails computational complexity. Additionally, our exploration into the impact of various mother wavelets reveals the effectiveness of using wavelet basis functions with smaller support, bolstering diagnostic precision. The source code of Wave-ConvNeXt is available at https://github.com/leviszhang/waveConvNeXt.
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50.
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