| 1. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Approach, avoidance, and the perception of credibility
- 2020
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Ingår i: Open Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2543-8883. ; 2:1, s. 3-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Gärningsmannaprofilering
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i rättspsykologi (andra upplagan). - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064 ; , s. 304-325
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gärningsmannaprofilering, GMP, syftar till att härleda en gärningspersons egenskaper eller hemvist utifrån vad som är känt om bland annat brottet och brottsoffret. När detta arbete skildras i tv-serier och långfilmer framställs det ofta som snabbt, glamoröst och nästintill ofelbart. Verkligheten är dock en helt annan. GMP är inte någon mirakelmetod och arbetet är oftast mycket tidskrävande och tålamodsprövande. Den potentiella nyttan av en metod som kan hjälpa brottsutredare att snäva in spanings- och utredningsarbetet är dock stor, och därför har poliser världen över länge visat intresse för GMP. Detta kapitel ger en kort historik över områdets utveckling och beskriver olika varianter av GMP. Dessutom beskrivs hur modern forskning kring GMP bedrivs, vad forskningen visar om metodernas effektivitet samt hur GMP används i praktiken, utifrån både ett internationellt och ett svenskt perspektiv.
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| 3. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Human Lie-Detection Performance: Does Random Assignment versus Self-Selection of Liars and Truth-Tellers Matter?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 9:1, s. 128-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception research has been criticized for its common practice of randomly allocating senders to truth-telling and lying conditions. In this study, we directly compared receivers’ lie-detection accuracy when judging randomly assigned versus self-selected truth-tellers and liars. In a trust-game setting, senders were instructed to lie or tell the truth (random assignment; n = 16) or were allowed to choose to lie or tell the truth of their own accord (self-selection; n = 16). In a sample of receivers (N = 200), we tested two alternative hypotheses, predicting opposite effects of random assignment (vs. self-selection) on receivers’ lie-detection accuracy. Accuracy rates did not differ significantly as a function of veracity assignment, failing to support the claim that random assignment of liars and truth-tellers alters the detectability of deception. Equivalence tests indicated that, while a small effect of random assignment cannot be ruled out, moderate (or larger) effect sizes are unlikely.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Do True and False Intentions Differ in Level of Abstraction? A Test of Construal Level Theory in Deception Contexts
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to examine how people mentally represent alleged future actions—their true and false intentions. In two experiments, participants were asked to either tell the truth (i.e., express true intentions) or lie (i.e., express false intentions) about performing future tasks. Drawing on Construal Level Theory, which proposes that psychologically distant events are more abstractly construed than proximal ones, it was predicted that liars would have more abstract mental representations of the future tasks than truth tellers, due to differences in hypotheticality (i.e., the likelihood of the future tasks occurring). Construal level was measured by a video segmentation task (Experiment 1, N = 125) and preference for abstract or concrete descriptions of tasks (Experiment 2, N = 59). Veracity had no effect on construal level. Speaking against our initial predictions, the data indicate that true and false intentions are construed at similar levels of abstraction. The results are discussed in the light of Construal Level Theory and the emerging psycho-legal research on true and false intentions.
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| 6. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080. ; 32:4, s. 518-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine how people mentally represent and depict true and false statements about claimed future actionsso-called true and false intentions. On the basis of construal level theory, which proposes that subjectively unlikely events are more abstractly represented than likely ones, we hypothesized that false intentions should be represented at a more abstract level than true intentions. Fifty-six hand drawings, produced by participants to describe mental images accompanying either true or false intentions, were rated on level of abstractness by a second set of participants (N=117) blind to the veracity of the intentions. As predicted, drawings of false intentions were rated as more abstract than drawings of true intentions. This result advances the use of drawing-based deception detection techniques to the field of true and false intentions and highlights the potential for abstractness as a novel cue to deceit.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic concreteness of statements of true and false intentions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 12:4, s. 531-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to examine how people communicate their true and false intentions. Based on construal-level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), we predicted that statements of true intentions would be more concretely phrased than statements of false intentions. True intentions refer to more likely future events than false intentions, and they should therefore be mentally represented at a lower level of mental construal. This should be mirrored in more concrete language use. Transcripts of truthful and deceptive statements about intentions from six previous experimental studies (total N = 528) were analyzed using two automated verbal content analysis approaches: a folk-conceptual measure of concreteness (Brysbaert et al., 2014) and linguistic category model scoring (Seih et al., 2017). Contrary to our hypotheses, veracity did not predict statements’ concreteness scores, suggesting that automated verbal analysis of linguistic concreteness is not a viable deception detection technique for intentions.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective likelihood and the construal level of future events: A replication study of Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, and Alony (2006)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 119:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006) examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over 7 experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the construal level theory (CLT) literature: Likelihood is considered to be 1 of 4 psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope & Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present 2 close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) that failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for CLT and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 11. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The mental representation of true and false intentions: a comparison of schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent tasks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2365-7464. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- True and false intentions (i.e., lies and truths about one’s future actions) is a relatively new research topic, despite the high societal value of being able to predict future criminal behavior (e.g., in the case of an alleged terrorist attack). The current study examined how true and false intentions are mentally represented - the knowledge of which can aid the development of new deception detection methods. Participants (N = 151) were asked either to form a true intention about a future task (i.e., retrieve objects from an office) or to form a false intention about the same task (i.e., prepare a cover story about retrieving objects from an office) to conceal their actual intention (i.e., leave a secret note in the office). The schema consistency of the task was manipulated by presenting participants with a list of office supplies (schemaconsistent) or random objects (schema-inconsistent) to be retrieved from the office. The abstractness of mental construal was operationalized as the number of categories used by participants to organize the task-relevant objects into thematic groups. We predicted, based on construal level theory (CLT) and action identification theory, that participants would mentally represent true intentions more concretely (i.e., use a larger number of categories) than false intentions, particularly for schema-inconsistent (versus schema-consistent) future tasks. The results of the study lend no support for these predictions. Instead, a Bayesian analysis revealed strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. The findings indicate that predictions from CLT do not readily translate into deception contexts. The results are discussed in light of recent failed attempts to apply CLT to research on true and false intentions, and highlight the need for alternative approaches to the topic.
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| 12. |
- Ekelund, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Does Expertise Reduce Rates of Inattentional Blindness? A Meta-Analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 0301-0066 .- 1468-4233. ; 51:2, s. 131-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inattentional blindness occurs when one fails to notice a fully visible stimulus because one's attention is on another task. Researchers have suggested that expertise at this other task should reduce rates of inattentional blindness. However, research on the topic has produced mixed findings. To gain clarity on the issue, we meta-analyzed the extant studies (K = 14; N = 1153). On average, experts showed only a slight reduction in rates of inattentional blindness: 62% of novices experienced inattentional blindness compared to 56% of experts, weighted odds ratio = 1.33, 95% CI [0.78, 2.28]. The relevance of the stimuli to the experts’ domain of expertise showed no notable moderating effects. The low number of the included studies, and the small sample sizes of the original studies, weaken our conclusions. Nonetheless, when taken together, the available evidence provides little support for any reliable influence of expertise on rates of inattentional blindness. © The Author(s) 2022.
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| 13. |
- Ernberg, Emelie, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing witnesses in a second language: A comparison of interpreter-assisted, unaided, and self-administered interviews
- 2023
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 60-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose With increasing rates of migration worldwide, police are more likely than ever to interview witnesses who do not have the same first language as they do. We examined how to best approach this situation by comparing three different ways of conducting such interviews. Methods Native Arabic speakers (N = 128) living in Sweden witnessed a video of a mock crime and were allocated to one of three interview conditions: a face-to-face interview in Swedish (i.e. their second language), a face-to-face interview with an interpreter translating from Swedish to Arabic or an Arabic language Self-Administered Interview (c) (SAI). Results For total number of details reported, the no interpreter condition resulted in moderately fewer details being reported than the interpreter and SAI conditions. A similar trend was seen for correct details; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Participants in the SAI condition were somewhat less accurate in their reports compared with both the interpreter and no interpreter conditions. Conclusions If interviewing without an interpreter, there is minimal loss of reported detail when the witness speaks the interviewer's language at an intermediate level and the questions posed are few and simple. Moreover, provided that the witness has a sufficient level of literacy, administrating the SAI in the witness's native language can be an alternative for witnesses with no or limited verbal ability in the interviewer's language.
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| 14. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Att förhindra framtida brott
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i Rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Att förhindra framtida brott är ett komplext arbetet som kräver kunskap och insatser från många olika områden; rättspsykologi kan ge vissa bidrag. I detta kapitel uppmärksammar vi hur man (a) kan hålla effektiva förhör i underrättelsesammanhang (t ex med hjälp av Scharff tekniken) och (b) hur man kan skilja äkta intentioner från falska. Både dessa spår är nya inom den rättspsykologiska forskningen.
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| 15. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Counter-Interrogation Strategies among Small Cells of Suspects
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Psychology and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687. ; 20:5, s. 705-712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study examined the subjective interview strategies of groups of truth-tellers and liars, and compared these strategies with suspects' actual interview performance. Participants (N=126) were evenly divided as truth-tellers or liars, and were further divided into 21 groups of three individuals. Truth-tellers performed a neutral task, while liars performed a mock crime. Participants were then interviewed individually with the goal of convincing the interviewer of their innocence. Three different interview methods were used, spread evenly across veracity condition. Participants disclosed their main subjective strategy in post-interview questionnaires. The most common strategy was be honest for truth-tellers, and be restrictive and be consistent for liars. Truth-tellers' subjective strategies and actual interview performance were rated as more forthcoming than those of liars. Actual interview performance was qualified by interview type. Results are discussed in relation to research on suspect strategies and interview techniques.
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| 16. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Crime on the border: Use of evidence in customs interviews
- 2014
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Ingår i: Archives of Forensic Psychology. - 2334-2749. ; 1:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study is the first to examine customs officers’ interview strategies. Specifically, we examined whether or not customs officers’ (N = 80) planned to use evidence in a strategic manner during an investigative interview. Half the customs officers were members of an investigative unit (more experienced interviewers), half were members of a crime fighting unit (less experienced interviewers). Participants were randomly allocated to two evidence conditions: strong and weak. It was found that out of the self-extracted pieces of evidence only 15% were coded as used in a strategic manner. Officers in the strong and weak evidence conditions did not differ with regards to how much evidence was or was not used in a strategic manner. However, the results show that members of the investigative unit used more of the extracted pieces of evidence in a strategic manner than the members of the crime-fighting unit. There was no correlation between years of experience and the strategic use of evidence. Taken together, these results imply that if customs officers are to improve with regards to their use of evidence in suspect interviews, explicit and systematic training may be more effective than experience.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between statements of true and false intent: The impact of repeated interviews and strategic questioning
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Security Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1936-1610 .- 1936-1629. ; 11:1, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between-statement consistency is regarded as an important cue to deceit. However, research indicates that liars can be as consistent as truth tellers. The consistency of statements of intent in two mock security settings was examined. Truth tellers spoke honestly of their intentions. Liars provided a cover story tomask their criminal intentions. Participants (N=60)were interviewed three times, and their statements were coded for repetitions, omissions, and commissions. The similarities between truth tellers and liars on all threemeasures of consistency were striking. These findings highlight consistency as a pernicious cue to deceit.
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| 19. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between true and false intentions with an evaluative priming task
- 2011
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Ingår i: NNPL in Oslo, Norway September 16-17 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current study attempts to provide a novel approach to distinguish between true and false intentions by means of an evaluative priming task. The study is based on two assumptions. Firstly, the motivational properties of true and false intentions differ; specifically that true, but not false, intentions are goal directed. Secondly, goal directed behavior results in the automatic (implicit) evaluation of goal related stimuli; where goal facilitative stimuli are more positively evaluated than goal inhibiting stimuli. In addition, evaluative priming tasks are thought to assess automatic evaluations. Therefore, by using an evaluative priming task related to the stated intention, it should be possible to distinguish between true and false intentions. The study will consist of a true and a false intention group. The true intention group will be given a neutral task to plan and perform. The false intention group will be given a mock crime to plan and perform, and will also be told to prepare a cover story similar to the neutral task. The cover story is the false intention. Participants will be asked to perform the evaluative priming task before they implement their plans. The critical primes in this task will be positively related to the neutral task or negatively related to criminal behavior in general. It is hypothesized that there will be differing priming effects between the true and false intention groups.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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'I saw the man who killed Anna Lindh!': A case study of witnesses' offender descriptions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 19:10, s. 921-931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An archival study was conducted using offender descriptions reported to the police by witnesses (N=29) of the murder of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh in 2003. All descriptions had been collected within a month after the attack, and each witness had been interviewed between one and five times. Description accuracy was established using photographs of the perpetrator, captured by CCTV cameras minutes before the attack. Contrasting previous archival studies, offender descriptions were quite unreliable (42% of reported attributes were incorrect), and this pattern held for both basic features (e.g., height, age) and more detailed attributes (e.g., clothes). The completeness and accuracy of descriptions increased after (vs. before) images of the perpetrator had been published in the media, but only with regard to the perpetrators’ clothes. We acknowledge the potential effects of co-witness influence and post-event information.
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| 22. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing future crimes: Identifying markers of true and false intent
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 19:3, s. 195-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review paper examines the growing body of research on the psycho-legal study of true and false intentions—a typically neglected area within the field of deception detection. The extant studies are thematically grouped into four main topics: (i) physiological measures; (ii) implicit measures; (iii) strategic interviewing; and (iv) studies examining episodic future thought (EFT) and mental images. The benefits and limitations, and underlying theory of the respective approaches are discussed. The paper also provides a note on relevant theory, specific for intention research, and recommendations for future research directions. Findings from experimental research are related to the applied context.
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| 23. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Suspects’ verbal counter-interrogation strategies: Towards an integrative model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Detecting deception. - Chichester : Wiley Blackwell. - 9781118509753 ; , s. 293-310
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter is structured as follows: First we introduce the concept of self-regulatory strategies and the psychology of guilt and innocence as a theoretical backdrop. Second, we review empirical research on guilty and innocent suspects' counter-interrogation strategies.
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| 24. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Vittneskonfrontationer
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i Rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Området 'vittneskonfrontationer' har tilldragit sig stort intresse inom den rättspsykologiska forskningen. I detta kapitel fokuserar vi på faktorer som kan förklara varför det lätt går snett i samband med vittneskonfrontationer och vad man kan göra för att konfrontationsförhör skall bli så objektiva och rättvisa som möjligt. I kapitlet redogör vi för grundläggande begrepp, för olika påverkansfaktorer, samt olika typer av konfrontationsförhör.
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| 25. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Vittnespsykologi
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vittnespsykologi är ett av rättspsykologin största och viktigaste områden. I kapitlet redogörs för olika faktorer som kan påverka hur vittnen beskriver händelseförlopp, objekt och personer. I kapitlets första del uppmärksammas faktorer som är aktuella i samband med den så kallade inkodningsfasen och därpå redogörs för de faktorer som är aktuella mellan inkodning och framplockning ( t ex förhör). Kapitlet innehåller också redogörelser för hur vårt minne fungerar och vilka betydelser detta har för vittnens möjligheter att minnas och berätta om vad de varit med om.
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| 26. |
- Jones, Benedict C, et al.
(författare)
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To which world regions does the valence-dominance model of social perception apply?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Human Behaviour. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-3374. ; 5:1, s. 159-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .
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| 27. |
- Kajonius, Petri, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Personality traits across countries: Support for similarities rather than differences
- 2017
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the current climate of migration and globalization, personality characteristics of individuals from different countries have received a growing interest. Previous research has established reliable differences in personality traits across countries. The present study extends this research by examining 30 personality traits in 22 countries, based on an online survey in English with large national samples (N-Total 130,602). The instrument used was a comprehensive, open-source measure of the Five Factor Model (FFM) (IPIP-NEO-120). We postulated that differences in personality traits between countries would be small, labeling this a Similarities Hypothesis. We found support for this in three stages. First, similarities across countries were observed for model fits for each of the five personality trait structures. Second, within-country sex differences for the five personality traits showed similar patterns across countries. Finally, the overall the contribution to personality traits from countries was less than 2%. In other words, the relationship between a country and an individual's personality traits, however interesting, are small. We conclude that the most parsimonious explanation for the current and past findings is a cross-country personality Similarities Hypothesis.
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| 28. |
- Lefsaker Sakrisvold, Marthe, et al.
(författare)
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Partners under Pressure: Examining the Consistency of True and False Alibi Statements
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioral Sciences & the Law. - : Wiley. - 0735-3936. ; 35:1, s. 75-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to discriminate between honest and deceptive alibi statements holds great legal importance. We examined this issue from the perspective of group deception. Our goals were to (a) compare the consistency between the statements of guilty and innocent suspects and those of their respective alibi witnesses, and (b) to examine the moderating role of object-salience on the level of consistency between their statements. Pairs of truth-tellers provided honest testimonies. Pairs of liars were divided into perpetrators and alibi witnesses. Statements of lying pairs were considerably more consistent than the statements of truth-telling pairs. In addition, both truth-tellers and liars showed lower levels of within-group consistency when recalling less salient details about an event. However, truth-tellers' consistency levels were considerably more affected by salience than were liars' consistency levels. These findings contribute to deception theory and have important implications for the real-life task of distinguishing between true and false alibi statements.
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| 29. |
- Luke, Timothy, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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What have we learned about cues to deception? A survey of expert opinions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers have accumulated a substantial body of empirical work studying observable behaviors that might distinguish truth tellers from liars – that is, cues to deception. We report a survey of N=50 deception cue experts – active researchers on deception – who provided their opinions on three issues: (1) What cues distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements? (2) What moderators influence the magnitude and direction of cues to deception? (3) What explanatory mechanisms of deception cues are best supported by research? The experts displayed agreement on few issues. Expert opinion on cues to deception, potential moderators, and explanatory mechanisms is mixed and often conflicting. The single issue on which more than 80% of experts agreed was that gaze aversion is not generally diagnostic of deception. This lack of consensus suggests that substantial work remains to be done before broad agreement can be established. It follows that any practical recommendation advocating the use of a specific deception cue cannot be widely representative of expert opinion.
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| 30. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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A Goal-Activation Framework of True and False Intentions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080. ; 31:6, s. 678-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a novel cognitive framework to distinguish between statements of true and false intent based on research on goal-directed behaviour. A true intention comes with a commitment to carry out the stated intention. This commitment activates the behavioural goal of a true intention. In contrast, a false intention does not come with a commitment to carry out the stated intention. Hence, the behavioural goal of a stated false intention should be inactive. Active goals have profound and predictable influences on human behaviour. For instance, active goals influence planning, future thought and evaluations. Such influences are functional—they aid in goal attainment. Insofar as true intentions activate goals, but false intentions do not, the expected influences of active goals should be weaker or non-existent for those stating a false intention. The framework parsimoniously accounts for previous intention-focused deception studies while generating new directions for future research.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 31. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Can reality monitoring criteria distinguish between true and false intentions?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681. ; 8, s. 92-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study examines the potential for the verbal deception detection tool reality monitoring (RM) to distinguish between statements of true and false intentions. Truth tellers (n = 50) honestly described a future trip they were to go on. Liars (n = 50) described a future trip that they claimed, but were in fact not, to go on. Their statements were subsequently coded according to twelve RM criteria. Six of the criteria virtually never occurred in either truthful or deceptive statements. The remaining six criteria showed on average a substantial difference between truth tellers and liars (average Hedges’ g = 0.84). However, a closer examination indicates that this effect was driven largely by four RM criteria (cognitive operations, clarity, reconstructability, and realism). These four criteria could form the starting point in the development of a credibility assessment tool tailored to distinguish between true and false intentions.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting false intent among small cells of suspects: Single versus repeated interviews
- 2013
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Ingår i: 3rd Annual High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) Research Symposium, Washington, DC..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study adds to the growing field of research on true and false intentions. We examined the benefit of asking unanticipated questions when interviewing groups (n = 3) of suspects on repeated occasions. Truth tellers planned a neutral task. Liars planned a mock crime, and additionally prepared a cover-story—thematically similar to the truth tellers’ task—to be used if they were apprehended. In subsequent interviews participants were asked anticipated questions on their intentions, and unanticipated questions on the planning of their intentions. Suspects were interviewed once in Experiment 1 and three times in Experiment 2. Truth tellers provided longer and more detailed answers, and had higher levels of within-group consistency compared to liars. Larger effects were found for the unanticipated questions compared to the anticipated questions. No differences between truth tellers and liars were found for between-statement consistency. The results speak in favor of the unanticipated questions approach but highlight difficulties and limitations when applied over repeated interviews.
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| 34. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting False Intent Amongst Small Cells of Suspects: Single Versus Repeated Interviews
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759. ; 12:2, s. 142-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study adds to the growing research field of true and false intentions. Specifically, we examined the benefit of asking unanticipated questions when interviewing groups of suspects on repeated occasions. Participants were divided into truth tellers and liars and were further divided into groups of three. Truth tellers planned a neutral task. Liars planned a mock crime and additionally prepared a cover-story—thematically similar to the truth tellers' task—to be used if they were apprehended. Participants were intercepted after planning their tasks. In subsequent interviews, participants were asked anticipated questions on their intentions and unanticipated questions on the planning of their intentions. Participants were interviewed once in Experiment 1 (N=132) and three times in Experiment 2 (N=123). Truth tellers provided longer and more detailed answers than liars and had higher levels of within-group consistency compared with liars. This was the case for answers to both anticipated and unanticipated questions. No differences between truth tellers and liars were found for between-statement consistency. Repeated interviews had minimal effect on statement length or within-group consistency. The results highlight within-group consistency as an important cue to deceit. However, a number of limitations to the unanticipated questions approach were evident.
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| 35. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between true and false intentions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Detecting deception. - Chichester : Wiley Blackwell. - 9781118509753 ; , s. 155-174
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only in recent years have psycho-legal researchers turned to the topic of true and false intent. This chapter summarizes the work conducted within this emerging strand, and we also highlight critical questions and new avenues for research.
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| 36. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between True and False Intentions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches. - Chichester : Wiley. - 9781118510001 ; , s. 155-173
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of true and false intent marks a rapidly expanding area of the psychological research of deception. In brief, this research concerns truths and lies about statements of future events. In the first sections of this chapter, we provide a review of the extant research on the topic. First, we present research that has extended traditional deception detection techniques to the field of intent. Such methods primarily include physiological measures (e.g. the concealed information test and thermal imaging approaches) and strategic interviewing methods (e.g. the strategic use of evidence and the use of unanticipated questions). Next, we cover intention-specific approaches. These approaches have availed of basic psychological research on intention-related topics to devise novel tools to detect deceit. Such topics have so far included goals, planning and episodic future thought. The final sections of the chapter build on these intention-specific approaches by suggesting possible avenues for future research. Specifically, we highlight how other research areas, different forms of intent and hitherto unstudied contextual factors can provide new avenues of exploration. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987
(författare)
-
Discriminating between true and false intentions: The role of planning
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An ability to discriminate between true and false intent (i.e., true and deceptive statements about one’s intended future actions) is critical for many legal professionals (e.g., security personnel, customs officers, judges at parole hearings). However, it is only in recent years that psycho-legal researchers have turned to this topic. The current thesis adds to this burgeoning field by examining true and false intent in relation to the concept of planning—a typical concomitant of a true intention. Study I examined the benefit of asking unanticipated questions when interviewing groups of suspects on repeated occasions. Participants were divided into triads of truth tellers and liars. In their groups of three, truth tellers planned a neutral task, while liars planned a mock crime. Liars also prepared a cover-story—thematically similar to the truth tellers’ task—to be used if they were apprehended. Participants were intercepted after planning their tasks. In subsequent interviews participants were asked anticipated questions on their intentions, and unanticipated questions on the planning of their intentions. Suspects were interviewed once in Experiment 1 (N = 132), and three times in Experiment 2 (N = 123). Truth tellers provided longer and more detailed answers than liars, and had higher levels of within-group consistency compared to liars. This was the case for answers to both anticipated and unanticipated questions. No differences between truth tellers and liars were found for between-statement consistency. The results highlight within-group consistency as an important cue to deceit. However, a number of limitations to the unanticipated questions approach were evident. Study II examined whether indicators of good planning behavior could provide novel insights into potential cues to discriminate between true and false statements of intent. The data for Study II came from the same data set as Study I (Experiment 1). The transcribed interviews of truth tellers and liars were coded for markers of good planning behavior (e.g., effective time allocation; implementation intention related utterings; and likelihood to speak of potential problems). As predicted truth tellers’ statements were colored to a higher degree than liars’ by such markers. Overall, results from the two studies highlight how attending to the concept of planning can aid in the development of strategic interviewing methods to distinguish between true and false statements of intent.
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| 38. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:2, s. 385-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current meta-analysis examines the cognitive approach to lie detection. Our goal was to assess the practical utility of this approach by examining whether it improves the lie detection ability of human observers. The cognitive approach to lie detection led to an average accuracy rate of 60.00%, 95% CI [56.42; 63.53] and a bias corrected average accuracy rate of 55.03%, 95% CI [48.83; 61.16]. Critically, this result is moderated by whether observers were informed, or not, about which cues to focus on. Naive observers had average accuracy rates of 52.37%, 95% CI [48.80%; 55.93%], little better than chance. In contrast, informed observers had average accuracy rates of 75.81%, 95% CI [71.52%; 79.86%]. This promising result is qualified by indications of publication bias, considerable heterogeneity between studies, and a lack of research on important practical issues, such as the influence of counter-measures. Although these shortcomings raise a note of caution, we remain optimistic about future research on the topic.
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| 39. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Drawing-based deception detection techniques: A state-of-the-art review
- 2017
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Ingår i: Crime Psychology Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2374-4006 .- 2374-4014. ; 3:1, s. 23-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- he current article presents a concise overview of the emerging literature on drawing-based deception detection techniques. We cover the theoretical rationale of such techniques as well as the main results from the extant empirical studies. These studies have primarily looked at differences in the drawings between truth tellers and liars in terms of quality (e.g. detail, plausibility) and consistency (both within-group, and between-statement). The findings highlight drawings as a promising tool to elicit differences between truth tellers and liars on such cues. The article also examines more practical aspects, such as practitioners’ experience of the approach and preference for the approach in training studies. Finally, the susceptibility of the approach to counter-measures and directions for future research are discussed. Although research on drawing-based deception detection techniques is still very much in its infancy, results of this first round of studies are promising. They indicate the potential of incorporating drawings into real-life investigative interviews as a cheap, effective, and easy-to-use approach to deception detection.
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| 40. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Intention related spontaneous thought as a cue to distinguish truth tellers from liars
- 2013
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Ingår i: 9th Meeting of the Nordic Network for Research On Psychology and Law, Aarhus, Denmark..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current study highlights a novel approach to the study of true and false intentions by focusing on spontaneous thoughts. Passed research shows that future tasks produce task-related spontaneous thoughts. Based on this, we proposed that truth tellers should experience task related spontaneous thoughts to a higher degree than liars, since only those with a true intention have a genuine future task. We examined this in two experiments. In Experiment 1truth tellers were given a task to perform. The Liars’ goal was to lie about their intentions to perform the task. Subsequently, all participants recorded message of intent—the message was the truth tellers’ stated true intention and the liars’ stated false intention. Following this, but before truth tellers performed their task (carried out their intention), participants performed a distraction task and subsequently reported their level of intention-related spontaneous thought during the distraction task. Results showed that truth tellers had spontaneous thoughts more often and found these thoughts more distracting than liars. Experiment 2 sought to extend these findings in two important ways: first by having a larger pre-action phase (between 1-2 weeks); and second by having a police styled interview. During the interview questions on spontaneous thoughts were deployed as unanticipated questions in an attempt to distinguish between truth tellers and liars. We are currently in the process of collecting data for this study. The results of Experiment 1 are promising, however, the applied value of the approach will rest primarily on the results of Experiment 2.
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| 41. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing suspects
- 2018
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Ingår i: Davies G. M. & Beech A. R. (eds) Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law Interventions. - Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. - 9781119106678 ; , s. 231-254
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 42. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing suspects
- 2024
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Ingår i: Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law & Interventions. - Chichester : Wiley. - 9781119892007 ; , s. 265-288
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we review research pertaining to interviewing crime suspects. The first two parts of the chapter are descriptive - discussing what police officers are instructed to do with respect to interviewing suspects and what they actually do. The latter part of the chapter is prescriptive and offers sections on what police offers should do and what they should not do with respect to suspect imnterviewing. The chapter also highlights work on false confessions
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| 43. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Markers of good planning behavior as a cue for separating true and false intent
- 2013
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Ingår i: PsyCh Journal. - : Wiley. - 2046-0260 .- 2046-0252. ; 2, s. 183-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study adds to the growing body of research on true and false intentions, traditionally a neglected area of deception research. Specifically, the goal was to examine the claim that statements of true intent would be colored by markers of good planning behavior to a greater extent than statements of false intent. Participants (N=132) were divided into truth tellers and liars. Truth tellers were given a neutral task to plan and carry out. Liars were given a mock crime to plan and carry out and were also told to plan a cover story to be used in case they were apprehended. The cover story (i.e., liars' false intention) was to be thematically similar to the truth tellers' task. Following the planning phase, but before the task commenced, participants were interviewed about their intent. Transcribed interviews were coded for markers of good planning behavior (e.g., effective time allocation, implementation intention related utterances, and likelihood to speak of potential problems). As predicted, truth tellers' statements were colored to a higher degree than those of liars by such markers. The results earmark this approach as a viable direction for future research.
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| 44. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in personality are larger in gender equal countries : Replicating and extending a surprising finding.
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0020-7594 .- 1464-066X. ; 54:6, s. 705-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex differences in personality have been shown to be larger in more gender equal countries. We advance this research by using an extensive personality measure, the IPIP-NEO-120, with large country samples (N > 1000), from 22 countries. Furthermore, to capture the multidimensionality of personality we measure sex differences with a multivariate effect size (Mahalanobis distance D). Results indicate that past research, using univariate measures of effect size, have underestimated the size of between-country sex differences in personality. Confirming past research, there was a strong correlation (r = .69) between a country's sex differences in personality and their Gender Equality Index. Additional analyses showed that women typically score higher than men on all five trait factors (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness), and that these relative differences are larger in more gender equal countries. We speculate that as gender equality increases both men and women gravitate towards their traditional gender roles.
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| 45. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Suspects' Verbal Counter-Interrogation Strategies: Towards an Integrative Model
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 10th Meeting of the Nordic Network for Research On Psychology and Law, Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We provide a review of the research on the bourgeoning field of suspects’ verbal counter-interrogation strategies. We argue that such research is fundamental to the development of empirically supported interview methods, with a specific focus on interview methods designed to distinguish between truth telling and lying suspects. Basic psychological differences between truth tellers and liars are illustrated (e.g., differences with regards to information management), and how these differences may result in unique counter-interrogation strategies is examined (e.g., truth tellers will generally employ forthcoming strategies, while liars will be more restrictive with providing information). Following this, a causal model is tentatively suggested indicating how suspect-related, interview-related, and crime-related factors may influence a suspect’s choice of counter-interrogation strategies. The empirical research is then presented and arranged based on this model. Limitations and future directions of the research area are discussed.
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| 46. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Task-related spontaneous thought: A novel direction in the study of true and false intentions
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 6:1, s. 93-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of true and false intentions remains an understudied area of deception research. We examined a novel approach to this topic based on the finding that future tasks generate task-related spontaneous thought. We argued that those with a true intention would experience task-related spontaneous thought to a greater extent than those with a false intention, since only true intentions refer to genuine future tasks. In three experiments participants were either given a future task or told to lie about their intention to perform the task. As predicted, truth tellers reported experiencing task-related spontaneous thought to a greater degree than liars (Experiment 1 and 2). However, these differences in subjective reports did not result in diagnostic cues to deceit during an interview (Experiment 2 and 3). The results nonetheless highlight how social-cognitive research can provide important insights and future research directions on the topic of true and false intentions.
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| 47. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987
(författare)
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Towards a theory of true and false intentions
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An ability to discriminate between statements of true and false intent is critical for many legal professionals. However, it is only in recent years that psycho-legal researchers have turned to this topic. The current thesis proposes a theoretical framework aimed to parsimoniously account for past research and to generate novel hypotheses in this burgeoning field of enquiry. In brief, it is proposed that the predictable consequences of active goals will be more pronounced for those with a true compared to a false intention. This is because the predictable consequences of goals aid in goal attainment and this function is lost on the empty goals of a false intention. Hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework were tested in three studies. Study I examined whether indicators of good planning behavior could provide novel cues to discriminate between true and false statements of intent. Truth tellers planned a neutral task, while liars planned a mock-crime. In interviews truth tellers honestly described their intentions, while liars provided a cover-story thematically similar to the truth tellers’ task. The interviews were coded for markers of good planning behavior (e.g., effective time allocation). As predicted truth tellers’ statements were colored to a higher degree than liars’ by such markers. Study II examined the benefit of asking unanticipated questions when interviewing groups of suspects on repeated occasions. The experimental design was the same as that used in Study I. Participants were asked anticipated questions on their intentions, and unanticipated questions on the planning of their intentions. Truth tellers provided longer and more detailed answers than liars, and had higher levels of within-group consistency compared to liars. This was the case for answers to both anticipated and unanticipated questions. No differences between truth tellers and liars were found for between-statement consistency. The results highlight within-group consistency as an important cue to deceit. However, a number of limitations to the unanticipated questions approach were evident. Study III examined the prevalence and manifestation of spontaneous thoughts in relation to true and false intentions. Based on the finding that future tasks generate spontaneous thoughts, it was predicted that those with a true intention would experience task-related spontaneous thoughts to a greater extent than those with a false intention. As predicted, truth tellers reported experiencing task-related spontaneous thoughts to a greater extent than liars. However, these subjective differences did not manifest as discernable cues in interviews. By and large, the proposed theoretical framework received support from the empirical studies. With a specific focus on intentions and goals, the proposed framework makes a unique contribution to deception theory.
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| 48. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
True and false intentions: A Science of lies about the future
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication. - London, UK : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319963334 ; , s. 385-401
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides an overview of the bourgeoning field of true and false intentions. A statement of true intent refers to a future action which a speaker intends to carry out, while a statement of false intent refers to a future action which a speaker claims, but does not intend to carry out. An ability to distinguish between such statements holds great practical value for a myriad of professions. Despite this practical value, the topic of true and false intentions has largely been ignored by researchers, who typically focus on judging the veracity of statements concerning past events. The chapter defines key terms in the field, summarizes the extant research, and highlights recent theoretical developments and areas for future research.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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What to do with all these Bayes factors: How to make Bayesian reports in deception research more informative
- 2020
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; :2, s. 65-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bayes factors quantify the evidence in support of the null (absence of an effect) or the alternative hypothesis (presence of an effect). Based on commonly used cut‐offs, Bayes factors between 1/3 and 3 are interpreted as evidentially weak, and one typically concludes there is an absence of evidence. In this commentary on Warmelink, Subramanian, Tkacheva, and McLatchie (Legal Criminol Psychol 24, 2019, 258), we discuss how a Bayesian report can be made more informative. Firstly, this implies a departure from the labels provided by commonly used cut‐offs when reporting Bayes factors. Instead, we encourage researchers to report the value of the Bayes factors, or to convert these values into nominal support for the hypotheses. Secondly, researchers can provide recommendations to design follow‐up studies by examining the posterior distribution of the magnitude of the effect size. Lastly, we show how individual Bayes factors can be evaluated in the context of large‐scale meta‐analyses.
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