| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bursztein Lipsicas, Cendrine, et al.
(författare)
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Immigration and suicidality in the young.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 0706-7437 .- 1497-0015. ; 55:5, s. 274-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Little research has focused on the relation of immigration and suicidal behaviour in youth. Nevertheless, the impact of migration on the mental health of youth is an issue of increasing societal importance. This review aimed to present studies on the prevalence of suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth in various countries and to provide possible explanations for suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth, especially regarding acculturation.METHODS: The review included a literature search to locate articles on the subject of suicidal behaviour in immigrant youth in the context of acculturation.RESULTS: Studies on suicidal behaviour in culturally diverse youth are few and most of the existing research does not differentiate ethnic minorities from immigrants. Studies on epidemiology and on specific risk factors were found regarding various immigrant youth including Hispanics in the United States, Asians in North America and Europe, as well as comparative studies between different immigrant groups in specific countries.CONCLUSIONS: The relation between immigration status and suicidal behaviours in youth appears to vary by ethnicity and country of settlement. Time spent in the new country as well as intergenerational communication and conflicts with parents have, in many of the studies, been related to suicidality in immigrant youth. Summing up, there is a clear and urgent need to further pursue the work in this field, to develop targeted public health interventions as well as psychosocial treatment for preventing suicide in these youth.
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| 3. |
- Chabosseau, Tom
(författare)
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Sailing or Sinking Together : Container Shipping in Digital Platform Capitalism
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis addresses the classical research problem of collaboration among competing actors in the context of digital platform capitalism. This study investigates how ocean carriers attempted, and sometimes managed, to set standards, exchange data, and jointly develop supply chain management platforms despite the alleged risks of doing so. Using a mixed methods research design articulating quantitative and qualitative analysis, the investigation sheds light on how the incumbent company that launched those two initiatives engaged in meaning-making processes with the challengers it hoped to get on board. Following those meaning-making processes illustrates the hurdles for field-dominating actors to stimulate collaboration as their position is perceived by other actors as resulting from predatory practices and thereby casts doubts on the nature of their actual motives. The thesis first provides an analysis of the structure of the field of container shipping by characterising the variety of positions it contains and their relationships. The aim is to set the stage for the second part of the research design that delves into the emergence of two digital initiatives: the Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA) and Tradelens. The first initiative consisted of the establishment of an industry-wide organisation to provide container shipping with a set of standards, while the second had the ambition to serve as a for-profit digital infrastructure for the exchange of information on container journeys. The emergence of digital collaboration traces back to the activities of a group of IT executives in search of solutions to their common issues outside the boundaries of their organisations. While that professional group succeeded in making standardisation a key concern for the industry, as shown by the establishment of DCSA, the exchange of standardised data turned out to be much more problematic. The case of Tradelens underlines the boundaries of digital collaboration in a competitive field. While the incumbent that launched the platform managed to alleviate doubts about its willingness to derive a competitive advantage from the platform, it never managed to do it to the extent where the platform would gain operational traction. This study adds new knowledge to the field of digital platform capitalism by turning the attention to a case where platforms affect interfirm relationships by increasing the need for collaboration and by showing the utility, against technological-centred approaches, to rely on the tools of neo-institutional theories to grasp how technological change is embedded in the long-term trajectory of an industry.
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| 4. |
- Duntava, Aija, 1985-
(författare)
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A View on the Invisible : A Study of Relationships between Different Aspects of Health in Populations
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis studies relationships between different aspects of health. Health is a multi-faceted concept consisting of various aspects: most commonly morbidity, functional limitation, subjective health, and mortality. The relationships between these aspects, however, are not fully understood, so this thesis aims at contributing to our knowledge on the topic. Three studies are included, each with a particular aim within the general objective.The first study is a systematic review of the articles that have attempted to study more than two aspects of health in one model. The review maps out the field of study, presenting and summarising the results of the articles selected to review, thereby also highlighting gaps in the research. One of its conclusions is that studies approaching health as one interconnected system are rare and that the relationships between the different aspects of health do not consistently show significant effects on each other. Additionally, many population groups in terms of age and place of residence are understudied. The findings from the systematic review have largely guided the scientific curiosity of the following two empirical studies.The second study proposes and tests a parsimonious model of health structure consisting of morbidity, functional limitation, and subjective health on the adult respondents of European Social Survey (n=32,679) using structural equation modelling. The findings suggest that, in general, the proposed model holds true but there are age and gender differences in the health structure.The third study explores the variations in the health structure of the adult population in 17 countries in three European regions (North, East, and West). The results show that the model does not apply in all the studied groups across the regions. Clear gender difference in health structure exist in the Western and Northern parts of Europe but not in the East. As to age groups, the analyses show that young adults are similar in their health structure across the regions while there are regional differences between the other two age groups.This thesis shows that it is necessary to study the relationships between different aspects of health as one interconnected system. Furthermore, when health is at centre of scientific inquiry its multiple dimensions as well as age, gender, and regional variations should be acknowledged and taken into account.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Duntava, Aija, et al.
(författare)
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The structure of health in Europe : The relationships between morbidity, functional limitation, and subjective health
- 2021
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Ingår i: SSM - Population Health. - : Elsevier. - 2352-8273. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this study is to explore the relationships between the three commonly used proxies of health, morbidity, functional limitation, and subjective health, using the most recent data from 18 European countries. The existing studies on the topic are outdated, limited to the United States and to elderly population. Data on 32,679 respondents of the European Social Survey (2014) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results suggest that (a) morbidity and functional limitation lead to poorer self-rated health, and (b) morbidity increases the probability of reporting functional limitation(s). Moreover, functional limitation mediates the relationship between morbidity and self-rated health. The model as a whole holds across both genders and all age groups. However, specific tests (SEM multi-group analyses, t-tests) show differences in the health structure between all seven subsamples compared with each other. When both gender and age are taken into account the differences in the structure of health seem to diminish, apart from the elderly, suggesting that the health structure of the elderly differs from others. It is recommended for policy planners to acknowledge the group differences when shaping the policies and health services.
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| 7. |
- Ferlander, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Social capital - a mixed blessing for women? A cross-sectional study of different forms of social relations and self-rated depression in Moscow
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMC Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7283. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Depression is a major health problem worldwide, especially among women. The condition has been related to a number of factors, such as alcohol consumption, economic situation and, more recently, to social capital. However, there have been relatively few studies about the social capital-depression relationship in Eastern Europe. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the association between different forms of social capital and self-rated depression in Moscow. Differences between men and women will also be examined, with a special focus on women.METHODS: Data was obtained from the Moscow Health Survey, which was conducted in 2004 with 1190 Muscovites aged 18 years or above. For depression, a single-item self-reported measure was used. Social capital was operationalised through five questions about different forms of social relations. Logistic regression analysis was undertaken to estimate the association between social capital and self-rated depression, separately for men and women.RESULTS: More women (48 %) than men (36 %) reported that they had felt depressed during the last year. An association was found between social capital and reported depression only among women. Women who were divorced or widowed or who had little contact with relatives had higher odds of reporting depression than those with more family contact. Women who regularly engaged with people from different age groups outside of their families were also more likely to report depression than those with less regular contact.CONCLUSIONS: Social capital can be a mixed blessing for women. Different forms of social relations can lead to different health outcomes, both positive and negative. Although the family is important for women's mental health in Moscow, extra-familial relations across age groups can be mentally distressing. This suggests that even though social capital can be a valuable resource for mental health, some of its forms can be mentally deleterious to maintain, especially for women. More research is needed on both sides to social capital. A special focus should be placed on bridging social relations among women in order to better understand the complex association between social capital and depression in Russia and elsewhere.
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| 8. |
- Ferlander, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Social capital, gender and self-rated health. Evidence from the Moscow Health Survey 2004
- 2009
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 69:9, s. 1323-1332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The state of public health in Russia is undoubtedly poor compared with other European countries. The health crisis that has characterised the transition period has been attributed to a number of factors, with an increasing interest being focused on the impact of social capital - or the lack of it. However, there have been relatively few studies of the relation between social capital and health in Russia, and especially in Moscow. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between social capital and self-rated health in Greater Moscow. The study draws on data from the Moscow Health Survey 2004, where 1190 Muscovites were interviewed. Our results indicate that among women, there is no relationship between any form of social capital and self-rated health. However, an association was detected between social capital outside the family and men’s self-rated health. Men who rarely or never visit friends and acquaintances are significantly more likely to report less than good health than those who visit more often. Likewise, men who are not members of any voluntary associations have significantly higher odds of reporting poorer health than those who are, while social capital in the family does not seem to be of importance at all. We suggest that these findings might be due to the different gender roles in Russia, and the different socializing patterns and values embedded in them. In addition, different forms of social capital provide access to different forms of resources, influence, and support. They also imply different obligations. These differences are highly relevant for health outcomes, both in Moscow and elsewhere.
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| 9. |
- Gäddman Johansson, Richard
(författare)
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Managing Vulnerability : Everyday Interaction in Sheltered Accommodations
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this dissertation is to develop our understanding of the performance and management of vulnerability in social interaction. The term vulnerability is used frequently within a wide range of scholarly fields, however common conceptions of vulnerability have been criticized for containing normative assumptions about our propensities for being exposed to and capabilities for dealing with adverse events and experiences. Through ethnographic investigations carried out in sheltered accommodations for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Sweden, the dissertation seeks to challenge how scholarship on care and disability has approached matters of vulnerability. The analysis shows that vulnerability was performed in two distinct overarching forms: 1) vulnerability related to “situational uncertainty” perceived as a threat to individuals’ health and personal safety and 2) vulnerability related to “ritual automatization” perceived as a threat to individuals’ personal freedom and well-being. The study found that pervasive institutional demands for transparency, accountability, uniformity and self-monitoring were loudly echoed to be the formally sanctioned best course of action for managing vulnerability in the context of sheltered accommodations. However, the analysis suggests that these types of strategies only address vulnerabilities related to situational uncertainty, whereas they may do more to exaggerate vulnerabilities related to ritual automatization. By performing and managing vulnerability, service users and support workers participated in “interaction rituals” with socially stratifying effects based on the individuals’ perceived or assumed competences. By considering the positions, relationships, and encounters between service users and support workers who engage on an everyday basis in sheltered accommodations which are conceptualized as “vulnerability-based” and “chimeric” interventions for care and service provision, the dissertation opens new perspectives on the performance and management of vulnerability in social interaction.
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| 10. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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Acceptance of Suicide in Moscow
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - Berlin : Springer. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 46:8, s. 753-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Attitudes concerning the acceptability of suicidehave been emphasized as being important for understandingwhy levels of suicide mortality vary in different societiesacross the world. While Russian suicide mortalitylevels are among the highest in the world, not much isknown about attitudes to suicide in Russia. This study aimsto obtain a greater understanding about the levels andcorrelates of suicide acceptance in Russia.Methods Data from a survey of 1,190 Muscovites wereanalysed using logistic regression techniques. Suicideacceptance was examined among respondents in relation tosocial, economic and demographic factors as well as inrelation to attitudes towards other moral questions.Results The majority of interviewees (80%) expressedcondemnatory attitudes towards suicide, although menwere slightly less condemning. The young, the highereducated, and the non-religious were more accepting ofsuicide (OR[2). However, the two first-mentioned effectsdisappeared when controlling for tolerance, while a positiveeffect of lower education on suicide acceptanceappeared. When controlling for other independent variables,no significant effects were found on suicide attitudesby gender, one’s current family situation, or by healthrelatedor economic problems.Conclusions The most important determinants of therespondents’ attitudes towards suicide were their toleranceregarding other moral questions and their religiosity. Moretolerant views, in general, also seemed to explain the moreaccepting views towards suicide among the young and thehigher educated. Differences in suicide attitudes betweenthe sexes seemed to be dependent on differences in otherfactors rather than on gender per se. Suicide attitudes alsoseemed to be more affected by one’s earlier experiences interms of upbringing and socialization than by events andprocesses later in life.
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| 11. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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Age, period and cohort effects on suicide mortality in Russia, 1956-2005
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Russian suicide mortality rates changed rapidly over the second half of the twentieth century. This study attempts to differentiate between underlying period and cohort effects in relation to the changes in suicide mortality in Russia between 1956 and 2005. Methods: Sex-and age-specific suicide mortality data were analyzed using an age-period-cohort (APC) approach. Descriptive analyses and APC modeling with log-linear Poisson regression were performed. Results: Strong period effects were observed for the years during and after Gorbachev ' s political reforms (including the anti-alcohol campaign) and for those following the break-up of the Soviet Union. After mutual adjustment, the cohort-and period-specific relative risk estimates for suicide revealed differing underlying processes. While the estimated period effects had an overall positive trend, cohort-specific developments indicated a positive trend for the male cohorts born between 1891 and 1931 and for the female cohorts born between 1891 and 1911, but a negative trend for subsequent cohorts. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the specific life experiences of cohorts may be important for variations in suicide mortality across time, in addition to more immediate effects of changes in the social environment.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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Economic strain, social relations, gender, and binge drinking in Moscow
- 2008
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - Oxford : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 66, s. 663-674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The harmful effects of alcohol consumption are not necessarily limited to the amounts consumed. Drinking in binges is a specific feature of Russian alcohol consumption that may be of importance even for explaining the current mortality crisis. Based on interviews conducted with a stratified random sample of 1190 Muscovites in 2004, this paper examines binge drinking in relation to the respondents’ economic situation and social relations. Consistent with prior research, this study provides further evidence for a negative relationship between educational level and binge drinking. Our results also indicate a strong but complex link between economic strain and binge drinking. The odds ratios for binge drinking of men experiencing manifold economic problems were almost twice as high compared to those for men with few economic problems. However, the opposite seemed to be true for women. Being married or cohabiting seemed to have a strong protective effect on binge drinking among women compared to being single, while it seemed to have no effect at all among men. Women having regular contact with friends also had more than twice the odds for binge drinking compared to those with little contact with friends, while again no effect was found among men. Gender roles and the behavioural differences embedded in these, may explain the difference. The different effects of economic hardship on binge drinking may also constitute an important factor when explaining the large mortality difference between men and women in Russia.
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| 14. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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Suicide in Changing Societies
- 2010
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Ingår i: Baltic Worlds. - Huddinge : Center for Baltic and East European Studies. - 2000-2955 .- 2001-7308. ; 3, s. 10-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, 1981-
(författare)
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Suicide in Russia : A macro-sociological study
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work constitutes a macro-sociological study of suicide. The empirical focus is on suicide mortality in Russia, which is among the highest in the world and has, moreover, developed in a dramatic manner over the second half of the 20th century. Suicide mortality in contemporary Russia is here placed within the context of development over a longer time period through empirical studies on 1) the general and sex- and age-specific developments in suicide over the period 1870–2007, 2) underlying dynamics of Russian suicide mortality 1956–2005 pertaining to differences between age groups, time periods, and particular generations and 3) the continuity in the aggregate-level relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and suicide mortality from late Tsarist period to post-World War II Russia. In addition, a fourth study explores an alternative to Émile Durkheim’s dominating macro-sociological perspective on suicide by making use of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems. With the help of Luhmann’s macro-sociological perspective it is possible to consider suicide and its causes also in terms of processes at the individual level (i.e. at the level of psychic systems) in a manner that contrasts with the ‘holistic’ perspective of Durkheim. The results of the empirical studies show that Russian suicide mortality, despite its exceptionally high level and dramatic changes in the contemporary period, shares many similarities with the patterns seen in Western countries when examined over a longer time period. Societal modernization in particular seems to have contributed to the increased rate of suicide in Russia in a manner similar to what happened earlier in Western Europe. In addition, the positive relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and suicide mortality proved to be remarkably stable across the past one and a half centuries. These results were interpreted using the Luhmannian perspective on suicide developed in this work.
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| 16. |
- Jukkala, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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The Historical Development of Suicide Mortality in Russia, 1870-2007
- 2015
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Ingår i: Archives of Suicide Research. - : Routledge. - 1381-1118 .- 1543-6136. ; 19:1, s. 117-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Russia has one of the highest suicide mortality rates in the world. This study investigates the development of Russian suicide mortality over a longer time period in order to provide a context within which the contemporary high level might be better understood. Annual sex- and age-specific suicide-mortality data for Russia for the period 1870-2007 were studied, where available. Russian suicide mortality increased 11-fold over the period. Trends in male and female suicide developed similarly, although male suicide rates were consistently much higher. From the 1990s suicide has increased in a relative sense among the young (15-34), while the high suicide mortality among middle-aged males has reduced. Changes in Russian suicide mortality over the study period may be attributable to modernization processes.
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| 17. |
- Lipsicas, Cendrine Bursztein, et al.
(författare)
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Attempted suicide among immigrants in European countries : an international perspective
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 47:2, s. 241-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares the frequencies of attempted suicide among immigrants and their hosts, between different immigrant groups, and between immigrants and their countries of origin. The material, 27,048 persons, including 4,160 immigrants, was obtained from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour, the largest available European database, and was collected in a standardised manner from 11 European centres in 1989-2003. Person-based suicide-attempt rates (SARs) were calculated for each group. The larger immigrant groups were studied at each centre and compared across centres. Completed-suicide rates of their countries of origin were compared to the SARs of the immigrant groups using rank correlations. 27 of 56 immigrant groups studied showed significantly higher, and only four groups significantly lower SARs than their hosts. Immigrant groups tended to have similar rates across different centres. Moreover, positive correlation between the immigrant SAR and the country-of-origin suicide rate was found. However, Chileans, Iranians, Moroccans, and Turks displayed high SARs as immigrants despite low suicide rates in the home countries. The similarity of most immigrant groups' SARs across centres, and the correlation with suicidality in the countries of origin suggest a strong continuity that can be interpreted in either cultural or genetic terms. However, the generally higher rates among immigrants compared to host populations and the similarity of the rates of foreign-born and those immigrants who retained the citizenship of their country of origin point to difficulties in the acculturation and integration process. The positive correlation found between attempted and completed suicide rates suggests that the two are related, a fact with strong implications for suicide prevention.
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| 18. |
- Lipsicas, Cendrine Bursztein, et al.
(författare)
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Immigration and recommended care after a suicide attempt in Europe : equity or bias?
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 24:1, s. 63-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report describes the investigation of care recommendations in the medical system across European countries to immigrants who attempted suicide. Data from seven European countries with 8865 local and 2921 immigrant person-cases were derived from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour and ensuing MONSUE (Monitoring Suicidal Behaviour in Europe) project. The relationship between immigrant status and type of aftercare recommended was analysed with binary logistic regression, adjusting for gender, age, method of attempt and the Centre collecting the data. Clear disparities were identified in the care recommendation practices toward immigrants, compared with hosts, over and above differing policies by the European Centres.
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| 19. |
- Lipsicas, Cendrine Bursztein, et al.
(författare)
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Repetition of attempted suicide among immigrants in Europe
- 2014
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 0706-7437 .- 1497-0015. ; 59:10, s. 539-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To compare frequencies of suicide attempt repetition in immigrants and local European populations, and the timing of repetition in these groups.METHOD: Data from 7 European countries, comprising 10 574 local and 3032 immigrant subjects, were taken from the World Health Organization European Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour and the ensuing Monitoring Suicidal Behaviour in Europe (commonly referred to as MONSUE) project. The relation between immigrant status and repetition of suicide attempt within 12-months following first registered attempt was analyzed with binary logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, and method of attempt. Timing of repetition was controlled for sex, age, and the recommended type of aftercare.RESULTS: Lower odds of repeating a suicide attempt were found in Eastern European (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.61, P < 0.001) and non-European immigrants (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.90, P < 0.05), compared with the locals. Similar patterns were identified in the sex-specific analysis. Eastern European immigrants tended to repeat their attempt much later than locals (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93, P < 0.05). In general, 32% of all repetition occurred within 30 days. Repetition tended to decrease with age and was more likely in females using harder methods in their index attempt (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54, P < 0.01). Large variations in the general repetition frequency were identified between the collecting centres, thus influencing the results.CONCLUSIONS: The lower repetition frequencies in non-Western immigrants, compared with locals, in Europe stands in contrast to their markedly higher tendency to attempt suicide in general, possibly pointing to situational stress factors related to their suicidal crisis that are less persistent over time. Our findings also raise the possibility that suicide attempters and repeaters constitute only partially overlapping populations.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Magnusson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden : Income and suicide
- 2010
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Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 107:1, s. 157-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous publications have reported two conflicting patterns describing the relationship between income and suicide in Sweden; positive and negative. Methodologically the studies have differed, and the analysis has been limited to a few areas. To better understand the relationship, a nationwide, cross-sectional, ecological study of the 290 municipalities in Sweden was planned. OLS regression analyses showed the overall and female suicide rates were negatively related to income, while the effect on male suicide rates was not statistically significant. The results confirm earlier findings of a negative relationship between income and suicide.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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Akceptacja samobójstwa oraz jej korelaty w Europie Wschodniej i Zachodniej w okresie przemian ustrojowych
- 2006
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Ingår i: Suicydologia. - 1895-3786. ; 2:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wstęp. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie akceptacji samobójstwa i jej związku z umieralnością z powodu samobójstw oraz czynników, od których zależy ocena samobójstwa w Europie. Dane dotyczące postaw: 33 221 wywiadów przeprowadzonych w 25 krajach europejskich (Światowe Badania Wartości, World Values Study, 1990–1991). Dane dotyczące umieralności z powodu samobójstwa: statystyki WHO. Materiał i metody. Obliczono korelację rangową między wskaźnikami samobójstw wśród kobiet i mężczyzn z różnych grup wiekowych a postawami wobec samobójstwa. Czynniki determinujące postawę badano z użyciem analizy regresji zarówno logistycznej, jak i liniowej. Aby opisać różne struktury postaw, przeprowadzono analizę czynnikową. Wyniki. Ogólnie samobójstwo oceniano negatywnie, lecz poszczególne kraje różniły się ze względu na wysokość i rozkład ocen. Statystycznie istotne dodatnie korelacje między umieralnością samobójczą a postawami wobec samobójstwa stwierdzono wśród kobiet w wieku 15-64 lat. Ostateczny model czynników determinujących na poziomie indywidualnym akceptację samobójstwa obejmował: wysoką pozycję Boga (korelat ujemny), religii (ujemny) i rodziny (ujemny) w hierarchii ważności, wiek (ujemny), nietolerancję wobec niezrównoważenia psychicznego (ujemny), dobre zdrowie subiektywne, myśli o śmierci oraz liberalny styl wychowywania dzieci. Ten model wyjaśniał 12,6% wariancji w Europie Zachodniej, ale tylko 2,6% we Wschodniej. Analiza czynnikowa wykazała, że miejsce samobójstwa wśród innych aktów również odróżniało Europę Wschodnią do Zachodniej. Wnioski. Kraje europejskie różnią się pod względem akceptacji samobójstwa. Dodatnie związki między postawami wobec samobójstwa a umieralnością samobójczą istnieją wśród kobiet. Osobista religijność jest najlepszym predyktorem akceptacji samobójstwa w Europie Zachodniej, lecz czynnik ten nie ma znaczenia w Europie Wschodniej, co wskazuje na ogólniejszą różnicę dotyczącą sensu samobójstwa.
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| 25. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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Are There Social Correlates to Suicide?
- 1997
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 44:12, s. 1919-1929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A structural-sociological approach to suicide research holds that an aggregate-level cause of suicide should correlate with the suicide rates in a population. In 1980, Sainsbury, Jenkins, and Levey published the article “The Social Correlates of Suicide in Europe” which related the suicide rates in 1961–1963 and the changes in them in the following 11 years to 15 social variables in 18 European countries. Its main findings were that the changes in suicide rates could be attributed to specific changes in the social environment. Complementary discriminant analyses showed that it was possible accurately to divide the countries into low- and high-change suicide rate groups on the basis of a combination of the social variables. Although criticized for its method, the study has been widely quoted and sometimes presented as the most definitive current study on the subject. In order to see whether its results held for similar data 16 years later it was replicated for 1977–1979 and the ensuing 11 years, with data and method as similar as possible to the original. The results agreed with those of the original study on only one point: the correlations between the levels of the social variables and those of the suicide rates were similar in both periods. However, changes in the suicide rates were unrelated to either the levels of the social variables or the changes in them: correlations found in the original study tended to change profoundly or disappear. Moreover, the results of the original discriminant analyses were a property of the method employed and thus independent of the data. Statistical artefacts or social processes such as changing expectations are unlikely to explain the suddenly changing or vanishing correlations. The original correlations seem to have been largely spurious and dependent on the fact that the more modern countries in Europe experienced a “suicide boom” in the 1960s. As the boom waned in these, it was beginning in the less modern countries: the correlations between the processes indicated by the social variables and the suicide rates were reversed or disappeared. The results call the existence of clear relations between these “suicidogenic” social circumstances and the suicide rates into question. Since many of the variables used are traditional “Durkheimian” indicators of the integration of society, a critique of this still-dominant view of the relationship between society and suicide mortality, or its common operationalization, is implied.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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Eastern European Transition and Suicide Mortality
- 2000
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 51:9, s. 1405-1420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper seeks to systematize the discussion on the causes of the changes in Eastern European countries’ suicide mortality during the last 15 years by analyzing the changes in relation to some common causes: alcohol consumption, economic changes, “general pathogenic social stress”, political changes, and social disorganization. It is found that the developments in suicide have been very different in different countries, and that the same causes cannot apply to all of them. However, the relation between suicide mortality and social processes is obvious. A model consisting of the hypothetical general stress (as indicated by mortality/life expectancy), democratization, alcohol consumption, and social disorganization (with a period-dependent effect) predicted the percentual changes in the suicide rates in 16 out of the 28 Eastern Bloc countries in 1984–89 and 1989–94 fairly accurately, while it failed to do this for Albania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and the Caucasian and Central Asian newly independent states. Most interesting were the strong roles played by changes in life expectancy, the causes of which are discussed, and the fact that economic change seemed to lack explanatory power in multiple analyses. The data are subject to many potential sources of error, the small number of units and the large multicollinearity between the independent variables may distort the results. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the changes in Eastern European suicide mortality, both decreases and increases, may be explained with the same set of variables. However, more than one factor is needed, and the multicollinearity will continue to pose problems.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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EG-varumärket
- 1997
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Ingår i: Varumärkesrättens grunder. - Stockholm : Juristförl. - 9139200809
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kapitlet presenterar EG:s varumärkesförordning, och det EG-varumärke som den började reglera i april 1996. Förutom historiken behandlas förordningens verkställande, dess processrättsliga delar samt förhållandet mellan Förordningen och svensk lag.
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| 30. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Historical Perspectives on Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Sweden
- 2002
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Ingår i: Archives of Suicide Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1381-1118 .- 1543-6136. ; 6:3, s. 269-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The suicide panorama is not static but continually changing with the development of society. In this article changes in suicide rates and attitudes towards suicide in Sweden from pre-modern to modern time are described, with suicidal murders as an interesting transitional form. The rates of homicide have decreased, while those of suicide have increased. Changes in attitudes towards suicide have reached different groups in society at different times, leading to very heterogeneous suicide patterns. With increasing social homogeneity there now seems to exist a tendency back towards larger homogeneity of suicide as well. In order to develop suicide prevention into a vital branch of public-health services humanistic, linguistic and social research in suicidology must be encouraged.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Labour Market, Work Environment and Suicide
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198570059 ; , s. 221-229
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Labour Market, Work Environment, and Suicide
- 2021. - 2
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Ingår i: Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198834441 - 9780191873805 ; , s. 249-258
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Work is an important sphere of human life. Besides economic subsistence, it also furnishes workers with social status and influences their life conditions. Social class seems to be connected with suicidality, but studies on the effects of specific occupations have produced few lasting results. In addition, lack of adequate data and problems with the methods cause problems in the estimates of suicide mortality by class or occupation. However, it seems that the most vulnerable position is that of those who do not work at all. There is abundant empirical evidence of a surplus risk for suicide among the unemployed, but the causal nature of this relationship still needs clarification. Globally, the labour markets differ greatly, and so does their connection with suicide. Labour-market-oriented suicide prevention issues concern unemployment policies, reduction of work-related access to means of suicide, and the use of the workplace as a base for suicide prevention.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
-
On suicide in European countries : some theoretical, legal and historical views on suicide mortality and its concomitants
- 1997
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The theme of this thesis is suicide mortality in its various aspects, seen from an international, European perspective. It questions the existence of social (structural) concomitants to suicide mortality and investigates attitudes towards and legislation concerning suicide, as well as some historical processes pertaining to their development.Paper 1 replicates an authoritative study of the "correlates of suicide" on a national level in European countries. It shows that the findings of this study do not hold 16 years later, and it presents some ideas as to why these changes have taken place. It is suggested that there are no simple social correlates to suicide on this level, and that suicide rates tend to vary according to, among other things, international cultural influences.Paper 2 investigates penal legislation relating to suicide in European countries. Three types of punishable action are found: 1) aiding suicide, 2) abetting suicide, and 3) driving somebody to suicide. A majority of European countries include some of these acts in their criminal laws. However, the laws vary very widely between countries, thereby constituting a notable exception to the common presumption of uniformity of law. The scope of the criminalization and the severity of the penalties for the crimes covary both with cultural attitudes towards suicide and with suicide rates. The results are interpreted as indicating the existence of a cultural-normative system, consisting of the cultural attitudes towards suicide, the laws regulating the actions relating to suicide and, perhaps, religion. It influences the occurrence of suicide, mainly by offering individuals cultural models of behavior.Paper 3 describes the process towards the decriminalization of suicide (in 1864) in Sweden, its causes and consequences. It is suggested that the law change took place because of a) the international ideological currents of the time (the heritage of the Enlightenment), b) the examples presented by other European countries, and c) the radical changes in people's behavior. The reform was long overdue, and thus did not have a direct effect on suicide mortality. The increase in Swedish suicide rates in the 19th century is seen as connected with certain aspects of the "modernization" process.Paper 4 addresses the prospects and problems connected with the ap-plication of Talcott Parsons's functionalist theory to suicide research, in particular when contrasting it with Durkheim's theory. It is found that the latter, despite its shortcomings, still dominates socially oriented suicide research. Parsons's theory is seen as implicating the cultural primacy of suicide mortality. Its general usability is, however, highly uncertain since many of its essential constituent parts are not well suited to the subject. A model for suicide rates, consisting of cultural (domestic and inter-national), political, social, diffusion and availability factors is presented.Taken together, the papers constitute a case for cultural (as opposed to socio-structural) research into suicide mortality. They question the repeated testing of structural variables in favor of creating cultural indicators. They suggest some new lines of research, and call for a consistently universal perspective on the problem of suicide and suicide mortality.
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| 37. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
-
Pitirim Sorokins essä ’Självmordet som samhällsfenomen’ - en introduktion
- 2000
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 37:3-4, s. 46-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sorokin on suicideThis introduction to the following, previously unknown essay on suicide by Pitirim Sorokin analyzes the piece itself and its ideological background. It is noted that the later world-famous author was only one of the hundreds who wrote on the topic in Russia in the 1910s, at the time of the ”second suicide epidemic”. The piece itself was intended to convey the results of science to the masses and the publication was accordingly cheaply priced. From the outset, Sorokin presents largely Durkheimian ideas, but tends to draw his own conclusions from Durkheim ’s data. The main differences between the Master and the Disciple are Sorokin’s denial of the existence of the so-called ”altruistic suicide” in primitive society, his support of imitation as a factor in suicide, his thematic stress on ”the isolation of the individual” in modern society as the main cause of suicide and, especially, his statement that ”need, hunger, and unemployment” are in fact responsible for most suicides.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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Självmordens geografiska fördelning i Sverige
- 2006
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Ingår i: Ymer. - 0044-0477. ; , s. 251-268
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Självmordsdödligheten varierar mellan olika geografiska områden: mellan kontinenter och enstaka länder, mellan län och landsdelar, mellan kommuner och mellan stadsdelar, t o m mellan husen i samma stadsdel. Den aktuella presentationen fokuserar på att beskriva självmordens geografiska fördelning i Sverige. Eftersom det finns stora skillnader i mäns och kvinnors självmordsdödlighet, samt dödligheten i olika åldrar och med olika metoder, behandlas dessa i viss mån separat. Den statistik som analyseras kommer från databanken hos Nationellt centrum för suicidforskning och –prevention (NASP) . Den omfattar åren 2000-2002 och de angivna talen avser medelvärden för dessa tre år, de senaste för vilka detaljerad statistik fanns tillgänglig. Hela Sverige hade under perioden i genomsnitt 16.6 självmord per 100000 invånare årligen. Detta tal var som högst i Gotlands län (24.4) och lägst i Västerbotten (12.0). Det var högre än genomsnittet i Östergötland, Kronobergs, Blekinge och Skåne län samt i Värmland, Dalarna och Gävleborgs län, medan Västkusten, Jönköpings län, Södermanland och Norrbotten hade lägre än genomsnittliga tal. I historisk jämförelse är dagens fördelning mycket intressant. Självmordens gamla geografiska fördelning, har ändrat sig påtagligt sedan 1965 efter att ha varit mycket stabil i mer än 100 år. Korrelationen mellan 1830- och 2000-talens siffror är nu mycket låg (r=0.09), och den med 1960-talets tal (r=0.33) är inte heller den statistiskt signifikant vilket tyder på att en rumslig omorganisation har ägt rum. Det finns även en viss kontinuitet. Sålunda ligger t ex Skåne, Dalarna och Gävleborgs län fortfarande över riksgenomsnittet i självmord, och Jönköpings, Kalmar, Västra Götalands, Västerbottens och Norrbottens län ligger under det. Självmorden i Kronobergs län och på Gotland har emellertid ökat betydligt i relativt hänseende samtidigt som de har minskat drastiskt i Stockholms och Södermanlands län så att Stockholm nu ligger under riksgenomsnittet. Vidare har skillnaderna mellan länen fortsatt att jämnas ut. På 1830-talet var självmordstalet i Stockholms län nio gånger högre än i Västerbotten, och på 1960-talet nästan tre gånger så högt som i Kronobergs län som då låg sist; 2000-2002 är de ledande gotländska siffrorna bara dubbelt så höga som de västerbottniska.
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| 41. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
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Självmordsdödligheten i den östeuropeiska omvandlingen
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 37:1, s. 180-209
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suicide mortality in the Eastern European transitionThe current paper seeks to systematize the discussion on the causes of the changes in Eastern European countries' suicide mortality during the last 15 years by analyzing the changes in relation to some common causes: alcohol consumption, economic changes, "general pathogenic social stress", political changes and social disorganization. It is found that the development in suicide has varied between in different countries, and that the same causes cannot apply to all of them. However, the relation between suicide mortality and social processes is obvious. A model consisting of general stress, democratization, alcohol consumption and social disorganization (with a period-dependent effect) predicted fairly accurately the percentual changes in the suicide rates in 16 out of the 28 Eastern Bloc countries in 1984-89 and 1989-94, while it failed to do so for Albania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and the Caucasian and Central Asian newly independent states. The data are subject to many potential sources of error: the small number of units and the large multicollinearity between the independent variables may bias results. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the changes in Eastern European suicide mortality, both its decreases and increases, may be explained with the same set of variables. However, more than one factor is needed, and the multicollinearity will continue to pose a problem.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, 1956-
(författare)
-
Social Dimensions of Suicide
- 2016. - 2
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Ingår i: Suicide - an Unnecessary Death. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198717393 ; , s. 47-56
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 44. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, 1956-
(författare)
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Social Factors and Suicide: : Comparing the Regional Concomitants of Eastern European Suicide Mortality over the 20th Century
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Suicidologi. - 1501-6994 .- 1892-9842. ; 6:2, s. 3-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the social concomitants of Eastern European suicide mortality before and at the end of the Communist period, and whether these changed across time. Regional (guberniya, oblast, etc.) data on suicide mortality and several possible concomitants such as alcohol consumption, homicide rates, divorce rates, urbanity etc. were collected from Czarist "European Russia" in 1910 and from the corresponding areas in 1989. These concomitants of suicide mortality were studied with the help of correlative and regressive techniques. The main regional concomitants of suicide mortality in Eastern Europe in 1910 were urban living, economic wealth, and divorce, all urban phenomena. In 1989, the main concomitants varied somewhat between the different countries, but homicide, general mortality, and alcohol consumption (in Russia) were often positively related to suicide. The instability of the concomitants to suicide is a consequence of the fact that the nature of suicide in Eastern Europe has changed from being an urban, middle-and upper-class phenomenon into a more conventional social problem, which may be reflected even in the social character of contemporary Eastern European suicide as such. While suicide mortality has to some extent followed lawlessness and alcohol consumption, the changing covariates show that the "social correlates of suicide" are culture-bound and thus flexible. Any ethnic/genetic hypotheses of the distribution of suicide must take this fact into account.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
-
Social Theories of Suicide
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198570059 ; , s. 139-147
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 47. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Social Theories of Suicide
- 2021. - 2
-
Ingår i: Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198834441 - 9780191873805 ; , s. 137-146
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, some social theories in relation to suicide are presented together with examples from actual research. Although an individual act, suicide can be studied as a collective phenomenon, for example, as the relative number of cases that occur in different groups. Most social-scientific theories of suicide consider these not only as accumulations of individual observations, but also as results of social-level properties, events, and processes. The social environment in its different forms is thought to be connected with suicidal behaviour in multiple ways—the reasons for, the performance of, and the communication about the act all have strong social components. The currents in social research into suicide coincide largely with those in the social sciences more generally, with a preponderance, however, of structuralist studies following in the footsteps of Emile Durkheim.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik
(författare)
-
Suicidalitet bland invandrare
- 2002
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Ingår i: Tidig upptäckt och preventiv behandling av asylsökande i riskzonen för självmord. - Stockholm : Institutet för psykosocial medicin (IPM). ; , s. 13-16
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 50. |
- Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Suicide : Some Social Dimensions
- 2001
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Ingår i: Suicide. - London : Martin Dunitz. - 1853178225 ; , s. 101-108
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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