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| 2. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring pharmaceutical packaging innovation management: a customer-supplier relationship case study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the 7th Global Innovation Knowledge Academy (GIKA), 28-30 June, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packaging innovation is a strategic and valuable tool yet underexplored in business and extended value chains. Demographic changes, as population aging, and the increase of healthcare costs pose challenges and opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry, where packaging innovation offers new opportunities to provide patients with better solutions. This study employs a multi-stakeholder perspective to understand how companies manage packaging innovation by establishing partnerships and gathering resources that may also affect their product innovation performance. This research uses a cases study methodology built on empirical data from a global drug manufacturer and a large-sized packaging manufacturer in a customer-supplier relationship. Five senior management executives participated in semi-structured, in-depth, face-to-face interviews. The findings present propositions to guide further research. Importantly, the study identifies stakeholders’ needs impact on trade-offs when innovating in pharmaceutical packaging, whilst the robustness of packaging is prioritized in spite of a patient-centered approach. In the customer-supplier relationship, the drug manufacturer leads packaging innovation, while the packaging manufacturer is a follower of innovation and a source of reliable expertise. Furthermore, both firms increased their innovative performance when collaborating with other partners, e.g. start-up companies, patient’s associations and academia in the development process. This research has theoretical and practical implications on the management of pharmaceutical packaging innovation. The study provides a basis for benchmark upon which subsequent research can examine packaging innovation in other contextual settings.
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| 3. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the combined use of solicited diaries and photography by older patients in their process of self-care with medication packaging
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference of Engineering Design (ICED 21). - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2732-527X. ; 1:August 2021, s. 1511-1520
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design has the potential to include or exclude people, depending on how user needs are translated into products. Design exclusion has been vast in design for health care. Medication packaging design is a common example. It does a good job of protecting the product but can result in creating difficulties when used, especially for those who are older. Research in this area lacks an inclusive and user-centered approach because potential users have been studied outside of their context of living and with methods that limit participation. The aim of this study was to explore the combined use of solicited diaries and photography to engage and include older users in gathering data and reflecting on their day-to-day experiences of using multiple medications and the medication packaging. Our findings show key learnings of using this combined method, as well as related methodological challenges, and provide recommendations to tackle these challenges. The use of solicited diaries with photographs taken by participants is deemed to be relevant in interdisciplinary fields of research and practice, where designers and other professionals aim to better understand the reality of older people and create meaning in their experiences of self-care.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Medication packaging and older patients: a systematic review
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 1099-1522 .- 0894-3214. ; 30:8, s. 525-558
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenges posed by demographic change call for more senior-friendly medication packaging. This paper presents a comprehensive integrated view and synthesis of the literature on medication packaging and older people. Considering the multidisciplinary nature of the research field, a systematic review was conducted in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Engineering Village), limited to original research studies containing empirical data and English-language papers, published until January 2015. Manual reference mining was carried out for other relevant papers, and a critical appraisal methodology was applied to judge the quality of the papers. In total, 34 studies are fully reviewed and classified according to the main characteristics of the studies, information about older patients and impact of the packaging on medication use. As a result, the review indicates the literature to be fragmented and diverse yet composed of two major interconnected research streams (physical functionality and user capability; medication management) and orientations (packaging; user). The physical functionality and user capability stream of research with a packaging orientation addresses child-resistant containers (CRCs), whereas the user-oriented studies address openability, i.e. the ease of opening the medication. In contrast, the medication management stream of research with a packaging orientation focuses on the adherence outcomes of different package aids, whereas the user-oriented studies focus on the counselling provided by healthcare professionals and coping strategies for older patients to handle the packages. These original findings provide valuable input to researchers and practitioners and offer guidance for the further development of medication packaging.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical packaging for older patients - A design and innovation perspective
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pharmaceutical packaging is linked to important demographic changes. Aging ofpopulations is one of the demographic changes which has called for more attention, especially in well-developed countries. The increase in life expectancy represents a positive consequence of years of research, development of medications, and improvement in life habits. In spite of that, the growth in the number of people living beyond 65 has put more pressure on healthcare systems, as well as increasing the expectations on many industries to innovate and support an extended life. Previous research shows that, although medication products make it possible for seniors to have a prolonged lifespan, medication packages are a source of uncertainties, confusion, and daily struggles. Consequently, the overall purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the field of pharmaceutical packaging design and innovation in order to improve the everyday life of older patients. The research is applied, interdisciplinary, and has an explorative approach, following a qualitative research strategy. Primarily, three major revisions of existing literature were performed to provide greater awareness of pharmaceutical packaging when combined with perspectives on design and innovation. The first revision presented the use of medication packages by older patients, as reported in the literature. By that, not only the characteristics of older patients became evident, but also the choice(s) of methodologies in the research field, the design features of packaging assessed, and the dilemmas which surround the use of medication packaging. A second revision shed light on the design research practices. As found, inclusive design is one approach to design which provides tools and guidelines to make products and packages usable by as many people as possible. An inclusive design approach to pharmaceutical packaging is greatly needed in research. Inidentifying that need, four major propositions to support empirical studies wereelaborated. A third revision focused on conceptualization of innovationopportunities guided through a design innovation process. By that, it was possible to conceptually revise a design innovation process within the complex context of pharmaceutical packaging development. In general, this conceptual revision reinforced the idea that packaging is one of the choices companies have to innovate in the delivery and use of medication by patients. Moreover, design permits the exploration of opportunities where business and social innovation opportunities meet. As a logical step after the revisions, a final empirical study was performed. This empirical study was designed as a case study, conducted on a pharmaceutical packaging supplier. The initial results present packaging supplier who works closely connected with the pharmaceutical producer. A standard portfolio of packages is preferred; some limited special projects were elaborated with external partners. The research contributes to the field of pharmaceutical packaging, both in theory and practice. In theory, the research provides a comprehensive view of the research landscape in pharmaceutical packaging, which can provide guidance for packaging and design scholars. The research expands the rather technological aspects of packaging, moving toward the social aspects of innovating with the support of design. Furthermore, the research presents propositions on empirical studies to be continued. The exploration of a conceptual design innovation process opens the way for other similar studies, and for the further exploration of inclusive design and social aspects of pharmaceutical packaging design. In practice, the research contributes with empirical data about the pharmaceutical packaging designcarried out in a single-case study. Packaging practitioners can benefit from theresults obtained to benchmark their own processes. Policy and decision makers can benefit from the results of this research to reflect about the dilemmas of innovating pharmaceutical packaging.
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| 8. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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User involvement in pharmaceutical packaging design – a case study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED), 21-25 August, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. ; 8, s. 41-50
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different levels of user involvement in product design range from understanding user needs to co-designing with users. Previous research shows older patients face difficulties to handle the medication packaging. Yet the participation of older patients in pharmaceutical packaging design is underexplored. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of older patients in the design and development of pharmaceutical packaging. Two empirical examples of one drug manufacturer and one pharmaceutical packaging supplier build one case study. The findings reveal new pharmaceutical packaging development starts with market research about patients’ populations. The packaging development is led internally or with external partners. Later, patients test the packages concepts developed. These findings add to previous research about the involvement of users in industries with a high technology orientation. This study is aligned with the challenges of public healthcare and contributes with a conceptual framework of user involvement, a useful tool for managers and developers to further benchmark their design process.
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| 9. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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When care is moving in : participatory approaches to elicit needs and desires when healthcare has become a natural part of your daily life
- 2023. - 1 ed.
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Ingår i: Routledge International Handbook on Participator Approaches in Ageing Research. - 9781003254829 ; , s. 199-213
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter departs from two research projects to present the learnings, methodological challenges, and recommendations when involving users in participatory approaches of design research in home care. In the first project, older participants collected data through solicited diaries and photo elicitation, reflecting about their use of multiple medications and difficulties experienced with medication packaging design. The second project aimed at designing equipment for home healthcare to increase quality of care without turning the home into a hospital. From observations and interviews, prototypes were designed and evaluated in participation with both residents and personnel. Both projects actively involved participants in data collection and validation, letting the participants reflect on their own capabilities and how the design of healthcare products reinforced design exclusion in daily life. The participatory approaches that were used differed from previous research in which older people were usually displaced of their context of living and merely acting as testing participants for alternative designs. The use of participatory methods to collect and validate data with older people and their supportive network can help to design healthcare products that fit with real user needs and that contribute to promote good health and well-being.
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| 10. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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'You need to be healthy to be sick' : Exploring older people's experiences with medication packaging at home
- 2022
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Ingår i: Age and Ageing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0002-0729 .- 1468-2834. ; 51:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: the ageing global population is living longer with complex health conditions addressed by multiple medications. Little is known about how older people manage these medications and associated packaging at home. Objectives: to explore how older people manage the use of multiple medication and associated packaging in their process of self-care. Methods: fifteen older, home-dwelling participants (mean age = 76.2 years) participated in this study. All participants used three or more daily medications and resided in Southern Sweden. Data were collected using photographs and written diaries completed by each participant over seven consecutive days, complemented by researcher-led interviews. Interviews and diary data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: six major themes emerged and are discussed: systematic organisation of medication, design of medication packaging, design of tablets, ease of package opening, emotional response to the need for medication, and environmental waste. Conclusion: packaging plays an important role in protecting products and enabling easy storage, product longevity and transportation. Medication packaging is no exception. However, the design of medication packaging poses challenges for older people managing medications for their chronic health conditions at home. There is a need to facilitate the systematic management of multiple medications, especially for new medication regimes or changes in treatment. Design of both packaging and medication should be consistent for older users to avoid potential errors; difficulties opening packaging can potentially hinder adherence to treatment. This study highlights the need for patient-centred solutions and involvement of older people in a co-design process for medication and packaging design.
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| 11. |
- Lorenzini, Giana Carli, et al.
(författare)
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Listening to Current Practice : Patient Involvement in the Pharmaceutical Packaging Design Process
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Packaging Research. - 1557-7244. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple functional challenges in the use of pharmaceutical packaging reveal a great need of packaging to be designed inclusively. This study investigates patient involvement in the pharmaceutical packaging design process by analysing interview data from representatives of the pharmaceutical and packaging industry. Four main themes related to patient involvement were uncovered: patient expertise levels, patient involvement modes, factors encouraging patient involvement, and factors discouraging patient involvement. Passive patient involvement modes were found to be dominant due to regulations and a traditional perspective regarding physical testing. However, active patient involvement modes were identified, motivated by empathy and understanding of the lives of patients. The pharmaceutical packaging design process is complex and involves multiple stakeholders. The research findings can inspire more industry practitioners and policymakers to design pharmaceutical packaging that is inclusive and with consideration of a broader spectrum of patients’ needs.
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| 12. |
- Lorenzini, Giana Carli
(författare)
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Managing multiple medications and their packaging for older people in home care nursing : An interview study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Healthcare. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9032. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Home care nurses assist older people in their daily living and well-being, including medication management. Medication management can be challenging for older people with functional constraints and several chronic conditions. This paper presents how home care nurses manage medications and their packaging for older people at their homes. This study followed an explorative qualitative research design, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with home care nurses in Sweden (n = 14). The study revealed that home care nurses need to coordinate a multitude of interrelated tasks, with documentation being paramount. Regarding medication management, automated systems were preferred, as they reduce medication errors and facilitate dispensing of medications for each patient when compared with analogue systems still in use (i.e., dosing boxes), commonly used by older people. Importantly, the lack of a common journal system for updates on prescribed medication among health care providers and analogue communication still in place creates space for outdated prescription of medications for patients. There are opportunities for further investigation on how technology can help home care nurses in coordinating medication management tasks with other health care providers, and on receiving updates about medication intake by older patients when the nurse is not at their homes.
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| 13. |
- Lorenzini, Giana Carli, et al.
(författare)
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User involvement in pharmaceutical packaging design -A case study
- 2017
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Ingår i: DS87-8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN (ICED 17), VOL 8: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN DESIGN. - : The Design Society. - 9781904670964 ; , s. 41-50
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different levels of user involvement in product design range from understanding user needs to codesigning with users. Previous research shows older patients face difficulties to handle the medication packaging. Yet the participation of older patients in pharmaceutical packaging design is underexplored. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of older patients in the design and development of pharmaceutical packaging. Two empirical examples of one drug manufacturer and one pharmaceutical packaging supplier build one case study. The findings reveal new pharmaceutical packaging development starts with market research about patients' populations. The packaging development is then led internally or with external partners. Later, patients test the packages concepts developed. These findings go in line with previous research about the involvement of users in industries with a high technology orientation. This study is aligned with the about limited resources in healthcare and contributes with a conceptual framework of user involvement, a useful tool for managers and developers to benchmark their design process.
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| 14. |
- Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Design process for innovation in pharmaceutical packaging: reviewing needs and modes of activity
- 2015
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Ingår i: ; , s. 371-384
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The innovation process is a challenge for companies trying to achieve better outcomes through new ideas or products. The related literature discusses the importance of innovation as a learning process, underlined by a design perspective. Supported by design, the innovation process combines multidisciplinary aspects of creativity and dynamism, mainly for end-user oriented industries. For other industries, like the pharmaceutical industry, the innovation through design can represent a closer approach to the user. In this context, beyond the orientation to technology and the development of new medications, the pharmaceutical packaging has been emphasized as the element of connection between the patient and the treatment. Pharmaceutical packaging represents the modes of use of medicines, associated, for example, with the mechanical use (related to openability, readability), cognitive use (related to memory and language skills to interpret information from the packaging), and safe use (related mainly to the dilemma of child-resistant but senior-friendly packages). How people interpret and decide to use their medication is critical for their health condition, with extensive impacts in the healthcare systems. Even though pharmaceutical packaging is essential for the use of medication, the process of developing these packages is underexplored in terms of methodologies, frameworks or structures to support an innovation process allied with design. To provide a better understanding of how the innovation process can be a learning process through design, this paper reviews one design innovation process, with seven modes of activity. The possibilities of innovation are analyzed when designing pharmaceutical packaging, supported by the literature. It is expected that stressing the attention about design mindsets and the pharmaceutical packaging, it will enlarge the interest for studies in the area, especially in terms of inclusivity of elderly users and people with impairments.
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| 15. |
- Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Design towards better life experience: closing the gap between pharmaceutical packaging design and elderly people
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED), 27-30 July, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. - 9781904670728 ; 9, s. 65-76
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aging of the population is a worldwide trend, especially in Western countries. The increased number of people living past 65 years is also a trend for polypharmacy (the multiple use of medication) among elderly people. In terms of market orientation, the pharmaceutical industry is well-developed, but the same cannot be said in terms of design orientation. Previous studies indicate that packaging is one of the biggest issues in the use of medications by elderly people, with a lack of inclusivity of older patients. Since interest in pharmaceutical packaging is growing, an explorative review of design approaches for inclusion of senior citizens by the industry is needed. This paper reviews how design research and current design practices have been conducted in pharmaceutical packaging design. It mainly concerns the choices of methods to understand and to integrate the needs of elderly people. The paper also presents four propositions for future empirical studies in the field.
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| 16. |
- Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers of pharmaceutical packaging innovation: a customer-supplier relationship case study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 88, s. 363-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the drivers of pharmaceutical packaging innovation. Demographic changes and rising healthcare costs pose challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. To meet these challenges, packaging innovation offers opportunities to provide patients with better solutions. Based on an in-depth case study of two companies—a global drug manufacturer and a packaging manufacturer—in a customer-supplier relationship, this study investigates five drivers of innovative packaging solutions: technology, legislation, marketing, logistics, and sustainability. This study identifies multiple stakeholders' needs regarding pharmaceutical packaging innovations. It also shows that robustness of packaging is prioritized despite a patient-centric approach. This study offers suggestions for further research. It also provides a benchmark to help future studies examine other contexts.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Lorenzini, Giana
(författare)
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Toward Inclusive Pharmaceutical Packaging : An Innovation and Design Process Perspective
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pharmaceutical packaging has an increasing importance in aging societies, wherepeople depend on medicines for their own care and well-being. Previous research shows that pharmaceutical packaging is a source of uncertainties, confusion, and daily struggles. The challenges experienced by users are extensive; the pharmaceutical industry needs to respond with packaging innovation. To address these complex challenges, more research is necessary on packaging that fulfills user needs and capabilities. This research purpose is to investigate innovation and design processes for pharmaceutical packaging, as well as to stimulate the uptake of inclusive design toward pharmaceutical packaging that meets society’s needs.The research is interdisciplinary with a qualitative, explorative approach basedon three studies and five appended papers. The first study explored state-of-artpharmaceutical packaging use by older patients. Physical constraints regardingpackaging design features and the need to support medication management were identified. Subsequent studies were based on empirical investigations. The second study investigated packaging innovation drivers based on a customer-supplier relationship case study of a brand-owner drug manufacturer, and a packaging supplier. The third study expanded those findings, through an interview study with stakeholders (top management, mid-management, and specialists) with experience in pharmaceutical packaging innovation and design processes.As argued and shown in the empirical investigations, pharmaceutical packaginginnovation is mainly driven by technology and legislation which reinforce standard and incremental packaging design. Furthermore, there are multiple stakeholders’ needs to be balanced. Findings in this research suggest that if packaging design is to be user-centered and inclusive, stakeholders should be actively involved to broaden the spectrum of driving forces that lead packaging innovation and open up new business opportunities. The empirical studies also revealed different levels and modes of user involvement in pharmaceutical packaging design.Overall, the research expands the rather technological focus of packaging towardthe exploration of industry processes, opening the way for further studies oninclusive design and social aspects of pharmaceutical packaging innovation anddesign, being the collaboration and involvement of users in these processes also of great interest. Packaging practitioners can benefit from the results obtained tobenchmark their own processes. Policy makers and health care providers can reflect about the dilemmas of innovating pharmaceutical packaging that is inclusive and user-centered, and can use the empirical evidence from this research to strengthen and pave the way for new regulations and guidelines. Future agendas may be leveraged from research to other spheres of society, increasing dialog about inclusively designed pharmaceutical packaging and better patient care.
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| 19. |
- Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Towards patient‐centered packaging design: An industry perspective on processes, functions, and constraints
- 2019
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 32:2, s. 59-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medication packaging is essential to provide patients with guidance and correct use of their medicines for effective treatment. This research aims to increase knowledge about the medication packaging innovation process and its uptake towards patient‐centered packaging design. The study applied a qualitative research approach based on data from 25 in‐depth interviews with stakeholders involved in medication packaging design. The empirical data analysis revealed four themes that can improve and advance user‐centered packaging design: medication packaging innovation process, medication packaging functions and features, medication packaging design constraints, and patient‐centered medication packaging design. The findings suggest that medication packaging design is strongly affected by an emphasis on protective and safety packaging functions rather than on patients' needs. Packaging innovation usually is constrained by rigid incremental development processes, where compliance with regulations, extensive documentation, avoidance of manufacturing complexity, and considerations on cost prevail. These findings are discussed in relation to the three most evident trade‐offs for patient‐centered design: protection versus openability, utility versus cost, and complexity of manufacturability versus complexity of use. This research contributes with valuable input and additional evidence about the necessary shift to a user‐centered approach in a field that has not been design driven. This input complements previous research and provides an opportunity for industry decision makers and policy makers to lead patient‐centered packaging design that can benefit patients and relieve overloaded health care systems.
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