| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of trade on earnings - evidence from Swedish micro data
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Oxford Economic Papers. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1464-3812 .- 0030-7653. ; 56:2, s. 231-241
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a large longitudinal data set, we study the effects of increased trade on earnings in the Swedish labor market. Earnings respond significantly to changes in industry sales, whether generated by domestic market forces or international trade: Swedish exports (imports) raise (lower) annual earnings, but changes in trade affect earnings just as any other shift in market conditions. We also examine whether the effects of trade vary by skill. We do not find systematic differences in the effects of trade across the skill distribution.
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| 3. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Trade, earnings and mobility : Swedish evidence
- 2000
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a large longitudinal data set, we study the effects of increased trade on earnings and mobility in the Swedish labor market in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Earnings respond significantly to changes in industry sales, whether generated by domestic market forces or international trade: Swedish exports (imports) raise (lower) annual earnings, but changes in trade affect earnings just as any other shift in market conditions. In general, the wage effects are small; the prime response to changes in the product market appears to be variations in employment. We also examine whether trade has differential effects across skill groups. However, we do not find systematic differences in the effects of trade across the earnings distribution.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hedner, Thomas, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Gammahydroxybutyric acid: central biochemical and behavioral effects in neonatal rats.
- 1985
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Ingår i: Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. - 0091-3057. ; 23:2, s. 185-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Administration of gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) to 4 days old animals caused a dose dependent decrease in locomotor activity. GHBA also induced a marked hypoventilation, irregular breathing and finally apnea, while heart rate was slightly increased. Changes in monoamine neurotransmitter turnover indicated an inhibition of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. It is concluded that GHBA mechanisms in the neonatal rat brain are biochemically as well as functionally mature at an early age and that the effects on locomotor activity and respiratory regulation at least partly may involve interactions with central DA neurotransmission.
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| 6. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
-
Employer attitudes towards refugee immigrants : Findings from a Swedish survey
- 2016
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Ingår i: International labour review (Print). - : Wiley. - 0020-7780 .- 1564-913X. ; 155:2, s. 315-337
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a large-scale survey of Swedish firms, the authors identify significant heterogeneity in their attitudes towards refugee hiring, job performance, wage setting and discrimination, though experience of employing refugees reduces negative attitudes. Firms' reasons for discontinuing their employment of refugees are not related to discrimination by staff or customers, but rather to refugees' suboptimal job performance. While the majority of firms do not regard the collectively agreed minimum wages as an important obstacle to the hiring of refugees, firms with a large share of refugees on the payroll report that reducing those wage rates would enhance employment substantially.
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| 7. |
- Lundborg, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Employer attitudes towards refugee immigrants
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present a large survey with responses from Swedish firms on their attitudes towardsrefugees, regarding hiring, job performance, wage setting and discrimination. There is a greatdeal of heterogeneity in attitudes, but experience of having refugees on the payroll reducesnegative attitudes to them. Firms’ reasons for ceasing to have refugees as employees are notrelated to discrimination of refugees by staff or customers, but rather to poor job performance.While most firms agree with statements that wage cuts negatively affect worker cohesion,effort or the quality of applicants, employers who consider such cuts as employmentenhancing tend to not agree.#
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| 8. |
- Lundborg, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Minimum wages and the integration of refugee immigrants
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper is the first to estimate the effects of minimum wages on the unemployment of refugee immigrants. The collectively agreed minimum wages raise both the incidence of unemployment and days in unemployment considerably for male refugees in Sweden; different estimation methods and models yield robust elasticities in the 1.8–2.0 range. The effects for young male natives are about half as large. There are heterogeneous effects with regard to country of origin and time of residence in Sweden for both male and female refugees. We account for spatial trends – a concern in some of the recent literature – as well as industrial trends. It turns out that only the latter affect our results.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Survey evidence on wage rigidity and unemployment : Sweden in the 1990s
- 1999
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study reports the results from a repeat survey among managers in Swedish manufacturing, designed to explore how a severe and prolonged macroeconomic shock affects wage rigidity and unemployment. Our second survey was conducted in 1998, when the unemployment rate was much higher, and the inflation rate much lower, than when we conducted the first survey in 1991. We find no evidence that the increase in unemployment has softened the mechanisms generating wage rigidity. On the contrary, we conclude that – because of severe downward nominal wage rigidity – real wages have become more rigid during Sweden’s move to a low-inflation environment. We also report a range of new evidence on underbidding, efficiency wage mechanisms, job security legislation, workers’ wage norms, and to what extent the long-term unemployed are subject to statistical discrimination.
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| 11. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Survey evidence on wage rigidity and unemployment : Sweden in the 1990s
- 1999
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study reports the results from a repeat survey among managers in Swedish manufacturing, designed to explore how a severe and prolonged macroeconomic shock affects wage rigidity and unemployment. Our second survey was conducted in 1998, when the unemp
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| 12. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Wage Fairness and International Trade Theory and Policy
- 1991
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We show how an extended theory of fair wages, in which workers also care about the functional distribution of income, can be incorporated in the two-by-two Heckscher-Ohlin model. An important feature of the model is the existence of involuntary unemployment. Several results stand out. First, there is no longer a simple relation between measures of factor abundance and trade patterns. First, there is no longer a simple relation between measures of factor abundance and trade patterns. Second, factor-price equalization will generally not occur. Third, differences in social norms explain why terms of trade shocks produce nonuniform adjustments in real wages and unemployment across otherwise similar countries. Fourth, losses from trade may occur. Finally, in countries where fairness considerations are important, tariffs may increase overall employment.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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Therapeutic alliance in guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 50:9, s. 544-550
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Guided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) has been found to be effective in several controlled trials, but the mechanisms of change are largely unknown. Therapeutic alliance is a factor that has been studied in many psychotherapy trials, but the role of therapeutic alliance in ICBT is less well known. The present study investigated early alliance ratings in three separate samples. Participants from one sample of depressed individuals (N = 49), one sample of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (N = 35), and one sample with social anxiety disorder (N = 90) completed the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) modified for ICBT early in the treatment (weeks 3-4) when they took part in guided ICBT for their conditions. Results showed that alliance ratings were high in all three samples and that the WAI including the subscales of Task, Goal and Bond had high internal consistencies. Overall, correlations between the WAI and residualized change scores on the primary outcome measures were small and not statistically significant. We conclude that even if alliance ratings are in line with face-to-face studies, therapeutic alliance as measured by the WAI is probably less important in ICBT than in regular face-to-face psychotherapy.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Forshammar, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Anti-inflammatory substances can influence some glial cell types but not others.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Brain research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6240 .- 0006-8993. ; 1539, s. 34-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In rat microglial enriched cultures, expressing Toll-like receptor 4, we studied cytokine release after exposure with 1ng/ml LPS for 0.5-24h. Dexamethasone and corticosterone exposure served as controls. We focused on whether naloxone, ouabain, and bupivacaine, all agents with reported anti-inflammatory effects on astrocytes, could affect the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in microglia. Our results show that neither ultralow (10(-12)M) nor high (10(-6)M) concentrations of these agents had demonstrable effects on cytokine release in microglia. The results indicate that anti-inflammatory substances exert specific influences on different glial cell types. Astrocytes seem to be functional targets for anti-inflammatory substances while microglia respond directly to inflammatory stimuli and are thus more sensitive to anti-inflammatory substances like corticoids. The physiological relevance might be that astrocyte dysfunction influences neuronal signalling both due to direct disturbance of astrocyte functions and in the communication within the astrocyte networks. When the signalling between astrocytes is working, then microglia produce less pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Johansen, Kari, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimates of Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Costs due to Severe Rotavirus Infections leading to Hospitalization in Swedish Children (<5 years)
- 2011
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Estimates of economic benefit of rotavirus vaccination depend on the accuracy of calculated country-specific costs related to rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). Transmission of disease to family members adds to the economic burden through loss of caregiver productivity. The aim of this study was to assess costs related to severe RVGE.Material and methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted in a large hospital in the Stockholm region, serving a population of 66,222 children < 5 years. RVGE related health care resource use and time off work were collected from a sample of families with hospitalised children due to community- and nosocomially-derived RVGE (n=153). Health care related costs were calculated using 2008 DRG reimbursement for acute diarrhoea and productivity loss using self reported absence combined with 2008 Swedish average cost for a working hour (€28) from SCB/Statistics Sweden.Results: Median age of hospitalised children was 15 months. For caregivers, average workday loss due to children's, siblings or own disease was 4.2 days and 1.2 days, respectively. Estimated average total cost per child was €3227, €1949 (60%) for health -care related costs, €1186 (37%) productivity loss and €92 (3%) due to other indirect costs.Conclusions: Economic burden of RVGE is primarily driven by costs related to in-patient care, sensitive to unit cost used. However, loss of productivity is also significant in spite of generous parental allowance in Sweden, 12-18 months per child. A limitation of this study is that productivity loss from care for non-hospitalized children and its household members was not assessed.
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| 19. |
- Kreuger, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Autonomous load balancing of heterogeneous networks
- 2015
-
Ingår i: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781479980888
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a method for load balancing heterogeneous networks by dynamically assigning values to the LTE cell range expansion (CRE) parameter. The method records hand-over events online and adapts flexibly to changes in terminal traffic and mobility by maintaining statistical estimators that are used to support autonomous assignment decisions. The proposed approach has low overhead and is highly scalable due to a modularised and completely distributed design that exploits self-organisation based on local inter-cell interactions. An advanced simulator that incorporates terminal traffic patterns and mobility models with a radio access network simulator has been developed to validate and evaluate the method.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Lundborg, Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
Osseointegrated wrist-joint prostheses: A 15-year follow-up with focus on bony fixation.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-2073 .- 0284-4311. ; 41:3, s. 130-137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthrosis of the wrist joint were followed up for 15 ( 14 - 17) years after wrist-joint arthroplasty with semiconstrained artificial joint mechanisms that had been anchored to bone using the osseointegration principle. They were fixed by one titanium screw introduced into the radius, and two or more titanium screws introduced distally into the metacarpal bones. In four cases a screw was also introduced into the ulna thereby constituting one component in a distal radio-ulnar (DRU) joint mechanism. The titanium screw introduced into the radius and the distal metacarpal screws osseointegrated in all cases. In three cases the mechanism of the wrist joint or parts of it were replaced with new components that could be attached to the screws that were already osseointegrated. We conclude that wrist joint prostheses can be anchored to the surrounding bone using osseointegration and that they remain fixed for at least 15 years. The principle allows replacement of the joint mechanism, if needed, with maintenance of the osseointegrated anchoring elements.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Lundborg, Per
(författare)
-
Assimilation in Sweden : Wages, Employment and Work Income
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While differences in days in unemployment even out after some time after immigration, wage differences between immigrants and natives remain in the long run. Employment assimilation is more or less immediate for labour immigrants, while it takes approximately twenty years for non-labour immigrants to obtain the same employment status as natives and labour immigrants. We also find that the high educated non-labour immigrants’ income of work lag behind those of high educated natives more than wages of low educated non-labour immigrants do to low educated natives. Thus, low educated immigrants assimilate faster than high educated. Similarly, male non-labour immigrants’ work income lag behind male natives’ income more than female non-labour immigrants’ income do to female natives’ income. Thus, female immigrants assimilate faster than male immigrants.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Distributional Effects of Wage Leadership: Evidence from Sweden
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper represents the first analysis of the consequences of a formal wage leadership, the Swedish Industry Agreement. We show that leadership in general has implied a lowered wage level for occupational groups having signed the agreement compared to groups that have not signed it. This is as expected as wage leadership should stabilize wage increases. However, the effects differ widely across occupations and skilled groups that signed the agreement have raised their wage level compared to otherwise similar workers outside the agreement. The agreement seems to have had a less binding effect on skilled workers. A possible explanation is that local wage formation is more common among the skilled groups. The agreement has increased the wage level among high educated compared to low educated and thus raised the education premium. Difference-in-differences models are applied using register data 1990- 2005.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
EUs fria arbetsmarknad : Kan Riksbanken skrota NAIRU-begreppet?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk debatt. - Klippan. - 0345-2646. ; 38:6, s. 5-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ökningen av området för den fria rörligheten som följde av EUs utvidgning ledde till kraftiga ökningar av arbetsutbudet i framför allt Norge, Storbritannien och Irland. Efter att krisen lagt sig kan arbetsutbudet i Sverige komma att kunna öka kraftigt under en lång tid framöver genom invandring, inte bara från nya EU-länder utan också från tredje land såsom Indien och Kina. Vakanser kan tillsättas utan hämmande löneinflation med betydelse för penningpolitiken där begreppet NAIRU efter hand kan förväntas bli irrelevant. I stället måste Riksbanken beakta t ex arbetskraftens utbudselasticitet i utvandringsländerna, konkurrensen om arbetskraft från andra höglöneländer, som underlag för sina penningpolitiska beslut.
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| 30. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Flyktingars långa väg till arbetslivet
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Framtider. - Stockholm : Sekretariatet för framtidsstudier. - 0281-0492. ; :4, s. 27-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Lundborg, Per
(författare)
-
Invandring, åldersstruktur och välfärd i en missvisande Delmi-rapport
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 45:3, s. 41-50
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Artikeln bygger på en granskning av en Delmi-rapport (Malmberg m fl 2016) där författarna argumenterar för att invandringens effekter på befolkningens åldersstruktur mycket kraftigt kommer att höja den ekonomiska tillväxten. Dessa effekter bygger på en feltolkning av regressionsresultat där i realiteten BNP har påverkat åldersstrukturen snarare än tvärtom. Vidare har de regressioner som rapporten bygger på en olämplig utfallsvariabel, beaktar inte humankapital och andra för tillväxten uppenbart viktiga effekter. Det saknas även en övertygande vetenskaplig litteratur och rimliga teoretiska förklaringar till att åldersstrukturen skulle driva den ekonomiska tillväxten i den utsträckning som rapporten påstår.
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| 33. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Invandringspolitik för cirkulär migration
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den grundläggande tanken bakom cirkulär migration är att arbetare ska uppmuntras att flytta flera gånger mellan sändar- och mottagarländer för att på så vis effektivisera både ursprungslandets och mottagarlandets ekonomier. Diskussionerna har i hög grad handlat om högutbildad personal från utvecklingsländer, där motivet har varit att minimera risken för ”brain drain”, det vill säga att utvecklingsländernas förlust av högutbildad personal inverkar menligt på deras utvecklingspotential. Rapporten fokuserar framför allt på i vilken utsträckning det är ett problem att högutbildade utvandrar från fattigare länder och diskuterar vilka problem som kan uppstå när en politik för cirkulär migration utformas.
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| 34. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Invandringspolitik och utvandringslandets välfärd
- 2010. - 1
-
Ingår i: Lyckad invandring. - Borås : FORES. - 9789197853224 ; , s. 119-136
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Uppsatsen diskuterar hur utvandringsländerna påverkas av att deras högutbildade personal utvandrar, s.k. Brain Drain. Det redogörs för hur synen på detta har förändrats och hur forskningen inom området har utvecklats och hur man med tiden kommit att få en mer positiv syn på utvandring av högutbildade.
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| 35. |
- Lundborg, Per
(författare)
-
Låt flyktingar söka jobb i hela EU
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet. - 1101-2412. ; :16 november
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- EU strävar nu efter en gemensam asylpolitik. Om den uppnås blir ett naturligt nästa steg att flyktingar som beviljats uppehållstillstånd också omfattas av den fria arbetskraftsrörligheten. I dag kan dessa inte ta arbete i andra EU-länder innan de fått medborgarskap i ett EU-land eller status som varaktigt bosatt – vilket ofta tar många år, skriver skriver nationalekonomen Per Lundborg.
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| 36. |
- Lundborg, Per
(författare)
-
Nationalekonomiska aspekter på reformeringen av det gemensamma europeiska asylsystemet (CEAS)
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 46:2, s. 16-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det europeiska asylsystemet måste reformeras efter Dublinförordningens kollaps. Diskussionerna och förslagen har hittills förts i hög grad utan nationalekono-miska överväganden. I artikeln argumenterar jag för att man genom handel med kvoter inom det europeiska asylsystemet kan uppnå effektivitet, kostnadsmini-mering, rättvisa, minskad främlingsfientlighet och ökad sammanhållning inom EU-länderna. EU har knappast något att förlora på att tillåta friköp genom han-del med kvoterna efter bilaterala förhandlingar mellan medlemsländerna.
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| 37. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Refugees’ employment integration in Sweden : cultural distance and labor market performance
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Review of International Economics. - : Wiley. - 0965-7576 .- 1467-9396. ; 21:2, s. 219-232
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the first to specifically focus on the integration of refugee immigrants into the Swedish labor market. Using highly detailed register data on blue collar workers it is shown that refugees' employment lags that of natives basically for their whole life time in Sweden. Time in Sweden reduces drastically the unemployment days, though from very high initial levels. Refugees from culturally distant Iran/Iraq and Horn of Africa experience considerably more days in unemployment than refugees from the less distant Eastern Europe and Latin America. The differences are large during the first 20 years in Sweden but some convergence occurs thereafter. Following a business cycle upturn this paper finds that the reduction of refugees' unemployment is half of that of natives'. Since refugees arrive at different ages, high numbers of unemployment days are recorded also for relatively old refugees with the highest number for those above 30.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950, et al.
(författare)
-
The Growth and Welfare Effects of International Mass Migration
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Journal of International Economics. - : Elsevier B.V. ; 56:1, s. 177-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the effects of immigration quotas on growth and welfare in North-South version of the quality ladders growth model. Quotas in the North increase the growth rate. However, they lower the static utility level and the discounted welfare of Northern workers. Also the discounted welfare of asset owners drops. Hence, unlike in the static migration model where the representative agent in the host country benefits from immigration, in our dynamic model, the representative agent loses despite a positive growth effect. Winners from immigration quotas are the immigrants and the remaining workers in the South.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Lundborg, Per
(författare)
-
Wage Effects of Immigration in a Bargaining Economy
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most empirical studies on wage effects of immigration disregard common labour market institutions like the requirement of job offer before entry to the host country and wage bargaining. The model presented here accounts for these institutions and finds a rationale for the empirical studies’ treatment of the migrant share as a determinant of natives’ wages. A higher migrant share is shown to lower the native’s wage but only temporarily. After assimilation the wage subsequently returns to its original level. The results suggest that empirical studies of wage effects of immigration should focus on unassimilated immigrants having low reservation wages.
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| 44. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Wage Redistribution and the Long Run Phillips Curve
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We derive a long-run Phillips curve that is negatively sloped at low inflation rates. Due to exogenous changes, unions want to redistribute wages across different members also in the long run. Wage stickiness, inflation targeting and union solidarity are central characteristics of our New Keynesian model. In the model, high enough inflation becomes the grease of the economy that allows wage redistribution across unions without causing unemployment to rise above NAIRU. We show that under nominal wage rigidity, long-run unemployment may rise drastically and at zero inflation, unemployment may be trapped at very high levels even if demands for wage redistribution tapers off. Under real wage rigidity, the economy may get trapped at high unemployment also at positive but low inflation rates irrespective of demand for wage redistribution has vanished or not. Thus, a period of wage redistribution may cause an economy of full real wage rigidity to get trapped at a high unemployment rate. A policy conclusion is that economies characterized by extensive wage rigidity should not target inflation at too low levels.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Lundborg, Per, 1950-
(författare)
-
Which Wage Dispersion Matters to Firms' Performance?
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research on wage dispersion and firm performance focuses on intra-firm and inter firm effects irrespective of workers’ profession. We extend the analysis by considering dispersion within professions, within and across firms and within professions economy-wide. We find that the intra-firm dispersion of wages, which research so far has focused on, has limited effects on productivity compared to the economy-wide wage dispersion within the professions. As Swedish firms have differentiated wages among employees during the last 10-15 years also the economywide dispersion within professions has increased thus contributing considerably to the strong performance of the Swedish economy in the late1990.s.
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| 47. |
- Ohlson, Mikael, 1965-
(författare)
-
Essays on Immigrants and Institutional Change in Sweden
- 2008
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays about immigrants’ experiences in Sweden. They all focus on the interaction between institutional settings and effects on immigrants’ economic conditions. Essay I examines the effects of changed eligibility rules for disability pension in the 1979 Swedish pension reform on immigrant retirement behavior. The reform made disability pension in the form of basic pension available to a wider group of immigrants. Before the pension reform, the eligibility for a basic pension for foreign citizens living in Sweden was dependent on bilateral and multilateral agreements on social security between Sweden and other countries. Thus, immigrants who were not covered by any of these agreements had no access to a basic pension before the reform. Through the reform, all foreign citizens residing in Sweden were made eligible for a basic pension after a short qualification period. The results indicate a substantial impact on the retirement rate with disability pension on the immigrant group that was made eligible for a basic pension by the reform. These findings confirm previous research showing that the size of the benefit levels in the pension system affects early retirement behavior. Essay II analyzes the impact of the Swedish taxi and bus deregulations on the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in these sectors. The changes in the gap in labor earnings that are due to the deregulation are estimated. The results show that there was no significant decrease in the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in the bus sector as a result of the 1989 deregulation. As regards the taxi sector, the results show that, before the deregulation, there were only small differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers. After the deregulation, the real labor earnings of foreign born workers decreased substantially more than those of Swedish born workers. However, there was a larger increase in the inflow of foreign born workers than of Swedish born workers into the taxi sector after the deregulation, which may have changed the composition of immigrant workers in this sector. Essay III investigates the impact of becoming a Swedish citizen on annual labor earnings. The study finds a positive impact of naturalization on labor earnings, in particular for immigrants originating from Africa and Asia, an effect than cannot only be attributed to selection into citizenship. A clear trend of increasing labor earnings during the years before becoming a Swedish citizen is found. This trend also continued during the years after citizenship acquisition. The study also suggests that the effects of naturalization on labor earnings are larger for men than for women, and larger for individuals with very low income.
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| 48. |
- Ruigomez, Ana, et al.
(författare)
-
Follow-up of a cohort of children and adolescents with gastro-esophageal reflux disease who were free of reflux esophagitis at initial diagnosis
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5521 .- 1502-7708. ; 45:7-8, s. 814-821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Few studies have examined the incidence of complications from gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children and adolescents in primary care. Here we aimed to describe the natural history of GERD in a pediatric population with no reflux esophagitis at initial diagnosis, assessing diagnoses of new esophageal complications and extra-esophageal conditions. Material and methods. We used The Health Improvement Network UK primary care database (which includes data on more than 2 million patients) to identify individuals aged 1-17 years with a first diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux or heartburn in the period 2000-2005, via a computerized search followed by a manual review of the patient records. This search identified 1242 individuals with an incident diagnosis of GERD but no record of esophagitis. This cohort was followed-up to detect new diagnoses of esophageal complications and extra-esophageal conditions. Results. During a mean follow-up period of almost 4 years, 40 children and adolescents had a confirmed new diagnosis of reflux esophagitis (incidence: 10.9 per 1000 person-years). No cases of Barrett's esophagus, esophageal stricture or esophageal ulcer were reported. Individuals with GERD had double the risk of an extra-esophageal condition such as asthma, pneumonia, cough or chest pain compared with children and adolescents with no diagnosis of GERD. Conclusions. Children and adolescents with GERD may be at risk of developing reflux esophagitis and a range of other extra-esophageal conditions, but more severe esophageal complications are rare.
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