| 1. |
- Rodríguez, Teresa, 1966-
(författare)
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Environmental Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Effects among Children of Nicaraguan Agricultural Workers
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Children exposed to pesticides are susceptible for neurodevelopmental disruption. Data from developing countries are scarce.Aim: Assessing long-term and recent pesticide exposure in Nicaraguan children in relation to parental pesticide use and examining potential associated neurobehavioral effects.Methods: In the first study, pre- and post-spraying urinary residues of the chlorpyrifos metabolite TCPY and diazinon metabolite IMPY were measured among 7 subsistence farmers and 10 plantation workers, and in one child per worker. In the second study, for 110 children in an agricultural village and 22 in a non-agricultural village, aged 7-9, parental pesticide use was assessed by hours of spraying and kilograms of active ingredients during pre-and-postnatal time windows, as proxies for children’s long term pesticide exposures. Urinary TCPY, 3-PBA (pyrethroid metabolite), and 2,4-D were determined in 211 samples of 74 children of the agricultural village. IQ components and total IQ (WISC-IV) were evaluated in all agricultural village children. Behavior was evaluated with the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale-Revised: Short. Multivariate linear regression models assessed associations between long-term and recent exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids and cognitive and behavioral scales.Results: In study 1, post-spraying urinary levels of pesticide metabolites of subsistence farmers and their children were highly correlated (r=0.85), but not those of plantation workers and their children. In study 2, a wide range of exposures was reported by parents for all pesticides and time windows. The median urinary TCPY (3.7 μg/g creatinine), 3-PBA (2.8), and 2,4-D (0.9) were comparable to other studies for TCPY and 3-PBA but high for 2,4-D. Maximum levels were the highest reported for all compounds. Prenatal use of organophosphates affected working memory, and methamidophos also verbal comprehension and total IQ. Urinary TCPY was associated with poorer working memory. Organophosphate exposures were not associated with children’s behavior. Pyrethroid exposure during the first year of life associated with poorer perceptual reasoning and behavior, and urinary 3-PBA with a number of cognitive functions and ADHD in girls but not in boys.Conclusion: Nicaraguan children in poor agricultural areas are highly exposed to pesticides, which is influenced by parental pesticide use in subsistence farms. Organophosphate and pyrethroid exposures adversely affect their neurobehavioral development.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Kulturorienterad psykologi
- 2005
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Ingår i: Vår tids psykologi. - 9789127094208 ; , s. 563-578
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter gives an introduction to how psychology has dealt with the human being as a culture influenced being. This topic is discussed also within the context of cross-cultural interaction and migration to a new country. First the debate on the meaning of culture is reviewed and discussed. Here the changing and heterogeneous nature of socially dependent understanding is emphasized. The larger part of the chapter consists of a presentation of three approaches in culture oriented psychology: Cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology and the indigenous psychologies.
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| 4. |
- Amnå, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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En halv miljard av statens pengar riskerar att slösas bort
- 2007
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten. ; 2007-09-13, s. 47-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Minskade anslag gör att den årliga undersökningen om våra levnadsförhållanden hotas att halveras. Det kan drabba redan svaga grupper som äldre, invandrare och ensamstående föräldrar.
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| 5. |
- Bergman, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Health-adjusted neuropsychological test norms based on 463 older Swedish car drivers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 57:2, s. 93-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need for improved normative information in particular for older persons. The present study provides neuropsychological test norms on seven cognitive tests used in a sample representing the general older driving population, when uncontrolled and controlled for physical health. A group of 463 healthy Swedish car drivers, aged 65 to 84 years, participated in a medical and neuropsychological examination. The latter included tests of visual scanning, mental shifting, visual spatial function, memory, reaction time, selective attention, and simultaneous capacity. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that, when uncontrolled for health, old age was associated with significant impairment on all seven tests. Education was associated with a significant advantage for all tests except most reaction time subtests. Women outperformed men on selective attention. Controlling for health did not consistently change the associations with education, but generally weakened those with age, indicating rises in normative scores of up to 0.36 SD (residual). In terms of variance explained, impaired health predicted on average 2.5%, age 2.9%, education 2.1% and gender 0.1%. It was concluded (1)that individual regression-based predictions of expected values have the advantage of allowing control for the impact of health on normative scores in addition to the adjustment for various demographic and performance-related variables and (2) that health-adjusted norms have the potential to classify functional status more accurately, to the extent that these norms diverge from norms uncontrolled for physical health.
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| 6. |
- Bergman, Peter N., et al.
(författare)
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Do job demands and job control affect problem-solving?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 42:2, s. 195-203:42, s. 195-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The Job Demand Control model presents combinations of working conditions that may facilitate learning, the active learning hypothesis, or have detrimental effects on health, the strain hypothesis. To test the active learning hypothesis, this study analysed the effects of job demands and job control on general problem-solving strategies. Participants: A population-based sample of 4,636 individuals (55% women, 45% men) with the same job characteristics measured at two times with a three year time lag was used. Methods: Main effects of demands, skill discretion, task authority and control, and the combined effects of demands and control were analysed in logistic regressions, on four outcomes representing general problem-solving strategies. Results: Those reporting high on skill discretion, task authority and control, as well as those reporting high demand/high control and low demand/high control job characteristics were more likely to state using problem solving strategies. Conclusions: Results suggest that working conditions including high levels of control may affect how individuals cope with problems and that workplace characteristics may affect behaviour in the non-work domain.
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| 7. |
- Bergman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Non-participation in the second wave of the PART study on mental disorder and its effects on risk estimates
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 0020-7640 .- 1741-2854. ; 56:2, s. 119-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In epidemiological studies, analyses are needed to investigate the consequences of non-response. Aims: To analyse the consequences of attrition in the second wave of the population-based PART study, which was performed three years after the first wave. Methods: Potential determinants for non-participation obtained from population registers and the first wave were analyzed. The relationships between potential determinants and reduced well-being or depressive mood in the first wave questionnaire were investigated separately for participants and non-participants in the second wave. Samples of respondents to the second wave questionnaire with reduced or not reduced well-being were summoned for interview regarding determinants of distress and disorder. The occurrence of potential determinants was compared between participants and non-participants in both groups Results: Low income, low education, non-Nordic origin, not being married and previous psychiatric diagnosis were associated with lower participation rates. These variables were similarly related to depressive mood and low psychological well-being in the first wave among participants and non-participants in the second wave. Potential determinants were not or only weakly related to participation in the interview groups. Conclusion: Although the true prevalence of distress and disorder is underestimated, the true associations between potential determinants and the outcomes seem reasonably well reproduced.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Blanco, Luis E., et al.
(författare)
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The determinants of dermal exposure ranking method (DERM) : A pesticide exposure assessment approach for developing countries
- 2008
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Ingår i: Annals of Occupational Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0003-4878 .- 1475-3162. ; 52:6, s. 535-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new method for assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides in subsistence farmers by use of determinants of dermal exposure is described. The method, called the determinants of dermal exposure ranking method (DERM), is a combination of checklists and expert rating assessment. Thus, determinants are listed in a form, which is used to check their presence and to assess them using a simple algorithm based on two factors, the type of transport process (T value) and the area of body surface exposed (A value). In addition, the type of clothing worn during applications is included as a protection factor. We applied the DERM to real pesticide applications, characterizing dermal exposure and comparing DERM estimates with earlier developed semiquantitative visual scores based on fluorescent tracer, the total visual score (TVS) and contaminated body area (CBA). DERM showed a very good level of agreement with both the TVS (r = 0.69, P = 0.000) and the CBA (r = 0.67, P = 0.000). DERM allowed identification of the determinants that had the highest effect on exposure and the farmers with the highest exposure. In conclusion, DERM provided information on the determinants responsible for dermal exposure in a group of subsistence farmers. This can be useful to design monitoring and preventive programs, define priorities for intervention and prioritize and select most adequate measurement strategies. DERM promises to be a low-cost easy-to-use method to assess dermal exposure to pesticides in developing country conditions.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Carlsson, Sven G., 1935, et al.
(författare)
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Psykologiska perspektiv på hälsa och handikapp
- 2000
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Ingår i: Delaktig eller utanför. Carlsson, Sven G., Hjelmquist, Erland & Lundberg, Ingvar (red.). - Umeå : Boréa. - 9189140117 ; , s. 9-12
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Corriols, Marianela, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence of acute pesticide poisonings in Nicaragua : a public health concern
- 2009
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 66:3, s. 205-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cumulative incidence rate of acute pesticide poisoning in the year 2000 among Nicaraguan subjects over 15 years of age. METHODS: Data on pesticide exposure and health effects were assessed in a nationally representative survey. Based on self-reported cases, we estimated the 1-year incidence rate and the number of expected cases of acute pesticide poisonings in Nicaragua. RESULTS: Among the 3169 survey respondents, we identified 72 persons who self-reported one episode of acute pesticide poisoning in 2000. Of these, 65 cases (90%) were related to occupational exposure, five (7%) to domestic exposure and two (3%) to intentional exposure. The cumulative incidence rate/100 individuals of pesticide poisonings in Nicaragua in 2000 was 2.3 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.8). This corresponds to 66 113 cases (95% CI 51 017 to 81 210). The highest rate was found among males in rural areas, particularly among farmers and agricultural workers. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates an extremely high risk of acute pesticide poisoning in Nicaragua. Considering this, comprehensive measures should be implemented to reduce adverse health effects.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Falkstedt, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood socio-economic position and risk of coronary heart disease in middle age : a study of 49 321 male conscripts
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 21:6, s. 713-718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Poor social circumstances in childhood are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). In previous studies, social circumstances and risk factors in adulthood have been suggested to explain this association. In the present study, we included potential explanatory factors from childhood and adolescence. METHODS: We investigated the association between childhood socio-economic position (SEP) and CHD in middle age among 49 321 Swedish males, born during 1949-51, who were conscripted for military service at 18-20 years of age. Register-based data on childhood social circumstances, educational attainment and occupational class in adulthood were used in combination with information on cognitive ability, smoking, body mass index and body height in late adolescence obtained from a compulsory conscription examination. Incidence of CHD from 1991 to 2007 (between 40 and 58 years of age) was followed in national registers. RESULTS: We demonstrated an inverse association between childhood SEP and CHD in middle age: among men with the lowest childhood SEP the crude hazard ratio of CHD was 1.47 (95% CI = 1.30-1.67). Adjustment for crowded housing in childhood, body height, cognitive ability, smoking and BMI in late adolescence attenuated relative risks of CHD considerably. Additional adjustment for educational level had a further, although limited, attenuating effect on associations, but additional adjustment for occupational class had no such effect. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that social, cognitive and behavioural factors evident prior to adulthood may be of greater importance in explaining the association between childhood SEP and CHD later in life than socio-economic indicators in adulthood.
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| 16. |
- Fandiño-Losada, Andrés, et al.
(författare)
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Demands, skill discretion, decision authority and social climate at work as determinants of major depression in a 3-year follow-up study
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 86:5, s. 591-605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE:The psychosocial work environment may be a determinant of the development and course of depressive disorders, but the literature shows inconsistent findings. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine longitudinal effects of the job demands-control-support model (JDCSM) variables on the occurrence of major depression among working men and women from the general population.METHODS:The sample comprised 4,710 working women and men living in Stockholm, who answered the same questionnaire twice, 3 years apart, who were not depressed during the first wave and had the same job in both waves. The questionnaire included JDCSM variables (demands, skill discretion, decision authority and social climate) and other co-variables (income, education, occupational group, social support, help and small children at home, living with an adult and depressive symptoms at time 1; and negative life events at time 2). Multiple logistic regressions were run to calculate odds ratios of having major depression at time 2, after adjustment for other JDCSM variables and co-variables.RESULTS: Among women, inadequate work social climate was the only significant risk indicator for major depression. Surprisingly, among men, high job demands and low skill discretion appeared as protective factors against major depression.CONCLUSIONS:The results showed a strong relationship between inadequate social climate and major depression among women, while there were no certain effects for the remaining exposure variables. Among men, few cases of major depression hampered well-founded conclusions regarding our findings of low job demands and high skill discretion as related to major depression.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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Grunderna i vår tids psykologi
- 2012. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bokinformation:Grunderna i vår tids psykologi ger en gedigen grund till den moderna psykologin. Några av Sveriges främsta forskare har här samlat den mest aktuella psykologiska vetenskapen utifrån ledande svensk och internationell forskning. Tack vare författarnas omfattande undervisningserfarenhet blir framställningen begriplig, levande och nyanserad. Resultatet är en heltäckande skildring av de byggstenar som behövs för att gå vidare inom psykologins olika tillämpningsfält.Grunderna i vår tids psykologi är:Människokunskap blir vetenskapBiologisk psykologiMotivation och emotionKognitionspsykologiUtvecklingspsykologiPersonlighetspsykologiSocialpsykologiBoken riktar sig främst till psykologistuderande, men kan läsas på alla utbildningar där grundkunskaper i ämnet ingår. Den ger också en utmärkt introduktion till den som är nyfiken på vår tids psykologi.
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| 19. |
- Gustavsson, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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VISIR work in progress
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The VISIR (Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality) Open Lab Platform is an architecture that enable universities, secondary schools, and other organizations to open instructional laboratories for remote access with preserved context. VISIR emanates from a feasibility study made in 1999 at BTH (Blekinge Institute of Technology) in Sweden. Today, VISIR laboratories are online at seven universities globally where thousands of students can work and conduct most experiments that can be performed on a solderless breadboard remotely without any risk of being harmed. IAOE (International Association of Online Engineering has organized SIG VISIR a Special Interest Group for VISIR. Further development of the platform is carried out in this Community. This paper is about work in progress especially at BTH.
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| 20. |
- Gustavsson, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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VISIR work in progress
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). - : IEEE Press. - 9781479931903 ; , s. 1139-1148
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The VISIR (Virtual Instrument Systems inReality) Open Lab Platform is an architecture that enableuniversities, secondary schools, and other organizations to openinstructional laboratories for remote access with preservedcontext. VISIR emanates from a feasibility study made in 1999 atBTH (Blekinge Institute of Technology) in Sweden. Today,VISIR laboratories are online at seven universities globally wherethousands of students can work and conduct most experimentsthat can be performed on a solderless breadboard remotelywithout any risk of being harmed. IAOE (InternationalAssociation of Online Engineering has organized SIG VISIR aSpecial Interest Group for VISIR. Further development of theplatform is carried out in this Community. This paper is aboutwork in progress especially at BTH.
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| 21. |
- Hansen, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Biologisk psykologi
- 2012
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Ingår i: Grunderna i vår tids psykologi. - 9789127131675 ; , s. 47-83
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Den biologiska psykologin har under senare år, tillsammans med andra vetenskaper som rör hjärnan, utvecklats till ett mycket aktivt och framgångsrikt forskningsområde. I detta kapitel kommer vi ofta att röra oss i gränsområden till andra vetenskaper - som utvecklingslära, genetik, neurofysiologi och neurokemi - för att presentera en karta över detta expansiva område.
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| 22. |
- Helgesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness absence at a young age and later sickness absence, disability pension, death, unemployment and income in native Swedes and immigrants
- 2013
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 23:4, s. 606-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Youth unemployment is an increasing problem for societies around the world. Research has revealed negative health effects of unemployment, and this longitudinal register-based cohort study examined the relationship between unemployment and later sickness absence, disability pension and death among youth in Sweden.Method: The study group of 199 623 individuals comprised all immigrants born between 1968 and 1972 who immigrated before 1990 (25 607) and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age-range (174 016). The baseline year was 1992, and the follow-up period was from 1993 to 2007. Subjects with unemployment benefit in 1990–91, disability pension in 1990–92, severe disorders leading to hospitalization in 1990–92 and subjects who emigrated during follow-up were excluded.Results: Those who were unemployed in 1992 had elevated risk of ≥60 days of sickness absence (OR 1.02–1.49), disability pension (HR 1.08–1.62) and all except native Swedish women had elevated risk of death (HR 1.01–1.65) during follow-up compared with non-unemployed individuals. The risk of future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992 (OR 1.06–1.54), and the risk of sickness absence increased over time. A larger part of the immigrant cohort was unemployed at baseline than native Swedes. Selection to unemployment by less healthy subjects may explain part of the association between unemployment and the studied outcomes.Conclusion: Unemployment at an early age may influence the future health of the individual. To a society it may lead to increased burdens on the welfare system and productivity loss for many years.
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| 23. |
- Helgesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness absence at a young age and later sickness absence, disability pension, death, unemployment and income in native Swedes and immigrants
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 25:4, s. 688-692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sickness absence with cash benefits from the sickness insurance gives an opportunity to be relieved from work without losing financial security. There are, however, downsides to taking sickness absence. Periods of sickness absence, even short ones, can increase the risk for future spells of sickness absence and unemployment. The sickness period may in itself have a detrimental effect on health. The aim of the study was to investigate if there is an association between exposure to sickness absence at a young age and later sickness absence, disability pension, death, unemployment and income from work. Methods: Our cohort consisted of all immigrants aged 21-25 years in Sweden in 1993 (N=38 207) and a control group of native Swedes in the same age group (N=225 977). We measured exposure to sickness absence in 1993 with a follow-up period of 15 years. We conducted separate analyses for men and women, and for immigrants and native Swedes. Results: Exposure to >= 60 days of sickness absence in 1993 increased the risk of sickness absence [hazard ratio (HR) 1.6-11.4], unemployment (HR 1.1-1.2), disability pension (HR 1.2-5.3) and death (HR 1.2-3.5). The income from work, during the follow-up period, among individuals with spells of sick leave for >= 60 days in 1993 was around two-thirds of that of the working population who did not take sick leave. Conclusions: Individuals on sickness absence had an increased risk for work absence, death and lower future income.
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| 24. |
- Helgesson, Magnus
(författare)
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Unemployment and sick leave at a young age and associations with future health and work
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this register-based longitudinal study was to explore the relationship between exposure to unemployment and sick leave at a young age and later health and work related outcomes. A comparison was also made between immigrants and native Swedes. The study population consisted of all immigrants, born between 1968 and 1972, and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age range. The follow-up period was 15 years, divided into three 5-year periods. Unemployment in 1992 was associated with later ≥60 days of sickness absence, disability pension and, for all subjects except native Swedish women, also mortality during follow-up. The risk of future sickness absence was about the same in all three follow-up periods. There was an increased risk of ≥100 days of unemployment in all three follow-up periods, but the risk declined, however, until the last follow-up period. Higher level of education at baseline as well as education attained between 1993 and 1997 decreased the risk of future unemployment. Participating in active labour market programmes was associated with higher risk of future unemployment. The risk of both future unemployment and future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992. Immigrants had a higher risk of unemployment both at baseline and at follow-up compared with native Swedes, but matched the pattern of native Swedes during follow-up. Exposure to ≥60 days of sickness absence in 1993 was associated with increased risk for ≥60 days of sickness absence, ≥100 days of unemployment, disability pension and mortality during follow-up compared with no sick leave at baseline. The income from work, during the follow-up period, among individuals with spells of sick leave ≥60 days in 1993 was around two-thirds of that of individuals not on >60 days of sick leave. There was a rapid increase in future work absence for the first 1–7 days of sick leave claimed. Thereafter there was a lower, but steady increase in days of future work absence for every increase in sick leave. This of course affects the individual in the first place and to a society it means substantial costs in the form of increased welfare payments, and loss of productivity and tax income.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Helgesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment at a young age and later sickness absence, disability pension and death in native Swedes and immigrants
- 2013
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 23:4, s. 606-610
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Youth unemployment is an increasing problem for societies around the world. Research has revealed negative health effects of unemployment, and this longitudinal register-based cohort study examined the relationship between unemployment and later sickness absence, disability pension and death among youth in Sweden.METHOD: The study group of 199 623 individuals comprised all immigrants born between 1968 and 1972 who immigrated before 1990 (25 607) and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age-range (174 016). The baseline year was 1992, and the follow-up period was from 1993 to 2007. Subjects with unemployment benefit in 1990-91, disability pension in 1990-92, severe disorders leading to hospitalization in 1990-92 and subjects who emigrated during follow-up were excluded.RESULTS: Those who were unemployed in 1992 had elevated risk of ≥60 days of sickness absence (OR 1.02-1.49), disability pension (HR 1.08-1.62) and all except native Swedish women had elevated risk of death (HR 1.01-1.65) during follow-up compared with non-unemployed individuals. The risk of future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992 (OR 1.06-1.54), and the risk of sickness absence increased over time. A larger part of the immigrant cohort was unemployed at baseline than native Swedes. Selection to unemployment by less healthy subjects may explain part of the association between unemployment and the studied outcomes.CONCLUSION:Unemployment at an early age may influence the future health of the individual. To a society it may lead to increased burdens on the welfare system and productivity loss for many years.
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| 27. |
- Helgesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment at a Young Age and Later Unemployment in Native Swedish and Immigrant Young Adults
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Modern Economy. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2152-7245 .- 2152-7261. ; 5:1, s. 24-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The youth unemployment rate is increasing in many countries and unemployment affects future work participa- tion. Immigrants have more difficulties than natives in succeeding on the labour market. This study examined the long-term effect of unemployment on future unemployment in Sweden. All immigrants born during 1968- 1972 and a random sample of native Swedes of the same age are included. The follow-up period was 15 years, 1993-2007. Unemployed individuals had an elevated risk of unemployment during follow-up. The risk of unem- ployment increased with the length of unemployment in 1992. Immigrants had a higher risk of unemployment both at baseline and follow-up compared with native Swedes, but followed the same pattern as native Swedes when exposed to unemployment. For individuals with ≥100 days of unemployment in 1992, participation in an Active Labour Market Program (ALMP) increased the risk of future unemployment, whereas both higher edu- cational level at baseline and attainment of a higher educational level between 1993 and 1997 decreased the risk. In addition to the human suffering caused, this can result in increased welfare payments and loss of productivity and tax income to a society. Immigrants seem not to be more vulnerable to unemployment than native Swedes.
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| 28. |
- Helgesson, Magnus
(författare)
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Unemployment at a young age and sickness absence, disability pension, death and future unemployment - A register-based study of native Swedish and immigrant young adults
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Youth unemployment is an increasing burden on societies around the world. This prospective, register-based cohort study examined the relationship between unemployment and sickness absence, disability pension, death and future unemployment among youth in Sweden. A comparison was also made between immigrants and native Swedes. Another aim was to see if Active Labour Market Programs (ALMPs) and attained education moderated the outcomes. The baseline year was 1992, a year of severe economic downturn. The follow-up period was from 1993 to 2007, divided into three 5-year periods. The study group of 199,623 individuals comprised all immigrants born between 1968 and 1972 who immigrated before 1990 (25,607) and a random sample of native Swedes in the same age range (174,016). Individuals with unemployment benefit in 1990-1991, disability pension in 1990-1992 or severe disorders leading to hospitalization in 1990-1992 were excluded in order to minimize selection bias. Those who were unemployed in 1992 had elevated risk, measured as odds ratios, of ≥60 days of sickness absence, disability pension, ≥100 days of unemployment and all, except native Swedish women, had elevated risk of death during follow-up. The risk of future unemployment declined until the last follow-up period, while the elevated risk of future sickness absence was about the same in all three follow-up periods. Higher level of education at baseline decreased the risk of future unemployment. Individuals participating in ALMPs had an increased risk of future unemployment, and immigrant women had an increased risk of sickness absence, compared to non-participating individuals. Attained education between 1993 and 1997 decreased the risk of future unemployment and decreased the risk of sickness absence among immigrants. The risk of both future unemployment and future sickness absence increased with the length of unemployment in 1992. Immigrants had higher risk of unemployment both at baseline and follow-up compared with native Swedes, but followed the pattern of native Swedes when unemployed. The conclusion are that exposure to unemployment are associated with elevated risk of future unemployment, sickness absence, disability pension and death fifteen years after exposure. To a society this will mean substantial costs in the form of increased welfare payments and loss of productivity and tax income. Selection to unemployment by individuals already sick, may explain part of the association between unemployment and the studied outcomes.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Hemmingsson, T., et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability in adolescence and mortality in middle age : a prospective life course study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 63:9, s. 697-702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: An association between childhood cognitive ability measured by IQ tests and mortality has been reported recently. It is not clear from those studies to what extent the increased relative risk associated with lower IQ scores may be attenuated by adjustment for other risk factors. This study aims to investigate the association between cognitive ability measured at age 18-20 years and mortality among middle-aged men adjusting for risk factors for mortality over the life course. METHODS: Data on cognitive ability, and other risk factors for premature mortality (indicators of mental health and social adjustment and behavioural factors), were collected among 49 321 men, born in 1949-51, at conscription for compulsory military training in 1969-70. Information on socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood, as well as information on mortality, was collected through national registers. RESULTS: Cognitive ability showed an inverse and graded association with mortality between 40 and 53 years of age (1297 cases, crude hazard ratio (HR) 1.15, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.18, for one-point decrease on the nine-point IQ scale). Adjustment for indicators of social misbehaviour, mental health problems and behavioural risk factors, measured in late adolescence, and adult social circumstances strongly attenuated the increased risks of mortality, and it was no longer significantly increased (adjusted HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.06, for one-point decrease on the nine-point IQ scale). CONCLUSION: The association between IQ and mortality among men below 54 years of age was almost completely attenuated by adjustment for risk factors captured by our measures of achieved social positions.
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| 31. |
- Hemmingsson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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How does IQ affect onset of smoking and cessation of smoking - Linking the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort to the Swedish survey of living conditions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychosomatic Medicine. - 0033-3174 .- 1534-7796. ; 70:7, s. 805-810
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To examine the association between intelligence quotient (IQ) measured at ages 18 to 20 and onset of smoking, and the association between IQ and smoking cessation. Methods: Data on IQ, smoking, mental health, and social background among 49.321 Swedish men born 1949 to 51, collected at conscription for military service in 1969, were used. The association between IQ and smoking cessation was investigated among those 694 members of the full cohort also interviewed in the Swedish Level of Living Conditions study 1981 to 2002, Results: Lower IQ measured at ages 18 to 20 was weakly associated with increased prevalence of smoking, independently of indicators of mental illness and social misbehavior measured in late adolescence, By contrast, smoking cessation later in life among those who smoked at ages 18 to 20 was not associated with IQ. Among smokers, lower IQ was significantly associated with a lower level of smoking after adjusting for other factors. Conclusion: Low IQ was associated with an increased prevalence of smoking in adolescence. However, the main part of this association disappeared after adjustment for measures of mental health and social function in early life. IQ was not associated with likelihood of quitting smoking.
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| 32. |
- Hemmingsson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18-20 and coronary heart disease in middle age among men : a prospective study using the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 65:7, s. 1410-1419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An association between childhood cognitive ability measured with IQ-tests and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence has been reported recently. It is not clear from those studies to what extent the increased relative risk associated with lower cognitive ability may be explained by CHD risk factors. This study aims to investigate the association between cognitive ability measured at age 18-20 and incidence of CHD, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and stroke among middle aged men adjusting for risk factors for CHD over the life course. Data on cognitive ability, and other risk factors for CHD (height, parental cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality, blood pressure, smoking, risky use of alcohol, BMI), were collected from 49,321 men, born in 1949-51, at conscription for compulsory military training in 1969/70 in Sweden. Information on socioeconomic factors in childhood (socioeconomic position and crowded housing) and adulthood (education, socioeconomic position, and income), as well as information on mortality and morbidity, was collected through national registers. Cognitive ability showed an inverse and graded association with CHD incidence. Adjustment for indicators of poor childhood circumstances, behavioural factors measured in late adolescence, and adult social circumstances strongly attenuated the increased risks of CHD and AMI. The contribution from adult social circumstances, after adjustment from all other factors, was very small. After adjustment for all risk factors no significantly increased relative risk was seen for stroke incidence. After adjustment for risk factors over the life course, the risk of CHD and AMI associated with cognitive ability decreased substantially, and was of borderline significance. Given the results from this study it is unlikely that cognitive ability is a risk factor on its own for CHD, AMI and stroke among men below 54 years of age.
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| 33. |
- Hogstedt, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological Symptoms in Late Adolescence and Long-Term Risk of Suicide and Suicide Attempt
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Suicide and Life-threatening Behaviour. - : Wiley. - 0363-0234 .- 1943-278X. ; 48:3, s. 315-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mental disorders in the general population are associated with increased risk of suicidality, but less is known about the independent predictive ability of self-reported psychological symptoms. We followed 49,321 screened and interviewed Swedish conscripts through 36-year follow-up to test whether psychological symptoms predicted suicide and hospitalization for suicide attempts. There were 619 suicides and 1,230 suicide attempts during the follow-up period. After excluding subjects with any psychiatric diagnoses (n=5,691, 12%) and controlling for other psychological symptoms, severe symptoms of anger, trouble falling asleep, and feeling down predicted suicide. Similarly anger, headaches, feeling down, and nervousness predicted suicide attempt. Self-reported psychological symptoms may have a predictive value beyond psychiatric diagnosis.
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| 34. |
- Hultin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of Adjustment Latitude at Work as a Trigger of Taking Sick Leave : A Swedish Case-Crossover Study
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesResearch has shown that individuals reporting a low level of adjustment latitude, defined as having few possibilities to temporarily adjust work demands to illness, have a higher risk of sick leave. To what extent lack of adjustment latitude influences the individual when making the decision to take sick leave is unknown. We hypothesize that ill individuals are more likely to take sick leave on days when they experience a lack of adjustment latitude at work than on days with access to adjustment latitude.MethodsA case-crossover design was applied to 546 sick-leave spells, extracted from a cohort of 1 430 employees at six Swedish workplaces, with a 3–12 month follow-up of all new sick-leave spells. Exposure to lack of adjustment latitude on the first sick-leave day was compared with exposure during several types of control periods sampled from the previous two months for the same individual.ResultsOnly 35% of the respondents reported variations in access to adjustment latitude, and 19% reported a constant lack of adjustment latitude during the two weeks prior to the sick-leave spell. Among those that did report variation, the risk of sick leave was lower on days with lack of adjustment latitude, than on days with access (Odds Ratio 0.36, 95% Confidence Interval 0.25–0.52).ConclusionsThis is the first study to show the influence of adjustment latitude on the decision to take sick leave. Among those with variations in exposure, lack of adjustment latitude was a deterrent of sick leave, which is contrary to the à priori hypothesis. These results indicate that adjustment latitude may not only capture long-lasting effects of a flexible working environment, but also temporary possibilities to adjust work to being absent. Further studies are needed to disentangle the causal mechanisms of adjustment latitude on sick-leave.
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| 35. |
- Hultin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Low level of adjustment latitude : a risk factor for sickness absence
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 20:6, s. 682-688
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The prerequisite for obtaining sickness benefit is reduced work ability for medical reasons in combination with work demands which cannot be adjusted accordingly. The aim of this study was to investigate if low levels of adjustment latitude, defined as the possibility to temporarily adjust work demands in case of ill health, influence sickness absence. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 1420 employees (47% participation, aged 19-68; 56% women) was conducted at six Swedish workplaces. Exposure to two general and nine specific types of adjustment latitude was ascertained at baseline. Outcome was defined as the first new employer-reported sick-leave spell during a follow-up of 3-12 months. Hazard ratios (HR) of sick leave, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: The incidence of sickness absence was 2.85/1000 person-days. The self-reported reasons for sick leave were mainly minor complaints such as colds, influenzas and headaches. Employees lacking adjustment latitude had an adjusted HR of sickness absence of 1.51 (95% CI 1.08-2.11). Among specific adjustment latitude types, those not having the possibility to work from home generated an HR of 1.86 (95% CI 1.31-2.64). The effects of lack of adjustment latitude were similar for men and women but seemed to vary between different occupations. Conclusion: A low level of adjustment latitude at work is a risk factor for sickness absence.
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| 36. |
- Hultin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Low Workload as a Trigger of Sick Leave Results From a Swedish Case-Crossover Study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 54:2, s. 202-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate if exposure to an unusually low workload when ill can trigger taking sick leave. Methods: A case-crossover design was applied to 546 sick-leave spells obtained from a cohort of 1430 employees within six Swedish workplaces. New sick-leave spells were reported from the workplaces during 3 to 12 months follow-up. Exposure was assessed in structured participant interviews at sick leave. Case and control periods from the same individual were sampled according to the matched-pair and usual-frequency approaches. Results are presented as odds ratios with surrounding 95% confidence intervals. Results: The odds ratio of sick leave on a day with an unusually low workload was 2.57 (confidence interval, 1.07-6.16). Conclusions: Becoming ill on a day with a lower workload than usual can trigger the decision to take sick leave.
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| 37. |
- Hultin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Work-related psychosocial events as triggers of sickleave – results from a Swedish case-crossover study
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BMC. - 1471-2458. ; 11:175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Although illness is an important cause of sick leave, it has also been suggested that non-medical risk factors may influence this association. If such factors impact on the period of decision making, they should be considered as triggers. Yet, there is no empirical support available. The aim was to investigate whether recent exposure to work-related psychosocial events can trigger the decision to report sick when ill. Methods A case-crossover design was applied to 546 sick-leave spells, extracted from a Swedish cohort of 1 430 employees with a 3-12 month follow-up of new sick-leave spells. Exposure in a case period corresponding to an induction period of one or two days was compared with exposure during control periods sampled from workdays during a two-week period prior to sick leave for the same individual. This was done according to the matched-pair interval and the usual frequency approaches. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Most sick-leave spells happened in relation to acute, minor illnesses that substantially reduced work ability. The risk of taking sick leave was increased when individuals had recently been exposed to problems in their relationship with a superior (OR 3.63; CI 1.44-9.14) or colleagues (OR 4.68; CI 1.43-15.29). Individuals were also more inclined to report sick on days when they expected a very stressful work situation than on a day when they were not under such stress (OR 2.27; CI 1.40-3.70). Conclusions Exposure to problems in workplace relationships or a stressful work situation seems to be able to trigger reporting sick. Psychosocial work-environmental factors appear to have a short-term effect on individuals when deciding to report sick.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Janszky, Imre, et al.
(författare)
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Early-Onset Depression, Anxiety, and Risk of Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease : 37-Year Follow-Up of 49,321 Young Swedish Men
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 56:1, s. 31-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term cardiac effects of depression and anxiety assessed at a young age, when reverse causation is not feasible. Background Most prospective studies found a relatively strong association between depression and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD). However, almost exclusively, only middle-age or older participants were examined, and subclinical atherosclerosis might contribute to the observed association. The prospective association between anxiety and CHD was less evident in previous studies and has been subjected to similar methodological concerns on the possibility for a reverse causation. Methods In a nationwide survey, 49,321 young Swedish men, 18 to 20 years of age, were medically examined for military service in 1969 and 1970. All the conscripts were seen by a psychologist for a structured interview. Conscripts reporting or presenting any psychiatric symptoms were seen by psychiatrists. Depression and anxiety was diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases-8th Revision (ICD-8). Data on well-established CHD risk factors and potential confounders were also collected (i.e., anthropometrics, diabetes, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, socioeconomic position, family history of CHD, and geographic area). Participants were followed for CHD and for acute myocardial infarction for 37 years. Results Multiadjusted hazard ratios associated with depression were 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 1.54), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.65 to 1.65), for CHD and for acute myocardial infarction, respectively. The corresponding multiadjusted hazard ratios for anxiety were 2.17 (95% CI: 1.28 to 3.67) and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.38 to 4.55). Conclusions In men, aged 18 to 20 years, anxiety as diagnosed by experts according to ICD-8 criteria independently predicted subsequent CHD events. In contrast, we found no support for such an effect concerning early-onset depression in men. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 31-7) (C) 2010 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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| 40. |
- Jarvella, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of error detection in discourse
- 1992
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Ingår i: Reading and writing. - 0922-4777 .- 1573-0905. ; 4:1, s. 79-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of error detection in discourse is reported in which children 10 to 13 years old listened to set of expository texts read aloud, read the texts via a moving window simulated on a computer screen, or read them typed on paper. Occasional changes were introduced in the texts, resulting in illformedness at a semantic level, at a morpho-syntactic level, or (in reading) at an orthographic level. The subjects were 278 Swedish 4th and 6th grade pupils. Analysis of d' showed that all test groups performed above chance, that 6th grade children were better at the task, and that errors were easiest to detect while listening. By the same standard, detecting errors when reading was easier from hard copy. However, 4th graders detected both more othographic and morpho-syntactic errors when reading from the moving window, suggesting some advantage in presenting text to younger readers from left to right.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Johansson, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Preoperative ropivacaine infiltration in breast surgery
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172. ; 44:9, s. 1093-1098
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate whether preoperative infiltration with ropivacaine in conjunction with breast surgery improves postoperative pain management and attenuates postoperative nausea and vomiting. Method: Prospective, randomised, double-blind study, including 60 healthy women (ASA 1–2) allocated to one of two groups. Thirty patients were given 0.3 ml/kg saline in the operating field before surgery. Another 30 patients received a similar volume of ropivacaine 3.75 mg/ml. A visual analogue scale (0–100 mm) was used for evaluation of postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting. If the score was more than 30 mm at rest, the patients were given ketobemidone i.v. as treatment for postoperative pain, and dixyrazine i.v. against nausea and vomiting. The intra- and postoperative analgesic requirements and postoperative nausea and vomiting were registered. Results: The intraoperative fentanyl consumption was similar in the saline group 81±22 μg vs 76±28 μg; (ns) in the ropivacaine group. The postoperative 24-h ketobemidone consumption was also similar to those treated with ropivacaine (4.2±2.6 mg vs 4.2±4.3 mg; ns). Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) occurred with similar frequencies in both groups. The 24-h dixyrazine consumption was the same in the two groups (2.1±2.7 mg in the saline group compared to 2.4±2.8 mg in the ropivacaine group; ns). After 6 h recovery, 41% of all patients had experienced nausea and 20% vomiting. Conclusion: We found no differences in postoperative pain management between 3.75 mg/ml ropivacaine and saline wound infiltration before breast surgery. The data show similar postoperative needs of analgesics and antiemetics with a similar frequency of PONV.
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| 43. |
- Johansson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Wound infiltration with ropivacaine and fentanyl: Effects on postoperative pain and PONV after breast surgery
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. - 1873-4529. ; 15:2, s. 113-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Study Objective: To determine whether Postoperative wound infiltration with local anesthetics combined with fentanyl improves analgesia following breast surgery; and to investigate awakening and Postoperative nausea/vomiting. Design: Prospectively randomized clinical study. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 45 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for breast surgery. Interventions: Patients were prospectively randomized and assigned to one of three treatments during general anesthesia: postsurgical wound infiltration with ropivacaine 0.375%; wound infiltration with ropivacaine 0.375% combined with fentanyl 0.5 mug/kg; and intravenous (IV) fentanyl 0.5 mug/kg before skin incision and no wound infiltration. Time to first verbal response, Pain at rest, Postoperative nausea and vomiting, and ketobemidone and dixyrazine utilization were compared. Measurements and Main Results: Time to first verbal response was significantly shorter in the IV fentanyl group compared to both infiltration groups (8.1 +/- 4.5 min vs. 15.3 +/- 4.3, and 12.0 +/- 5.0 min; p < 0.05, respectively). Postoperative Pain at rest, and nausea and vomiting occurred with similar frequencies in the groups. Ketobemidone utilization in both infiltration groups, (2.4 +/- 1.8 mg and 3.1 +/- 1.8 mg, respectively) was not different compared to the IV fentanyl group (2.9 +/- 2.0 mg; NS). There were no differences in Postoperative antiemetic requirements during the first, second and third two-hour periods postoperatively. The dixyrazine consumption was similar in the three groups, (0.9 +/- 1.5 mg, 0.8 +/- 1.3 mg, and 1.4 +/- 1.8 mg, respectively; NS). Conclusion: Postsurgical ropivacaine wound infiltration, with or without adding fentanyl, demonstrates no differences in postoperative Pain relief and nausea/vomiting compared to a balanced general anesthetic including IV fentanyl. (C) 2003 by Elsevier Science Inc.
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| 44. |
- Johansson, Bo, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Work and health among immigrants and native Swedes 1990-2008 : a register-based study on hospitalization for common potentially work-related disorders, disability pension and mortality
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 12, s. 845-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThere are many immigrants in the Swedish workforce, but knowledge of their general and work-related health is limited. The aim of this register-based study was to explore whether documented migrant residents in Sweden have a different health status regarding receipt of a disability pension, mortality and hospitalization for lung, heart, psychiatric, and musculoskeletal disorders compared with the native population, and if there were variations in relation to sex, geographical origin, position on the labor market, and time since first immigration.MethodsThis study included migrants to Sweden since 1960 who were 28--47 years old in 1990, and included 243 860 individuals. The comparison group comprised a random sample of 859 653 native Swedes. These cohorts were followed from 1991 to 2008 in national registers. The immigrants were divided into four groups based on geographic origin. Hazard ratios for men and women from different geographic origins and with different employment status were analyzed separately for the six outcomes, with adjustment for age, education level, and income. The influence of length of residence in Sweden was analyzed separately.ResultsNordic immigrants had increased risks for all investigated disorders and mortality, while most other groups had equal or lower risks for those outcomes than the Swedes. The lowest HRs were found in the EU 15+ group (from western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand). All groups, except Nordic immigrants, had lower risk of mortality, but all had higher risk of disability pension receipt compared with native Swedes. Unemployed non-Nordic men displayed equal or lower HRs for most outcomes, except disability pension receipt, compared with unemployed Swedish men. A longer time since first immigration improved the health status of men, while women showed opposite results.ConclusionsEmployment status and length of residence are important factors for health. The contradictory results of low mortality and high disability pension risks need more attention. There is great potential to increase the knowledge in this field in Sweden, because of the high quality registers.
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| 45. |
- Johansson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Work and health among native and foreign-born residents in Sweden 1990-2008 : a register-based study on hospitalization for common potentially work-related disorders, disability pension and mortality
- 2012
-
Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 12:1, s. 845-854
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There are many immigrants in the Swedish workforce, but knowledge of their general and work-related health is limited. The aim of this register-based study was to explore whether documented migrant residents in Sweden have a different health status regarding receipt of a disability pension, mortality and hospitalization for lung, heart, psychiatric, and musculoskeletal disorders compared with the native population, and if there were variations in relation to sex, geographical origin, position on the labor market, and time since first immigration.Methods: This study included migrants to Sweden since 1960 who were 28-47 years old in 1990, and included 243 860 individuals. The comparison group comprised a random sample of 859 653 native Swedes. These cohorts were followed from 1991 to 2008 in national registers. The immigrants were divided into four groups based on geographic origin. Hazard ratios for men and women from different geographic origins and with different employment status were analyzed separately for the six outcomes, with adjustment for age, education level, and income. The influence of length of residence in Sweden was analyzed separately.Results: Nordic immigrants had increased risks for all investigated outcomes while most other groups had equal or lower risks for those outcomes than the Swedes. The lowest HRs were found in the EU 15+ group (from western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand). All groups, except Nordic immigrants, had lower risk of mortality, but all had higher risk of disability pension receipt compared with native Swedes. Unemployed non-Nordic men displayed equal or lower HRs for most outcomes, except disability pension receipt, compared with unemployed Swedish men. A longer time since first immigration improved the health status of men, while women showed opposite results.Conclusions: Employment status and length of residence are important factors for health. The contradictory results of low mortality and high disability pension risks need more attention. There is great potential to increase the knowledge in this field in Sweden, because of the high quality registers.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Johansson, Gun, et al.
(författare)
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Adjustment latitude and attendance requirements as determinants of sickness absence or attendance : Empirical tests of the illness flexibility model
- 2004
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Ingår i: Social Science & Medicine. - 0277-9536. ; 58:10, s. 1857-1868
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates whether the two dimensions of illness flexibility at work, adjustment latitude and attendance requirements are associated to sickness absence and sickness attendance. Adjustment latitude describes the opportunities people have to reduce or in other ways change their work-effort when ill. Such opportunities can be to choose among work tasks or work at a slower pace. Attendance requirements describe negative consequences of being away from work that can affect either the subject, work mates or a third party. In a cross-sectional design data based on self-reports from a questionnaire from 4924 inhabitants in the county of Stockholm were analysed. The results showed that low adjustment latitude, as predicted, increased women's sickness absence. However, it did not show any relation to men's sickness absence and men's and women's sickness attendance. Attendance requirements were strongly associated to both men's and women's sickness absence and sickness attendance in the predicted way. Those more often required to attend were less likely to be absent and more likely to attend work at illness. As this is the first study of how illness flexibility at work affects behaviour at illness, it was concluded that more studies are needed.
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| 48. |
- Johansson, Gun, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Components of the illness flexibility model as explanations of socioeconomic differences in sickness absence
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Health Services. - 0020-7314 .- 1541-4469. ; 39:1, s. 123-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors studied the social gradient in sickness absence in relation to components of the illness flexibility model, which highlights conditions affecting whether people attend work when they are ill. The conditions studied were: adjustment latitude, attendance requirements at work, stimulating work, and health. The population sample was part of a panel originating in 1994 when 15,154 inhabitants of Stockholm County were randomly selected to receive a questionnaire covering, among other things, health and psychosocial conditions. New questionnaires were sent to the respondents in 1998 and 2002. This article analyzes the 2002 data, for 1,634 women and 1,063 men. These respondents had reported being employed or on leave of absence. In this sample, a social difference was found in sickness absence of 31 days or more per year. For manual workers, women had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.8 and men an OR of 3.4 for such absence compared with nonmanual workers of both sexes in high socioeconomic positions. All single potential confounders decreased these ORs. Adding all characteristics decreased the OR by 78 percent for women and 67 percent for men. The results indicate that the social gradient in sickness absence is due to differences in health and in working conditions when one is ill.
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| 49. |
- Liu, Bojing, et al.
(författare)
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Working conditions, serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety disorders : a prospective cohort study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 151:2, s. 652-659
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathology of anxiety disorders involve both genetic and environmental influences. Adverse working conditions may contribute to the development of anxiety. The serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been implicated in stress sensitivity. Therefore, we investigated the potential interplay between 5-HTTLPR and job-related risk factors in the prediction of the occurrence of anxiety.METHODS: We conducted a prospective study using the first two waves of a Swedish population-based cohort. At Wave I, 1585 individuals without anxiety, depression or dysthymia who were active in the labor market during both waves were included. Information on job demands, skill discretion, decision authority and social climate was collected at Wave I. After a three year interval, the presence of anxiety disorders was determined at Wave II. All 1585 participants were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR. Both additive and multiplicative models were considered in examining the potential interaction between 5-HTTLPR and adverse working conditions on the development of anxiety.RESULTS: Anxiety was associated with high job demands but not with 5-HTTLPR. An interaction was observed between 5-HTTLPR and high job demands among females. Individuals with 5-HTTLPR high expression genotype (LL) developed anxiety disorders more frequently when exposed to high job demands compared to 'LS/SS' carriers.LIMITATIONS: A limited number of participants developed anxiety.CONCLUSIONS: High job demands predict the development of anxiety. The 5-HTT polymorphism has a moderating effect on the relationship between high job demands and anxiety among females.
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| 50. |
- Lundberg, Ingvar, 1934
(författare)
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Alla kan lära sig läsa : Everybody can learn how to read
- 2006
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The cognitive and linguistic demands in reading acquisition is analyzed in this text, and teachers are provided with evidence-based ideas of what works in early reading instruction especially for children with slow development.
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