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Sökning: WFRF:(Münger Peter)

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1.
  • Yi, Chuixiang, et al. (författare)
  • Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 5:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid-and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid-and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45 degrees N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at similar to 16 degrees C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO2 uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence.
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2.
  • Marcus, Carina, 1971- (författare)
  • Sensor and Signature Modeling for Aircraft Conceptual Development
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The aircraft design process has several phases, the first of which is conceptual design. In this phase, models describing an aircraft concept’s properties are used to evaluate its function and identify designs that meet given requirements. Fighter aircraft are generally expected to be capable of communicating, delivering munitions and gathering data about their environment to gain situational awareness. The ability to avoid detection by hostile sensors can also be important, depending on the aircraft’s role.The design process of the aircraft itself has usually focused on an aircraft’s flight performance and ability to carry loads, e.g. munitions and extra fuel. While acceleration, rate of turn, maximum speed, and operational range are important parameters, the success of military missions also depends on sensor capabilities and signature levels. However, sensor installation and signature reduction measures can affect the aircraft and its flight performance. Whether an aircraft concept fulfills the requirements given is evaluated using simulations in appropriate scenarios. The concept’s performance is assessed using models of aircraft properties, weapon properties, sensor capabilities and signature levels. Models of the aircraft properties are usually connected dynamically, and respond to changes in such things as the size of the concept. However, sensor and signature models are often the result of a separate optimization process and are only statically connected to the aircraft model. The complete aircraft model can be improved by introducing sensor and signature models that dynamically describe both their functions, and their impact on the aircraft. Concurrent design of all the aircraft properties may improve the quality of results from scenario simulations. When models used in simulations contain parameters coupled to each other, analysis of the resulting data is particularly important because that is what supports a decision-maker’s design choice.Sensor and signature models, in some cases combined with flight performance models, have been used to test methodologies intended for use in conceptual aircraft design. The results show that even seemingly simple models can produce results that can make a significant contribution to the aircraft design process.
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3.
  • Silverå Ejneby, Malin, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Atom-by-atom tuning of the electrostatic potassium-channel modulator dehydroabietic acid
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Journal of General Physiology. - New York, United States : Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. - 0022-1295 .- 1540-7748. ; 150:5, s. 731-750
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) is a naturally occurring component of pine resin that was recently shown to open voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels. The hydrophobic part of DHAA anchors the compound near the channel’s positively charged voltage sensor in a pocket between the channel and the lipid membrane. The negatively charged carboxyl group exerts an electrostatic effect on the channel’s voltage sensor, leading to the channel opening. In this study, we show that the channel-opening effect increases as the length of the carboxyl-group stalk is extended until a critical length of three atoms is reached. Longer stalks render the compounds noneffective. This critical distance is consistent with a simple electrostatic model in which the charge location depends on the stalk length. By combining an effective anchor with the optimal stalk length, we create a compound that opens the human KV7.2/7.3 (M type) potassium channel at a concentration of 1 µM. These results suggest that a stalk between the anchor and the effector group is a powerful way of increasing the potency of a channel-opening drug.
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5.
  • Adamovic, Dragan, et al. (författare)
  • Enhanced intra- and interlayer mass transport on Pt(111) via 5 - 50 eV Pt atom impacts on two-dimensional Pt clusters
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 515:4, s. 2235-2243
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the effects of low-energy (5–50 eV) normally-incident self-ion irradiation of two-dimensional compact Pt3, Pt7, Pt19, and Pt37 clusters on Pt(111). We follow atomistic pathways leading to bombardment-induced intra- and interlayer mass transport. The results can be described in terms of three impact energy regimes. With E ≤ 20 eV, we observe an increase in 2D island dimensions and negligible residual point defect formation. As the impact energy is raised above 20 eV, we observe an increase in irradiation-induced lateral mass transport, a decrease in island size, and the activation of interlayer processes. For E ≥ 35 eV, this trend continues, but point defects, in the form of surface vacancies, are also formed. The results illustrate the richness of the dynamical interaction mechanisms occurring among incident energetic species, target clusters, and substrate atoms, leading to island preservation, reconfiguration, disruption and/or residual point defects formation. We discuss the significance of these results in terms of thin film growth.
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6.
  • Adamovic, Dragan, 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Kinetic pathways leading to layer-by-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms : A Multibillion time step molecular dynamics study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 76, s. 115418-115425
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We employ multibillion time step embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the homoepitaxial growth of Pt(111) from hyperthermal Pt atoms (EPt=0.2–50eV) using deposition fluxes approaching experimental conditions. Calculated antiphase diffraction intensity oscillations, based on adatom coverages as a function of time, reveal a transition from a three-dimensional multilayer growth mode with EPt<20eV to a layer-by-layer growth with EPt≥20eV. We isolate the effects of irradiation-induced processes and thermally activated mass transport during deposition in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for promoting layer-by-layer growth. Direct evidence is provided to show that the observed transition in growth modes is primarily due to irradiation-induced processes which occur during the 10ps following the arrival of each hyperthermal atom. The kinetic pathways leading to the transition involve both enhanced intralayer and interlayer adatom transport, direct incorporation of energetic atoms into clusters, and cluster disruption leading to increased terrace supersaturation.
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7.
  • Adamovic, Dragan, et al. (författare)
  • Low-energy ion irradiation during film growth: Kinetic pathways leading to enhanced adatom migration rates
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 86, s. 211915-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the effects of low-energy self-ion irradiation of Pt adatoms on Pt(111). Here, we concentrate on self-bombardment dynamics, i.e., isolating and monitoring the atomic processes, induced by normally incident Pt atoms with energies E ranging from 5 to 50 eV, that can affect intra- and interlayer mass transport.. We find that adatom scattering, surface channeling, and dimer formation occur at all energies. Atomic intermixing events involving incident and terrace atoms are observed at energies 15  eV, while the collateral formation of residual surface vacancies is observed only with E>40  eV. The overall effect of low-energy self-ion irradiation is to enhance lateral adatom and terrace atom migration. ©2005 American Institute of Physics
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8.
  • Adamovic, Dragan, 1973- (författare)
  • Molecular Dynamics Studies of Low-Energy Atom Impact Phenomena on Metal Surfaces during Crystal Growth
  • 2006
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • It is a well-known fact in the materials science community that the use of low-energy atom impacts during thin film deposition is an effective tool for altering the growth behavior and for increasing the crystallinity of the films. However, the manner in which the incident atoms affect the growth kinetics and surface morphology is quite complicated and still not fully understood. This provides a strong incentive for further investigations of the interaction among incident atoms and surface atoms on the atomic scale. These impact-induced energetic events are non-equilibrium, transient processes which complete in picoseconds. The only accessible technique today which permits direct observation of these events is molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.This thesis deals with MD simulations of low-energy atom impact phenomena on metal surfaces during crystal growth. Platinum is chosen as a model system given that it has seen extended use as a model surface over the past few decades, both in experiments and simulations. In MD, the classical equations of motion are solved numerically for a set of interacting atoms. The atomic interactions are calculated using the embedded atom method (EAM). The EAM is a semi-empirical, pair-functional interatomic potential based on density functional theory. This potential provides a physical picture that includes many-atom effects while retaining computational efficiency needed for larger systems.Single adatoms residing on a surface constitute the smallest possible clusters and are the fundamental components controlling nucleation kinetics. Small two-dimensional clusters on a surface are the result of nucleation and are present during the early stages of growth. These surface structures are chosen as targets in the simulations (papers I and II) to provide further knowledge of the atomistic processes which occur during deposition, to investigate at which impact energies the different kinetic pathways open up, and how they may affect growth behavior. Some of the events observed are adatom scattering, dimer formation, cluster disruption, formation of three-dimensional clusters, and residual vacancy formation. Given the knowledge obtained, papers III and IV deal with growth of several layers with the aim to study the underlying mechanisms responsible for altering growth behavior and how the overall intra- and interlayer atomic migration can be controlled by low-energy atom impacts.
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9.
  • Andersson, Jon M., et al. (författare)
  • Ab initio calculations on the effects of additives on alumina phase stability
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 71:014101, s. 014101-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effects of substitutional additives on the properties and phase stability of - and -alumina (Al2O3), are investigated by density functional theory total energy calculations. The dopants explored are 5 at. % of Cr, Mo, Co, and As substituting for Al, respectively, N and S substituting for O, in the and lattices. Overall, the results show that it is possible to shift, and even reverse, the relative stability between - and -alumina by substitutional additives. The alumina bulk moduli are, in general, only slightly affected by the dopants but density of states profiles reveal additional peaks in the alumina band gaps. We also show that phase separations into pure oxides are energetically favored over doped alumina formation, and we present results on a number of previously unstudied binary oxides.
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10.
  • Andersson, Jon M., et al. (författare)
  • Energy distributions of positive and negative ions during magnetron sputtering of an Al target in Ar/O2 mixtures
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - College Park, MD, United States : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 100:3, s. Art. No. 033305 AUG 1 2006-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ion flux obtained during reactive magnetron sputtering of an Al target in Ar/O2 gas mixtures was studied by energy-resolved mass spectrometry, as a function of the total and O2 partial pressures. The positive ions of film-forming species exhibited bimodal energy distributions, both for direct current and radio frequency discharges, with the higher energy ions most likely originating from sputtered neutrals. For the negative oxygen ions a high-energy peak was observed, corresponding to ions formed at the target surface and accelerated towards the substrate over the sheath potential. As the total pressure was increased the high-energy peaks diminished due to gas-phase scattering. Based on these results, the role of energetic bombardment for the phase constituent of alumina thin films are discussed.
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11.
  • Andersson, Jon M., et al. (författare)
  • Molecular content of the deposition flux during reactive Ar/O2 magnetron sputtering of Al
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 88:05, s. Art. No. 054101 JAN 30 2006-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The deposition flux obtained during reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering of an Al target in Ar/O2 gas mixtures was studied by mass spectrometry. The results show significant amounts of molecular AlO+ (up to 10% of the Al+ flux) in the ionic flux incident onto the substrate. In the presence of ~10–4 Pa H2O additional OH+ and AlOH+ were detected, amounting to up to about 100% and 30% of the Al+ flux, respectively. Since the ions represent a small fraction of the total deposition flux, an estimation of the neutral content was also made. These calculations show that, due to the higher ionization probability of Al, the amount of neutral AlO in the deposition flux is of the order of, or even higher than, the amount of Al. These findings might be of great aid when explaining the alumina thin film growth process.
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12.
  • Andersson, Jon Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Phase control of Al2O3 thin films grown at low temperatures
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 513:1-2, s. 57-59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Low-temperature growth (500 °C) of α-Al2O3 thin films by reactive magnetron sputtering was achieved for the first time. The films were grown onto Cr2O3 nucleation layers and the effects of the total and O2 partial pressures were investigated. At 0.33 Pa total pressure and ≥ 16 mPa O2 partial pressure α-Al2O3 films formed, while at lower O2 pressure or higher total pressure (0.67 Pa), only γ phase was detected in the films (which were all stoichiometric). Based on these results we suggest that α phase formation was promoted by a high energetic bombardment of the growth surface. This implies that the phase content of Al2O3 films can be controlled by controlling the energy of the depositing species. The effect of residual H2O (10− 4 Pa) on the films was also studied, showing no change in phase content and no incorporated H (< 0.1%). Overall, these results are of fundamental importance in the further development of low-temperature Al2O3 growth processes.
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13.
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14.
  • Bartkowiak, M., et al. (författare)
  • High-Density Expansion for the Spinless Fermion Model I : First Order in 1/z and Horwitz-Callen Renormalization
  • 1988
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Modern Physics B. - : World Scientific Publishing. - 0217-9792. ; 2:03-04, s. 483-520
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A diagrammatic technique for Hubbard's operators is employed to perform systematically the high-density expansion for the three-dimensional spinless fermion model. The molecular field theory is obtained by the zero-order renormalization of blocks. Summation of the first order diagrams is carried out in both selfconsistent and correctional way. It turns out that the charge ordering parameter, calculated self-consistently, has a jump for a certain medial temperature. We have also shown, that the Horwitz-Callen renormalization leads to the first or second order phase transition, depending on t/W and fails when this ratio is large enough. The phase diagrams of the system for the half-filled band case, derived in both unrenormalized and renormalized first order of high-density expansion are presented.
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15.
  • Bartkowiak, M., et al. (författare)
  • High-Density Expansion for the Spinless Fermion Model II : Second and Third Order in 1/z
  • 1988
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Modern Physics B. - : World Scientific Publishing. - 0217-9792. ; 2:03-04, s. 521-536
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The selfconsistent high-density expansion for thermodynamic quantities of the quantum spin-polarized fermion lattice gas, derived in the preceding paper, is extended to higher orders. The (1/z)2terms in the free energy are evaluated by summing two-loop diagrams and the corresponding equation for critical temperature in the classical limit is discussed. Ground state phase diagram of the system for arbitrary electron density is derived in the first and second order of the expansion. Properties of the half-filled, one-dimensional spinless fermion model at T = 0, obtained here in the first three orders in 1/z, are compared with the results of exact calculations and of other approximate methods. This provides a test for the unrenormalized high-density expansion method.
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16.
  • Bartkowiak, M, et al. (författare)
  • High-Density Expansion for the Spinless Fermion Model III : Green-Functions
  • 1990
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Modern Physics B. - SINGAPORE : World Scientific Publishing. - 0217-9792. ; 4:13, s. 2025-2040
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The single-particle electron Green's function and the charge-fluctuation Green's function for the spin-polarized fermion lattice gas are calculated within the framework of the high-density expansion up to the first order in 1/z. Violation of some conditions of consistency of diagrammatic perturbation expansion approximation schemes are discussed. Relations between the Green's functions and corresponding approximate free energy are established. Two kinds of approximations for Green's functions for the charge ordered phase are constructed and applied to determine the band structure of the spinless fermion model. The Green's functions for the nonordered phase are used to study the phase diagram of the model for finite temperatures and arbitrary band filling. 
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18.
  • Carlberg, M H, et al. (författare)
  • Atomistic study of defect generation mechanisms in Mo/W superlattices
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 112:1-4, s. 109-111
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work we report the investigation of defect generation in Mo/W superlattices (SL). The study has been carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) and the embedded atom (EAM) potential. Mechanisms for the generation of observed defect patterns are proposed.
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19.
  • Carlberg, M H, et al. (författare)
  • Defects and energy accommodation in epitaxial sputter deposited Mo/W superlattices studied by molecular dynamics
  • 1998
  • Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 317:1-2, s. 10-13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We report here the results of a Molecular Dynamics-Embedded Atom Method-investigation of the pathways generating point defects in Mo/W superlattices during bombardment with energetic (50 to 200 eV) Ar and Kr neutrals. Energy accommodation coefficients are computed for the different structures and are found to be roughly independent of the incident energy, and substantially higher for structures with Mo on top. Several different types of defects are shown, and two general processes generating those are discussed. Trapping of the incoming noble gas was observed for the case of Kr impinging on structures with Mo as the top monolayer; this is interpreted as an effect of the small mass difference between the Mo and the Kr atoms. An increase in atomic mass of the gas translates into a more disparate behaviour of the studied structures. The energy exchange with the surface layer dictates the behaviour of the superlattice; this is accentuated when bombarding with the heavier gas, Kr. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.
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20.
  • Carlberg, M H, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamics of self-interstitial structures in body-centred-cubic W studied by molecular dynamics simulation
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 12:1, s. 79-86
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study concerns a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, using the embedded-atom method (EAM), of the self-diffusion of an interstitial in the bcc metal tungsten (W) at 2000 K. It is found that the interstitial moves only along (111) diagonals and that the switches to other nonparallel directions take place through a two-dimensional process. The (011) dumb-bell is central to this process. Movement along the (111) diagonals takes place through (111) crowdions occupying 2-6 lattice sites. The probabilities of a direction switch and a move are 0.249 and 0.751, respectively. Translating the complicated movement mechanism into the simple picture of interstitial hopping between lattice points, the diffusion velocity is calculated to be 520 m s(-1), and the activation energy for the interstitial self-diffusion is calculated to be 0.54 eV/interstitial.
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21.
  • Carlberg, M H, et al. (författare)
  • Molecular-dynamics studies of defect generation in epitaxial Mo/W superlattices
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 54:3, s. 2217-2224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An investigation of defect generation at the interface during growth of epitaxial (100) oriented Mo/W superlattices by ion-assisted deposition has been carried out using molecular-dynamics simulations. The influence of the impact parameter within the irreducible bcc unit cell [001] surface and the incident ion energy on the energy accommodation, the dynamics of energy transfer, and energy dissipation are discussed. A detailed model of the generation of point defects is presented and the influence of materials upon the type and the number of defects as well as the energy accommodation of the superlattice is revealed. It is shown that the behavior of the superlattice as a whole is largely dominated by the material in the surface monolayer.
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22.
  • Carlberg, M H, et al. (författare)
  • Self-interstitial structures in body-centred-cubic W studied by molecular dynamics simulation
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 11:34, s. 6509-6514
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper reports a simulation study of the detailed structure of an interstitial in a body-centred-cubic (bcc) metal, tungsten (W), using molecular dynamics and the embedded-atom method. Several distinct configurations can be discerned, including the well-known split-interstitial [011] dumb-bell. The [111] crowdion is also observed, as is a set of similar, one-dimensional, defect configurations. These are grouped into a proposed classification scheme, in which the traditional crowdion is revealed as part of a whole family. The defect energies of the various configurations are computed, and comparisons are made with bce iron (Fe) results. The [011] dumb-bell is the energetically most favourable configuration in W. It is found to have a radius of approximately one W lattice constant, 3.16 Angstrom.
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23.
  • Chirita, Valeriu, et al. (författare)
  • Cluster diffusion and surface morphological transitions on Pt (111) via reptation and concerted motion
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 370:1, s. 179-185
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to follow the diffusion dynamics of compact Pt clusters with up to 19 atoms on Pt (111) surfaces. The results reveal a novel cluster diffusion mechanism, involving successive shear translations of adjacent subcluster regions, which give rise to reptation, a snake-like gliding motion. We show that for compact clusters with 4 to 6 atoms, this mechanism competes energetically with that of island diffusion through concerted motion. However, as the cluster size increases from > 7 to ? 20 atoms, reptation becomes the energetically favored diffusion mechanism. The concerted shear motion of subcluster regions, leading to reptation, is also shown to play a significant role in dendritic-to-compact morphological transitions of Pt island.
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24.
  • Chirita, Valeriu, et al. (författare)
  • Enhanced cluster mobilities on Pt(111) during film growth from the vapor phase
  • 1998
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 72:1, s. 127-129
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We use molecular dynamics simulations to follow the dynamics of small two-dimensional Pt clusters on Pt(111) at 1000 K. While close-packed Pt-7 heptamers are extremely stable structures, the addition of a single cluster vacancy or an on-top adatom immediately results in intracluster bond breaking, reconfigurations, rotations, the introduction of stacking faults, and greatly enhanced cluster diffusion rates. Mapping center-of-mass motion for total simulation times >145 ns revealed increases in cluster velocities by more than an order of magnitude with cluster migration occurring primarily by concerted motion and a novel diffusion mechanism involving double shearing of dimers/trimers. Contrary to some previous reports, edge-atom diffusion plays only a minor role. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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25.
  • Chirita, Valeriu, et al. (författare)
  • Reptation : a mechanism for cluster migration on (111) face-centered-cubic metal surfaces
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Surface Science. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 436:1-3, s. L641-L647
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded-atom molecular-dynamics simulations were used to follow the diffusion dynamics of compact platinum clusters with up to 19 atoms on Pt(lll). The results reveal a cluster diffusion mechanism on (111) face-centered-cubic (fcc) surfaces involving successive shear translations of adjacent subcluster regions giving rise to reptation, a snake-like gliding motion. We show that for compact clusters with <7 atoms, this mechanism competes energetically with that of island diffusion through concerted motion. However, for cluster sizes of between 8 and similar or equal to 20 atoms, reptation becomes energetically favorable, especially for elongated clusters. Reptation is also shown to be an important migration mechanism for fractal (randomly ramified) and dendritic (symmetrically branched) islands. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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26.
  • Curtsdotter, Alva, 1983- (författare)
  • Extinctions in Ecological Communities : direct and indirect effects of perturbation on biodiversity
  • 2014
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the dawning of what may become Earth’s 6th mass extinction the topic of this thesis, understanding extinction processes and what determines the magnitude of species loss, has become only too relevant. The number of known extinctions (~850) during the last centuries translates to extinction rates elevated above the background rate, matching those of previous mass extinction events. The main drivers of these extinctions have been human land use, introduction of exotic species and overexploitation. Under continued anthropogenic pressure and climate change, the current extinction rates are predicted to increase tenfold.Large perturbations, such as the extinction drivers mentioned above, affects species directly, causing a change in their abundance. As species are not isolated, but connected to each other through a multitude of interactions, the change in abundance of one species can in turn affect others. Thus, in addition to the direct effect, a perturbation can affect a species indirectly through the ecological network in which the species is embedded. With this thesis, I wish to contribute to our basic understanding of these indirect effects and the role they play in determining the magnitude of species loss. All the studies included here are so called in silico experiments, using mathematical models to describe ecological communities and computer simulations to observe the response of these communities to perturbation.When a perturbation is severe enough, a species will be driven to extinction. The loss of a species from a system is in itself a large perturbation, and may result in further extinctions, so called secondary extinctions. The traits of the species initially lost, can be a potential predictor of the magnitude of secondary species loss. In Paper I of this thesis, I show that when making such predictions, it is important to incorporate temporally dynamic species interactions and abundances, in order not to underestimate the importance of certain species, such as top predators.I further show that species traits alone are not particularly good predictors of secondary extinction risk (Paper I), but that in combination with community level properties they are (Paper II). Indeed, there seems to be an interaction such that the specific property making a community prone to secondary species loss, depends on what kind of species was lost in the primary extinction. As different types of perturbation put different types of species at risk of (primary) extinction, this means that the specific property making a community prone to secondary species loss, will depend on the type of perturbation the community is subjected to.One of the predicted main drivers of future species extinction is climate change. If the local climate becomes adverse, a species can either migrate to new and better areas or stay and evolve. Both these processes will be important in determining the magnitude of species loss under climate change. However, migration and evolution do not occur in vacuum – the biotic community in which these processes play out may modulate their effect on biodiversity. In paper III, I show that the strength of competition between species modulates the effect of both dispersal and evolution on the magnitude of species loss under climate change. The three-way interaction between interspecific competition, evolution and dispersal, creates a complex pattern of biodiversity responses, in which both evolution and dispersal can either increase or decrease the magnitude of species loss. Thus, when species interactions are incorporated, it is clear that even though migration and evolution may alleviate the impact of climate change for some species, they may indirectly aggravate the situation for others.In Paper III, the aspect of climate change incorporated in the model is an increase in mean annual temperature. But climate change is also predicted to increase environmental variability. Paper IV shows that species-rich communities are more sensitive to high environmental variability than species-poor ones. The smaller population sizes in the species-rich communities increased the extinction risk connected to population fluctuations driven by the variable environment. Hence, systems such as tropical forests and coral reefs are predicted to be particularly sensitive to the increased variability that may follow with climate change.In Paper IV, primary extinctions of primary producers result in extinction cascades of consumer species, when they lose their prey. However, in reality a consumer species might be able to switch to another prey, and such flexibility has both been observed and suggested as a potential rescue mechanism. But what is beneficial for an individual predator in the short-term can become detrimental to the ecological community in the long-term. Paper V shows that consumer flexibility often led to consumers continuously overexploiting their new prey, in the worst case to the point of system collapse. Thus, the suggested rescue mechanism aggravated the effect of initial species loss, rather than ameliorating it.Overall, the research presented here, underscores the importance of including population dynamics and biotic interactions when studying the effects of perturbation on biodiversity. Many of the results are complex, hard to foresee or even counter-intuitive, arising from the indirect effects of the perturbation being translated through the living web of species interactions.
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27.
  • Curtsdotter, Alva, et al. (författare)
  • The strength of interspecific competition modulates the eco-evolutionary response to climate change
  • 2014
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Climate change is predicted to have major implications for global biodiversity. Dispersal and evolution may become crucial for species survival, as species must either adapt or migrate to track the changing climate. However, migration and evolution do not occur in vacuum – the biotic community in which these processes play out may modulate their effect on biodiversity. Here, we use an eco-evolutionary, spatially explicit, multi-species model that allows us to examine the interactive effects of competition, adaptation and dispersal on species richness in plant communities under global warming. We find that there is a larger decline in global species richness when interspecific competition is strong. Furthermore, there is a three-way interaction between interspecific competition, evolution and dispersal that creates a complex pattern of biodiversity responses, in which both evolution and dispersal can either increase or decrease the magnitude of species loss. This interaction arises for at least two reasons: 1) different levels of dispersal, evolution and competition creates differences in local and global community structure before climate change, and 2) competitive interactions determine whether the benefits of dispersal and/or evolution (climate tracking and adaptation) outweighs the risks (competitive exclusion).
  •  
28.
  • Ekeroth, Sebastian, 1988-, et al. (författare)
  • Catalytic nanotruss structures realized by magnetic self-assembly in pulsed plasma
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Nano Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 18:5, s. 3132-3137
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tunable nanostructures that feature a high surface area are firmly attached to a conducting substrate and can be fabricated efficiently over significant areas, which are of interest for a wide variety of applications in, for instance, energy storage and catalysis. We present a novel approach to fabricate Fe nanoparticles using a pulsed-plasma process and their subsequent guidance and self-organization into well-defined nanostructures on a substrate of choice by the use of an external magnetic field. A systematic analysis and study of the growth procedure demonstrate that nondesired nanoparticle agglomeration in the plasma phase is hindered by electrostatic repulsion, that a polydisperse nanoparticle distribution is a consequence of the magnetic collection, and that the formation of highly networked nanotruss structures is a direct result of the polydisperse nanoparticle distribution. The nanoparticles in the nanotruss are strongly connected, and their outer surfaces are covered with a 2 nm layer of iron oxide. A 10 μm thick nanotruss structure was grown on a lightweight, flexible and conducting carbon-paper substrate, which enabled the efficient production of H2 gas from water splitting at a low overpotential of 210 mV and at a current density of 10 mA/cm2.
  •  
29.
  • Ekeroth, Sebastian, 1988-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of nanoparticle magnetization on the 3D formation of dual-phase Ni/NiO nanoparticle-based nanotrusses
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of nanoparticle research. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1388-0764 .- 1572-896X. ; 21:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Magnetic nanoparticles with average size 30 nm were utilized to build three-dimensional framework structures—nanotrusses. In dual-phase Ni/NiO nanoparticles, there is a strong correlation between the amount of magnetic Ni and the final size and shape of the nanotruss. As it decreases, the length of the individual nanowires within the trusses also decreases, caused by a higher degree of branching of the wires. The position and orientation of the non-magnetic material within the truss structure was also investigated for the different phase compositions. For lower concentrations of NiO phase, the electrically conducting Ni-wire framework is maintained through the preferential bonding between the Ni crystals. For larger concentrations of NiO phase, the Ni-wire framework is interrupted by the NiO. The ability to use nanoparticles that are only partly oxidized in the growth of nanotruss structures is of great importance. It opens the possibility for using not only magnetic metals such as pure Ni, Fe, and Co, but also to use dual-phase nanoparticles that can strongly increase the efficiency of e.g. catalytic electrodes and fuel cells.
  •  
30.
  • Eklöf, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Can dispersal rescue metacommunities from extinction cascades?
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Climate change and habitat loss are increasingly affecting the structure and dynamics of ecological communities both at the local and regional scale. Changes in the spatial structure of landscapes as well as in the trophic structure of local communities can be expected to have important consequences for the long-term persistence of species in metacommunities. The aim of the present work is to investigate how the spatial structure of the landscape (patch density) and dispersal patterns of species (migration rate and dispersal distance) affect a metacommunities response to local loss of species and to increased mortality of individuals during dispersal. Using a spatially and dynamically explicit metacommunity model we find that the effect of dispersal on metacommunity persistence is two-sided: on the one hand, when dispersal involves no risk, high migration rate significantly reduces the risk of bottom-up extinction cascades following the local removal of a species. The explanation for this is that recolonization rates of the locally removed species increases with increasing migration rate. On the other hand, when dispersal imposes a risk to the dispersing individuals, high migration rate increases extinction risks, especially when dispersal is global (long dispersal distances). Largebodied species with long generation times at the highest trophic level are particularly vulnerable to extinction when dispersal involves a risk. These results suggest that decreasing the mortality risk of dispersing individuals by improving the quality of the habitat matrix might greatly increase the robustness of metacommunities to local loss of species by enhancing recolonizations and rescue effects.
  •  
31.
  • Eklöf, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Climate change in metacommunities : dispersal gives double-sided effects on persistence
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society B. - : The Royal Society Publishing. - 1471-2970 .- 0962-8436. ; 367:1605, s. 2945-2954
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Climate change is increasingly affecting the structure and dynamics of ecological communities bothat local and at regional scales, and this can be expected to have important consequences for theirrobustness and long-term persistence. The aim of the present work is to analyse how the spatialstructure of the landscape and dispersal patterns of species (dispersal rate and average dispersal distance)affects metacommunity response to two disturbances: (i) increased mortality during dispersaland (ii) local species extinction. We analyse the disturbances both in isolation and in combination.Using a spatially and dynamically explicit metacommunity model, we find that the effect of dispersalon metacommunity persistence is two-sided: on the one hand, high dispersal significantly reducesthe risk of bottom-up extinction cascades following the local removal of a species; on the otherhand, when dispersal imposes a risk to the dispersing individuals, high dispersal increases extinctionrisks, especially when dispersal is global. Large-bodied species with long generation times at thehighest trophic level are particularly vulnerable to extinction when dispersal involves a risk. Thissuggests that decreasing the mortality risk of dispersing individuals by improving the quality ofthe habitat matrix may greatly increase the robustness of metacommunities.
  •  
32.
  • Eklöf, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of dispersal on local extinctions in multi-trophic metacommunities
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • As a result of habitat destruction many ecological communities have a fragmented distribution and are built up of partially isolated local communities connected through dispersal of interacting species. The dynamics of such metacommunities is governed both by local processes (interactions among species coexisting within habitat patches) and regional processes (movement of species among habitat patches). Earlier theoretical work on simple metacommunities have mainly focused on the positive effects of space and dispersal for the coexistence of interacting species and hence for local and regional species diversity. However, it is plausible that dispersal might also pose some kind of risk to the dispersing individuals. Here we explore how such risks might affect the dynamics of metacommunities. We develop spatially and dynamically explicit models to investigate how the trophic structure (connectance) of local communities, the spatial structure of the metacommunity and the dispersal characteristics of species affect species extinction risks. Species extinction risks in these open communities are measured relative to the extinction risks in closed communities (i.e. no dispersal). We show that the introduction of dispersal among initially closed local communities might lead to increased probability of local species extinction. The effects of dispersal depend on migration rate, movement pattern of individuals and the density of patches in the landscape. Specifically, when dispersal involves a risk, high migration rates, global dispersal and low patch density will all lead to increased probability of local species extinctions. Furthermore, the trophic structure of local communities plays a significant role in the response of metacommunities to changes in the regional processes.
  •  
33.
  • Eklöf, Anna, 1976- (författare)
  • Species extinctions in food webs : local and regional processes
  • 2009
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Loss of biodiversity is one of the most severe threats to the ecosystems of the world. The major causes behind the high population and species extinction rates are anthropogenic activities such as overharvesting of natural populations, pollution, climate change and destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. There is an urgent need of understanding how these species losses affect the ecological structure and functioning of our ecosystems. Ecological communities exist in a landscape but the spatial aspects of community dynamics have until recently to large extent been ignored. However, the community’s response to species losses is likely to depend on both the structure of the local community as well as its interactions with surrounding communities. Also the characteristics of the species going extinct do affect how the community can cope with species loss. The overall goal of the present work has been to investigate how both local and regional processes affect ecosystem stability, in the context of preserved biodiversity and maintained ecosystem functioning. The focus is particularly on how these processes effects ecosystem’s response to species loss. To accomplish this goal I have formulated and analyzed mathematical models of ecological communities. We start by analyzing the local processes (Paper I and II) and continue by adding the regional processes (Paper III, IV and V).In Paper I we analyze dynamical models of ecological communities of different complexity (connectance) to investigate how the structure of the communities affects their resistance to species loss. We also investigate how the resistance is affected by the characteristics, like trophic level and connectivity, of the initially lost species. We find that complex communities are more resistant to species loss than simple communities. The loss of species at low trophic levels and/or with high connectivity (many links to other species) triggers, on average, the highest number of secondary extinctions. We also investigate the structure of the post-extinction community. Moreover, we compare our dynamical analysis with results from topological analysis to evaluate the importance of incorporating dynamics when assessing the risk and extent of cascading extinctions.The characteristics of a species, like its trophic position and connectivity (number of ingoing and outgoing trophic links) will affect the consequences of its loss as well as its own vulnerability to secondary extinction. In Paper II we characterize the species according to their trophic/ecological uniqueness, a new measure of species characteristic we develop in this paper. A species that has no prey or predators in common with any other species in the community will have a high tropic uniqueness. Here we examine the effect of secondary extinctions on an ecological community’s trophic diversity, the range of different trophic roles played by the species in a community. We find that secondary extinctions cause loss of trophic diversity greater than expected from chance. This occurs because more tropically unique species are more vulnerable to secondary extinctions.In Paper III, IV and V we expand the analysis to also include the spatial dimension. Paper III is a book chapter discussing spatial aspects of food webs. In Paper IV we analyze how metacommunities (a set of local communities in the landscape connected by species dispersal) respond to species loss and how this response is affected by the structure of the local communities and the number of patches in the metacommunity. We find that the inclusion of space reduces the risk of global and local extinctions and that lowly connected communities are more sensitive to species loss.In Paper V we investigate how the trophic structure of the local communities, the spatial structure of the landscape and the dispersal patterns of species affect the risk of local extinctions in the metacommunity. We find that the pattern of dispersal can have large effects on local diversity. Dispersal rate as well as dispersal distance are important: low dispersal rates and localized dispersal decrease the risk of local and global extinctions while high dispersal rates and global dispersal increase the risk. We also show that the structure of the local communities plays a significant role for the effects of dispersal on the dynamics of the metacommunity. The species that are most affected by the introduction of the spatial dimension are the top predators.
  •  
34.
  • Elofsson, Viktor, et al. (författare)
  • Unravelling the Physical Mechanisms that Determine Microstructural Evolution of Ultrathin Volmer-Weber Films
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 116:4, s. 044302-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The initial formation stages (i.e., island nucleation, island growth, and island coalescence) set characteristic length scales during growth of thin films from the vapour phase. They are, thus, decisive for morphological and microstructural features of films and nanostructures. Each of the initial formation stages has previously been well-investigated separately for the case of Volmer-Weber growth, but knowledge on how and to what extent each stage individually and all together affect the microstructural evolution is still lacking. Here we address this question using growth of Ag on SiO2 from pulsed vapour fluxes as a case study. By combining in situ growth monitoring, ex situ imaging and growth simulations we systematically study the growth evolution all the way from nucleation to formation of a continuous film and establish the effect of the vapour flux time domain on the scaling behaviour of characteristic growth transitions (elongation transition, percolation and continuous film formation). Our data reveal a pulsing frequency dependence for the characteristic film growth transitions, where the nominal transition thickness decreases with increasing pulsing frequency up to a certain value after which a steady-state behaviour is observed. The scaling behaviour is shown to result from differences in island sizes and densities, as dictated by the initial film formation stages. These differences are determined solely by the interplay between the characteristics of the vapour flux and time required for island coalescence to be completed. In particular, our data provide evidence that the steady-state scaling regime of the characteristic growth transitions is caused by island growth that hinders coalescence from being completed, leading to a coalescence-free growth regime.
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35.
  • Gilljam, David, 1978- (författare)
  • Structure and Stability of Ecological Networks : The role of dynamic dimensionality and species variability in resource use
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The main focus of this thesis is on the response of ecological communities to environmental variability and species loss. My approach is theoretical; I use mathematical models of networks where species population dynamics are described by ordinary differential equations. A common theme of the papers in my thesis is variation – variable link structure (Paper I) and within-species variation in resource use (Paper III and IV). To explore how such variation affect the stability of ecological communities in variable environments, I use numerical methods evaluating for example community persistence (the proportion of species surviving over time; Paper I, II and IV). I also develop a new method for quantifying the dynamical dimensionality of an ecological community and investigate its effect on community persistence in stochastic environments (Paper II). Moreover, if we are to gain trustworthy model output, it is of course of major importance to create study systems that reflect the structures of natural systems. To this end, I also study highly resolved, individual based empirical food web data sets (Paper III, IV).In Paper I, the effects of adaptive rewiring induced by resource loss on the persistence of ecological networks is investigated. Loss of one species in an ecosystem can trigger extinctions of other dependent species. For instance, specialist predators will go extinct following the loss of their only prey unless they can change their diet. It has therefore been suggested that an ability of consumers to rewire to novel prey should mitigate the consequences of species loss by reducing the risk of cascading extinction. Using a new modelling approach on natural and computer-generated food webs I find that, on the contrary, rewiring often aggravates the effects of species loss. This is because rewiring can lead to overexploitation of resources, which eventually causes extinction cascades. Such a scenario is particularly likely if prey species cannot escape predation when rare and if predators are efficient in exploiting novel prey. Indeed, rewiring is a two-edged sword; it might be advantageous for individual predators in the short term, yet harmful for long-term system persistence.The persistence of an ecological community in a variable world depends on the strength of environmental variation pushing the community away from equilibrium compared to the strength of the deterministic feedbacks, caused by interactions among and within species, pulling the community towards the equilibrium. However, it is not clear which characteristics of a community that promote its persistence in a variable world. In Paper II, using a modelling approach on natural and computer-generated food webs, I show that community persistence is strongly and positively related to its dynamic dimensionality (DD), as measured by the inverse participation ratio (IPR) of the real part of the eigenvalues of the community matrix. A high DD means that the real parts of the eigenvalues are of similar magnitude and the system will therefore approach equilibrium from all directions at a similar rate. On the other hand, when DD is low, one of the eigenvalues has a large magnitude of the real part compared to  the others and the deterministic forces pulling the system towards  equilibrium is therefore weak in many directions compared to the stochastic forces pushing the system away from the equilibrium. As a consequence the risk of crossing extinction thresholds and boundaries separating basins of attractions increases, and hence persistence decreases, as DD decreases. Given the forecasted increase in climate variability caused by global warming, Paper II suggests that the dynamic dimensionality of ecological systems is likely to become an increasingly important property for their persistence.In Paper III, I investigate patterns in the size structure of one marine and six running freshwater food webs: that is, how the trophic structure of such ecological networks is governed by the body size of its interacting entities. The data for these food webs are interactions between individuals, including the taxonomic identity and body mass of the prey and the predator. Using these detailed data, I describe how patterns in diet variation and predator variation scales with the body mass of predators or prey, using both a species- and a size-class-based approach. I also compare patterns of size structure derived from analysis of individual-based data with those patterns that result when data are aggregated into species (or size class-based) averages. This comparison shows that analysis based on species averaging can obscure interesting patterns in the size structure of ecological communities. For example, I find that the strength of the relationship between prey body mass and predator body mass is consistently underestimated when species averages are used instead of the individual level data. In some cases, no relationship is found when species averages are used, but when individual-level data are used instead, clear and significant patterns are revealed. These results have potentially important implications for parameterisation of models of ecological communities and hence for predictions concerning their dynamics and response to different kinds of disturbances.Paper IV continues the analysis of the highly resolved individual-based empirical data set used in Paper III and investigates patterns and effects of within- and between species resource specialisation in ecological communities. Within-species size variation can be considerable. For instance, in fishes and reptiles, where growth is continuous, individuals pass through a wide spectrum of sizes, possibly more than four orders of magnitude, during the independent part of their life cycle. Given that the size of an organism is correlated with many of its fundamental ecological properties, it should come as no surprise that an individual’s size affects the type of prey it can consume and what predators will attack it (Paper III). In Paper IV, I quantify within- and between species differences in predator species’ prey preferences in natural food webs and subsequently explore its consequences for dynamical dimensionality (Paper II) and community stability in stage structured food web models. Among the natural food webs there are webs where species overlap widely in their resource use while the resource use of size-classes within species differs. There are also webs where differences in resource use among species is relatively large and the niches of sizeclasses within species are more similar. Model systems with the former structure are found to have low dynamical dimensionality and to be less stable compared to systems with the latter structure. Thus, although differential resource use among individuals within a species is likely to decrease the intensity of intraspecific competition and favor individuals specializing on less exploited resources it can destabilize the community in which the individuals are embedded.
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36.
  • Johansson, M P, et al. (författare)
  • Low-temperature deposition of cubic BN : C films by unbalanced direct current magnetron sputtering of a B4C target
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 14:6, s. 3100-3107
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Controllable-unbalanced de magnetron sputtering of a B4C target in mixed Ar-N-2 discharges has been used to deposit BN:C thin films with carbon concentrations in the range of 5-21 at, % on Si(001) substrates. The variation of the nitrogen gas consumption with nitrogen partial pressure was used to determine the sorption capacity of the sputtering source and was then correlated to the film discharge plasma density near the substrate in a wide range. Hence, the ion flux J(i) of primary Ar+ and N-2(+) ions accelerated to the substrate by an applied negative substrate bias could be varied while keeping the deposition flux J(n) (the sum of film building species, B, C, and N atoms) near constant. BN:C films were grown at large ion-to-neutral flux ratios 3 less than or equal to J(i)/J(n) less than or equal to 24, ion energies E(i) less than or equal to 500 eV, and substrate temperatures 150 less than or equal to T-s less than or equal to 350 degrees C. The phase and elemental composition of as-deposited BN:C films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wavelength dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Deposition of cubic phase c-BN:C containing 5-7 at. % of C is demonstrated under conditions of low energy (110 eV) ion bombardment, a high ion-to-atom arrival rate ration (J(i)/J(n) similar to 24), and low growth temperatures (similar to 150 degrees C). (C) 1996 American Vacuum Society.
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37.
  • Kaneryd, Linda (författare)
  • Dynamics of ecological communities in variable environments : local and spatial processes
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The ecosystems of the world are currently facing a variety of anthropogenic perturbations, such as climate change, fragmentation and destruction of habitat, overexploitation of natural resources and invasions of alien species. How the ecosystems will be affected is not only dependent on the direct effects of the perturbations on individual species but also on the trophic structure and interaction patterns of the ecological community. Of particular current concern is the response of ecological communities to climate change. Increased global temperature is expected to cause an increased intensity and frequency of weather extremes. A more unpredictable and more variable environment will have important consequences not only for individual species but also for the dynamics of the entire community. If we are to fully understand the joint effects of a changing climate and habitat fragmentation, there is also a need to understand the spatial aspects of community dynamics. In the present work we use dynamic models to theoretically explore the importance of local (Paper I and II) and spatial processes (Paper III-V) for the response of multi-trophic communities to different kinds of perturbations.In paper I we investigate how species richness and correlation in species responses to a highly variable environment affect the risk of extinction cascades. We find that the risk of extinction cascades increases with increasing species richness especially when the correlation among species is low. Initial stochastic extinctions of primary producer species unleash bottomup extinction cascades, where specialist consumers are especially vulnerable. Although the risks of extinction cascades were higher in the species-rich systems, we found that the temporal stability of aggregate abundance of primary producers increased with increasing richness. Thus, species richness had a two-sided effect on community stability. Also during the extinction cascades it is possible that more robust species and interaction patterns will be selected which would further act to stabilize the post-extinction communities. In paper II we explore how the process of disassembly affects the structure of the interaction network and the robustness of the community to additional disturbances. We find that the disassembled communities are structurally different and more resistant to disturbances than equally sized communities that have not gone through a phase of disassembly. The disassembled communities are topologically as well as dynamically more stable than non-disassembled communities.In paper III, IV and V we expand the analysis to incorporate the spatial dimension. In paper III we analyze how metacommunities (a set of local communities coupled by species dispersal) in spatially explicit landscapes respond to environmental variation. We examine how this response is affected by varying 1) species richness in the local communities, 2) the degree of correlation in species response to the environmental variation, between species within patches (species correlation) and among patches (spatial correlation) and 3) dispersal pattern of species. First we can confirm that our previous findings from paper I regarding local species richness and correlation among species within a patch are robust to the inclusion of a spatial dimension. However our results also show that the spatial dynamics are of great importance: first we find that the risk of global extinctions increases with increasing spatial correlation. Second we find that the pattern and rate of dispersal are important; a high migration rate in combination with localized dispersal decrease the risk of global extinctions whereas a global dispersal pattern increases the risk of global extinctions. When dispersal is global the subpopulations of a species become more synchronized which reduces the potential for a patch to become recolonized following extinctions. We also demonstrate the importance of both local and spatial processes when examining the temporal stability of primary production at the scale of metapopulations, local communities and metacommunities.In paper IV we investigate how the spatial structure of the landscape (number of patches) and dispersal pattern of species affect a metacommunities response to increased mortality during dispersal and local loss of species. We find a two-sided effect of dispersal on metacommunity persistence; on the one hand, high migration rate significantly reduces the risk of bottom-up extinction cascades following the removal of a species when dispersal involves no risk. On the other hand, high migration rate increases extinction risks when dispersal imposes a risk to the dispersing individuals, especially when dispersal is global. Species with long generation times at the highest trophic level are particularly vulnerable to extinction when dispersal involves a risk. These results suggest that decreasing the mortality risk of dispersing individuals by constructing habitat corridors or by improving the quality of the habitat matrix might greatly increase the robustness of metacommunities to local loss of species by enhancing recolonisations and rescue effects.In paper V we use network theory to identify keystone patches in the landscape, patches that are of critical importance for the local and global persistence of species in the metacommunity. By deleting patches one at a time and investigating the risk of local and global extinctions we quantified the importance of a patch’s position in the landscape for the persistence of species within the metacommunity. A selection of indices were used including some local indices that measure the connectedness of a patch in the intact network and some indices which measure the decrease in a global index after the deletion of the patch from the network. Global indices are those that give an impression of the connectivity of the entire patch network. We find that deletion of patches contributing strongly to the connectivity of the entire patch network had the most negative effect on species persistence.
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38.
  • Kaneryd, Linda, et al. (författare)
  • Risk of global extinctions in metacommunities exposed to a highly variable environment: local and spatial processes
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Here we analyze how metacommunities (a set of local communities coupled by species dispersal) in spatially explicit landscapes respond to environmental variation. We examine how this response is affected by 1) species richness in the local communities, 2) the degree of correlation in species response to the environmental variation both between species within patches (species correlation) and among patches (spatial correlation) and 3) dispersal pattern of species. We find that the risk of global extinction increases with increasing species richness in the local communities and with decreasing correlation among species in their response to environmental fluctuations. We also show that the pattern of spatial correlation is of great importance; the risk of global extinctions increases with increasing spatial correlation. Moreover, we find that the pattern and rate of dispersal are important; a high migration rate in combination with localized dispersal decrease the risk of global extinctions whereas a global dispersal pattern increases the risk of global extinctions. When dispersal is global the subpopulations of a species become more synchronized which reduces the potential for a patch to become recolonized following extinctions. We also demonstrate the importance of both local and spatial processes when examining the temporal stability of primary production at the scale of metapopulations, local communities and metacommunities.
  •  
39.
  • Kaneryd, Linda, et al. (författare)
  • Robustness of food webs whose structures have been shaped by extinctions in the past
  • 2011
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Extinctions of species might lead to changes in the trophic structure of food webs with consequences for the robustness of the webs. Using a theoretical approach we here investigate 1) how ‘natural’ extinctions of species in a variable environment affect the trophic structure of food webs and 2) which consequences these structural changes will have for the topological and dynamical robustness of the webs to further, future disturbances. We show that food webs whose structure have been shaped by extinctions in the past (disassembled webs) are structurally different and more robust to disturbances (species deletion and exposure to high levels of environmental variability) than food webs of equal size (number of species) that have not gone through a phase of disassembly. The increased robustness of the disassembled webs is due to the preservation of certain link structures, structures that have been found to promote topological and dynamical stability. Thus, our results suggest that ‘natural’ extinctions lead to changes in the trophic structure of food webs which make them more resistant to future perturbations.
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40.
  • Kaneryd, Linda, et al. (författare)
  • Species-rich ecosystems are vulnerable to cascading extinctions in an increasingly variable world
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2045-7758. ; 2:4, s. 858-874
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Global warming leads to increased intensity and frequency of weather extremes. Such increased environmental variability might in turn result in increased variation in the demographic rates of interacting species with potentially important consequences for the dynamics of food webs. Using a theoretical approach, we here explore the response of food webs to a highly variable environment.We investigate how species richness and correlation in the responses of species to environmental fluctuations affect the risk of extinction cascades. We find that the risk of extinction cascades increases with increasing species richness, especially when correlation among species is low. Initial extinctions of primary producer species unleash bottom-up extinction cascades, especially in webs with specialist consumers. In this sense, species-rich ecosystems are less robust to increasing levels of environmental variability than species-poor ones. Our study thus suggests that highly speciesrich ecosystems such as coral reefs and tropical rainforests might be particularly vulnerable to increased climate variability.
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41.
  • Lü, Bo, et al. (författare)
  • Coalescence-controlled and coalescence-free growth regimes during deposition of pulsed metal vapor fluxes on insulating surfaces
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 117:13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The morphology and physical properties of thin films deposited by vapor condensation on solid surfaces are predominantly set by the processes of island nucleation, growth, and coalescence. When deposition is performed using pulsed vapor fluxes, three distinct nucleation regimes are known to exist depending on the temporal profile of the flux. These regimes can be accessed by tuning deposition conditions; however, their effect on film microstructure becomes marginal when coalescence sets in and erases morphological features obtained during nucleation. By preventing coalescence from being completed, these nucleation regimes can be used to control microstructure evolution and thus access a larger palette of film morphological features. Recently, we derived the quantitative criterion to stop coalescence during continuous metal vapor flux deposition on insulating surfaceswhich typically yields 3-dimensional growthby describing analytically the competition between island growth by atomic incorporation and the coalescence rate of islands [Lu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 163107 (2014)]. Here, we develop the analytical framework for entering a coalescence-free growth regime for metal vapor deposition on insulating substrates using pulsed vapor fluxes, showing that there exist three distinct criteria for suppressing coalescence that correspond to the three nucleation regimes of pulsed vapor flux deposition. The theoretical framework developed herein is substantiated by kinetic Monte Carlo growth simulations. Our findings highlight the possibility of using atomistic nucleation theory for pulsed vapor deposition to control morphology of thin films beyond the point of island density saturation. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
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42.
  • Lü, Bo, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamic competition between island growth and coalescence in metal-on-insulator deposition
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 105:16, s. 163107-1-163107-5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The morphology of thin metal films and nanostructures synthesized from the vapor phase on insulating substrates is strongly influenced by the coalescence of islands. Here, we derive analytically the quantitative criterion for coalescence suppression by combining atomistic nucleation theory and a classical model of coalescence. Growth simulations show that using this criterion, a coalescence-free growth regime can be reached in which morphological evolution is solely determined by island nucleation, growth, and impingement. Experimental validation for the ability to control the rate of coalescence using this criterion and navigate between different growth regimes is provided by in situ monitoring of Ag deposition on SiO2. Our findings pave the way for creating thin films and nanostructures that exhibit a wide range of morphologies and physical attributes in a knowledge-based manner.
  •  
43.
  • Lü, Bo (författare)
  • Dynamics of the Early Stages in Metal-on-Insulator Thin Film Deposition
  • 2014
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Thin films consist of nanoscale layers of material that are used in many technological applications to either functionalize a surface or serve as parts in miniaturized devices. The properties of a film are closely related to its microstructure, which in turn can be tuned during film preparation. Thin film growth involves a multitude of atomic-scale processes that cannot always be easily studied experimentally. Therefore, different types of computer simulations have been developed in order to test theoretical models of thin film growth in a highly controlled way. To be able to compare simulation and experimental results, the simulations must be able to model events on experimental time-scales, i.e. several seconds or minutes. This is achievable with the kinetic Monte Carlo method.In this work, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are used to model the initial growth stages of metal films on insulating, amorphous substrates. This includes the processes of island nucleation, three-dimensional island growth and island coalescence. Both continuous and pulsed vapor fluxes are investigated as deposition sources, and relations between deposition parameters and film morphology are formulated. Specifically, the film thickness at what is known as the “elongation transition” is studied as a function of the temporal profile of the vapor flux, adatom diffusivity and the coalescence rate. Since the elongation transition occurs due to hindrance of coalescence completion, two separate scaling behaviors of the elongation transition film thickness are found: one where coalescence occurs frequently and one where coalescence occurs infrequently. In the latter case, known nucleation behaviors can be used favorably to control the morphology of thin films, as these behaviors are not erased by island coalescence. Experimental results of Ag growth on amorphous SiO2 that confirm the existence of these two “growth regimes” are also presented for both pulsed and continuous deposition by magnetron sputtering. Knowledge of how to avoid coalescence for different deposition conditions allows nucleation for metal-on-insulator material systems to be studied and relevant physical quantities to be determined in a way not previously possible. This work also aids understanding of the growth evolution of polycrystalline films, which in conjunction with advanced deposition techniques allows thin films to be tailored to specific applications.
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44.
  • Lü, Bo, et al. (författare)
  • Growth regimes during metal-on-insulator deposition using pulsed vapor fluxes
  • 2014
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The morphology and physical properties of thin films deposited by vapor condensation on solid surfaces are predominantly set by the initial surface processes of nucleation, island growth and coalescence. When deposition is performed using pulsed vapor fluxes, three distinct nucleation regimes are known to exist depending on the temporal profile of the flux. While these regimes can be accessed by tuning deposition conditions, their effect on film microstructure becomes marginal when coalescence sets in and erases morphological features obtained during nucleation. By preventing coalescence from being completed, these nucleation regimes can be used in a straightforward manner to control microstructure evolution and thus access a larger palette of film morphological features. Recently, we proposed a mechanism and derived the quantitative criterion to stop coalescence during continuous vapor flux deposition, based on a competition between island growth by atomic incorporation and the coalescence rate of islands [Lü et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 163107 (2014)]. In the present study, we develop the analytical framework for entering a coalescence-free growth regime for thin film deposition using pulse vapor fluxes, showing that there exist three distinct criteria corresponding to the three nucleation regimes of pulsed vapor flux deposition. The theoretical framework developed herein is substantiated by kinetic Monte Carlo growth simulations. Our findings highlight the possibility of using classical nucleation theory for pulsed vapor deposition to design materials which have an inherent tendency to coalesce.
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45.
  • Lü, Bo, 1986- (författare)
  • Nano- and mesoscale morphology evolution of metal films on weakly-interacting surfaces
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Thin films are structures consisting of one or several nanoscale atomic layers of material that are used to either functionalize a surface or constitute components in more complex devices. Many properties of a film are closely related to its microstructure, which allows films to be tailored to meet specific technological requirements. Atom-by-atom film growth from the vapor phase involves a multitude of atomic processes that may not be easily studied experimentally in real-time because they occur in small length- (≤ Å) and timescales (≤ ns). Therefore, different types of computer simulation methods have been developed in order to test theoretical models of thin film growth and unravel what experiments cannot show. In order to compare simulated and experimental results, the simulations must be able to model events on experimental time-scales, i.e. on the order of microseconds to seconds. This is achievable with the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) method.In this work, the initial growth stages of metal deposition on weakly-interacting substrates is studied using both kMC simulations as well as experiments whereby growth was monitored using in situ probes. Such film/substrate material combinations are widely encountered in technological applications including low-emissivity window coatings to parts of microelectronics components. In the first part of this work, a kMC algorithm was developed to model the growth processes of island nucleation, growth and coalescence when these are functions of deposition parameters such as the vapor deposition rate and substrate temperature. The dynamic interplay between these growth processes was studied in terms of the scaling behavior of the film thickness at the elongation transition, for both continuous and pulsed deposition fluxes, and revealed in both cases two distinct growth regimes in which coalescence is either active or frozen out during deposition. These growth regimes were subsequently confirmed in growth experiments of Ag on SiO2, again for both pulsed and continuous deposition, by measuring the percolation thickness as well as the continuous film formation thickness. However, quantitative agreement with regards to scaling exponents in the two growth regimes was not found between simulations and experiments, and this prompted the development of a method to determine the elongation transition thickness experimentally. Using this method, the elongation transition of Ag on SiO2 was measured, with scaling exponents found in much better agreement with the simulation results. Further, these measurement data also allowed the calculation of surface properties such as the terrace diffusion barrier of Ag on SiO2 and the average island coalescence rate.In the second part of this thesis, pioneering work is done to develop a fully atomistic, on-lattice model which describes the growth of Ag on weakly-interacting substrates. Simulations performed using this model revealed several key atomic-scale processes occurring at the film/substrate interface and on islands which govern island shape evolution, thereby contributing to a better understanding of how 3D island growth occurs at the atomic scale for a wide class of materials. The latter provides insights into the directed growth of metal nanostructures with controlled shapes on weakly-interacting substrates, including twodimensional crystals for use in catalytic and nano-electronic applications.
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46.
  • Münger, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Adatom-induced diffusion of two-dimensional close-packed Pt-7 clusters on Pt(111)
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 355:1-3, s. L325-L330
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Molecular dynamics simulations were used to follow the dynamics of the motion of hexagonal Pt heptamers on Pt(111). Close packed Pt-7 clusters on fee sites were found to be very stable structures with reconfiguration or translation events occurring only rarely over simulation times >30 ns at 1000 K. The adsorption of a single adatom on the cluster surface, however, induced rapid intracluster bond breaking, reconfiguration, the introduction of stacking faults, and greatly enhanced cluster diffusion rates. Cluster migration occurred primarily through sequences of individual atom and concerted dimer jumps, but concerted cluster motion was also observed. The adatoms eventually descended to the terrace, predominantly through push-out/exchange reactions with cluster atoms at B edges.
  •  
47.
  • Münger, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Adatom/vacancy interactions and interlayer mass transport in small two-dimensional Pt clusters on Pt(1 1 1)
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Surface Science. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 539:1-3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We use embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations to follow the dynamics of adatoms, vacancies, and adatom/vacancy pairs on two-dimensional hexagonal Pt19 clusters on Pt(1 1 1) surfaces at 1000 K. All configurations are found to be quite stable and have essentially the same migration mobilities as compact hexagonal clusters. However, the presence of a single vacancy dramatically decreases the lifetime of an adatom on the cluster by a factor of three. This occurs primarily through an enhancement of the rate of push-out/exchange reactions at the outer cluster edge resulting from vacancy-induced softening of edge atom bonds. Overall, adatoms in the presence of vacancies descend to the terrace via vacancy filling 10% of the time, and through reactions with outer cluster edges the remaining 90%. Direct vacancy filling mechanisms are analogous to, and have similar activation energies with, those at outer cluster edges: adatom hopping over descending steps and push-out/exchange reactions. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  •  
48.
  • Münger, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Destabilization and diffusion of two-dimensional close-packed Pt clusters on Pt(111) during film growth from the vapor phase
  • 1998
  • Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 318:1-2, s. 57-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cluster migration is known to be an important process during film growth at elevated temperatures, but relatively little quantitative data is available. We have used molecular dynamics simulations to follow the dynamics of small two-dimensional Pt clusters on Pt(lll) at 1000 K. While close-packed Pt-7 heptamers are extremely stable structures, the addition of a single-cluster vacancy or an on-top adatom immediately results in intracluster bond breaking, reconfigurations, rotations, the introduction of stacking faults, and greatly enhanced cluster-diffusion rates. Mapping center-of-mass motion for total simulation times > 145 ns revealed increases in cluster velocities by more than an order of magnitude with cluster migration occurring primarily by concerted motion and a novel diffusion mechanism involving double shearing of dimers/trimers. Contrary to some previous reports, edge-atom diffusion plays only a minor role. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.
  •  
49.
  • Münger, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • MOMENTUM-SPACE MONTE-CARLO RENORMALIZATION-GROUP PROCEDURE
  • 1991
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B Condensed Matter. - 0163-1829 .- 1095-3795. ; 44:9, s. 4314-4325
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We implement a momentum-space renormalization-group procedure into the Monte Carlo renormalization-group (MCRG) method. Usually the symmetries of the system must be known and incorporated into the renormalization group, but here we let the renormalization group be given by the Monte Carlo simulation itself This allows the MCRG method to be applicable to systems where the underlying symmetries may not be known, such as in Monte Carlo studies of quantum systems. As a test of this method, we apply it to the study of the two-dimensional square-lattice q-state Potts model, both for integer values of q and for noninteger values of q near q = 4.
  •  
50.
  • Münger, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • REWEIGHTING IN MONTE-CARLO AND MONTE-CARLO RENORMALIZATION-GROUP STUDIES
  • 1991
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B Condensed Matter. - 0163-1829 .- 1095-3795. ; 43:7, B, s. 5773-5783
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A method of reweighting Monte Carlo data to parameters other than the simulated ones is investigated. The method is also extended to include Monte Carlo renormalization-group simulations. Both single and multiple simulation reweighting is used. The models studied are the d = 2 ferromagnetic q = 3 Potts model and the d = 2 antiferromagnetic Ising model. It is shown that the reweighting produces a systematic shift in the height and location of the specific-heat peak. This shift, which without proper care may lead to erroneous results, depends on the simulated and reweighted temperatures and on the number of configurations included in the reweighting. Only for very large numbers of configurations does the shift decrease as the inverse square root of the number of configurations. Within the Monte Carlo renormalization-group study, it is shown that the critical exponents for the Ising model are determined more accurately from a multiple reweighting using one simulation below the critical temperature and one above than from the individual simulations. It is shown that it is more efficient to use two simulations at a time than all of them at once when reweighting multiple simulations.
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