| 1. |
- Ludvigsson, Johnny, et al.
(författare)
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GAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 2012
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - : Massachusetts Medical Society. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 366:5, s. 433-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that alum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) can preserve beta-cell function in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes.METHODS: We studied 334 patients, 10 to 20 years of age, with type 1 diabetes, fasting C-peptide levels of more than 0.3 ng per milliliter (0.1 nmol per liter), and detectable serum GAD65 autoantibodies. Within 3 months after diagnosis, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three study treatments: four doses of GAD-alum, two doses of GAD-alum followed by two doses of placebo, or four doses of placebo. The primary outcome was the change in the stimulated serum C-peptide level (after a mixed-meal tolerance test) between the baseline visit and the 15-month visit. Secondary outcomes included the glycated hemoglobin level, mean daily insulin dose, rate of hypoglycemia, and fasting and maximum stimulated C-peptide levels.RESULTS: The stimulated C-peptide level declined to a similar degree in all study groups, and the primary outcome at 15 months did not differ significantly between the combined active-drug groups and the placebo group (P=0.10). The use of GAD-alum as compared with placebo did not affect the insulin dose, glycated hemoglobin level, or hypoglycemia rate. Adverse events were infrequent and mild in the three groups, with no significant differences.CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with GAD-alum did not significantly reduce the loss of stimulated C peptide or improve clinical outcomes over a 15-month period.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Forsberg, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Eldningsvanor inom några studieområden i Västerbotten
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I syfte att få bättre underlag om vedeldningens omfattning och emissioner har en eldningsvaneundersökning genomförts i fyra områden inom Västerbotten. Undersökningen baseras på en besöksintervju genomförd av två personer vilka följt ett formulär med frågor och standardiserat sina klassificeringar av de intervjuades svar av mer öppen karaktär. Intervjuerna har genomförts i fyra områden med bebyggelse av olika ålder: Vännäs (kommuncentra), Vännäsby, Sävar och Tavleliden/Tomtebo (villaförort i Umeå). På dessa platser har partikelmätningar i en punkt genomförts inom ramen för ett annat projekt, och kortvariga sotmätningar genomförts på fler platser. Hushåll till intervjuerna utvaldes utifrån att de enligt sotarregistret har någon form av ved- , flis- eller pelletseldning. Totalt intervjuades 176 hushåll, endast ett två ytterligare var tillfrågade och avböjde. Studien visar anläggningarnas användningsgrad, bl.a. bränsleförbrukning per år, vilket kan användas för att beräkna utsläppsmängder. För pannor fanns dock inget samband mellan hög sotnings-frekvens enligt sotarregistren och hög vedförbrukning per år enligt intervjuerna. De som har fjärrvärme som huvudsakligt uppvärmningssätt använder sin kamin/lokaleldstad mindre än den som i huvudsak värmer bostaden med el. Utsläpps- och haltberäkningar kan ta hänsyn till denna kunskap.
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| 5. |
- Gerhardsson, Lars, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in deceased smelter workers.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS). - : Elsevier BV. - 0946-672X .- 1878-3252. ; 19:2-3, s. 209-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to compare bone lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in long-term exposed primary copper and lead smelter workers, and to relate the measured concentrations to the previous lead exposure of the workers. Lead concentrations in seven bones (trabecular: sternum, vertebrae, iliac crest, rib; cortical: femur, left forefinger, and temporal bone) were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in 32 male, long-term exposed copper and lead smelter workers, and compared with levels in 10 male occupationally unexposed reference persons. A time-integrated blood lead index (cumulative blood lead index, CBLI) was calculated for each worker. The lead levels in the seven studied bones were all significantly higher in active and retired lead workers as compared with the reference group (p
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hruba, Frantiska, et al.
(författare)
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Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead in children : An international comparison of cities in six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment International. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 41, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children's blood-lead concentration (B-Pb) is well studied, but little is known about cadmium (B-Cd) and mercury (B-Hg), in particular for central Europe. Such information is necessary for risk assessment and management. Therefore, we here describe and compare B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg in children in six European, and three non-European cities, and identify determinants of these exposures. About 50 school children (7-14 years) from each city were recruited (totally 433) in 2007-2008. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. A blood sample was analyzed: only two laboratories with strict quality control were used. The European cities showed only minor differences for B-Cd (geometric means 0.11-0.17 mu g/L) and B-Pb (14-20 mu g/L), but larger for B-Hg (0.12-0.94 mu g/L). Corresponding means for the non-European countries were 0.21-0.26, 32-71, and 0.3-3.2 mu g/L, respectively. For B-Cd in European samples, traffic intensity close to home was a statistically significant determinant, for B-Hg fish consumption and amalgam fillings, and for B-Pb sex (boys higher). This study shows that European city children's B-Cd and B-Pb vary only little between countries; B-Hg differs considerably, due to varying tooth restoration practices and fish intake. Traffic intensity seemed to be a determinant for B-Cd. The metal concentrations were low from a risk perspective but the chosen non-European cities showed higher concentrations than the cities in Europe. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Jin, Taiyi, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental epidemiological study and estimation of benchmark dose for renal dysfunction in a cadmium-polluted area in China.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0966-0844 .- 1572-8773. ; 17:5, s. 525-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have performed a study aimed at investigating the critical concentration of urinary cadmium (UCd) required for the development of renal dysfunction. We studied population groups (totally 790 persons) living in two cadmium exposed areas and one control area in China. UCd, was determined as an indicator of cadmium exposure and accumulation, while the concentrations of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), its iso-form B (NAG-B), beta2-microglobulin (B2M), retinol binding protein (RBP), and albumin (ALB) in urine were measured as indicators of the renal effects caused by cadmium. There was a significantly increased prevalence of hyperNAGuria, hyperNAG-Buria, hyperB2Muria, hyperRBPuria and hyperALBuria with increasing levels of Cd excretion in urine. We used the benchmark dose (BMD) procedure to estimate the critical concentration of urinary cadmium in this general population. The lower confidence limit of the BMD (LBMD-05) of urinary cadmium for a 5% level of risk above the background level was estimated for each of the renal effect indicators. The BMD-05/LBMD-05 were estimated to be 4.46/3.99, 6.70/5.87, 8.36/7.31, 7.98/6.98 and 15.06/12.18 microg/g creatinine for urinary NAG-B, NAG, B2M, RBP and ALB, respectively. Our findings suggest, based on the present study, that the Lower Confidence Limit of the Population Critical Concentration of UCd (LPCCUCd-05) of tubular dysfunction for 5% excess risk level above the background may be ca. 3-4 microg/g creatinine, and that cadmium concentration in urine should be kept below this level to prevent renal tubular damage. This report is the first to use the BMD method in this field and to define the concept of critical concentration in urine.
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| 9. |
- Kluge, Jimmy Nils Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling heat transfer inside an autoclave: Effect of radiation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of reinforced plastics and composites (Print). - : SAGE Publications. - 0731-6844 .- 1530-7964. ; 35:14, s. 1126-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to predict the temperature distribution on a part during an autoclave run. Data from an experimental study are used as input to the simulations and also for comparison with the numerical results. A conjugate heat transfer approach was used for the simulations, where best agreement with experiments was obtained from the simulation that included thermal radiation and utilized an experimentally obtained velocity profile as inlet velocity. A yet more detailed inlet velocity profile and more advanced turbulent model could result in an even better agreement.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lundström, Nils-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Cumulative lead exposure : relationship to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of smelter workers
- 1997
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 23:1, s. 24-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality and cancer incidence of long-term lead smelter workers at a primary smelter.Methods: A cohort of 3979 workers employed for at least 1 year during 1928-1979 and a subcohort of 1992 workers employed in lead-exposed departments (lead only workers) was formed. The expected mortality in 1955-1987 and cancer incidence in 1958-1987 were calculated relative to the county rates, specified for cause, gender, 5-year age groups, and calendar year. A cumulative blood-lead index was used for the dose-response analyses.Results: The lung cancer incidence of the total cohort [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.1-3.8] and the group with the highest exposure (SIR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0-4.6) was high. Similar risk estimates were observed with a latency of 15 years. The workers hired before 1950 had higher lung cancer risk estimates (SIR 3.6, 95% CI 2.6-5.0) than the workers hired later (SIR 1.3, 95% CI 0.6-2.6, no latency period). The risk estimates for lung cancer were further elevated in the subcohort of lead-only workers (SIR 5.1, 95% CI 2.0-10.5 in the highest exposed subgroup; latency period of 15 years). No excesses of other malignancies were noted.Conclusions: The increased relative risks were probably mainly due to interactions between lead and other carcinogenic exposures, including arsenic. Further study is required concerning such possible interactions before a role in the induction of lung cancer can be ascribed to lead.
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| 12. |
- Lundström, Nils-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Lung cancer development in primary smelter workers: a nested case-referent study.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 48:4, s. 376-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the impact of work-related exposure to mainly arsenic and lead versus smoking in primary smelter workers developing lung cancer. METHODS: In a cohort of 3979 primary smelter workers, 46 subjects had contracted respiratory malignancies. They were compared with 141 age-matched male referents by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Cases showed a significantly higher smoking rate as compared with referents: odds ratio (OR) = 4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-10.1; P = 0.003. When restricted to smokers (33 cases, 63 referents), the cumulative air arsenic exposure index, but not the lead exposure indices, was significantly higher among the cases: OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.02-1.11; P = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative arsenic exposure and smoking were identified as risk factors for the development of lung cancer; lead exposure, however, was not.
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| 13. |
- Lundström, Nils-Göran, 1946-
(författare)
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Mortality and morbidity in lead smelter workers with concomitant exposure to arsenic
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Arsenic is a well-known lung carcinogen in humans. In 2006, IARC upgraded inorganic lead as a possible human carcinogen (2A). The aim of this thesis has been to evaluate the lung cancer mortality and incidence in long-term exposed primary lead smelter workers and also to estimate present exposures to arsenic and lead in relation to those occurring in the past. The basic cohort (N=3832 workers; hired before 1967 and followed up from 1950-1981; SMR comparisons with general and local reference populations) showed an excess of deaths for total mortality, malignant neoplasms (e.g. lung and stomach cancer), ischaemic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases compared to the general population. In a subcohort of lead workers (N=437; regular blood lead sampling since 1950) only the raised SMR for lung cancer (162) was sustained. In a follow-up study of the basic cohort (N=3979), a subcohort of lead exposed workers (N=1992) was formed. The expected mortality in 1955-1987 and cancer incidence in 1958-1987 were calculated relative to county rates. A cumulative blood lead index (CBLI) was used for dose-response analyses. The lung cancer incidence was raised in the total cohort (SIR 2.8; 95 % CI 2.1 3.8). A higher lung cancer risk was observed in workers hired before 1950 (SIR 3.6; 95 % CI 2.6-5.0). The increased lung cancer risks were further elevated in the subcohort of lead exposed workers, especially in the highest exposed subgroup (SIR 5.1; 95 % 2.0-10.5; latency period of 15 y). No excesses of other malignancies were observed. The increased relative risks for lung cancer may have been caused by interactions between inorganic lead and other substances at the smelter, e.g. arsenic. To further analyze the effects from inorganic lead, two subcohorts of workers at the lead departments were formed from the original cohort (N=3979), one of 710 workers and the other of 383 workers. The lung cancer incidence was raised in both subcohorts (Lead subcohort 1; SIR 2.4; 95 % CI 1.2-4.5; Lead subcohort 2; SIR 3.6; 95 % CI 1.2-8.3). Among the 10 workers that had developed lung cancer in lead subcohort 1 all but one had a considerable exposure also to arsenic. Thus, a possible interaction effect between lead and arsenic may explain the increased lung cancer risks. To further elucidate the impact from lead and arsenic a case control study was undertaken. In the basic cohort (N=3979), 46 male workers had contracted respiratory malignancies. They were compared with 141 agematched male referents from the primary smelter by conditional logistic regression analysis using smoking habits, cumulative blood lead and air arsenic exposure as predictor variables. The lung cancer cases showed a significantly higher smoking rate than referents (Odds ratio, OR = 4.0; 95 % CI 1.6-10.1; p=0.003). When restricted to smokers, the cumulative arsenic air exposure index, but not the lead exposure indices, were significantly higher among the cases (OR=1.07; 95 % CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.005). Accordingly, cumulative arsenic exposure and smoking were identified as significant risk factors for the development of lung cancer in the final analyses, while lead exposure was not a significant risk factor. However, inorganic lead still may play a minor role in the multifactorial genesis of lung cancer. These studies describe risks from exposures occurring from time periods before 1950 up to 1981. Because of the long latency period for lung cancer, exposures after 1970 probably have had limited impact on the reported results. Compared to the levels in the early 1970´s present exposures to arsenic are lower by a factor of ten or more and risks probably correspondingly lower.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Nordberg, Gunnar F, et al.
(författare)
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Lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to trichloramine in indoor pool environments and asthma in a cohort of pool workers
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 2044-6055. ; 2:5, s. e000973-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Exposure to trichloramine (NCl(3)) in indoor swimming-pool environments is known to cause mucous membrane irritation, but if it gives rise to changes in lung function or asthma in adults is not known. (1) We determined lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to indoor pool environments. (2) We studied the occurrence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a cohort of pool workers.DESIGN/METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: (1) We studied two groups of volunteers, 37 previously non-exposed healthy persons and 14 pool workers, who performed exercise for 2 h in an indoor pool environment. NCl(3) in air was measured during pool exposures and in 10 other pool environments. Filtered air exposures were used as controls. Lung function and biomarkers of pulmonary epithelial integrity were measured before and after exposure. (2) We mailed a questionnaire to 1741 persons who indicated in the Swedish census 1990 that they worked at indoor swimming-pools.RESULTS: (1) In previously non-exposed volunteers, statistically significant decreases in FEV(1) (forced expiratory volume) and FEV(%) (p=0.01 and 0.05, respectively) were found after exposure to pool air (0.23 mg/m(3) of NCl(3)). In pool workers, a statistically significant decrease in FEV(%) (p=0.003) was seen (but no significant change of FEV(1))(.) In the 10 other pool environments the median NCl(3) concentration was 0.18 mg/m(3). (2) Our nested case/control study in pool workers found an OR for asthma of 2.31 (95% CI 0.79 to 6.74) among those with the highest exposure. Exposure-related acute mucous membrane and respiratory symptoms were also found.CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in adults showing statistically significant decreases in lung function after exposure to NCl(3). An increased OR for asthma among highly exposed pool workers did not reach statistical significance, but the combined evidence supports the notion that current workroom exposures may contribute to asthma development. Further research on sensitive groups is warranted.
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| 16. |
- Nordberg, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Hälsoeffekter av svaveldioxid : en litteraturstudie med betoning på de senaste årens publikationer
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport sammanfattar WHO:s senaste riktlinjer (WHO 2006) för luftkvalitet.Vidare redovisas en litteraturstudie rörande publikationer under de senaste åren angåendeexponering för SO2 och olika hälsoeffekter särskilt astma.Bakgrunden till rapporten är det beslut angående Boliden AB´s verksamhet vidRönnskärsverken som träffades i Koncessionsnämnden 1998 06 16. I det kontrollprogramsom föreskrevs av Koncessionsnämnden skall ingå undersökningar hur korttidsvärden avsvaveldioxid varierar samt en karaktärisering av stoftutsläpp från verksamheten.Utförda mätningar av SO2 under slutet av 1990-talet och början av 2000-talet innebär intenågot överskridande av gällande miljökvalitetsnorm. Eftersom denna norm bygger på tidigarepublicerad vetenskaplig litteratur är det angeläget att undersöka om nyare studier geranledning till större restriktivitet angående utsläpp av SO2.WHO har uppdaterat sina riktlinjer för luftkvalitet (WHO 2006). Enligt de nya riktlinjernarekommenderas gräns för luftföroreningar (SO2) till 20 μg/m3 som 24 timmars medelvärdeoch 500 μg/m3 som tio minuters medelvärde.Det är väl känt sedan tidigare att det finns ett samband mellan astmasymtom och exponeringför SO2 i luftföroreningar. Det har dock rått oklarhet om SO2 kan förorsaka astma eller om detär så att astmaanfall utlöses av förhöjda SO2 nivåer i luften hos personer som fått astma avandra anledningar.En rad epidemiologiska studier, som delvis omnämns i föreliggande rapport, har visat påsamband mellan korttidshalter av SO2 och andra luftföroreningar och sjukhusinläggningar.Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången visar att ett avsevärt antal studier finns publiceradeunder de senaste åren angående luftföroreningar, särskilt SO2 och astma. Det framgår i mångaav dessa studier att en ökning av astmasymtom har relaterats till ökande halter avluftföroreningar i städer. Vilken roll olika luftföroreningskomponenter spelar för uppkomstenav symtom framgår dock inte klart i de publicerade studierna.WHO 2006 rekommenderade en riktlinje på 20 μg/m3 som dygnsmedelvärde för SO2 och destudier som publicerats 2006-2009 ger ytterligare stöd för denna uppfattning.
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| 17. |
- Pawlas, Natalia, et al.
(författare)
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Cadmium, mercury and lead in the blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. - 1896-494X .- 1232-1087. ; 26:1, s. 58-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants. About 50 women (age: 46-62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006-2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation. Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5-27.0 mu g/l and 0.25-0.65 mu g/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40-1.38 mu g/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2-68.0, 0.39-0.99 and 1.01-2.73 mu g/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically significant determinant for B-Cd, while fish and shellfish intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fillings also contributed to B-Hg. The present results confirm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confirms the previous findings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is significant.
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| 18. |
- Rentschler, Gerda, et al.
(författare)
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Platinum, palladium, rhodium, molybdenum and strontium in blood of urban women in nine countries
- 2018
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Ingår i: International journal of hygiene and environmental health. - : Elsevier. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 221:2, s. 223-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: There is little reliable information on human exposure to the metals platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh), despite their use in enormous quantities in catalytic converters for automobile exhaust systems.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate blood concentrations of Pt (B-Pt), Pd (B-Pd) and Rh (B-Rh) in women from six European and three non-European countries, and to identify potentially influential factors. In addition, molybdenum (Mo) and strontium (Sr) were analysed.METHODS: Blood from 248 women aged 47-61 was analysed by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry under strict quality control.RESULTS: The medians were: B-Pt 0.8 (range <0.6-5.2), B-Pd <5 (<5-9.3), B-Rh <0.4 (<0.4-3.6)ng/L and B-Mo 2.0 (0.2-16) and B-Sr 16.6 (3.5-49) μg/L. Two women with highly elevated B-Pt (242 and 60ng/L), previously cancer treated with cis-platinum, were not included in the data analysis. All elements varied geographically (2-3 times) (B-Pd P=0.05; all other elements P<0.001); variations within each area were generally 5-10 times. Traffic was not associated with increased concentrations.CONCLUSIONS: General population blood concentrations of Pt, Pd and Rh are within or below the single digit ng/L range, much lower than in most previous reports. This is probably due to improved analytical performance, allowing for more reliable information at ultra-trace levels. In general, Mo and Sr agreed with previously reported concentrations. All elements showed geographical and inter-individual variations, but no convincing relationships with self-reported traffic intensity were found. Pt from the antineoplastic drug cis-platinum is retained in the body for years.
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| 19. |
- Wang, Chunliang, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Real-Time Interactive 3D Tumor Segmentation Using a Fast Level-Set Algorithm
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics. - : American Scientific Publishers. - 2156-7018 .- 2156-7026. ; 5:8, s. 1998-2002
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new level-set based interactive segmentation framework is introduced, where the algorithm learns the intensity distributions of the tumor and surrounding tissue from a line segment drawn by the user from the middle of the lesion towards the border. This information is used to design a likelihood function, which is then incorporated into the level-set framework as an external speed function guiding the segmentation. The endpoint of the input line segment sets a limit to the propagation of 3D region, i.e., when the zero-level-set crosses this point, the propagation is forced to stop. Finally, a fast level set algorithm with coherent propagation is used to solve the level set equation in real time. This allows the user to instantly see the 3D result while adjusting the position of the line segment to tune the parameters implicitly. The “fluctuating” character of the coherent propagation also enables the contour to coherently follow the mouse cursor’s motion when the user tries to fine-tune the position of the contour on the boundary, where the learned likelihood function may not necessarily change much. Preliminary results suggest that radiologists can easily learn how to use the proposed segmentation tool and perform relatively accurate segmentation with much less time than the conventional slice-by-slice based manual procedure.
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