| 1. |
- Larsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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‘We get to learn as we move’: effects and feasibility of lesson-integrated physical activity in a Swedish primary school
- 2024
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - 1471-2458. ; 24:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) promotes health in adults as well as children. At the same time, a large proportion of children do not meet the recommendations for PA, and more school-based efforts to increase PA are needed. This study investigates the effectiveness and feasibility of lesson-integrated PA in a Swedish primary school.MethodsWe evaluate a new method called ‘Physical Activity and Lesson in Combination’ (abbreviated FALK in Swedish) using a mixed methods approach; a quasi-experimental study followed by qualitative interviews. Two schools participated in the study, one constituting the intervention group (I-school, n = 83) and the other the control group (C-school, n = 81). In addition to regular physical education, the I-school had three 30-minute FALK lessons each week. A total of 164 students aged 7–9 years wore pedometers for a whole week, four times over two semesters, and the number of steps per day (SPD) and the proportion of students with < 10,000 SPD were compared. Statistical differences between the schools were tested with ANOVA, Chi2, t-tests, and ANCOVA. Interviews with students (n = 17), parents (n = 9) and teachers (n = 9) were conducted and analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe results show that FALK led to the I-school getting more SPD and fewer students with < 10,000 SPD. Also, FALK was experienced as a positive, clear, and flexible method, simultaneously encouraging PA and learning. Challenges experienced concerned the teachers’ work situation, time, finding suitable learning activities, outdoor school environment changes, and extreme weather conditions.ConclusionsThis study indicates that FALK has the desired effects on PA and is a feasible method of integrating PA into theoretical teaching. We conclude that FALK is worth testing at more schools, given that implementation and sustainment of FALK considers both general enablers and barriers, as well as context-specific factors at the individual school.
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| 2. |
- Larsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Ämnesintegrerad fysisk aktivitet i skolan: En intervjustudie om upplevda möjligheter, hinder och förbättringsförslag
- 2022
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Ingår i: Socialmedicinsk Tidskrift. - 0037-833X. ; 99:2, s. 266-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur elever, vårdnadshavare och pedagoger upplever implementering av ämnesintegrerad fysisk aktivitet (FA) vid en kommunal grundskola. En kvalitativ forskningsansats användes där datainsamling genomfördes genom intervjuer med lågstadieelever, vårdnadshavare och pedagoger (n = 35). Insamlade data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att det nya arbetssättet kallat Fysisk Aktivitet ochLektion i Kombination (FALK) har upplevts positivt, tydligt och flexibelt. Att arbetssättet uppmuntrar till ökad rörelse och lärande parallellt beskrivs som en möjliggörande faktor. Svårigheter avseende pedagogernas arbetsplanering, tidsåtgång och praktiska utmaningar att kombinera FA med lämpliga läraktiviteter beskrivs som hinder. Förändringar av den yttre skolmiljön och utmanande väderbetingelser är ytterligare hinder. Slutsatsen är att FALK bedöms vara ett användbart och praktiskt genomförbart arbetssätt för att integrera FA i den teoretiska undervisningen.
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| 3. |
- Nelson, Michelle H., et al.
(författare)
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The Bispecific Tumor Antigen-Conditional 4-1BB x 5T4 Agonist, ALG.APV-527, Mediates Strong T-Cell Activation and Potent Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Studies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. - 1538-8514. ; 22:1, s. 89-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 4-1BB (CD137) is an activation-induced costimulatory receptor that regulates immune responses of activated CD8 T and natural killer cells, by enhancing proliferation, survival, cytolytic activity, and IFNγ production. The ability to induce potent antitumor activity by stimulating 4-1BB on tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells makes 4-1BB an attractive target for designing novel immuno-oncology therapeutics. To minimize systemic immune toxicities and enhance activity at the tumor site, we have developed a novel bispecific antibody that stimulates 4-1BB function when co-engaged with the tumor-associated antigen 5T4. ALG.APV-527 was built on the basis of the ADAPTIR bispecific platform with optimized binding domains to 4-1BB and 5T4 originating from the ALLIGATOR-GOLD human single-chain variable fragment library. The epitope of ALG.APV-527 was determined to be located at domain 1 and 2 on 4-1BB using X-ray crystallography. As shown in reporter and primary cell assays in vitro, ALG.APV-527 triggers dose-dependent 4-1BB activity mediated only by 5T4 crosslinking. In vivo, ALG.APV-527 demonstrates robust antitumor responses, by inhibiting growth of established tumors expressing human 5T4 followed by a long-lasting memory immune response. ALG.APV-527 has an antibody-like half-life in cynomolgus macaques and was well tolerated at 50.5 mg/kg. ALG.APV-527 is uniquely designed for 5T4-conditional 4-1BB-mediated antitumor activity with potential to minimize systemic immune activation and hepatotoxicity while providing efficacious tumor-specific responses in a range of 5T4-expressing tumor indications as shown by robust activity in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. On the basis of the combined preclinical dataset, ALG.APV-527 has potential as a promising anticancer therapeutic for the treatment of 5T4-expressing tumors.
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| 4. |
- Antoniadi, Ioanna, et al.
(författare)
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Cell-surface receptors enable perception of extracellular cytokinins
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytokinins are mobile multifunctional plant hormones with roles in development and stress resilience. Although their Histidine Kinase receptors are substantially localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, cellular sites of cytokinin perception and importance of spatially heterogeneous cytokinin distribution continue to be debated. Here we show that cytokinin perception by plasma membrane receptors is an effective additional path for cytokinin response. Readout from a Two Component Signalling cytokinin-specific reporter (TCSn::GFP) closely matches intracellular cytokinin content in roots, yet we also find cytokinins in extracellular fluid, potentially enabling action at the cell surface. Cytokinins covalently linked to beads that could not pass the plasma membrane increased expression of both TCSn::GFP and Cytokinin Response Factors. Super-resolution microscopy of GFP-labelled receptors and diminished TCSn::GFP response to immobilised cytokinins in cytokinin receptor mutants, further indicate that receptors can function at the cell surface. We argue that dual intracellular and surface locations may augment flexibility of cytokinin responses. The main site of cytokinin perception in plant cells is thought to be the endoplasmic reticulum where most cytokinin receptors localise. Here via the use of bioactive probes that cannot enter plant cells and super-resolution microscopy, Antoniadi et al. show that cytokinin can also be perceived at the plasma membrane.
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| 5. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Challenge of Transdisciplinary Research : A Case Study of Learning by Evaluation for Sustainable Transport Infrastructures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While transdisciplinary (TD) research is desired in order to solve real world sustainability issues, this may be challenging for both academic and non-academic participants. Supporting learning through evaluation, we analyzed a project aiming at sustainable transport infrastructures. After developing a TD research framework as a benchmark, two external independent evaluators interviewed all project researchers, representatives for end-users, and donors. The evaluators compared results with the framework, and evaluators and participants critically reflected on the results together. There were three inconsistencies relative to the framework: (1) limited understanding of TD research among project management, end-users, and most of the researchers; (2) no structured learning process among end-users; instead, they expressed very diverse opinions about what they expected from the project; (3) project leaders had limited understanding of the special challenges of TD research, did not fully understand the status of the project's social system, and thus did not act as facilitators of the required collaborative learning process. Non-academic participants saw themselves as customers and not as partners in the knowledge production process. We conclude that TD problem-solving research requires much time and needs facilitation and training. A preparatory phase with a lower level of funding would be helpful in preparing for TD processes.
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| 6. |
- Bodén, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Antidopaminergic drugs and acute pancreatitis : a population-based study
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 2:3, s. e000914-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the suggested association between antidopaminergic drugs and acute pancreatitis.DESIGN: A large population-based nested case-control study.SETTING: Swedish nationwide study from 2006 to 2008.PARTICIPANTS: The Patient Register was used to identify 6161 cases of acute pancreatitis. The 61 637 control subjects were randomly selected from the Register of the Total Population by frequency-based density sampling, matched for age, sex and calendar year.EXPOSURE: Exposure data were extracted from the Prescribed Drug Register. Antidopaminergic drugs were grouped into antiemetic/anxiolytic and other antipsychotics. Current use of antidopaminergic drugs was defined as filling a prescription 1-114 days before index date, while previous use was 115 days to 3.5 years before index date.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cases were defined as being diagnosed as having acute pancreatitis. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated using unconditional logistic regression.RESULTS: The unadjusted OR indicated an increased risk of acute pancreatitis among current users of antiemetic/anxiolytics (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6), but not in the multivariable model adjusting for alcohol-related comorbidity, chronic obstructive lung disease, ischaemic heart disease, obesity, diabetes, opioid use, gallstone disease, educational level, marital status and number of concomitant medications (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.2). Similarly, among current users of other antipsychotics, the unadjusted OR was 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.6), while the adjusted OR was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6 to 0.9). Results regarding previous use of antidopaminergic drugs followed a similar risk pattern as for current use.CONCLUSIONS: The lack of association between antidopaminergic drugs and acute pancreatitis after adjustment for confounding factors in this study suggests that the previously reported positive associations might be explained by confounding.
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| 7. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Individual glance strategies and their effect on the NHTSA visual manual distraction test
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 36, s. 83-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper was to investigate how individual differences in glance strategy could impact the glance performance test defined in the NHTSA visual manual distraction guidelines. Better understanding of the test procedure could help development of new technology for safe driving. A custom in-vehicle information system was developed and assessed in a driving simulator by eighteen participants. The interfaces were designed according to recommendations in the NHTSA guidelines and contained manual radio-tuning tasks, sound settings tasks and six letter spelling tasks. Two of the six tested interfaces fully complied with the test. In addition, clear individual differences in glance strategy were found among the participants. Four individual glance strategies were identified. Two of these, long glancers and frequent glancers, highly affected the outcome of the compliance test. Participants belonging to the long glancers and the frequent glancers categories were identified as statistical outliers in many test cases. For example, if the individual values of these participants were replaced with sample mean, the number of complying interfaces would increase to five out of six, which is more in line with expectations for these interfaces. The results of this study show that individual variations in glance strategy exist. Also, these individual variations seem to have a non- negligible influence on the result when performance-testing of in-vehicle interfaces is done according to the NTHSA guidelines.
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| 8. |
- Colding, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Commons and Collective Action to Address Climate Change
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Inclusion. - : Cogitatio. - 2183-2803. ; 10:1, s. 103-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change and the coupled loss of ecosystem services pose major collective action problems in that all individuals would benefit from better cooperation to address these problems but conflicting interests and/or incomplete knowledge discourage joint action. Adopting an inductive and multi‐layered approach, drawing upon the authors’ previous research on urban commons, we here summarize key insights on environmentally oriented urban commons and elaborate on what role they have in instigating climate‐proofing activities in urban areas. We deal with three types of urban commons, i.e., “urban green commons,” “coworking spaces,” and “community climate commons.” We describe how allotment gardens, community gardens, and other types of urban green commons contribute to environmental learning that may boost understanding of environmental issues and which constitute important learning arenas for climate‐change mitigation and adaptation. We also deal with the newly emerging phenomenon of coworking spaces that share many essential institutional attributes of urban commons and which can work for climate‐change mitigation through the benefits provided by a sharing economy and through reduction of domestic transportation and commuting distance. Community climate commons represent commons where local communities can mobilize together to create shared low‐carbon assets and which hold the potential to empower certain segments and civil society groups so that they can have greater influence and ownership of the transformation of reaching net‐zero carbon goals. We conclude this article by identifying some critical determinants for the up‐scaling of environmentally oriented urban commons.
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| 9. |
- Dong, Yang, et al.
(författare)
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HEARTBREAK Controls Post-translational Modification of INDEHISCENT to Regulate Fruit Morphology in Capsella
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 30:19, s. 3880-3888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Morphological variation is the basis of natural diversity and adaptation. For example, angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved during the Cretaceous period more than 100 mya and quickly colonized terrestrial habitats [1]. A major reason for their astonishing success was the formation of fruits, which exist in a myriad of different shapes and sizes [2]. Evolution of organ shape is fueled by variation in expression patterns of regulatory genes causing changes in anisotropic cell expansion and division patterns [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanisms that alter the polarity of growth to generate novel shapes are largely unknown. The heart-shaped fruits produced by members of the Capsella genus comprise an anatomical novelty, making it particularly well suited for studies on morphological diversification [6-8]. Here, we show that post-translational modification of regulatory proteins provides a critical step in organ-shape formation. Our data reveal that the SUMO protease, HEARTBREAK (HTB), from Capsella rubella controls the activity of the key regulator of fruit development, INDEHISCENT (CrIND in C. rubella), via de-SUMOylation. This post-translational modification initiates a transduction pathway required to ensure precisely localized auxin biosynthesis, thereby facilitating anisotropic cell expansion to ultimately form the heart-shaped Capsella fruit. Therefore, although variation in the expression of key regulatory genes is known to be a primary driver in morphological evolution, our work demonstrates how other processes-such as post-translational modification of one such regulator-affects organ morphology.
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| 10. |
- Doyle, Siamsa, et al.
(författare)
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A role for the auxin precursor anthranilic acid in root gravitropism via regulation of PIN‐FORMED protein polarity and relocalisation in Arabidopsis
- 2019
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 223:3, s. 1420-1432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distribution of auxin within plant tissues is of great importance for developmental plasticity, including root gravitropic growth. Auxin flow is directed by the subcellular polar distribution and dynamic relocalisation of auxin transporters such as the PIN‐FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which can be influenced by the main natural plant auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). Anthranilic acid (AA) is an important early precursor of IAA and previously published studies with AA analogues have suggested that AA may also regulate PIN localisation.Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species, we studied an AA‐deficient mutant displaying agravitropic root growth, treated seedlings with AA and AA analogues and transformed lines to over‐produce AA while inhibiting its conversion to downstream IAA precursors.We showed that AA rescues root gravitropic growth in the AA‐deficient mutant at concentrations that do not rescue IAA levels. Overproduction of AA affects root gravitropism without affecting IAA levels. Treatments with, or deficiency in, AA result in defects in PIN polarity and gravistimulus‐induced PIN relocalisation in root cells.Our results revealed a previously unknown role for AA in the regulation of PIN subcellular localisation and dynamics involved in root gravitropism, which is independent of its better known role in IAA biosynthesis.
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| 11. |
- Eccles, Renata, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of music instruction on phonological awareness and early literacy skills of five- to seven-year-old children
- 2021
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Ingår i: Early Child Development and Care. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0300-4430 .- 1476-8275. ; 191:12, s. 1896-1910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT Multiple studies and systematic reviews have shown that music instruction improves phonological awareness (PA) and early literacy skills in children, although findings vary. In meta-analyses, the reliability and significance of the transfer effect are reduced. The study evaluated the effect of varying durations of music instruction exposure, over a single academic year, on PA and early literacy of young children. Based on the exposure to music instruction, participants were assigned to either a low- or high-exposure group. Additional analyses were conducted for 17 age-matched pairs and to compare participants that only received class music to those that received additional music instruction. Between-groups comparisons showed no significant difference after a single academic year of music instruction. Within-groups comparisons identified more PA improvements in the high-exposure group. Exposure to music instruction for no less than one academic year, is required to conclusively evaluate the effect on PA and early literacy.
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| 12. |
- Eccles, Renata, et al.
(författare)
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Is phonological awareness related to pitch, rhythm, and speech-in-noise discrimination in young children?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Language, speech & hearing services in schools. - : ASHA. - 0161-1461 .- 1558-9129. ; 52:1, s. 383-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose. Phonological awareness (PA) requires the complex integration of language, speech, and auditory processing abilities. Enhanced pitch and rhythm discrimination have been shown to improve PA and speech-in-noise (SiN) discrimination. The screening of pitch and rhythm discrimination, if nonlinguistic correlates of these abilities, could contribute to screening procedures prior to diagnostic assessment. This research aimed to determine the association of PA abilities with pitch, rhythm, and SiN discrimination in children aged 5–7 years old.Method. Forty-one participants' pitch, rhythm, and SiN discrimination and PA abilities were evaluated. To control for confounding factors, including biological and environmental risk exposure and gender differences, typically developing male children from high socioeconomic statuses were selected. Pearson correlation was used to identify associations between variables, and stepwise regression analysis was used to identify possible predictors of PA.Results. Correlations of medium strength were identified between PA and pitch, rhythm, and SiN discrimination. Pitch and diotic digit-in-noise discrimination formed the strongest regression model (adjusted R2 = .4213, r = .649) for phoneme–grapheme correspondence.Conclusions. The current study demonstrates predictive relationships between the complex auditory discrimination skills of pitch, rhythm, and diotic digit-in-noise recognition and foundational phonemic awareness and phonic skills in young males from high socioeconomic statuses. Pitch, rhythm, and digit-in-noise discrimination measures hold potential as screening measures for delays in phonemic awareness and phonic difficulties and as components of stimulation programs.
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| 13. |
- Eccles, Renata, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of music education approaches on phonological awareness and early literacy : A systematic review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Australian Journal of Language & Literacy. - : Australian Literacy Educators' Association. - 1038-1562. ; 44:1, s. 46-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music education has been demonstrated to positively influence the development of early literacy with the type of intervention identified as a moderating factor. However, research comparing the effects of different music education approaches on phonological awareness and early literacy is limited. This systematic review aimed to compare the effect of the predominant music education approaches, namely Orff, Kodály, Suzuki and Dalcroze, on phonological awareness and early literacy. The PRISMA-P protocol was followed, and the study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018094131). Five electronic databases were searched. Eligibility criteria included peer reviewed English-language journal publications of quasi-experimental or experimental research studies with typically developing populations aged five to eight years old. Musical intervention had to be based on the principles of the Orff, Kodály, Suzuki or Dalcroze music education approaches or a combination thereof. Narrative synthesis was used in data analysis. From 329 records identified, five articles, from 1975 to 2013, qualified for final inclusion. The sample was heterogeneous regarding population characteristics, music education frequency and duration and abilities assessed. The outcomes from the included studies showed that music education improved aspects of phonological awareness and early literacy. However, standardization of methodological aspects would be required for definite comparisons between the music education approaches to be made. Although direct effects of the music education approaches could not be described, the review outlined factors, such as methodological diversity, that influence the investigation of skill transfer from music education to literacy abilities. The lack of and need for research from lower-middle income countries investigating music education as an intervention approach for phonological awareness and early literacy was identified.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Children's recall of words spoken in their first and second language : Effects of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Reverberation Time
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6:JAN
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speech perception runs smoothly and automatically when there is silence in the background, but when the speech signal is degraded by background noise or by reverberation, effortful cognitive processing is needed to compensate for the signal distortion. Previous research has typically investigated the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reverberation time in isolation, whilst few have looked at their interaction. In this study, we probed how reverberation time and SNR influence recall of words presented in participants' first- (L1) and second-language (L2). A total of 72 children (10 years old) participated in this study. The to-be-recalled wordlists were played back with two different reverberation times (0.3 and 1.2 s) crossed with two different SNRs (+3 dBA and +12 dBA). Children recalled fewer words when the spoken words were presented in L2 in comparison with recall of spoken words presented in L1. Words that were presented with a high SNR (+12 dBA) improved recall compared to a low SNR (+3 dBA). Reverberation time interacted with SNR to the effect that at +12 dB the shorter reverberation time improved recall, but at +3 dB it impaired recall. The effects of the physical sound variables (SNR and reverberation time) did not interact with language. © 2016 Hurtig, Keus van de Poll, Pekkola, Hygge, Ljung and Sörqvist.
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| 16. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Student's second-language grade may depend on classroom listening position
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this experiment was to explore whether listening positions (close or distant location from the sound source) in the classroom, and classroom reverberation, influence students’ score on a test for second-language (L2) listening comprehension (i.e., comprehension of English in Swedish speaking participants). The listening comprehension test administered was part of a standardized national test of English used in the Swedish school system. A total of 125 high school pupils, 15 years old, participated. Listening position was manipulated within subjects, classroom reverberation between subjects. The results showed that L2 listening comprehension decreased as distance from the sound source increased. The effect of reverberation was qualified by the participants’ baseline L2 proficiency. A shorter reverberation was beneficial to participants with high L2 proficiency, while the opposite pattern was found among the participants with low L2 proficiency. The results indicate that listening comprehension scores—and hence students’ grade in English—may depend on students’ classroom listening position.
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| 17. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Student’s second-language grade may depend on classroom listening position
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This experiment explored whether position, close to or at a distance from the sound source, in the classroom, and the reverberation time in the classroom, influenced Swedish speaking participants’ score on a test for second-language (English) listening comprehension. The listening comprehension test administered was part of a standardized national test of English used in the Swedish school system. A total of 133 upper school pupils, 15 years old, participated. Listening position was manipulated within subjects and classroom reverberation time was varied between subjects. The results showed that English listening comprehension decreased with the distance from the sound source. Participants with higher proficiency scores for English were less susceptible to this effect. Classroom reverberation time had no significant main effect and it did not interact with listening position. The results indicate that listening comprehension scores – and hence students’ grade in English – may depend on their classroom listening position.
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| 18. |
- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustical conditions in the classroom I : Speech intelligibility and recall of spoken material heard at different signal-to-noise ratios.
- 2013
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Ingår i: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. ; , s. 4957-4964
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explored speech intelligibility and free recall of word lists heard under different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity (WMC) were taken to explore individual susceptibility to the disruptive effects of noise. The thirty-five participants first completed a WMC-operation span task in quiet and later listened to spoken word lists containing 11 one-syllable phonetically balanced words presented at four different S/N ratios (+12, +9, +6, and +3). Participants repeated (shadowed) each word aloud immediately after its presentation and performed a free recall task of the words after the end of the list. The speech intelligibility function decreased linearly with increasing S/N levels for both the high-WMC and low-WMC groups. Recall and memory of the words decreased with increasing S/N levels only for the low-WMC group. Recall and memory for the high-WMC individuals was not affected by increased S/N levels. Our results suggest that impoverished acoustical conditions impair speech intelligibility and memory, but also that a high WMC may counteract some of the negative effects of speech noise.
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| 19. |
- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustical conditions in the classroom II : Recall of spoken words in English and Swedish heard at different signal-to-noise ratios
- 2013
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Ingår i: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. ; , s. 5091-5098
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment will be reported which assessed speech intelligibility and free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and in English heard under different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (+3 and +12 dB), and with/without the spoken words being repeated back orally directly after presentation (shadowing). All participants encountered all experimental conditions. Twelve wordlists with 12 words each were generated in English as well as in Swedish. The words were chosen according to their ranks in category norms for the two languages, and no category was the same for the two languages. Blocks of counter balanced presentation orders, S/N-ratios and shadowing/no shadowing were generated. After each wordlist the participants wrote down the words they could recall. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity were taken. The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the S/N-ratio was low, there was no shadowing and when the language was English. A low score on working memory capacity was expected to further enhance these effects. While writing this abstract data collection is still in progress but results will be presented at the conference.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
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Disruption of writing by background speech : a classroom experiment
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Irrelevant background speech impairs cognitive capabilities such as writing. Laboratory studies wherein participants were tested alone in sound attenuated rooms, showed that ordinary speech, even with relatively low intelligibility (Keus van de Poll, Ljung, Odelius, Sörqvist, 2014), is more distracting than meaningless speech (Sörqvist, Nöstl, & Halin, 2012). Yet, so far research has paid little attention to the manifestation of these effects in classroom environments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of irrelevant background speech on writing in a realistic classroom setting. The hypothesis was that irrelevant background speech would have distracting effects on text production, especially on writing fluency and typing errors. In an experimental within-subjects design, college students (in groups of 10-12 participants), sitting in a classroom, were asked to write short essays (5 minutes per essay) in the software program scriptlog. One essay was written in silence and one in the presence of background speech. As expected, background speech had a (slight) effect, although more participants are needed to increase the experimental power. Comparisons with previous studies on the effects of speech on writing are made and future directions are discussed.
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| 23. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental evaluation of an intermittent air supply system – Part 2: Occupant perception of thermal climate
- 2016
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 108, s. 99-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A newly proposed intermittent air jet strategy (IAJS) provides satisfactory indoor climate while promising a substantial energy saving potential, as shown in technical (objective) measurements. The strategy creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures. The current study explored human perception of thermal environment under an IAJS. Assessment of thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and thermal acceptability were collected based on responses from 36 participants. Participants sat in a classroom setup and performed sedentary work. Their clothing had an insulation of 0.51 clo (T-shirt on upper body). Participants were exposed to homogeneous (v < 0.15 m/s) and nonhomogeneous (0.4 m/s < v < 0.8 m/s) velocity conditions across three temperature conditions: 22.5 °C, 25.5 °C and 28.5 °C. The participants found air speeds to be undesirable at lower temperatures, but reported an improved thermal sensation, comfort and acceptability at higher temperatures. As shown here, IAJS generated neutral operable conditions between 24.8 °C and 27.8 °C, within an air speed range of 0.4 m/s to 0.8 m/s. Additionally, air movements induced thermal alliethesia resulting in improved comfort and acceptance of the thermal climate even at lower air speeds in warm temperature conditions. Hence, the current study supports the energy saving potential with IAJS in view of the human perception of the indoor environment.
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| 24. |
- Kabanshi, Alan
(författare)
-
Experimental study of an intermittent ventilation system in high occupancy spaces
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spaces with high occupancy density like classrooms are challenging to ventilate and use a lot of energy to maintain comfort. Usually, a compromise is made between low energy use and good Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), of which poor IEQ has consequences for occupants’ health, productivity and comfort. Alternative strategies that incorporate elevated air speeds can reduce cooling energy demand and provide occupant’s comfort and productivity at higher operative temperatures. A ventilation strategy, Intermittent Air Jet Strategy (IAJS), which optimizes controlled intermittent airflow and creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions, critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures, is proposed herein.The primary aim of the work was to investigate the potential of IAJS as a ventilation system in high occupancy spaces. Ventilation parameters such as air distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are evaluated and the system is compared with a traditional system, specifically, mixing ventilation (MV). A 3-part research process was used: (1) Technical (objective) evaluation of IAJS in-comparison to MV and displacement ventilation (DV) systems. (2) An occupant response study to IAJS. (3) Estimation of the cooling effect under IAJS and its implications on energy use. All studies were conducted in controlled chambers.The results show that while MV and DV creates steady airflow conditions, IAJS has cyclic airflow profiles which results in a sinusoidal temperature profile around occupants. Air distribution capability of IAJS is similar to MV, both having a generic local air quality index in the occupied zone. On the other hand, the systems overall air change rate was higher than a MV. Thermal comfort results suggest that IAJS generates comfortable thermal climate at higher operative temperatures compared to MV. Occupant responses to IAJS show an improved thermal sensation, air quality perception and acceptability of indoor environment at higher temperatures as compared to MV. A comparative study to estimate the cooling effect of IAJS shows that upper HVAC setpoint can be increased from 2.3 – 4.5 oC for a neutral thermal sensation compared to a MV. This implies a substantial energy saving potential on the ventilation system. In general, IAJS showed a potential for use as a ventilation system in classrooms while promising energy savings.
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| 25. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
-
Human perception of room temperature and intermittent air jet cooling in a classroom
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Indoor + Built Environment. - 1420-326X .- 1423-0070. ; 26:4, s. 528-537
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environments with high temperatures and under steady conditions are perceived poor. The introduction of airflow variations in such environments improves the perception. However the risk of draught is high and to avoid this, variations in high velocity supply is used. This method is far more energy efficient than cooling the entire space as only the occupants are cooled. This paper discusses two studies on occupant cooling conducted at the University of Gävle. The experiments were performed in a full scale mockup classroom and a total of 85 students participated. In Study 1, students sat in a classroom for about 60 minutes in one of two heat conditions: 20 and 25 º C. In Study 2, the indoor parameters of 25 º C were maintained but airflow variation in the sitting zone was manipulated. In both studies, the participants performed various tasks and answered questionnaires on their perception of the indoor climate. As shown here, higher room temperature deteriorates human perception of the indoor climate in classrooms, and the use of intermittent air jet cooling improves the perception of indoor climate just like cooling by reducing the room air temperature. This study contributes to further knowledge of how convective cooling can be used as a method of cooling in school environments so as to improve on building energy use.
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| 26. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
-
Perception of intermittent air velocities in classrooms
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. ; , s. 189-191
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classrooms normally host a large number of people and the heat generated provides a challenge cool. Traditional cooling methods by increased low temperature supply airflow rate or use of heat sinks are expensive and mostly inefficient. The strategy of controlled air movements in the occupied zone may prove cheaper and desirable. This research investigates recirculation of room air to provide intermittent velocity cooling in classrooms. The objective of this experiment was to assess how occupants perceive the recirculated intermittent air velocity conditions in classrooms and when the variations should be introduced in the room for optimal results. This was done with a between participant design, accessing how they perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) and the thermal comfort in two velocity conditions: constant low air velocity condition (< 0.15 m/s) and intermittent air velocity condition (0.4 m/s). As shown here; intermittent air velocity has a positive effect on the perceived thermal comfort (p < 0.04) and perception of air quality: less draughty and improved humid perception. The participants perceived the conditions with intermittent velocity to give comfortable feelings and better air quality. The variations also showed better performance if they were provided at the start of occupancy as opposed to during or after a temperature build up. This strategy can be used in environments where it is rather uneconomical to provide cooling like spaces hosting a group of people: movie theatres, auditoriums, classrooms and perhaps in restaurants.
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| 27. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
-
The effect of heat stress on writing performance in a classroom
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. ; , s. 183-188
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that heat stress impairs performance. This depends on the mental loading capacity of the task performed and the exposure time. This is a study of a common task in schools and offices: writing task. It also analyses the occupants’ perceived thermal comfort. The experiment was done in two heat conditions: 20 and 25 centigrade. The between participant design was used. ScriptLog was used to perform the writing task, while questionnaires and a Sudoku task were paper based tasks. The results show that the predicted mean vote (PMV) between conditions was significant (p<0.02) and participants perceived the 20 º C condition to be draughty. They however preferred a little more air movements in both conditions. Writing performance only showed a significant difference (p = 0.03) on deleted characters but the other variables considered did not show any significant differences but showed a strong tendency that with a long exposure time it would eventually be impaired. This shows that writing despite being a complex task is not a high mental loading task and is not quickly impaired by heat stress.
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| 28. |
- Kabanshi, Alan, et al.
(författare)
-
The influence of heat, air jet cooling and noise on performance in classrooms
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 14:3, s. 321-332
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of indoor environments influences satisfaction, health, and work performance of the occupants. Additional understanding of the theoretical and practical value of individual indoor parameters in relation to health and performance aids indoor climate designers to obtain desired outcomes. This also results in expenditure savings and increased revenue: health care and improved productivity. Here, we report two experiments that investigated how heat, cooling strategy and background noise influence performance in a full-scale classroom mockup setting. The results show that heat and background noise are detrimental to logic-based tasks and to writing, whilst cooling manipulations can protect performance. Implications for indoor environment design are discussed.
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| 29. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, et al.
(författare)
-
Disruption of writing by background speech: The role of speech transmission index
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 81, s. 15-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speech transmission index (STI) is an objective measure of the acoustic properties of office environments and is used to specify norms for acceptable acoustic work conditions. Yet, the tasks used to evaluate the effects of varying STIs on work performance have often been focusing on memory (as memory of visually presented words) and reading tasks and may not give a complete view of the severity even of low STI values (i.e., when speech intelligibility is low). Against this background, we used a more typical office-work task in the present study. The participants were asked to write short essays (5 min per essay) in 5 different STI conditions (0.08; 0.23; 0.34; 0.50; and 0.71). Writing fluency dropped drastically and the number of pauses longer than 5 s increased at STI values above 0.23. This study shows that realistic work-related performance drops even at low STI values and has implications for how to evaluate acoustic conditions in school and office environments.
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| 30. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Effects of Irrelevant Background Speech Masked by Noise on Writing Performance
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research has shown impairing effects of irrelevant speech on cognitive capabilities as, for example, reading and listening comprehension. Yet, so far research has paid little attention to how these distracters can influence text production. The aim of this study is to investigate how speech intelligibility in terms of different Speech Transmission Index (STI) values influence writing performance. The expectation is that background sound with higher STI values (i.e., when it is easier to hear what is said in the speech signal) will be more detrimental to the writing process. Moreover, the expectation is that persons with high working memory capacity (WMC) will be less distracted than persons with low WMC. In an experimental within-subjects design college students (N ~ 48) are asked to write short essays (5 minutes per essay) in the software program ScriptLog in 5 different STI conditions. Across the conditions, irrelevant background speech masked by white noise is manipulated in terms of different STI values. The essays are based on different pictures presented on a computer screen. At the beginning the participants are asked to do a working memory task (size-comparison span). The results will be presented at the conference. This study contributes to further knowledge of how different acoustical conditions influence cognitive language production processes, which is important in schools and office environments.
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| 31. |
- Keus van de Poll, Marijke, et al.
(författare)
-
Unmasking the effects of masking on performance : The potential of multiple-voice masking in the office environment
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 138:2, s. 807-816
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Broadband noise is often used as a masking sound to combat the negative consequences of background speech on performance in open-plan offices. As office workers generally dislike broadband noise, it is important to find alternatives that are more appreciated while being at least not less effective. The purpose of experiment 1 was to compare broadband noise with two alternatives - multiple voices and water waves - in the context of a serial short-term memory task. A single voice impaired memory in comparison with silence, but when the single voice was masked with multiple voices, performance was on level with silence. Experiment 2 explored the benefits of multiple-voice masking in more detail (by comparing one voice, three voices, five voices, and seven voices) in the context of word processed writing (arguably a more office-relevant task). Performance (i.e., writing fluency) increased linearly from worst performance in the one-voice condition to best performance in the seven-voice condition. Psychological mechanisms underpinning these effects are discussed
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| 32. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Höra, förstå och minnas
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Audio-nytt. - 0347-6308. ; 34:4, s. 16-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Dåliga lyssningsförhållanden innebär att en stor del av den tillgängliga kognitiva kapaciteten måste användas för att höra vad som sägs, och att en mindre del därför skulle kunna användas för att tolka och lagra informationen. Detta borde gälla även då lyssningsförhållandena inte är sämre än att allt som sägs kan uppfattas med en viss ansträngning. Detta har prövats i en en serie försök vars resultat stöder denna hypotes. Resultaten tyder också på att effekten blir större ju sämre arbetsminneskapacitet man har.
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| 33. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Recall of words heard in noise
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 22:8, s. 1088-1098
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if recall of words and recognition of sentences orally presented was affected by a background noise. A further aim was to investigate the role of working memory capacity in performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure that they had heard them. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance on the word recall task was impaired by the background noise. A high reading span score was associated with a smaller noise effect, especially on recall of the last part of the word list
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Lindegren, David, et al.
(författare)
-
The AMR-NB voice codec reduces the listener’s capacity to recall speech
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Acta Acoustica united with Acustica. - : S. Hirzel Verlag GmbH. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 104:3, s. 381-384
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern telecommunication services generally use digital speech encoding. Speech encoding degrades the audio with compression and filters to make the data transmission more efficient. To keep conversations and on-line meetings productive and creative it is important that these digital services do not increase the cognitive load. Measuring effects on working memory is one way to estimate cognitive load of the listener. A test with 25 participants was performed to investigate the effects of using the AMR-NB codec, a standardized codec for mobile communication. The memory performance for spoken 12-word lists was measured and AMR-NB encoded speech was compared with unprocessed speech (LPCM 16 bit, 44.1 kHz). A within-subject analysis showed 9% lower recall rate for the AMR-NB coded speech. © 2018 The Author(s).
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| 36. |
- Linder, Noah
(författare)
-
Make It Easier : A psychological perspective on sustainable behavior change
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human behavior is the cause of most environmental challenges we face today, and widespread behavioral change is urgently needed across actors and scales. Even though the public perception of the current ecological crisis has changed drastically in recent decades, a corresponding shift in behavior is lacking — unfortunately, mere belief in climate change is a poor predictor of taking action. In light of this knowledge-action gap, this thesis looks at behavior change from a psychological perspective and aims to explore how insights from the behavioral sciences can help understand and promote sustainable behavior change. This thesis mainly focuses on developing and testing interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors. It studies the effectiveness of information-based nudges, manipulation of the physical environment, and the interaction between internal motivation to act and the immediate decision context. The thesis also explores the automatic and habitual aspects of behavior change. To this end, five studies were conducted. Four empirical studies in which interventions to promote pro-environmental behaviors were designed and implemented in different natural contexts. All interventions were evaluated using observed behavior and a mix of experimental designs, from lab experiments to natural field experiments. A fifth argument-driven conceptual paper was also written. Overall, the result from the studies highlights the potential (and complexity) of applying behavioral insights in intervention design: they indicate that the effect can be long-lasting and that relatively small changes in spatial layouts can produce significant behavior change. The results especially showcase the importance of the immediate decision context, and that if conditions are right, manipulating the physical environment can be a powerful, and potentially underutilized, tool to steer behavior. Notably, findings from a lab experiment showed that even when there are strong self-reported intentions to act, convenience to act sustainably might not be enough to spark change, as long as the alternative routine choice was equally convenient. Not until the more sustainable option was made to be the easier choice did significant change occur. The results also showcase the important role habit plays in our day-to-day actions and decisions, how habits can act as strong barriers to change, and that they link behavior to the physical environment. These insights complement the currently dominant narrative focused on intrinsic and rational motivation for acting sustainably and paves the way for a research agenda focused on exploring the manipulation of the physical environment and “habit architecture” as a way to spark sustainable behavior change.
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| 37. |
- Linder, Noah, et al.
(författare)
-
Managing waste behavior by manipulating the normative appeal of trash bins: Lessons from an urban field experiment
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2667-3789. ; 19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Littering is a problem in many human societies. In this study, 9 individual street bins were manipulated on a central street in the city of Gävle, Sweden. The aim was to explore if changing the appearance of the bins, thereby manipulating the different types of social norms they signal, can increase the amount of trash they collect and mitigate littering. A field experiment tested the effectiveness of two alternatives to the conventional grey street bin; one bin foliated with pictures drawn by school children containing a normative anti-littering message (explicit norm), and one bright orange salient bin (implicit norm). Observed behavioral data was collected, and both the weight and volume of trash in the bins were measured each day for a period of one month. The results showed a tendency for the salient orange bin to increase trash collection compared to other bins; an effect most tangible towards the end of the weeks. The biggest effect was, however, that the explicitly normative bin reduced trash collection overall. These results provide lessons on how the appearance of bins can influence trash collection, potentially resulting in both desirable and undesirable outcomes.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Ljung, Robert, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Background noise means process interference in counting performance
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics. - 9781618390790 ; , s. 540-545
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper examined the effects of different background sounds on counting performance. Two experiments were carried out to test how counting performance was affected by four background noise conditions: spoken numbers, numbers played backwards, names of occupations and a silent control condition. The hypothesis was that the condition with spoken number noise should have strongest negative effect on counting performance. The results from Experiment 1 gave no support for the hypothesis, since no significant difference between conditions was found. Experiment 2 used a more complex counting task and a faster presentation rate of the background sounds. The condition with spoken number noise showed largest effect on counting performance, and performance in the control condition was better than all background sound conditions. The results are in line with the theory of interference by process.
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| 40. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Distraction of Counting by the Meaning of Background Speech : Are Spatial Memory Demands a Prerequisite?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 29:4, s. 584-591
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reexamines the effects of background speech on counting. Previous studies have shown that background sound disrupts counting in comparison with silence, but the magnitude of disruption is no larger for spoken numbers compared with that for non-number speech (there is no effect of the meaning of background speech). The typical task used previously has been to count the number of sequentially presented visual events. We replicated the general finding in Experiment 1—that there is no effect of the meaning of background speech—in the context of the classic sequence counting task. In Experiment 2, the task was changed by having to-be-counted dots presented simultaneously and randomly across the visual field. Here, an effect attributable to the meaning of background speech emerged. Background speech that is similar in meaning to the focal task process contributes to the magnitude of disruption, but apparently only when spatial memory processes are a task prerequisite.
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| 41. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of Road Traffic Noise and Irrelevant Speech on Children’s Reading and Mathematical Performance
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Noise & Health. - : Medknow. - 1463-1741 .- 1998-4030. ; 11:45, s. 194-198
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Irrelevant speech in classrooms and road traffic noise adjacent to schools have a substantial impact on children's ability to learn. Comparing the effects of different noise sources on learning may help construct guidelines for noise abatement programs. Experimental studies are important to establish dose-response relationships and to expand our knowledge beyond correlation studies. This experiment examined effects of road traffic noise and irrelevant speech on children's reading speed, reading comprehension, basic mathematics, and mathematical reasoning. A total of 187 pupils (89 girls and 98 boys), 12-13 years old, were tested in their ordinary classrooms. Road traffic noise was found to impair reading speed (P < 0.01) and basic mathematics (P < 0.05). No effect was found on reading comprehension or on mathematical reasoning. Irrelevant speech did not disrupt performance on any task. These findings are related to previous research on noise in schools and the implications for noise abatement guidelines are discussed.
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| 42. |
- Ljung, Robert, 1970-
(författare)
-
Free Recall of Auditory Stimuli Presented in Degraded Listening Conditions
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to examine if degraded listening conditions affect free recall of auditory presented stimuli. The result showed that a long reverberation time (RevT) decreases free recall performance. More detailed analyses revealed that memory of words presented in the beginning of the list were more impaired by the unfavorable listening conditions, which is in agreement with earlier findings. In addition, the relationship between working memory capacity and the effects of degraded listening conditions was studied. People who made many invention errors in the operation span test performed significantly more false recall in low S/N. These findings give support for the hypothesis that degraded stimuli activate more candidate words, and people who make those specific errors have problem to suppress those candidates.
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| 43. |
- Ljung, Robert, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Long reverberation time decreases recall of spoken information
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Building Acoustics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1351-010X .- 2059-8025. ; 16:4, s. 301-311
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if a long reverberation time has the same effect on recall of spoken words as background noise was shown to have in a previous study. A further aim was to study the influence of working memory capacity on performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure correct identification. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance of the word recall task was impaired by the long reverberation time. The effect was most evident in the primacy part of the word list. No correlation was found between reading span score and recall performance.
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| 44. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Memory of a text heard in noise
- 2008
-
Ingår i: ICBEN 2008. - Dortmund : IfADo. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 450-453
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When spoken information is presented in unfavourable listening conditions a larger part of the available and limited information processing resources must be allocated to the identification of the words spoken. This leaves fewer resources for the further processing of the speech (the interpretation and storing of the information). In such circumstances understanding and memory of speech might be impaired although each word has been correctly heard. This hypothesis was confirmed in two previous studies where memory of a word list was shown to be impaired when presented in unfavourable listening conditions: unfavourable signal/noise ratio (Kjellberg, Ljung & Hallman, 2008) and a too long reverberation time (Ljung & Kjellberg, in press). Kjellberg et al. also found that the noise effect was weaker the better the working memory capacity (as measured with a reading span task).
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| 45. |
- Ljung, Robert, 1970-
(författare)
-
Overheard cell-phone conversation is more disturbing than consistent irrelevant speech, when performing office work
- 2013
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined how work performances of 58 participants at an upper secondary school in Sweden were affected by exposure of an overheard cell-phone conversation and a traditional conversation respectively. The main hypothesis of the study was that the cell-phone conversation was likely to disturb the subjects more than the regular conversation, and that the distraction would be more noticeable when the participants performed tasks of greater complexity.The results confirmed the hypothesis that overheard cell-phone conversations disturbs people more than regular conversations. The study could not demonstrate that the distraction is greater when people perform tasks of more complex character even if the result went in that direction. The author argues that studies like this should have an important scientific value in the debate about open plan office environment, where employees are constantly exposed to other people’s conversations.
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| 46. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Poor listening conditions impair memory for intelligible lectures : implications for acoustic cassroom standards
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Building Acoustics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1351-010X .- 2059-8025. ; 16:3, s. 257-265
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports two experiments on the effects of degraded speech signals on memory for spoken lectures. Experiment 1 showed that broadband noise impairs university students' memory for a spoken lecture, even though the participants heard what was said. Experiment 2 showed that reverberation has detrimental effects to school adolescents' memory for spoken lectures, similar to broadband noise. The results suggest that poor listening conditions (resulting from background noise and/or long reverberation time) impair memory and learning, even if the conditions allow the listeners to hear what is said. Since the goal for students and pupils attending to lectures is to remember the lecture rather than just hearing what is said, the results presented here indicate that standards for acceptable signal-to-noise ratios and reverberation times in buildings designed for learning should consider the distinction between speech intelligibility and memory. Standards should be based on memory criteria instead of intelligibility criteria.
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| 47. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Recall of spoken words presented with a prolonged reverberation time
- 2008
-
Ingår i: ICBEN 2008. - Dortmund : IfADo. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 403-409
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if a long reverberation has the same effect on recall of spoken words as background noise was shown to have in a previous study. A further aim was to study the role of working memory capacity for performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recog-nition test. They repeated each word to ensure correct identification. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance of the word recall task was impaired by the long reverberation time. The effect was most evident in the pri-macy part of the word list. The reading span score was unrelated to recall perform-ance.
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| 48. |
- Ljung, Robert
(författare)
-
Room acoustics and cognitive load when listening to speech
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis investigated the effects of background noise or a long reverberation time in learning situations. All studies used spoken texts that were presented above the speech intelligibility threshold, but were degraded enough to make listening more effortful. The basic hypothesis for the whole project was that listening to speech in a bad acoustic environment should increase the cognitive load for the listener, which should impair memory of the text. In Paper I the auditory stimuli were lists of words and sentences that were degraded by a background noise. Paper II was a replication of the experiment from paper I, but the independent variable was changed from the level of the background noise to reverberation time. Paper III included two experiments where the stimulus material was 10 minutes lectures.Paper IV included two studies. The first experiment investigated whether serial recall performance is affected when words are presented in long reverberation time (Exp 1a). In experiment 1b word lists were presented in long or short reverberation time or with a background noise. The stimuli were recorded in one classroom with extremely good and one with very bad acoustic design. In experiment 2 word lists with many or few phonological neighbours were presented with long or short reverberation time. In all studies some measure of working memory capacity was included. Taken together, the overall results could be summarized in two sentences: Hearing what is said is a necessary but not a sufficient criterion for people to remember what is said, which means that spoken information should be heard without special effort, otherwise proper learning is jeopardized. No consistent relation was found between working memory capacity and the learning effect in the unfavorable listening conditions.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Top-Down Cognitive Factors Influence Second-Language Word Identification in Noise
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society. ; , s. 291-291
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forty-four sequential bilingual children aged fifteen underwent assessments of speech-in-noise perception, first and second language vocabulary and auditory working memory (forward digit span). In order to investigate the signal driven processes might affect bilinguals’ “spatial release from masking” (SRM) a listening in spatialized noise paradigm was adapted for the bilingual context. A simple number and colour identification task presented in English and Swedish, and the talker was masked adaptively by speech-shaped noise and eight-talker babble under two spatialized conditions in simulated room acoustics; targets and maskers were either collocated at zero degrees azimuth or spatially separated at ninety degrees azimuth to either side. The resulting language and noise conditions were contrasted with existing research on bilingual adults and native-language speaking children, extending findings to a younger sample of sequential bilingual children. The results indicating a significant relationship between cognitive ability and second-language speech reception threshold.
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