| 1. |
- Engelke, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Study of Fixation Density Maps
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. - : IEEE. - 1057-7149 .- 1941-0042. ; 22:3, s. 1121-1133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fixation density maps (FDM) created from eye tracking experiments are widely used in image processing applications. The FDM are assumed to be reliable ground truths of human visual attention and as such, one expects a high similarity between FDM created in different laboratories. So far, no studies have analyzed the degree of similarity between FDM from independent laboratories and the related impact on the applications. In this paper, we perform a thorough comparison of FDM from three independently conducted eye tracking experiments. We focus on the effect of presentation time and image content and evaluate the impact of the FDM differences on three applications: visual saliency modeling, image quality assessment, and image retargeting. It is shown that the FDM are very similar and that their impact on the applications is low. The individual experiment comparisons, however, are found to be significantly different, showing that inter-laboratory differences strongly depend on the experimental conditions of the laboratories. The FDM are publicly available to the research community.
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| 2. |
- Engelke, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing Two Eye-Tracking Databases : The Effect Of Experimental Setup And Image Presentation Time On The Creation Of Saliency Maps
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual attention models are typically designed based on human gaze patterns recorded through eye tracking. In this paper, two similar eye tracking experiments from independent laboratories are presented, in which humans observed natural images under task-free condition. The resulting saliency maps are analysedwith respect to two criteria; the consistency between the experiments and the impact of the image presentation time. It is shown, that the saliency maps between the experiments are strongly correlated independent of presentation time. It is further revealed that the presentation time can be reduced without substantially sacrificing the accuracy of the convergent saliency map. The results provide valuable insight into the similarity of saliency maps from independent laboratories and are highly beneficial for the creation of converging saliency maps at reduced experimental time and cost.
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| 3. |
- Hensley, Kelly, et al.
(författare)
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PAC1 receptor mRNA and protein distribution in rat and human trigeminal and sphenopalatine ganglia, spinal trigeminal nucleus and in dura mater
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cephalalgia. - : SAGE Publications. - 0333-1024 .- 1468-2982. ; 39:7, s. 827-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: To further understand the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 (PAC1) receptors in headache disorders, we mapped their expression in tissues of the trigemino-autonomic system by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Methods: To optimize screening for monoclonal antibodies suitable for immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, we developed a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cells overexpressing human PAC1 receptors. 169G4.1 was selected from these studies for analysis of rat and human tissues and chimerized onto a mouse backbone to avoid human-on-human cross-reactivity. Immunoreactivity was compared to PAC1 receptor mRNA by in situ hybridization in both species. Results: 169G4.1 immunoreactivity delineated neuronal cell bodies in the sphenopalatine ganglion in both rat and human, whereas no staining was detected in the trigeminal ganglion. The spinal trigeminal nucleus in both species showed immunoreactivity as especially strong in the upper laminae with both cell bodies and neuropil being labelled. No immunoreactivity was seen in either rat or human dura mater vessels. In situ hybridization in both species revealed mRNA in sphenopalatine ganglion neurons and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, a weak signal in the trigeminal nucleus and no signal in dural vessels. Conclusion: Taken together, these data support a role for PAC1 receptors in the trigemino-autonomic system as it relates to headache pathophysiology.
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| 4. |
- Miller, Silke, et al.
(författare)
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Immunohistochemical localization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site in the primate trigeminovascular system using functional antagonist antibodies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522. ; 328, s. 165-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and a neuromodulator implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. It binds to the extracellular domains of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 that together form the CGRP receptor. Antagonist antibodies against CGRP and its binding site at the receptor are clinically effective in preventing migraine attacks. The blood-brain barrier penetration of these antagonist antibodies is limited, suggesting that a potential peripheral site of action is sufficient to prevent migraine attacks. To further understand the sites of CGRP-mediated signaling in migraine, we used immunohistochemical staining with recently developed antagonist antibodies specifically recognizing a fusion protein of the extracellular domains of RAMP1 and CLR that comprise the CGRP binding pocket at the CGRP receptor in monkey and man. We confirmed binding of the antagonist antibodies to human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of dural meningeal arteries and neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, both of which are likely sites of action for therapeutic antibodies in migraine patients. We further used one of these antibodies for detailed mapping on cynomolgus monkey tissue and found antagonist antibody binding sites at multiple levels in the trigeminovascular system: in the dura mater VSMCs, in neurons and satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion, and in neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. These data reinforce and clarify our understanding of CGRP receptor localization in a pattern consistent with a role for CGRP receptors in trigeminal sensitization and migraine pathology.
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