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1.	af Wåhlberg, A. E., et al. (författare) Meta-Analytic Analysis of Invariance Across Samples : Introducing a Method That Does Not Require Raw Data 2021 Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0197-3533 .- 1532-4834. ; 43:1, s. 68-80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Invariance of surveys across different groups means that the respondents interpret the items in the same way, as reflected in similar factor loadings, for example. Invariance can be assessed using various statistical procedures, such as Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. However, these analyses require access to raw data. Here, we introduce a meta-analytic method that requires only the factor correlation matrices of samples as input. It compares the structures of intercorrelations of factors by correlating these values across two samples, yielding a value of overall similarity for how the factors intercorrelate in different samples. This method was tested in three different ways. We conclude that the method yields useful results and can assess invariance when raw data are not available.
2.	Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad, et al. (författare) Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students 2022 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 196 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.
3.	Appelgren, Alva, et al. (författare) Tuning in on motivation : Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians 2019 Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:6, s. 864-873 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.
4.	Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh Attallah, et al. (författare) Decreases in divergent thinking across age groups from 2005 to 2018 amongst school children in Sudan 2022 Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 231 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Performances on tests of creativity have been found to be in decline in the USA. Here, we explore scores on divergent thinking tests in private schools in Khartoum State in Sudan by comparing a 2005 and a 2018 administration of the Torrance Standardized Circles test to 8- to 12-year-olds of both sexes. We find a decline across the period in all three dimensions of the test (Fluency, Flexibility and Originality), as well as in the overall index of divergent thinking. In line with much previous research, females consistently outperform males. Examining previous studies that report Negative Flynn Effects on IQ in Arab countries, we conclude that our results most likely reflect highly localized and exclusively environmental causes, and caution against assuming that the same processes that underlie Negative Flynn Effects in the West, whether on IQ or any trait correlated with it, also underlie it in the Arab World.
5.	Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh, et al. (författare) Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia 2023 Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 240 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.
6.	Coyle, Thomas R., et al. (författare) The heritability of ability tilts 2023 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 213 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tilts arise from within-subject differences in performance between two distinct cognitive ability measures (e.g., verbal minus quantitative). These are independent of general cognitive ability (GCA) and are likely a function of differential investment of time and other resources into the cultivation of one ability, at the expense of another. There is some debate about the meaning and measurement of tilts among psychometricians, but a body of research is emerging demonstrating that these are predictive of real-world outcomes independent of GCA. An open question concerns the heritability of tilts. Since nearly all phenotypic individual differences are heritable, tilts, if substantive, should not be an exception. It was found that tilts are modestly heritable (after controlling for participant age and residual correlations with GCA) in three samples (US children, Georgia Twin Study; Swedish adults, Swedish Twin Registry; US adults, MIDUS II). AE models better fit the tilt data in all but one case (Verbal - Reasoning, in the GTS, where an ACE model better fit the data). Comparatively large (non-shared) environmentalities were noted in all cases, potentially consistent with models predicting a role for niche-picking and experience-producing-drive dynamics in generating tilts. A Wilson-like effect was observed when the tilt heritabilities in the GTS were compared with their equivalent parameters in the other two (older) samples. The finding that tilts exhibit non-zero heritability in different age ranges and in two countries strengthens their external validity, and weakens claims that they are measurement artifacts, as predisposing genetic and environmental factors are part of their nomological network.
7.	Dunkel, Curtis S., et al. (författare) The possible role of field independence/dependence on developmental sex differences in general intelligence 2022 Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 91 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Real-life outcomes for men and women suggest the existence of cognitive sex differences, but the evidence for a sex difference in general intelligence is equivocal. Here, we examine the role of spatial ability for IQ test performance, in light of the developmental hypothesis that male performance increases more than female across adolescence. Using longitudinal data from Block and Block data set on the Wechsler scales and the rod-and-frame test (RFT) for ages 4 (N = 108), 11 (N = 101), and 18 years (N = 100), we find that males' performance becomes greater than females' with age, both on IQ and the RFT. At 18 years of age, males' mean IQ and RFT score was 116.4 and 4.05 (lower scores representing less error), as compared to111.5 and 7.85 for females. Importantly, we found that the RFT mediates the sex difference in IQ, and that the factor loadings of the RFT on the g factor increases with age, from −0.06 at age 4 to −0.52 at 11 and −0.67 at age 18. In conclusion, g becomes more integrative of spatial ability across time and this finding may explain sex differences in g after puberty and potentially has interesting implications for the understanding of the development of intelligence. One important direction for future research is to incorporate biologically based pubertal neural changes into our understanding of developmental sex differences in intelligence.
8.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) "Blessed are the nations with high levels of schizophrenia" : national level schizophrenia prevalence and its relationship with national level religiosity 2022 Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 61:1, s. 6-22 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.
9.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Evolution of punishment 2019 Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196497 - 9783319169996 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
10.	Dutton, Edward, et al. (författare) Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization : a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews 2021 Ingår i: Sexuality Research & Social Policy. - : Springer. - 1868-9884 .- 1553-6610. ; 18:3, s. 788-799 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Introduction: Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation.Methods: Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality.Results: Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae).Conclusions: Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one’s sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard’s transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.
11.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Genius and premature birth: little evidence that claims about historically eminent scientists are accurate 2021 Ingår i: Indian Journal of History of Science. - : Springer. - 0019-5235 .- 2454-9991. ; 56, s. 20-27 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A number of very eminent and highly creative individuals are often claimed to have been born prematurely, and the idea that widely recognised scientific geniuses such as Newton, Kepler, and Darwin were preterm has become a cultural meme through the popular press, and through popular and academic science books. This potentially raises very important questions, related to the nature and origin of creativity and innovation, as it has been suggested that prematurity and genius may be linked. Here, we review suggested links between prematurity and genius, in terms of psychological traits associated with genius, and compare the percentage of top geniuses in Murray's Human Accomplishment who are claimed to have been born prematurely to that of Western populations in general. Although a significant number of those in Murray's sample have been asserted to be preterm, we found that none of them could be said with certainty to have been so, refuting the hypothesis that there is a clear connection between prematurity and scientific genius.
12.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Spare the rod and spoil the group’s cultural fitness? : Conditions under which corporal punishment leads to detrimental and beneficial outcomes 2020 Ingår i: Medical Hypotheses. - : Elsevier. - 0306-9877 .- 1532-2777. ; 145 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Corporal punishment of children is common across human history, and the specific practice of striking the buttocks, known as spanking, seems to have developed independently across a number of separate cultures. This pattern suggests adaptive value, posing a paradox in view of the many reviews stating that spanking has purely negative outcomes on future mental health, and the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics that it be outlawed. We purport to resolve this paradox by separating this particular type of corporal punishment from less controlled lashing out in anger, and we reanalyze these reviews in terms of psychological and physical health outcomes. We find that spanking is associated with positive mental health outcomes when (1) performed by calm parents in a (2) ritualized, structured fashion and combined with (3) other disciplinary techniques within (4) a loving relationship with the child, typically (5) as part of the practice of moral, collective religiosity, and when (6) controlling for confounding variables. In that spanking is noticeably practiced by conservative religious cultural groups, we hypothesize that it can be a fitness-promoting form of behaviour in line with religiousness being an example of a group-fitness-promoting adaptation.
13.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) The mutant says in his heart, "There is no God" : the rejection of collective religiosity centred around the worship of moral gods is associated with high mutational load 2018 Ingår i: Evolutionary Psychological Science. - : Springer. - 2198-9885. ; 4:3, s. 233-244 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Industrialisation leads to relaxed selection and thus the accumulation of fitness-damaging genetic mutations. We argue that religion is a selected trait that would be highly sensitive to mutational load. We further argue that a specific form of religiousness was selected for in complex societies up until industrialisation based around the collective worship of moral gods. With the relaxation of selection, we predict the degeneration of this form of religion and diverse deviations from it. These deviations, however, would correlate with the same indicators because they would all be underpinned by mutational load. We test this hypothesis using two very different deviations: atheism and paranormal belief. We examine associations between these deviations and four indicators of mutational load: (1) poor general health, (2) autism, (3) fluctuating asymmetry, and (4) left-handedness. A systematic literature review combined with primary research on handedness demonstrates that atheism and/or paranormal belief is associated with all of these indicators of high mutational load.
14.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) The myth of the stupid believer : The negative religiousness-IQ nexus is not on general intelligence (g) and is likely a product of the relations between IQ and Autism Spectrum traits 2020 Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 59:3, s. 1567-1579 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between religiousness and IQ. It is in the region of - 0.2, according to meta-analyses. The reasons for this relationship are, however, unknown. It has been suggested that higher intelligence leads to greater attraction to science, or that it helps to override evolved cognitive dispositions such as for religiousness. Either way, such explanations assume that the religion-IQ nexus is on general intelligence (g), rather than some subset of specialized cognitive abilities. In other words, they assume it is a Jensen effect. Two large datasets comparing groups with different levels of religiousness show that their IQ differences are not on g and must, therefore, be attributed to specialized abilities. An analysis of the specialized abilities on which the religious and non-religious groups differ reveals no clear pattern. We cautiously suggest that this may be explicable in terms of autism spectrum disorder traits among people with high IQ scores, because such traits are negatively associated with religiousness.
15.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Why do high IQ societies differ in intellectual achievement? : The role of schizophrenia and left-handedness in per capita scientific publications and Nobel prizes 2020 Ingår i: The Journal of creative behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0175 .- 2162-6057. ; 54:4, s. 871-883 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous research has attempted to understand why countries with relatively favorable conditions and high estimated average IQs (such as Finland and Japan) have a relatively low per capita number of scientific Nobel prizes. In the present study, we examine whether there is a relationship between national schizophrenia and left‐handedness prevalence, on the one hand, and per capita scientific and literary achievement, on the other hand, in countries with IQ estimates of at least 90. We found that per capita science and literature Nobel prizes and scientific publications are strongly negatively associated with schizophrenia and strongly positively correlated with left‐handedness. There also was a very pronounced negative correlation between schizophrenia rate and left‐handedness rate. These results suggest that genius can be regarded as a combination of very high IQ, aspects of high‐functioning autism (specifically low empathy) plus relatively low impulse control, consistent with observations of intellectually outstanding individuals, and the fact that schizophrenia appears to constitute the opposite pole of these aspects of autism spectrum. We posit differences in androgen levels as a possible underlying explanation for these findings.
16.	Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare) Why do middle-class couples of European descent adopt children from Africa and Asia? Some Support for the Differential K Model 2018 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 130, s. 156-160 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Patterns of adoption behaviour are starkly asymmetric across populations. To better understand this phenomenon we conducted a systematic review of transracial adoption and adoption in general. We found six quantitative studies from the USA (with representative samples comprising a total of 117,000 participants) which had examined sex, race, and SES in relation to differences in behaviours and attitudes regarding both transracial adoption and adoption in general. A secondary analysis of these data found that transracial adopting is predicted by being female, white (as opposed to black), and of higher SES. These data are consistent with group differences in Life History Strategy – the Differential K model – regarding males and females, SES differences, and white and black people, but not with the fact that both transracial adoption and adoption rates in general seem to be lower in Northeast Asian countries. The influence of cultural factors upon these patterns may be addressed by future studies.
17.	Ekström, Axel G., et al. (författare) The Search Query Filter Bubble : Effect of User Ideology on Political Leaning of Search Results Through Query Selection 2024 Ingår i: Information Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 27:5, s. 878-894 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It is commonly assumed that personalization technologies used by Google for the purpose of tailoring search results for individual users create filter bubbles, which reinforce users’ political views. Surprisingly, empirical evidence for a personalization-induced filter bubble has not been forthcoming. Here, we investigate whether filter bubbles may result instead from a searcher’s choice of search queries. In the first experiment, participants rated the left-right leaning of 48 queries (search strings), 6 for each of 8 topics (abortion, benefits, climate change, sex equality, immigration, nuclear family, Islam, and taxation). An independent sample of participants were then asked to select one of these queries for each of the 8 topics. With the exception of the topic of Islam, participants were significantly more likely to select a query corresponding to their own political leaning, compared to other queries, explaining between 12% and 39% of the variance. A second experiment investigated the effect of the political leaning of the same queries on the overall political leaning of Search Engine Result Pages (SERPs) in Google Search. The top six results of each SERP were rated collectively by a third group of participants, explaining 36.3% of the variance across all 48 search terms (p
18.	Elowsson, Anders, et al. (författare) Modelling the Speed of Music Using Features from Harmonic/Percussive Separated Audio 2013 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference. - : International Society for Music Information Retrieval. - 9780615900650 ; , s. 481-486 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract One of the major parameters in music is the overall speed of a musical performance. In this study, a computational model of speed in music audio has been developed using a custom set of rhythmic features. Speed is often associ-ated with tempo, but as shown in this study, factors such as note density (onsets per second) and spectral flux are important as well. The original audio was first separated into a harmonic part and a percussive part and the fea-tures were extracted separately from the different layers. In previous studies, listeners had rated the speed of 136 songs, and the ratings were used in a regression to evalu-ate the validity of the model as well as to find appropriate features. The final models, consisting of 5 or 8 features, were able to explain about 90% of the variation in the training set, with little or no degradation for the test set.
19.	Eriksson, Johan, et al. (författare) Spelförståelse : Begreppsvalidering genom självuppskattningar av professionella innebandyspelare och deras tränare 2008 Ingår i: SVEBIS årsbok. - Lund : SVEBI. ; , s. 39-50 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
20.	Figueredo, Aurelio-Jose, et al. (författare) The cascade of chaos : From early adversity to interpersonal aggression 2021 Ingår i: Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2330-2925 .- 2330-2933. ; 15:3, s. 231-250 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We developed a cascade model to reconstruct the hypothesized developmental progression from (1) increased resource instability during childhood to (2) decreased maternal sensitivity during childhood to (3) social vulnerability cognitive schemata to (4) faster life history strategies to (5) decreased behavioral regulation to (6) more pronounced “Dark Triad” personalities to (7) higher levels of interpersonal aggression in adulthood. The hypothesized cascade model also evaluated the cross-cultural generality of this theoretically-specified developmental progression across a sampling of different societies: (1) the United States ofAmerica (N=144); (2) Mexico (N=118); (3) Brazil (N=1091, distributed across 3 datacollection sites); (4) Sweden (N=144); and (5) the United Kingdom (N=260). Out of 21 interactive tests of the cross-cultural robustness of the main model parameters, only five reached statistical significance, and were relatively small in magnitude compared to their main effects. In no case did the magnitude and direction of the interaction completely reverse that of the corresponding main effect of the predictor, but merely either augmented or attenuated it somewhat across the affected study sites. We conclude that the results generally supported both the configural and metric invariance of the cascade model to a relatively high, albeit imperfect, degree.
21.	Forsman, Lea J., et al. (författare) Neuroticism is correlated with drift in serial time interval production 2009 Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 47:3, s. 229-232 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Low neuroticism and high intelligence are both related to lower intertrial variability in reaction time tasks. However, intelligence and neuroticism are weakly related traits, which suggests that they may be related to different sources of timing variability. The relation between intelligence and timing variability has recently been investigated using isochronous serial interval production (ISIP). This is a simple, automatic timing task where participants first synchronize movements with an isochronous sound sequence and then continue with self-paced production of a sequence of intervals with the same inter-onset interval (IOI). For all IOIs, local interval-to-interval variability correlated strongest with intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to test whether neuroticism, in contrast, is related to the non-local component of ISIP variability, i.e. drift or gradual changes in response IOI. We found a significant correlation of r = 0.42 between drift and neuroticism, thereby confirming the hypothesis. We suggest that this finding reflects that individuals high on neuroticism have more frequent slips in top–down cognitive control mechanisms. These cognitive failures may in turn interfere with the processing of previously produced intervals in short-term memory, which gives an unstable IOI in the ISIP task, i.e. drift.
22.	Groundstroem, Henrik, et al. (författare) The effect of humor styles on mate value and preferences in an online experiment 2023 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
23.	Gustafsson, Peik, et al. (författare) The ability to maintain rhythm is predictive of ADHD diagnosis and profile 2023 Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-244X. ; 23:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in the world. Currently, the diagnosis is based mainly on interviews, resulting in uncertainties in the clinical assessment. While some neuropsychological tests are used, their specificity and selectivity are low, and more reliable biomarkers are desirable. Previous research indicates that ADHD is associated with morphological changes in the cerebellum, which is essential for motor ability and timing. Here, we compared 29 children diagnosed with ADHD to 96 age-matched controls on prism adaptation, eyeblink conditioning, and timed motor performance in a finger tapping task. Prism adaptation and timing precision in the finger tapping task, but not performance on eyeblink conditioning, differed between the ADHD and control groups, as well as between children with and without Deficits in Attention, Motor control, and Perception (DAMP) – a more severe form of ADHD. The results suggest finger tapping can be used as a cheap, objective, and unbiased biomarker to complement current diagnostic procedures.
24.	Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al. (författare) Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour : unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing 2011 Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 214:2, s. 175-183 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Intelligence is associated with accuracy in a wide range of timing tasks. One source of such associations is likely to be individual differences in top-down control, e.g. sustained attention, that influence performance in both temporal tasks and other cognitively controlled behaviors. In addition, we have studied relations between intelligence and a simple rhythmic motor task, isochronous serial interval production (ISIP), and found a substantial component of that relation, which is independent of fluctuations in top-down control. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether such bottom-up mechanisms are involved also in the relation between intelligence and reaction time (RT) tasks. We thus investigated if common variance between the ISIP and RT tasks underlies their respective associations with intelligence. 112 participants performed a simple RT task, a choice RT task and the ISIP task. Intelligence was assessed with the Raven SPM Plus. The analysed timing variables included mean and variability in the RT tasks and two variance components in the ISIP task. As predicted, RT and ISIP variables were associated with intelligence. The timing variables were positively intercorrelated and a principal component analysis revealed a substantial first principal component that was strongly related to all timing variables, and positively correlated with intelligence. Furthermore, a commonality analysis demonstrated that the relations between intelligence and the timing variables involved a commonality between the timing variables as well as unique contributions from choice RT and ISIP. We discuss possible implications of these findings, and argue that they support our main hypothesis, i.e. that relations between intelligence and RT tasks have a bottom-up component.
25.	Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al. (författare) Whenever next : Hierarchical timing of perception and action 2013 Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 36:3, s. 217-218 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The target article focuses on the predictive coding of "what" and "where" something happened and the "where" and "what" response to make. We extend that scope by addressing the "when" aspect of perception and action. Successful interaction with the environment requires predictions of everything from millisecond-accurate motor timing to far future events. The hierarchical framework seems appropriate for timing.
26.	Karampela, Olympia, et al. (författare) Motor timing training improves sustained attention performance but not fluid intelligence : near but not far transfer 2020 Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 238:4, s. 1051-1060 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract ssociations between cognitive and motor timing performance are documented in hundreds of studies. A core finding is a correlation of about − 0.3 to − 0.5 between psychometric intelligence and time interval production variability and reaction time, but the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether this relation is subject to near and far transfer across a battery of cognitive and timing tasks. These tasks were administered pre- and post-five daily 30 min sessions of sensorimotor synchronization training with feedback for every interval. The training group exhibited increased sustained attention performance in Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II, but no change in the block design and figure weights subtests from the WAIS-IV. A passive control group exhibited no change in performance on any of the timing or cognitive tests. These findings provide evidence for a direct involvement of sustained attention in motor timing as well as near transfer from synchronization to unpaced serial interval production. Implications for the timing–cognition relationship are discussed in light of various putative timing mechanisms.
27.	Konopacki, Mateusz, et al. (författare) EEG Responses to Shamanic Drumming : Does the Suggestion of Trance State Moderate the Strength of Frequency Components? 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorder Research. - : Open Access Pub. - 2574-4518. ; 1:2, s. 16-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract One of the techniques used to induce trance state in shamanic ceremonies is monotonous drumming. According to previous EEG research, certain patterns of drumming cause an increase in power of alpha and theta frequencies of the listener. Present study aimed to determine, if suggestion to experience trance state could increase the relative alpha and theta amplitude and the intensity of experienced state. A group of twenty-four subjects participated in the study. Suggestion to experience trance state decreased alpha frequency power during the drumming condition. No other significant effects of suggestion or drumming were found.
28.	Krantz, Göran, et al. (författare) Melodic intervals and body movement 2003 Ingår i: Dance and Education. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Dance Research. - Athens, Greece : IOAFA. ; , s. 141-148 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
29.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) An auditory illusion of infinite tempo change based on multiple temporal levels 2009 Ingår i: PloS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 4:12, s. 1-6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Humans and a few select insect and reptile species synchronise inter-individual behaviour without any time lag by predicting the time of future events rather than reacting to them. This is evident in music performance, dance, and drill. Although repetition of equal time intervals (i.e. isochrony) is the central principle for such prediction, this simple information is used in a flexible and complex way that accommodates both multiples, subdivisions, and gradual changes of intervals. The scope of this flexibility remains largely uncharted, and the underlying mechanisms are a matter for speculation. Here I report an auditory illusion that highlights some aspects of this behaviour and that provides a powerful tool for its future study. A sound pattern is described that affords multiple alternative and concurrent rates of recurrence (temporal levels). An algorithm that systematically controls time intervals and the relative loudness among these levels creates an illusion that the perceived rate speeds up or slows down infinitely. Human participants synchronised hand movements with their perceived rate of events, and exhibited a change in their movement rate that was several times larger than the physical change in the sound pattern. The illusion demonstrates the duality between the external signal and the internal predictive process, such that people's tendency to follow their own subjective pulse overrides the overall properties of the stimulus pattern. Furthermore, accurate synchronisation with sounds separated by more than 8 s demonstrate that multiple temporal levels are employed for facilitating temporal organisation and integration by the human brain. A number of applications of the illusion and the stimulus pattern are suggested.
30.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Assessing filter bubbles in search: Critical survey of approaches and methods 2019 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
31.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Auditory feedback affects the long-range correlation of isochronous serial interval production : support for a closed-loop or memory model of timing 2009 Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 193:4, s. 519-527 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Long-range dependence is a characteristic property of successively produced time intervals, such as in un-paced or continuation tapping. We hypothesise in the present paper that serial dependence in such tasks could be related to a closed-loop regulation process, in which the current interval is determined by preceding ones. As a consequence, the quality of sensory feedback is likely to affect serial dependence. An experiment with human participants shows that diminished sensory information tends to increase the Hurst exponent for short inter-onset intervals and tends to decrease it for long intervals. A simulation shows that a simple auto-regressive model, whose order depends on the ratio between the inter-onset interval and an assumed temporal integration span, is able to account for most of our empirical results, including the duration specificity of long-range correlation.
32.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Consistency in listeners’ ratings as a function of listening time 2003 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Stockholm music acoustics conference. - Stockholm : Royal College of Technology. ; , s. 639-642 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We examined the consistency and similarity of adjective ratings of 10 music examples (ME) across 7 different example durations. Although the effect of ME was generally statistically significant for all 14 adjectives and all durations from 0.5 to 16s, the agreement between the relative ratings of MEs was poor for some adjectives. Consistency, in terms of F ratios, did not increase with duration, which seems to contradict the hypothesis that more information entails better judgements. We discuss possible explanations for these results, and conclude that further examination of the validity of adjective ratings is warranted.
33.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Correction and validation of time-critical behavioural measurements over the Internet in the STAGE twin cohort with more than 7000 participants 2020 Ingår i: Psych. - : MDPI. - 2624-8611. ; 2:3, s. 128-152 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Behavioral data are increasingly collected over the Internet. This is particularly useful when participants’ own computers can be used as they are, without any modification that relies on their technical skills. However, the temporal accuracy in these settings is generally poor, unknown, and varies substantially across different hard- and software components. This makes it dubious to administer time-critical behavioral tests such as implicit association, reaction time, or various forms of temporal judgment/perception and production. Here, we describe the online collection and subsequent data quality control and adjustment of reaction time and time interval production data from 7127 twins sourced from the Swedish Twin Registry. The purposes are to (1) validate the data that are already and will continue to be reported in forthcoming publications (due to their utility, such as the large sample size and the twin design) and to (2) provide examples of how one might engage in post-hoc analyses of such data, and (3) explore how one might control for systematic influences from specific components in the functional chain. These possible influences include the type and version of the operating system, browser, and multimedia plug-in type.
34.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Correlations between intelligence and components of serial timing variability 2009 Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 37, s. 68-75 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Psychometric intelligence correlates with reaction time in elementary cognitive tasks, as well as with performance in time discrimination and judgment tasks. It has remained unclear, however, to what extent these correlations are due to top–down mechanisms, such as attention, and bottom–up mechanisms, i.e. basic neural properties that influence both temporal accuracy and cognitive processes. Here, we assessed correlations between intelligence (Raven SPM Plus) and performance in isochronous serial interval production, a simple, automatic timing task where participants first make movements in synchrony with an isochronous sequence of sounds and then continue with self-paced production to produce a sequence of intervals with the same inter-onset interval (IOI). The target IOI varied across trials. A number of different measures of timing variability were considered, all negatively correlated with intelligence. Across all stimulus IOIs, local interval-to-interval variability correlated more strongly with intelligence than drift, i.e. gradual changes in response IOI. The strongest correlations with intelligence were found for IOIs between 400 and 900 ms, rather than above 1 s, which is typically considered a lower limit for cognitive timing. Furthermore, poor trials, i.e. trials arguably most affected by lapses in attention, did not predict intelligence better than the most accurate trials. We discuss these results in relation to the human timing literature, and argue that they support a bottom–up model of the relation between temporal variability of neural activity and intelligence.
35.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Crying 2019 Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
36.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Detection of linear temporal drift in sound sequences: principles and empirical evaluation 2004 Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 117:1, s. 95-118 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The just noticeable difference (JND) for linearly increasing or decreasing successive time intervals (drift) was measured by means of an adaptive psychophysical procedure. Effects of number of intervals (Nint), direction (increasing or decreasing intervals), and inter onset interval (IOI) in a sequence were examined across 3 experiments. JND decreased as a function of Nint in a negatively exponential fashion, and was not affected by direction. JND increased as function of IOI, with discontinuities close to 1 s and 1.4 s IOI. The results are compatible with a principle for detection in which an internal periodic process, based on the mean IOI of a few initial intervals in the stimulus sequence, is compared with the last few intervals. Principles based on comparing successive intervals, the first and last interval, or on comparing the last interval with an internal periodic process with the same IOI as the first interval were not supported.
37.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Different kinds of groove in jazz and dance music as indicated by listeners' ratings 2001 Ingår i: Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Systematic and Comparative Musicology and III International Conference on Cognitive Musicology. - Jyväskylä : University of Jyväskylä. ; , s. 108-112 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Groove – or swing – is a primordial aspect of music, more so for ingenous and functional kinds of music, such as dance- and folk music, than for art music. People appear to judge the amount of groove fast and effortlessly, although an objective or consistent definition is wanting. One possible definition of groove could be "suggestion to move to the pulse". It is not clear if the attribution of groove is inter-individually consistent across a large number of real music examples. If not, one could ask if different kinds of groove can be identified. In a first experiment to explore these issues, nonmusicians were asked to rate groove and a number of other adjectives commonly used for characterising music on a 10-point scale for 64 short excerpts from commercially available recordings of dance-, folk-, jazz-, and fusion music. The ratings were subjected to correlation- and factor analyses. The former may indicate to what extent groove is related to other typical dimensions, such as tension-calm, complexity–stability, and sadness-happiness. The latter may indicate if these examples contain features that contribute independently to groove. The results may help to understand the nature of groove, and its psychological significance, and to aid the design of research purporting to map the relationships between groove and objective properties of sound patterns.
38.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Duration specificity in the long-range correlation of human serial interval production 2006 Ingår i: Physica D. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2789 .- 1872-8022. ; 216:2, s. 301-306 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
39.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Effects of practice on variability in an isochronous serial interval production task : asymptotical levels of tapping variability after training are similar to those of musicians 2013 Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 143:1, s. 119-128 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Timing permeates everyday activities such as walking, dancing and music, yet the effect of short-term practicein this ubiquitous activity is largely unknown. In two training experiments involving sessions spreadacross several days, we examined short-term practice effects on timing variability in a sequential intervalproduction task. In Experiment 1, we varied the mode of response (e.g., drumstick and finger tapping) andthe level of sensory feedback. In Experiment 2 we varied the interval in 18 levels ranging from 500 ms to1624 ms. Both experiments showed a substantial decrease in variability within the first hour of practice,but little thereafter. This effect was similar across mode of response, amount of feedback, and interval duration,and was manifested as a reduction in both local variability (between neighboring intervals) and drift(fluctuation across multiple intervals). The results suggest mainly effects on motor implementation ratherthan on cognitive timing processes, and have methodological implications for timing studies that have notcontrolled for practice.
40.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Experiencing groove induced by music : Consistency and phenomenology 2006 Ingår i: Music perception. - 0730-7829 .- 1533-8312. ; 24:2, s. 201-208 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is a quality of music that makes people tap their feet, rock their head, and get up and dance. The consistency of this experience among listeners was examined, in terms of differences in ratings across 64 music examples taken from commercially available recordings. Results show that ratings of groove, operationally defined as "wanting to move some part of the body in relation to some aspect of the sound pattern", exhibited considerable inter-individual consistency. Covariance patterns among the 14 rated words indicated four prominent factors, which could be labelled regular-irregular, groove, having swing, and flowing. Considering the wide range of music examples used, these factors are interpreted as reflecting psychological dimensions independent of musical genre and style.
41.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Explicating politicians’ arguments for sex quotas in Sweden : Increasing power and influence rather than increasing quality and productivity 2019 Ingår i: Frontiers in Communication. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-900X. ; 4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Quotas are employed or proposed in several European countries as a means to decrease differences in outcomes across groups. Quotas belong to a family of biased selection and treatment measures based on group membership, rather than individual ability. The effects of such measures depend on the underlying model of the relevant variables and their relationships, but this model is not explicit in the political discourse. Here, thematic analysis is applied to statements that argue for legislated sex quotas in Sweden, issued by leading politicians and government officials. The most common, recurrent themes are that: (a) Women are at least as able as men; (b) less able men are currently selected over more able women; (c) the proportion of women should be increased to at least 40%, which (d) will increase organizations' quality and productivity; (e) this should be achieved by means of quotas but (f) not through improved meritocratic assessment. It is shown that these claims are inconsistent, as (1) improved meritocratic assessment was not proposed, although that would more effectively select the more able than would quotas, and (2) quotas will lead to lower rather than higher quality and productivity, as it demands that the less able be appointed if they are female. This suggests that the purpose of quotas is to increase the influence of the favored group even if it is currently less able.
42.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Factor analysis of academic reviewers’ ratings of journal articles on a 38-item scientific quality instrument 2022 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
43.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Females prefer less complex music and males prefer more complex music: Support that music may function as a signal of fitness in sexual selection 2018 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Music is a human universal, suggesting a biological adaptation. Charles Darwin suggested that music has evolved as a human trait through sexual selection. According to such a scenario, intra-sex competition may use any dimension that provides an honest signal of fitness. Previous research indicates that cognitive ability is an important such dimension, which is likely to manifest itself in music in terms of complexity. Parental investment theory further predicts asymmetries between the sexes. While the ability to perceive and evaluate the signal must be equal, the interest in the signal, and the motivation for engaging in signalling, is stronger for males than for females, as well-documented in song birds. Here, we examine this prediction for listening data from LastFM, an international music streaming service. From a database with ~20 million listening events by 992 listeners, we first selected the 1,000 songs most frequently listened to. Out of these, 42 songs that were listened to by about equal numbers of males and females were rated on complexity by an expert panel (with both males and females). The mean complexity rating of each song was correlated with the number of times it was listened to by each user. The correlations were 0.50 for males and -0.61 for females, showing that males tend to listen more to the more complex songs, and females more to the less complex songs. This is consistent with the prediction that males are more interested and motivated to engage in complex musical structure than are females, and hence with the hypothesis that a function of music is to signal fitness in sexual selection.
44.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) Human female exogamy is supported by cross-species comparisons : Cause to recognise sex differences in societal policy? 2009 Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 32:5, s. 400-400 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A sex difference in the tendency to outbreed (female exogamy) is a premise for the target article's proposed framework, which receives some support by being shared with chimpanzees but not with more distantly related primates. Further empirical support is provided, and it is suggested that recognition of sex differences might improve effective fairness, taking sexual assault as a case in point.
45.	Madison, Guy, 1961- (författare) I musiken sådan ljuv besatthet bor : om rytm, sväng, attraktion och musikens ursprung 2018 Ingår i: Musikens makt. - : Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond; Makadam förlag. - 9789170612558 - 9789170617553 ; , s. 79-95 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
46.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Modeling the tendency for music to induce movement in humans : First correlations with low-level audio descriptors across music genres 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 37:5, s. 1578-1594 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Groove is often described as the experience of music that makes people tap their feet and want to dance. A high degree of consistency in ratings of groove across listeners indicates that physical properties of the sound signal contribute to groove [Madison (2006) Music Perception, 24, 201-208]. Here, correlations were assessed between listener's ratings and a number of quantitative descriptors of rhythmic properties for one hundred music examples from five distinct traditional music genres. Groove was related to several different rhythmic properties, some of which were genre-specific and some of which were general across genres. Two descriptors corresponding to the density of events between beats and the salience of the beat, respectively, were strongly correlated with groove across domains. In contrast, systematic deviations from strict positions on the metrical grid, so-called microtiming, did not play any significant role. The results are discussed from a functional perspective of rhythmic music to enable and facilitate entrainment and precise synchronisation among individuals.
47.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Musical groove is correlated with properties of the audio signal as revealed by computational modelling, depending on musical style 2009 Ingår i: SMC 2009. - Porto : INESC. - 9789899557765 ; , s. 239-240 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract With groove we mean the subjective experience of wanting to move rhythmically when listening to music. Previous research has indicated that physical properties of the sound signal contribute to groove - as opposed to mere association due to previous exposure, for example. Here, a number of quantitative descriptors of rhythmic and temporal properties were derived from the audio signal by means of computational modelling methods. The music examples were 100 samples from 5 distinct music styles, which were all unfamiliar to the listeners. Listeners’ ratings of groove were correlated with aspects of rhythmic patterning for Greek, Indian, Samba, and West African music. Microtiming was positively correlated with groove for Samba and negatively correlated with groove for Greek, but had very small unique contributions in addition to the rhythmical properties. For Jazz, none of the measured properties had any significant contributions to groove ratings.
48.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Musikens positiva kraft 2011 Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; 20:1, s. 46-49 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
49.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) Numbers of publications and citations for researchers in fields pertinent to the social services : a comparison of peer-reviewed journal publications across six disciplines 2022 Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 127, s. 6029-6046 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Timely dissemination of knowledge is essential and fosters development of knowledge both within academe and the wider society, not least for knowledge that serves practises outside of academia. Here, we compare six disciplines which provide health-related knowledge that serve the health and social services. Most previous research compares the size and impact of the body of publications belonging to each discipline, which ignores the distribution of seniority, productivity, and impact amongst researchers. Instead, we consider the whole population of academics in Sweden employed or active within each discipline, including those who have nil publications. The disciplines form three clusters, where researchers in Public Health and Nursing and Caring science claim about 15 articles per author, Psychology about 10, and Education, Sociology and Social Work less than four. Their numbers of citations follow the same pattern, and are substantially correlated with the number of articles. Tenured or full professors had about 50% more publications and citations per publication than had associate professors. The distributions indicate clear modes at 0, 4, and 16 publications for each cluster, and provide the proportions of researchers within each discipline who have no such publications at all. We discuss the implications of these results for policy, practice, and knowledge quality in the social services and the welfare sector.
50.	Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al. (författare) On the limits of anisochrony in pulse attribution 2002 Ingår i: Psychological Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0727 .- 1430-2772. ; 66:3, s. 201-207 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pulse is the subjective experience of isochrony, which is typically elicited by series of sensory events with close to isochronous spacing, as is common in music and poetry. We measured the amount of anisochrony in a 10-event sequence with 570-630 ms nominal inter onset intervals (IOI) that corresponded to the threshold for pulse attribution. This threshold was 8.6% of the IOI across 28 participants with a wide range of musical training, as compared with 3.5% for detection of anisochrony in the same kind of sequence. Musical training led to lower thresholds for detection of irregularity but had no effect on pulse attribution. The relatively larger amount of anisochrony in pulse attribution may reflect the limit for predicting and synchronising with future events. We suggest that this limit reflects a compromise between tolerance for naturally occurring deviations and the need for precision in timing.

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