| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Di Salvatore, J., et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the Peacekeeping Mandates (PEMA) Dataset
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 66:4-5, s. 924-951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on UN peacekeeping operations has established that operations' size and composition affect peacekeeping success. However, we lack systematic data for evaluating whether variation in tasks assigned to UN peacekeeping mandates matters and what explains different configurations of mandated tasks in the first place. Drawing on UN Security Council resolutions that establish, extend, or revise mandates of 27 UN peacekeeping operations in Africa in the 1991-2017 period, the Peacekeeping Mandates (PEMA) dataset fills this gap. It records 41 distinct tasks, ranging from disarmament to reconciliation and electoral support. For each task, the PEMA dataset also distinguishes between three modalities of engagement (monitoring, assisting, and securing) and whether the task is requested or merely encouraged. To illustrate the usefulness of our data, we re-examine Hultman, Kathman, and Shannon's (2013) analysis of operations' ability to protect civilians. Our results show that host governments and rebel groups respond differently to civilian protection mandates.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Klamberg, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Tempering the Security Council’s Expanded Perception of Threats to the Peace
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of International Law. - 0902-7351 .- 1571-8107.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The United Nations (UN) Security Council has expanded its understanding of threats to the peace with varying support from states. Some members of the Council have simultaneously sought to temper this development, both by providing caveats in the text of resolutions and by making statements when adopting the resolutions. This article examines how the Security Council and its members have justified their positions and actions in situations that may constitute threats to the peace. Existing scholarship has covered conceptual matters relating to Chapters vi and vii of the UN Charter, often illustrated with selected incidents. The contribution of this study is a systematic empirical analysis of how references to threats to the peace have evolved at and within the UN Security Council 1989–2019. The study combines broad quantitative analysis with qualitative case studies illustrating both the expansion of the Council’s perception of threats and the attempts by some states to temper this expansion.
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| 6. |
- Koliev, Faradj, et al.
(författare)
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Visiting the hegemon: Explaining diplomatic visits to the United States
- 2021
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Ingår i: Research & Politics. - : SAGE Publications. - 2053-1680 .- 2053-1680. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diplomacy is a chief instrument of foreign policy. Through high-level diplomatic visits, governments can facilitate cooperation and signal the quality of their relations with other states. Because host countries cannot receive an indefinite number of visits, they must make strategic decisions, prioritizing some countries over others. This reveals information about their foreign policy priorities as well as diplomatic hierarchies and practices in the system as a whole. But what determines high-level diplomatic visits? Existing scholarship disagrees. In this research note, we assess the determinants of high-level diplomatic visits to the U.S. Theoretically, we draw on previous studies and formulate structural, domestic, and practice-oriented accounts of high-level visits as tools of foreign policy. Empirically, we gather original data on diplomatic visits to the U.S. by foreign leaders from 1946 to 2012. Our main results are two-fold. First, high-level diplomatic visits to the U.S. are primarily determined by structural factors such as economic relations. Second, we find clear differences in invited country profiles during and after the Cold War, demonstrating that high-level visits are used strategically to promote shifting foreign policy priorities.
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| 7. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976
(författare)
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Causal mechanisms in civil war mediation: Evidence from Syria
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of International Relations. - : SAGE Publications. - 1354-0661 .- 1460-3713. ; 26:1, s. 209-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of conflict management by international organizations have demonstrated correlations between institutional characteristics and outcomes, but questions remain as to whether these correlations have causal properties. To examine how institutional characteristics condition the nature of international organization interventions, I examine mediation and ceasefire monitoring by the Arab League and the United Nations during the first phase of the Syrian civil war (2011–2012). Using micro-evidence sourced from unique interview material, day-to-day fatality statistics, and international organization documentation, I detail causal pathways from organizational characteristics, via intervention strategies, to intervention outcomes. I find that both international organizations relied on comparable intervention strategies. While mediating, they counseled on the costs of conflict, provided coordination points, and managed the bargaining context so as to sideline spoilers and generate leverage. While monitoring, they verified violent events, engaged in reassurance patrols, and brokered local truces. The execution of these strategies was conditioned on organizational capabilities and member state preferences in ways that help explain both variation in short-term conflict abatement and the long-term failure of both international organizations. In contrast to the Arab League, the United Nations intervention, supported by more expansive resources and expertise, temporarily shifted conflict parties away from a violent equilibrium. Both organizations ultimately failed as disunity among international organization member state principals cut interventions short and reduced the credibility of international organization mediators.
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| 8. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Differentiated influence by supranational institutions: Evidence from the European Union
- 2023
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Political Research. - 0304-4130 .- 1475-6765.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article develops a novel approach for studying the influence of supranational institutions in international cooperation. While earlier research tends to treat member states as a collective yielding influence on supranational institutions, we unpack this collective to explore differentiated supranational influence. To this end, the article makes three contributions. First, it develops a method for measuring differentiated supranational influence that makes it possible to identify which member states give ground when a supranational institution is influential. Second, it theorizes the sources of differentiated supranational influence, arguing that states are more likely to accommodate a supranational institution when they are more dependent on the resources of this institution. Third, it illustrates the usefulness of this approach empirically through an analysis of the influence of the European Commission in European Union bargaining. The analysis suggests that our approach can measure and explain differentiated supranational influence under conditions of both heightened crisis and everyday politics.
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| 9. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Emergency Powers in Response to COVID-19: Policy Diffusion, Democracy, and Preparedness
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Human Rights. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1891-8131 .- 1891-814X. ; 38:4, s. 305-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the COVID-19 pandemic many states have resorted to proclaiming a state of emergency (SOE), expanding executive powers and curtailing civil liberties. Why have some states have declared SOEs when others have not? Our legal analysis suggests that although international law provides states with the option of declaring an SOE and derogating from human rights obligations to ensure the life of the nation, other ways to handle the pandemic without declaring an SOE do exist. Our theoretical analysis leads to three main propositions centred on the impact of regional diffusion, democratic institutions, and pandemic preparedness. Our empirical analysis combines a range of quantitative data sources to analyse the SOE decisions of 180 states during the first half of 2020. The results suggest that states' declarations of SOEs are driven by both external and internal factors. A permissive regional environment, characterised by many simultaneously declared SOEs, may reduce the reputational and political costs of emergency powers, making their employment more palatable. At the same time, internal characteristics, specifically democratic institutions and pandemic preparedness, have shaped governments' decisions. Weak democracies with poor preparedness have been considerably more likely to opt for an SOE than dictatorships and robust democracies with higher preparedness.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Influence in Multilateral Aid Organizations: A Literature Review
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden is a devoted partner in multilateral development cooperation. In 2021, Sweden allocated more than half of its Official Development Assistance, around 30 billion SEK, to multilateral organizations in the form of core and earmarked funding. As a large-scale donor, Sweden has an interest in influencing the operations and agendas of its multilateral partners to ensure that they align with Swedish priorities for international development. This report reviews and summarizes the findings of 76 academic and gray literature publications on influence in multilateral aid organizations. In doing so, it combines methods of rapid evidence assessment with traditional literature review to identify broad characteristics of the literature as well as in-depth insights on the current state of knowledge with regards to channels of influence, influencing actors, and factors shaping success. We find that the literature has mainly focused on governments’ attempts to wield influence in international, general purpose, organizations. While countries of all sizes assert influence using a combination of means, we find that they mainly leverage four principal channels: financial flows, formal governance, advocacy, and staffing. While financial flows and formal governance structures stand out as the most commonly used channels, the literature emphasizes that influence in multilaterals stems from continuous influencing work that draws on multiple channels and utilizes a range of strategies and tools, over time. Determinants of success vary across the different influencing channels, but the literature emphasizes some recurring factors. One important factor is the structural resources of the influencing actor. Sufficient financial and human resources enable states to secure representation in formal governance and decision-making, to engage in informal preparatory and follow-up activities, and to be active on a broad range of issues across multiple organizations. However, having fewer structural resources does not necessarily equate to diminished influence, but rather, small states can be smart by timing their efforts, prioritizing issues, and forging strategic alliances. In this way, Sweden and other Nordic countries have managed to influence their multilateral partners, for example by advancing their ambitions on gender equality, human rights, and disability inclusion.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976-
(författare)
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International organizations as peacemakers : The evolution and effectiveness of intergovernmental instruments to end civil war
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Across four self-contained essays, this dissertation seeks to identify which features make international organizations (IOs) effective peacemakers in modern civil wars. The first essay introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs between 1945 and 2010. The second essay contains a statistical study of 122 IO civil war mediation episodes, examining how variation in institutional design affects outcomes. The third essay presents an in-depth case study, comparing interventions by the Arab League and the United Nations in Syria in 2011 and 2012. The fourth essay is a statistical examination of how IO member state biases influence mediation effectiveness. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the performance of peace-brokering IOs cannot be accurately evaluated without taking institutional variation into account. IOs display considerable heterogeneity in design and capabilities and this variation has implications for the nature and effectiveness of IO interventions. Quantitative evidence reveals that IOs with strongly centralized instruments for supporting mediation and, in particular, peacekeeping operations are more likely to end civil wars. Qualitative evidence shows that IOs with such capabilities can engage in interventions of greater scope and credibility, enhancing their ability to shape the calculations of civil war disputants. Combined, the studies suggest that although institutional capabilities are necessary for sustained intervention effectiveness, they are conditioned on other organizational attributes. IOs with high preference homogeneity can signal intervention durability, giving them an edge over IOs with divided memberships. IOs that contain member states that have provided direct support to civil war disputants outperform IOs that lack such member states.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset (IPOD)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Review of International Organizations. - 1559-7431 .- 1559-744X. ; 19, s. 117-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing recognition that international organizations (IOs) formulate and adopt policy in a wide range of areas. IOs have emerged as key venues for states seeking joint solutions to contemporary challenges such as climate change or COVID-19, and to establish frameworks to bolster trade, development, security, and more. In this capacity, IOs produce both extraordinary and routine policy output with a multitude of purposes, ranging from policies of historic significance like admitting new members to the more mundane tasks of administering IO staff. This article introduces the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset (IPOD), which covers close to 37,000 individual policy acts of 13 multi-issue IOs in the 1980-2015 period. The dataset fills a gap in the growing body of literature on the comparative study of IOs, providing researchers with a fine-grained perspective on the structure of IO policy output and data for comparisons across time, policy areas, and organizations. This article describes the construction and coverage of the dataset and identifies key temporal and cross-sectional patterns revealed by the data. In a concise illustration of the dataset's utility, we apply models of punctuated equilibria in a comparative study of the relationship between institutional features and broad policy agenda dynamics. Overall, the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset offers a unique resource for researchers to analyze IO policy output in a granular manner and to explore questions of responsiveness, performance, and legitimacy of IOs.
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| 16. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976-
(författare)
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Kärnvapenterrorism : ett verkligt hot?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Världspolitikens dagsfrågor. - Stockholm. - 0042-2754. ; :12
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 17. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Leanings and Dealings : Exploring Bias and Trade Leverage in Civil War Mediation by International Organizations
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - Leiden : Brill Academic Publishers. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 19:2, s. 315-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two characteristics of mediators – bias and leverage – are discussed intensively in the research on international mediation. However, whereas bias and leverage have been examined in mediation by states, relatively little is known about their role in mediation by international organizations (ios). This study provides new ways of conceptualizing io bias and leverage and utilizes unique data to measure the impact of io bias and leverage on mediation outcomes. Exploring all cases of civil war mediation by ios in the period 1975–2004, we find that ios where member states provide support to both sides in a conflict outperform ios whose member states remain disinterested. ios with significant trade leverage also increase the likelihood of mediation success. The study demonstrates that ios rarely have a neutral relationship to civil war combatants, that mediation by ios is laden with member state interests, and that such interests shape outcomes.
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| 18. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Local Ceasefires and De-escalation : Evidence From the Syrian Civil War
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 67:7-8, s. 1350-1375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local ceasefire agreements are prevalent in modern civil wars, but we know little about their impact. This study analyzes geo-referenced data on 145 local ceasefire agreements declared during the Syrian Civil War, 2011-2019, exploring their short- and long-term effects on the intensity of armed violence. Drawing on scholarship on gradual confidence-building processes, we theorize the conditions under which local ceasefire agreements may generate trust and reduce conflict intensity. Using interrupted time-series analysis and spatial panel regression, we examine factors relating to the design and strategic context of ceasefire agreements. We find that local ceasefire agreements can trigger both escalation and de-escalation in the short term. De-escalatory outcomes are more likely in the long-term, when ceasefire signatories share a history of previous interaction, and when ceasefires are implemented in a stepwise fashion. We also find evidence of spatial diffusion: local ceasefire agreements in one area reduce conflict intensity in neighboring areas.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976
(författare)
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Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011-2016
- 2016
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Ingår i: Contemporary Security Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1352-3260 .- 1743-8764. ; 37:2, s. 273-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates mediation efforts in Syria from the outbreak of the civil war in 2011 through the spring of 2016. It describes the principal initiatives, analyses differences and similarities across mediators, and identifies strategic obstacles that prevented substantive progress. Focusing on mediation initiatives undertaken by the Arab League and the United Nations, it finds that there is considerable path dependence across efforts and that most of the limited achievements, notably ceasefires in 2012 and 2016, resulted from the application of external leverage. Settlement in Syria was conditioned on overcoming significant commitment problems, aggravated by sectarian mistrust, the fractured nature of the opposition, and international disunity. The article contributes the first review of mediation in Syria that comprehends the conflict in its entirety, systematizes data for research on conflict management, and evaluates existing mediation policy in Syria with an eye to the future.
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| 21. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Member State Influence in the Negotiations on the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI)
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- NDICI-Global Europe är Europeiska unionens ramverk för grannskapspolitik, utvecklingspolitik och internationellt samarbete. Ramverket antogs i juni 2021 efter tre år av intensiva förhandlingar mellan medlemsländerna i rådet och ett antal EU-institutioner. Det representerar en betydande översyn av EU:s utvecklingsarkitektur, och integrerar flera tidigare program i ett samlat instrument med en total budget på cirka 80 miljarder euro för perioden 2021–2027. Denna studie av förhandlingarna som ledde fram till NDICI-Global Europe erbjuder en unik möjlighet att få kunskap om den dynamik som formar inriktningen av EU:s utvecklingssamarbete. Rapporten belyser tre nyckelteman: • EU:s medlemsländers och institutioners ståndpunkter i de frågor som förhandlas samt de koalitioner som bildats mellan aktörer. • EU:s medlemsländers och institutioners framgång i förhandlingarna, övergripande och i specifika frågor. • Dekällortillinflytandesombidrogtillframgångiförhandlingarna. Rapporten är baserad på unika data om förhandlingsfrågor, ståndpunkter och resultat i NDICI-förhandlingarna. Genom samarbete med Utrikesdepartementet fick författarna tillgång till handlingar från samtliga 99 möten i rådets arbetsgrupp för NDICI, där förhandlingarna ägde rum. Utrikesdepartementets dokumentation ger en detaljerad sammanfattning av varje möte med information om vilka medlemsländer som fört fram vilka ståndpunkter i vilka frågor. Med hjälp av statistisk analys uppskattar vi därefter framgången för alla aktörer när det gäller att nå sina önskade resultat i de frågor som förhandlas. Samtidigt som rapporten täcker alla EU:s medlemsländer och nyckelinstitutioner, ägnar den särskild uppmärksamhet åt Sveriges roll i förhandlingarna.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Politics or Performance? Leadership Accountability in UN Peacekeeping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 66:1, s. 32-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International organizations face a trade-off between the need to replace poorly performing leaders and the imperative of preserving the loyalty of influential or pivotal member states. This performance-politics dilemma is particularly acute in UN peacekeeping. Leaders of peacekeeping operations are responsible for ensuring that peacekeepers implement mandates, maintain discipline, and stay safe. Yet, if leaders fail to do so, is the UN Secretariat able and willing to replace them? We investigate newly collected data on the tenure of 238 civilian and military leaders in thirty-eight peacekeeping operations, 1978 to 2017. We find that the tenures of civilian leaders are insensitive to performance, but that military leaders in poorly performing missions are more likely to be replaced. We also find evidence that political considerations complicate the UN’s efforts at accountability. Holding mission performance constant, military leaders from countries that are powerful or contribute large numbers of troops stay longer in post.
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| 24. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Selective Attention: The United Nations Security Council and Armed Conflict
- 2023
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Ingår i: British Journal of Political Science. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0007-1234 .- 1469-2112. ; 53:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What explains why the United Nations Security Council meets and deliberates on some armed conflicts but not others? We advance a theoretical argument centred on the role of conflict externalities, state interests and interest heterogeneity. We investigate data on the Security Council's deliberation on armed conflicts in the 1989-2019 period and make three key findings: (1) conflicts that generate substantive military or civilian deaths are more likely to attract the Security Council's attention; (2) permanent members are varyingly likely to involve the Security Council when their interests are at stake; and (3) in contrast to the conventional wisdom, conflicts over which members have divergent interests are more likely to enter the agenda than other conflicts. The findings have important implications for debates about the Security Council's attention, responsiveness to problems and role in world politics.
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| 25. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The surprising decline of international mediation in armed conflicts
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Research & Politics. - : SAGE Publications. - 2053-1680 .- 2053-1680. ; 7:2, s. 1-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We identify and investigate a fundamental puzzle in contemporary mediation of armed conflicts. Although the preparedness of international mediators has increased, the proportion of armed conflicts that receive mediation has not increased, but decreased. Using quantitative data on the occurrence of mediation between 1989 and 2013, our analysis suggests that this puzzling contradiction cannot be explained by conflicts being more fragmented, intractable or internationalized. Instead, we argue that the puzzling decline of mediation can be explained by a mismatch between supply and demand in the international mediation ‘market’. Although there are more mediators available, the rise in the number of conflicts involving Islamist armed actors, coupled with increased reliance on terror-listing, especially since 2001, has placed a growing number of conflicts beyond the reach of international mediators. Our findings challenge the conventional belief that the post-Cold War era is characterized by high mediation rates and point to the need to develop the practice of mediation to maintain its relevance in the contemporary conflict landscape.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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When are International Organizations Responsive to Policy Problems?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 67:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When are international organizations (IOs) responsive to the policy problems that motivated their establishment? While it is a conventional assumption that IOs exist to address transnational challenges, the question of whether and when IO policy-making is responsive to shifts in underlying problems has not been systematically explored. This study investigates the responsiveness of IOs from a large-n, comparative approach. Theoretically, we develop three alternative models of IO responsiveness, emphasizing severeness, dependence, and power differentials. Empirically, we focus on the domain of security, examining the responsiveness of eight multi-issue IOs to armed conflict between 1980 and 2015, using a novel and expansive dataset on IO policy decisions. Our findings suggest, first, that IOs are responsive to security problems and, second, that responsiveness is not primarily driven by dependence or power differentials but by problem severity. An in-depth study of the responsiveness of the UN Security Council using more granular data confirms these findings. As the first comparative study of whether and when IO policy adapts to problem severity, the article has implications for debates about IO responsiveness, performance, and legitimacy.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Oksamytna, Kseniya, et al.
(författare)
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Decorating the ‘Christmas Tree’: The UN Security Council and the Secretariat’s Recommendations on Peacekeeping Mandates
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. - : Brill. - 1075-2846 .- 1942-6720. ; 27:2, s. 226-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary peacekeeping operations carry out many disparate tasks, which has triggered a debate about ‘Christmas Tree mandates’. Did the UN Security Council or the Secretariat drive this expansion? Using original data on 19 UN peacekeeping missions, 1998-2014, we compare peacekeeping tasks recommended by the Secretariat to those mandated by the Council. We find that the two bodies expressed different preferences regarding the nature, number, and novelty of peacekeeping tasks. First, the Council dropped Secretariat-recommended task as often as it added new ones on its own initiative. Second, the two bodies disagreed more over peacebuilding and peacemaking tasks than over peacekeeping tasks. Third, the Council preferred to be the one to introduce novel tasks that had not appeared in previous mandates. Finally, among the countries that “held the pen” on peacekeeping resolutions, the US was the most prone to dropping Secretariat-proposed tasks and the least willing to add tasks itself.
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| 31. |
- Oksamytna, Kseniya, et al.
(författare)
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Leadership Selection in United Nations Peacekeeping
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 65:1, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- States covet leadership and staff positions in international organizations. The posts of civilian leaders and force commanders of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are attractive to member states. In selecting peacekeeping leaders, the UN Secretariat balances three considerations: satisfying powerful member states by appointing their nationals; recognizing member states’ contribution to the work of the organization; and ensuring that leaders have the necessary skill set. We investigate appointments of more than 200 civilian and military leaders in 24 UN missions, 1990–2017. We find that contributing troops to a specific mission increases the chances of securing a peacekeeping leadership position. Geographic proximity between the leaders’ country and the conflict country is also a favorable factor whose importance has increased over time. Civilian leaders of UN peacekeeping operations tend to hail from institutionally powerful countries, while military commanders come from major, long-standing troop contributing countries. Despite some role that skills play in the appointment process, the UN's dependence on troop contributors, together with its reliance on institutionally powerful states, can be a source of dysfunction if it prevents the organization from selecting effective peacekeeping leaders. This dynamic affects other international organizations that have significant power disparities among members or rely on voluntary contributions.
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| 32. |
- Sommerer, T., et al.
(författare)
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Decision-making in international organizations: institutional design and performance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Review of International Organizations. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-7431 .- 1559-744X. ; 17, s. 815-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International organizations (IOs) experience significant variation in their decision-making performance, or the extent to which they produce policy output. While some IOs are efficient decision-making machineries, others are plagued by deadlock. How can such variation be explained? Examining this question, the article makes three central contributions. First, we approach performance by looking at IO decision-making in terms of policy output and introduce an original measure of decision-making performance that captures annual growth rates in IO output. Second, we offer a novel theoretical explanation for decision-making performance. This account highlights the role of institutional design, pointing to how majoritarian decision rules, delegation of authority to supranational institutions, and access for transnational actors (TNAs) interact to affect decision-making. Third, we offer the first comparative assessment of the decision-making performance of IOs. While previous literature addresses single IOs, we explore decision-making across a broad spectrum of 30 IOs from 1980 to 2011. Our analysis indicates that IO decision-making performance varies across and within IOs. We find broad support for our theoretical account, showing the combined effect of institutional design features in shaping decision-making performance. Notably, TNA access has a positive effect on decision-making performance when pooling is greater, and delegation has a positive effect when TNA access is higher. We also find that pooling has an independent, positive effect on decision-making performance. All-in-all, these findings suggest that the institutional design of IOs matters for their decision-making performance, primarily in more complex ways than expected in earlier research.
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| 33. |
- Svensson, Isak, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Mediation and peace agreements
- 2014
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Ingår i: SIPRI yearbook. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198712596 ; , s. 43-55
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 34. |
- Svensson, Isak, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns of Peacemaking : When do we see international mediation, and what are the impacts?
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- International mediation is a form of diplomatic intervention aimed at reaching negotiated solutions to armed conflict, political violence and international crises. Used by states, organizations, groups or individuals, mediation continues to be an important form of peacemaking. This brief outlines the major trends in international mediation, bringing attention to four different questions:Is mediation becoming more common?Where do mediators go?Who are the mediators?What is the effect of mediation?For each question, the brief identifies the relevant empirical trends and discusses their implications for policy.
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| 35. |
- Tallberg, Jonas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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AI regulation in the European Union: examining non-state actor preferences
- 2024
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Ingår i: Business and Politics. - 1369-5258 .- 1469-3569.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to grow, policymakers are increasingly grappling with the question of how to regulate this technology. The most far-reaching international initiative is the European Union (EU) AI Act, which aims to establish the first comprehensive, binding framework for regulating AI. In this article, we offer the first systematic analysis of non-state actor preferences toward international regulation of AI, focusing on the case of the EU AI Act. Theoretically, we develop an argument about the regulatory preferences of business actors and other non-state actors under varying conditions of AI sector competitiveness. Empirically, we test these expectations using data from public consultations on European AI regulation. Our findings are threefold. First, all types of non-state actors express concerns about AI and support regulation in some form. Second, there are nonetheless significant differences across actor types, with business actors being less concerned about the downsides of AI and more in favor of lax regulation than other non-state actors. Third, these differences are more pronounced in countries with stronger commercial AI sectors. Our findings shed new light on non-state actor preferences toward AI regulation and point to challenges for policymakers balancing competing interests in society.
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| 36. |
- Tallberg, Jonas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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The Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence : Next Steps for Empirical and Normative Research
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Studies Review. - 1521-9488 .- 1468-2486. ; 25:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a technological upheaval with the potential to change human society. Because of its transformative potential, AI is increasingly becoming subject to regulatory initiatives at the global level. Yet, so far, scholarship in political science and international relations has focused more on AI applications than on the emerging architecture of global AI regulation. The purpose of this article is to outline an agenda for research into the global governance of AI. The article distinguishes between two broad perspectives: an empirical approach, aimed at mapping and explaining global AI governance; and a normative approach, aimed at developing and applying standards for appropriate global AI governance. The two approaches offer questions, concepts, and theories that are helpful in gaining an understanding of the emerging global governance of AI. Conversely, exploring AI as a regulatory issue offers a critical opportunity to refine existing general approaches to the study of global governance.
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| 37. |
- Tallberg, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Why International Organizations Commit to Liberal Norms
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 64:3, s. 626-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent decades have witnessed the emergence and spread of a broad range of liberal norms in global governance, among them sustainable development, gender equality, and human security. While existing scholarship tells us a lot about the trajectories of particular norms, we know much less about the broader patterns and sources of commitments to liberal norms by international organizations (IOs). This article offers the first comparative large-N analysis of such commitments, building on a unique dataset on IO policy decisions over the time period 1980–2015. Distinguishing between deep norm commitment and shallow norm recognition, the analysis produces several novel findings. We establish that IOs’ deeper commitments to liberal norms primarily are driven by internal conditions: democratic memberships and institutional designs more conducive to norm entrepreneurship. In contrast, legitimacy standards in the external environment of IOs, often invoked in existing research, mainly account for shallower recognition or “talk” of norms.
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| 38. |
- Wibring, Kristoffer, et al.
(författare)
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Towards definitions of time-sensitive conditions in prehospital care
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1757-7241. ; 28:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Prehospital care has changed in recent decades. Advanced assessments and decisions are made early in the care chain. Patient assessments form the basis of a decision relating to prehospital treatment and the level of care. This development imposes heavy demands on the ability of emergency medical service (EMS) clinicians properly to assess the patient. EMS clinicians have a number of assessment instruments and triage systems available to support their decisions. Many of these instruments are based on vital signs and can sometimes miss time-sensitive conditions. With this commentary, we would like to start a discussion to agree on definitions of temporal states in the prehospital setting and ways of recognising patients with time-sensitive conditions in the most optimal way.MAIN BODY:There are several articles discussing the identification and management of time-sensitive conditions. In these articles, neither definitions nor terminology have been uniform. There are a number of problems associated with the definition of time-sensitive conditions. For example, intoxication can be minor but also life threatening, depending on the type of poison and dose. Similarly, diseases like stroke and myocardial infarction can differ markedly in terms of severity and the risk of life-threatening complications. Another problem is how to support EMS clinicians in the early recognition of these conditions. It is well known that many of them can present without a deviation from normal in vital signs. It will most probably be impossible to introduce specific decision support tools for every individual time-sensitive condition. However, there may be information in the type and intensity of the symptoms patients present. In future, biochemical markers and machine learning support tools may help to identify patients with time-sensitive conditions and predict mortality at an earlier stage.CONCLUSION:It may be of great value for prehospital clinicians to be able to describe time-sensitive conditions. Today, neither definitions nor terminology are uniform. Our hope is that this commentary will initiate a discussion on the issue aiming at definitions of time-sensitive conditions in prehospital care and how they should be recognised in the most optimal fashion.
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