| 1. |
- Andersson, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Can Nudging Green Behaviour Damage People's Motivation to Engage in It?
- 2021
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Ingår i: 6th Annual Center for Collective Action Research Conference. Gothenburg: 17-18 June 2021.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In an online experiment we investigated whether implementing default nudges and usage of verbal prompts for a pro-environmental behaviour had a negative effect on the receiver’s autonomous environmental motivation for the behaviour. In addition, we looked into whether receivers were affectedd differently depending on their environmental values.
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| 2. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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"Rarely safe to assume": Evaluating the use and interpretation of manipulation checks in experimental social psychology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the use of manipulation checks is widespread in social psychology, several researchers have raised methodological concerns about their use and interpretations. However, knowledge of how they are actually being used has been lacking. Extracting data from published reports of 207 recent experiments, we provide an empirical review of current practices concerning manipulation checks in social psychology. Our review suggests that there are serious deficiencies in the manner in which manipulation checks are used and interpreted. For example, published reports tend to contain highly limited quantitative reasoning about the effectiveness of manipulations, and researchers report little or nothing to address the possibility that manipulation checks might cause undesirable reactivity among participants. However, we argue that manipulation checks can be highly beneficial components of experiments when used properly, and they have untapped potential for the quantitative assessment of the strength of manipulations relative to the effect on the dependent variable (i.e., causal efficacy). To assist with such assessments, we provide empirical benchmarks for causal efficacy in social psychology. Additionally, we provide several recommendations for researchers and reviewers for improving the use and reporting of manipulation checks.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Magnusson, Mikaela, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish police officers strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 45-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Research-based interviewing techniques typically rely upon suspects being, at least partially, responsive and engaged in the conversation. To date, the scientific literature is more limited regarding situations where suspects exercise their legal right to silence. The present study aimed to examine Swedish police officers self-reported strategies when interviewing suspects who decline to answer questions. Methods A total of 289 police officers responded to a national survey that included questions about handling silence. The participants worked with a wide range of criminal cases, including financial crimes, fraud, violent offences, domestic abuse, volume crime and traffic violations. We used content analysis to examine their written responses to the open-ended question: What, if any, strategies do you use when interviewing suspects who speak very little or not at all? Results Four main categories were identified relating to (1) question strategies (e.g. asking the questions anyway, using silence), (2) information strategies (e.g. emphasizing the benefits of cooperating and informing about their legal right to silence), (3) supportive strategies (e.g. being friendly and asking about reasons for silence) and (4) procedural strategies (e.g. changing interviewers and conducting multiple interviews). Practitioners working with violent crimes reported meeting silent suspects more frequently compared with practitioners working with other criminal offences. Conclusions The results provide an initial exploration into the various strategies used by police interviewers when questioning suspects who decline to answer questions. Further research is necessary for understanding and evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of such strategies.
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| 6. |
- Michaelsen, Patrik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Downstream consequences of disclosing defaults: influences on perceptions of choice architects and subsequent behavior
- 2021
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2374-3611 .- 2374-3603. ; 5:1-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transparency is a key factor in determining the permissibility of behavior change interventions. Nudges are at times considered manipulative from failing this condition. Ethicists suggest that making nudges transparent by disclosing them to decision makers is a way to mitigate the manipulation objection, but questions remain as to what downstream consequences disclosing decision makers of a nudge may cause. In this registered report, we investigated two such consequences: (1) whether disclosure affects perceptions of the choice architect and (2) whether disclosure influences subsequent behavior. To these ends, we present data from three pilot studies and two main experiments (total N =2177). In both experiments, we used defaults to nudge participants towards prosocial behaviors with real consequences. Experiment 1 employed a mixed design examining changes in perceptions of the choice architect for participants presented with a nudge disclosure before or after choosing. Experiment 2 extended by investigating the effects of disclosure on the default effect, perceptions of the choice architect, and on a subsequent prosocial choice task. Results showed that (1) when presented before choosing the nudge disclosure did not influence perceptions of the choice architect. However, when presented after, perceptions deteriorated. (2) The disclosure, regardless of when presented, had no effect on participants’ behavior in a subsequent non-nudged choice. Additionally, the disclosure did not affect the nudge’s influence on the initial choice. We conclude that lack of transparency can hurt choice architects’ reputation and discuss under what circumstances this may materialize behaviorally. Materials, data, and code are available at osf.io/463af/.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Alceste, F, et al.
(författare)
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Holding yourself captive: Perceptions of custody during interviews and interrogations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 7:3, s. 387-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Police custody activates important legal safeguards. To determine custody, courts examine objective conditions and ask whether a “reasonable person” would feel free to leave while being questioned. In Study 1, student participants were either interviewed or interrogated about a staged theft they believed to be real. Interviews and interrogations embodied specific factors considered noncustodial or custodial, respectively. Observers then watched videos of these sessions. Participants in interviews did not feel significantly freer to leave than those in interrogations, though observers did make this distinction. In Study 2, some participants were explicitly pre-advised of their freedom to leave. The advisement induced participants to report they were free to leave as an objective matter but did not significantly affect their subjective feelings of freedom. In both studies, the actor–observer divergence vanished when observers imagined themselves from the actor's perspective. These results challenge legal assumptions about custody and suggest lines of future research.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Alceste, Fabiana, et al.
(författare)
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The Psychology of Confessions: A Comparison of Expert and Lay Opinions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a body of confessions research that is generally accepted in the scientific community, courts often exclude experts on the ground that such testimony would not assist the jury, which can use its common sense. To examine whether laypeople know the contents of expert testimony on confessions, we asked 151 lay participants to indicate their beliefs about 30 confession‐related statements used in a recent survey of 87 confession experts (Kassin, Redlich, Alceste & Luke, 2018). Participants agreed with experts on only 10 of the 30 propositions, suggesting that much of the psychology of confessions is not common knowledge and that expert testimony can assist the trier of fact.
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| 12. |
- Battista, F., et al.
(författare)
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Even if you look confident, I am not sure you are telling the truth! The role of sender confidence on truthfulness judgment of emotional narratives
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current psychology. - 1046-1310. ; 43:8, s. 7461-7477
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Judging truthfulness and detecting deception are critical in the criminal justice system as well as in many other applied contexts (e.g., clinical and business organizations). The ability to discriminate a truth-teller from a liar might be associated with the content of deception (e.g., emotional or high-stakes lies) or with the deceiver's characteristics, such as his/her level of confidence shown in lying. The two present studies aimed to manipulate the level of the sender's confidence and to investigate its effect in deception vs. truthfulness judgments of written narratives varying in emotional content. A pilot sample (N = 124) assessed the stimuli validity of sixteen written narratives (Study 1): 8 deceptive vs. truthful narratives x four types of content (i.e., emotional/bereavement vs. emotional/car accident vs. emotional/quarrel vs neutral/holiday) with low confidence in the recall and 8 deceptive vs. truthful narratives x four types of content (i.e., emotional/bereavement vs. emotional/car accident vs. emotional/quarrel vs neutral/holiday) high in the confidence recall. An experimental sample (N = 428) was administered the two sequences of eight written narratives and for each narrative, veracity judgment, detection accuracy, and judgment confidence were assessed (Study 2). We found that the sender's confidence, the veracity, and the content of the narratives affected receivers' veracity judgments and detection accuracy. High confidence made receivers prone to judge bereavements and holiday narratives as truthful and quarrels narratives as deceptive. In addition, high confidence made judgments more accurate for truthful narratives on holidays compared with others, and for deceptive narratives on car accidents and quarrels than for other narratives. The present results are discussed in light of their practical implications for the legal field.
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| 13. |
- Brimbal, L., et al.
(författare)
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Deconstructing the Evidence: The Effects of Reliability and Proximity of Evidence on Suspect Responses and Counter-Interrogation Tactics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 11:3, s. 346-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strategic disclosure of evidence is increasingly recommended by researchers. Yet, no research has evaluated how different characteristics of evidence (e.g., reliability, proximity) might affect interview outcomes. Indeed, when retrospectively reviewing the literature, we found that previous research had not considered evidence strength. To address this gap, we conducted three studies in which we manipulated evidence strength through reliability and proximity of evidence and examined participants’ rationale for responses. Study 1 found that participants were more consistent with evidence when it was more reliable, especially when it was highly specific. Study 2 replicated this pattern: Responses were most consistent with the evidence in the highly reliable condition, followed by the less reliable evidence. The finding replicated again compared to a no-evidence condition (Study 3a). Participants also accounted for evidence characteristics in self-reports (Study 3b). We demonstrated that evidence properties should be scrutinized when studying disclosure of information in investigative interviews. © 2021 Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
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| 14. |
- Calado, Bruna, et al.
(författare)
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Implanting false autobiographical memories for repeated events
- 2021
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Ingår i: Memory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0965-8211 .- 1464-0686. ; 29:10, s. 1320-1341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research to date has exclusively focused on the implantation of false memories for single events. The current experiment is the first proof of concept that false memories can be implanted for repeated autobiographical experiences using an adapted false memory implantation paradigm. We predicted that false memory implantation approaches for repeated events would generate fewer false memories compared to the classic implantation method for single events. We assigned students to one of three implantation conditions in our study: Standard, Repeated, and Gradual. Participants underwent three interview sessions with a 1-week interval between sessions. In the Standard condition, we exposed participants to a single-event implantation method in all three interviews. In the Repeated condition, participants underwent a repeated-event implantation method in the three interviews. The Gradual condition also consisted of a repeated-event implantation method, however, in the first interview alone, we suggested to participants that they had experienced the false narrative once. Surprisingly, within our sample, false memories rates in the Standard condition were not higher compared to the Repeated and Gradual conditions. Although sometimes debated, our results imply that false memories for repeated events can be implanted in lab conditions, likely with the same ease as false memories for single events.
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| 15. |
- Calado, Bruna, et al.
(författare)
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Remembering what never occurred? Children’s false memories for repeated experiences
- 2018
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Ingår i: In-Mind. - 1877-5306. ; 5:37
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has demonstrated that children can be as consistent as adults when it comes to their capacity of producing reliable statements. However, their testimonies can sometimes be riddled with falsities caused by unintentional errors made by practitioners when conducting interviews. These mistakes, such as providing information that was not divulged by the interviewee and coercing them to respond to a question in a specific way, might compromise the quality of the statement. This can induce the interviewee to form memories of non-experienced events (i.e. false memories). Lab studies have shown that people can create rich and compelling false memories, even for highly negative events. In legal cases, these events are sometimes remembered as a repeated experience. How can this be? Can people create false memories of events that they believe happened to them numerous times? This article aims to clarify how easily such false memories can be formed. Specifically, we will focus on events that allegedly happened repeatedly, focusing on the formation of children’s false memories.
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| 16. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic concreteness of statements of true and false intentions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 12:4, s. 531-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to examine how people communicate their true and false intentions. Based on construal-level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), we predicted that statements of true intentions would be more concretely phrased than statements of false intentions. True intentions refer to more likely future events than false intentions, and they should therefore be mentally represented at a lower level of mental construal. This should be mirrored in more concrete language use. Transcripts of truthful and deceptive statements about intentions from six previous experimental studies (total N = 528) were analyzed using two automated verbal content analysis approaches: a folk-conceptual measure of concreteness (Brysbaert et al., 2014) and linguistic category model scoring (Seih et al., 2017). Contrary to our hypotheses, veracity did not predict statements’ concreteness scores, suggesting that automated verbal analysis of linguistic concreteness is not a viable deception detection technique for intentions.
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| 17. |
- Crozier, William E., et al.
(författare)
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Taking the bait: interrogation questions about hypothetical evidence may inflate perceptions of guilt
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 26:9, s. 902-925
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During suspect interviews, police will sometimes ask about hypothetical incriminating evidence to evoke a cue to deception–a technique known as a bait question. Previous research has demonstrated such questions can distort peoples’ memory for what evidence exists in a case. Here, we investigate whether such memory distortion can also cause people to see the suspect as more likely to be guilty. Across three experiments, we find exposure to bait questions led to participants hold inflated views of a suspect’s guilt. Further, we demonstrate bait questions cause reliable, robust memory distortion, leading participants to believe non-existent, incriminating evidence exists. However, we found no evidence to support the speculated mechanisms for this inflation–namely, (1) that source monitoring errors could lead people to misremember false evidence as real evidence and (2) that bait questions provide ‘key evidence’ to fill in the gaps of an incomplete theory of a case. In sum, bait questions have the problematic potential to shift jurors towards guilty verdicts. We suggest future research directions on bait questions, including the need for different designs to clarify why bait questions inflate guilt, and recommend practitioners avoid the use of bait questions.
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| 18. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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How to Interview to Elicit Concealed Information: Introducing the Shift-of-Strategy (SoS) Approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: Detecting Concealed Information and Deception: Recent Developments. - : Elsevier. - 9780128127308 ; , s. 271-295
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we will, for the first time, summarize a strand of research on how to make perpetrators reveal, rather than conceal, crime-relevant information. This novel approach draws on knowledge of suspects' counterinterview strategies, and particularly insights about how to obtain strategy shifts. We will provide empirical support for the theoretical account that strategic interviewing with respect to the available evidence will affect suspects' perception of the interviewer's knowledge, which, in turn, will lead to suspects shifting from withholding to more forthcoming counterinterview strategies. For the shift-of-strategy approach the elicited cues to deceit are not the end goal; they are the means to an end. The research program presented draws on lab-, field-, and survey-based research. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
- Gröndal, Maria, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, affective responding, and subjective well-being: A Swedish survey
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A rapid stream of research confirms that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat to mental health and psychological well-being. It is therefore important to identify both hazardous and protective individual factors during the pandemic. The current research explored the relationships between self-reported affective responding, perceived personal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and subjective well-being. An online survey (N = 471) conducted in Sweden between June and September, 2020, showed that higher levels of irritability, impulsivity, and the tendency to experience and express anger were generally associated with more severe personal consequences of the pandemic, particularly in areas related to family life, work/study, and finances. While more severe impacts of the pandemic in these areas of life were directly associated with lower subjective well-being, emotion regulation through cognitive reappraisal appeared to moderate the extent to which consequences of the pandemic in other areas of life (i.e., social, free-time and physical activities) translated into decreased well-being. This suggests that cognitive reappraisal may serve to protect against some of the debilitating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Overall, the results indicate that the perceived consequences of the pandemic are multifaceted and that future research should examine these consequences using a multidimensional approach.
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| 20. |
- Jang, Minhwan, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Evidence Type on Police Investigators' Perceptions of Suspect Culpability and Evidence Reliability
- 2020
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2190-8370. ; 228:3, s. 188-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a repeated-measures experimental study, we examined how evidence type influences police investigators' beliefs about (a) suspect's culpability and (b) reliability of incriminating evidence. South Korean detectives (N = 202) read four crime reports including general information about a crime and a suspect. In the general case information, one piece of critical and several pieces of noncritical evidence collected during the investigation were presented. Officers read four simulated reports of crimes, and in each report, they were given one piece of evidence linking the suspect to the crime. We manipulated the critical evidence identifying the suspect with four evidence types: CCTV, DNA, fingerprint, and eyewitness testimony. We found that evidence type influenced detectives' judgments about suspect's culpability and evidence reliability, such that when eyewitness (vs. CCTV, DNA, fingerprint) evidence was given as critical evidence, officers were more likely to think that the suspect was less culpable and that the evidence was less reliable. Theoretical and legal implications of these results are discussed.
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| 21. |
- Kassin, S, et al.
(författare)
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On the general acceptance of confessions research: Opinions of the scientific community
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 73:1, s. 63-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighty-seven experts on the psychology of confessions—many of whom were highly published, many with courtroom experience—were surveyed online about their opinions on 30 propositions of relevance to deception detection, police interrogations, confessions, and relevant general principles of psychology. As indicated by an agreement rate of at least 80%, there was a strong consensus that several findings are sufficiently reliable to present in court. This list includes but is not limited to the proposition that the risk of false confessions is increased not only by explicit threats and promises but by 2 common interrogation tactics—namely, the false evidence ploy and minimization tactics that imply leniency by offering sympathy and moral justification. Experts also strongly agreed that the risk of undue influence is higher among adolescents, individuals with compliant or suggestible personalities, and those with intellectual impairments or diagnosed psychological disorders. Additional findings indicated that experts set a high standard before judging a proposition to be sufficiently reliable for court—and an even higher standard on the question “Would you testify?” Regarding their role as scientific experts, virtually all respondents stated that their primary objective was to educate the jury and that juries are more competent at evaluating confession evidence with assistance from an expert than without. These results should assist trial courts and expert witnesses in determining what aspects of the science are generally accepted and suitable for presentation in court.
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| 22. |
- Lanciano, Tiziana, et al.
(författare)
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Does being emotionally intelligent and empathic predict deception detection accuracy?
- 2024
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research into individual differences in deception detection and judgment brought into question the existence of a good liar-catcher. The current study aimed to investigate the role of trait empathy and emotional intelligence (EI) ability in detecting unemotional lies. One hundred and fifty volunteers were given the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, then they watched a sequence of 14 interviews concerning truthful vs. deceptive holidays. For each videotaped interview, detection accuracy, detection confidence, and detection criteria were assessed. Results confirmed the chance-like ability to detect deception. The empathic trait of perspective-taking and the EI ability to perceive emotions predicted detection accuracy, albeit with a modest effect. Receivers' judgment accuracy was principally determined by the sender to be evaluated, confirming that detection accuracy is mainly explained by the sender, rather than the receiver's characteristics. Confidence appeared unrelated to detection accuracy.
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| 23. |
- Lindkvist, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Set Size and Donation Behavior
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Choice overload is the phenomenon that increasing the number of options in an assortment makes choosing between options more difficult, sometimes leading to avoidance of making a choice. In this pre-registered online experiment (N = 501), choice overload was tested in a charitable behavior context, where participants faced a monetary donation choice. Charity organization assortment size was varied between groups, ranging between 2 and 80 options. The results indicate that there were no meaningful differences in donation likelihood between the 16 organization assortment sizes, neither for individuals with high preference certainty nor for individuals with uncertain preferences among charitable causes. Having more charitable organizations to choose from did not affect donation behavior.
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| 24. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989
(författare)
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A meta-analytic review of experimental tests of the interrogation technique of Hanns Joachim Scharff
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:2, s. 360-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Applied Cognitive Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hanns Scharff, an interrogator during the Second World War, was known for his remarkable effectiveness at collecting intelligence from prisoners of war using a friendly, conversational approach in which he led the prisoners to unknowingly reveal the information he wanted. In the last decade, psychologists have produced a body of experimental studies testing the effectiveness of Scharff's interrogation technique. Here, I provide a meta-analytic review of that experimental research. The existing data supports the conclusions that the present conceptualization of Scharff's technique is effective at eliciting more new information, leading people to perceive the interviewer as more knowledgeable, and inducing people to underestimate how much information they have revealed. However, numerous unanswered questions and challenges for this program of research remain. For example, future research may benefit from examining unaddressed elements of the methods Scharff used in the field. Research would also benefit from the development of measures that more clearly correspond to practical outcomes.
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| 25. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Deception and emotion
- 2023
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Ingår i: Langauge and Emotion: An International handbook. - Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. - 1861-5090. - 9783110347487
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: Today, there is an extensive body of work on deception and its detection. This chapter primarily focuses on theoretical ideas about emotional aspects of deception. A popular notion is that liars fail to suppress emotions associated with deception, such as guilt, fear, and anxiety (or other hidden emotions). This so-called leakage hypothesis has been (and is) highly influential in media, popular culture, and law enforcement. The chapter offers a critical discussion of the leakage hypothesis, including its rationale and empirical support. We find the empirical support for the leakage hypothesis severely lacking, and we are critical of its theoretical conceptualization. We conclude that although the leakage hypothesis lacks scientific support, it is an interesting phenomenon in itself. That is, it may be worth studying why the notion of emotional leakage is so influential in both scientific research and popular culture
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| 26. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989
(författare)
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Lessons From Pinocchio: Cues to Deception May Be Highly Exaggerated.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1745-6924 .- 1745-6916. ; 14:4, s. 646-671
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception researchers widely acknowledge that cues to deception-observable behaviors that may differ between truthful and deceptive messages-tend to be weak. Nevertheless, several deception cues have been reported with unusually large effect sizes, and some researchers have advocated the use of such cues as tools for detecting deceit and assessing credibility in practical contexts. By examining data from empirical deception-cue research and using a series of Monte Carlo simulations, I demonstrate that many estimated effect sizes of deception cues may be greatly inflated by publication bias, small numbers of estimates, and low power. Indeed, simulations indicate the informational value of the present deception literature is quite low, such that it is not possible to determine whether any given effect is real or a false positive. I warn against the hazards of relying on potentially illusory cues to deception and offer some recommendations for improving the state of the science of deception.
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| 27. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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The mechanisms of minimization: How interrogation tactics suggest lenient sentencing through pragmatic implication
- 2020
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Ingår i: Law and Human Behavior. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0147-7307 .- 1573-661X. ; 44:4, s. 266-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Minimization is a legal interrogation tactic in which an interrogator attempts to decrease a suspect's resistance to confessing by, for example, downplaying the seriousness of the crime. These studies examined the extent to which minimization pragmatically implies that a suspect will receive a more lenient sentence in exchange for a confession. Hypotheses: Generally, we predicted that participants who read an interrogation with a minimization theme or a direct promise of leniency would mistakenly expect more lenient sentences compared with a control condition if the suspect confessed to the crime. Hypotheses were preregistered prior to conducting each experiment. Method: In 6 experiments (Ns = 413, 574, 496, 552, 489, 839), MTurkers read an interrogation transcript in which the suspect was (a) promised leniency, (b) subjected to minimization, or (c) questioned about the evidence (control). We tested whether warnings about direct promises and minimization induced people to adjust their expectations of sentence severity and also whether a warning could help people better calibrate their sentencing expectations. Results: Moral minimization techniques decreased sentencing expectations after a confession (d = 0.34), by influencing the perceived severity of the crime (d = 0.40). Honesty themes, similar to illegal direct promises, led participants to infer that leniency would be forthcoming in exchange for a confession (d = 0.60). Warnings about leniency repaired sentencing expectations when participants read an interrogation with a direct promise, but were ineffective when an interrogator used minimization. Conclusions: Contrary to the beliefs of American courts, which have allowed minimization but not direct promises to be used in interrogations, minimization does indeed impact sentencing expectations. There may be cause to review the legality of such tactics.
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| 28. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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The shift-of-strategy (SoS) approach: using evidence strategically to influence suspects’ counter-interrogation strategies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 29:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Shift-of-Strategy (SoS) approach is an extension of the Strategic Use of Evidence technique. In the SoS approach, interviewers influence suspects’ strategies to encourage suspects to become more forthcoming with information by challenging discrepancies between their statements and the available evidence, in a non-accusatory manner. Our aim was to test the effectiveness of two variations of the SoS approach, one in which the interviewer responded immediately to any discrepancies with the evidence (Reactive) and one in which the interviewer only responded to severe discrepancies (Selective). We predicted that the SoS approach conditions would be more effective at eliciting new information from mock suspects, compared to direct questioning. In a laboratory experiment, N = 300 mock suspects committed a simulated crime and were interviewed using one of the two versions of the SoS approach or with an interviewing approach that did not involve the presentation of evidence. The Reactive version of the SoS approach was more effective than direct questioning at eliciting new information from mock suspects. The Reactive technique also led participants to change their strategies during the interview. The present experiment provided initial support for the core principles of the SoS approach.
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| 29. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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What have we learned about cues to deception? A survey of expert opinions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers have accumulated a substantial body of empirical work studying observable behaviors that might distinguish truth tellers from liars – that is, cues to deception. We report a survey of N=50 deception cue experts – active researchers on deception – who provided their opinions on three issues: (1) What cues distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements? (2) What moderators influence the magnitude and direction of cues to deception? (3) What explanatory mechanisms of deception cues are best supported by research? The experts displayed agreement on few issues. Expert opinion on cues to deception, potential moderators, and explanatory mechanisms is mixed and often conflicting. The single issue on which more than 80% of experts agreed was that gaze aversion is not generally diagnostic of deception. This lack of consensus suggests that substantial work remains to be done before broad agreement can be established. It follows that any practical recommendation advocating the use of a specific deception cue cannot be widely representative of expert opinion.
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| 30. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:2, s. 385-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current meta-analysis examines the cognitive approach to lie detection. Our goal was to assess the practical utility of this approach by examining whether it improves the lie detection ability of human observers. The cognitive approach to lie detection led to an average accuracy rate of 60.00%, 95% CI [56.42; 63.53] and a bias corrected average accuracy rate of 55.03%, 95% CI [48.83; 61.16]. Critically, this result is moderated by whether observers were informed, or not, about which cues to focus on. Naive observers had average accuracy rates of 52.37%, 95% CI [48.80%; 55.93%], little better than chance. In contrast, informed observers had average accuracy rates of 75.81%, 95% CI [71.52%; 79.86%]. This promising result is qualified by indications of publication bias, considerable heterogeneity between studies, and a lack of research on important practical issues, such as the influence of counter-measures. Although these shortcomings raise a note of caution, we remain optimistic about future research on the topic.
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| 31. |
- Magnusson, Mikaela, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish and Norwegian Police Interviewers' Goals, Tactics, and Emotions When Interviewing Suspects of Child Sexual Abuse
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the suspect interview is one of the key elements of a police investigation, it has received a great deal of merited attention from the scientific community. However, suspect interviews in child sexual abuse (CSA) investigations is an understudied research area. In the present mixed-methods study, we examine Swedish (n = 126) and Norwegian (n = 52) police interviewers' self-reported goals, tactics, and emotional experiences when conducting interviews with suspected CSA offenders. The quantitative analyses found associations between the interviewers' self-reported goals, tactics, and emotions during these types of suspect interviews. Interviewers who reported experiencing more negative emotions were more likely to employ confrontational tactics. Specifically, anger was positively associated with the goal of obtaining a confession and with aggressive tactics like raising one's voice and emphasizing the seriousness of the crime. Frustration and disgust displayed similar patterns. Somewhat contrasting these quantitative results, the thematic analysis identified a strong consensus that emotions should not and do not affect the police interviewers' work. Furthermore, the police interviewers described a range of strategies for managing emotions during the interview and for processing their emotional reactions afterwards. The present findings highlight the relevance of emotional processes in CSA suspect interviews and provide an initial exploration of the potentially complex relationship between the goals, tactics, and emotional experiences of police interviewers who question CSA suspects.
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| 32. |
- Neequaye, David Amon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring how members of illicit networks navigate investigative interviews
- 2023
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Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - 2054-5703. ; 10:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explored how members of an illicit network navigate investigative interviews probing their crimes. We examined how perceived disclosure outcomes, namely, the projected costs and benefits, affect what members choose to reveal. We recruited N = 22 groups, maximum of six participants per group. Each group assumed the role of an illicit network and planned for possible interviews with investigators probing into the legitimacy of a business the network owns. All participants underwent an interview after the group planning stage. The results indicated that network members navigate the dilemma interviews bring by disclosing information they perceive would likely yield beneficial (or desirable) rather than costly (or undesirable) outcomes. Additionally, much of the participants' sensitivity to potential costs and benefits was explained by the group of which they are a part: different networks likely respond to costs and benefits in unique ways. This work contributes to understanding how illicit networks manage information disclosure in investigative interviews.
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| 33. |
- Neequaye, David Amon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Managing disclosure-costs in intelligence interviews
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annual Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, Santiago de Compostela, July 17-20, 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Nyström, Lina, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing the Shift-of-Strategy approach: Shifting suspects' strategies in extended interviews.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Law and human behavior. - 1573-661X. ; 48:1, s. 50-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interviewers often face the challenge of obtaining information from suspects who are willing to speak but are motivated to conceal incriminating information. The Shift-of-Strategy (SoS) approach is an interviewing technique designed to obtain new information from such suspects. This study provides a robust empirical test of the SoS approach using more complex crime events and longer interviews than previously tested as well as testing a new variation of the approach (SoS-Reinforcement) that included a strategic summary of the suspect's statement. We compared this new variation with a standard version of the approach (SoS-Standard) and an interviewing approach that involved no confrontation of discrepancies in the suspects' statements (Direct).We predicted that the two SoS versions would outperform the Direct condition in terms of participants' disclosure of previously unknown information. We also predicted that SoS-Reinforcement would outperform SoS-Standard. Finally, we expected that participants in the SoS conditions would not assess the interview or the interviewer more poorly than participants in Direct.A total of 300 participants completed an online mock crime procedure, and they were subsequently interviewed with one of the three interviewing techniques. Following the interview, participants provided assessments of their experiences being interviewed.Participants in both SoS-Standard (d = 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.21, 0.78]) and SoS-Reinforcement (d = 0.59, 95% CI [0.30, 0.87]) disclosed more previously unknown information than participants in the Direct condition, but SoS-Reinforcement did not outperform SoS-Standard (d = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.36]). Participants in SoS-Reinforcement assessed their experience more negatively than those in Direct. No such differences were observed in the remaining two-way comparisons.The study provides support for the effectiveness of eliciting new information through the SoS approach and illuminates possible experiential downsides with being subjected to the SoS-Reinforcement approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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| 38. |
- Oleszkiewicz, Simon, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Perkins Operations: Tactics Used in Undercover Interactions
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the United States, it is permissible to place an undercover police officer in the jail cell with a suspect. This tactical move is rare and launched only for serious crimes, and it takes place before any charges have been filed. This tactic goes under the name of Perkins operations, from the case ruling that if an individual speaks freely to someone whom they believe is a fellow inmate it is allowed to take advantage of their misplaced trust (Illinois v. Perkins, 1990). In this study, we examine 22 Perkins operations, 60hours of secretly taped interactions in the cells, and we describe and categorize the different approaches and tactics that the undercover officers used. Based on the descriptive analysis, we conceptualize two pathways to information elicitation (direct and relational) and explore the undercover officers’ use of risky interview tactics. The findings suggest that undercover officers use four broader approaches to establish relationships and gather information, and we were able to identify only a few instances of risky tactics in this sample. The relevance of the findings for human intelligence gathering and counterintelligence are discussed.
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| 39. |
- Pittelkow,, et al.
(författare)
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The process of replication target selection in psychology: what to consider?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 10:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased execution of replication studies contributes to the effort to restore credibility of empirical research. However, a second generation of problems arises: the number of potential replication targets is at a serious mismatch with available resources. Given limited resources, replication target selection should be well-justified, systematic and transparently communicated. At present the discussion on what to consider when selecting a replication target is limited to theoretical discussion, self-reported justifications and a few formalized suggestions. In this Registered Report, we proposed a study involving the scientific community to create a list of considerations for consultation when selecting a replication target in psychology. We employed a modified Delphi approach. First, we constructed a preliminary list of considerations. Second, we surveyed psychologists who previously selected a replication target with regards to their considerations. Third, we incorporated the results into the preliminary list of considerations and sent the updated list to a group of individuals knowledgeable about concerns regarding replication target selection. Over the course of several rounds, we established consensus regarding what to consider when selecting a replication target. The resulting checklist can be used for transparently communicating the rationale for selecting studies for replication.
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| 40. |
- Srivatsav, Meghana, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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How do the questions asked affect suspects' perceptions of the interviewer's prior knowledge?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 17:2, s. 160-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to understand if guilty suspects' perceptions regarding the prior information or evidence held by the interviewer against the suspect could be influenced through the content of the investigative questions. To test this idea, we explored three question-phrasing factors that we labeled as topic discussion (if a specific crime-related topic was discussed or not), specificity (different levels of crime-related details included in the questions), and stressor (emphasis on the importance of the specific crime-related detail in the questions). The three factors were chosen based on relevance theory, a psycholinguistic theory that explores how people draw inferences from the communicated content. Participants (N = 370) assumed the role of the suspect and read a crime narrative and an interview transcript based on the suspect's activities. After reading the narrative and the transcripts, participants responded to scales that measured their perception of interviewer's prior knowledge (perceived interviewer knowledge [PIK]) regarding the suspects' role in the crime, based on the questions posed by the interviewer in the transcripts. Of the three factors tested, we found that questioning about a specific crime-related topic (topic discussion) increased their PIK. This study is the first to explore the underlying mechanisms of how suspects draw inferences regarding the interviewer's prior knowledge through the content of the investigative questions adopting concepts of psycholinguistic theory.
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| 41. |
- Srivatsav, Meghana, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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What to Reveal and what to Conceal? An Empirical Examination of Guilty Suspects’ Strategies
- 2021
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Ingår i: II-RP JOURNAL (förkortning för Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice). - : Center for Open Science. ; 11:1, s. 8-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With Study 1 (N=140), we aimed to examine how different ways of disclosing evidence during an interview would influence guilty suspects’ perception of interviewer’s prior knowledge and elicit statement-evidence inconsistencies. Specifically, we wanted to understand how disclosing or withholding evidence regarding non-critical topics (i.e., preliminary activities leading to a central criminal act) would lead to different levels of statement-evidence inconsistencies regarding the critical topic (i.e., the central crime). We predicted that interviews with evidence disclosed would elicit low statement-evidence inconsistencies whereas interviews where evidence was not disclosed would result in high statement-evidence inconsistencies. The outcome did not support our predictions. Guilty suspects revealed crime-related information about non-critical themes and withheld information regarding the critical theme irrespective of evidence disclosure. We posited that this outcome occurred because the information regarding the non-critical themes of the crime seemed less incriminating in comparison to information regarding the critical theme. We explored this unexpected finding in Study 2 (N=216), which was designed to understand if guilty suspects would reveal information regarding themes of the crime that are not incriminating in comparison to themes that were incriminating as observed in Study 1. We used the evidence disclosure tactics of Study 1 in Study 2 and also measured how these influence the suspects’ perception of interviewer’s knowledge. The outcome replicated findings from Study 1 that guilty suspects reveal or withhold information based on the cost of disclosing the information. This is a novel finding in the Strategic Use of Evidence literature.
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| 42. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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