| 1. |
- Michalsik, Lars B, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Match Performance and Physiological Capacity of Female Elite Team Handball Players.
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sports Medicine. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0172-4622 .- 1439-3964. ; 35:7, s. 595-607
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study evaluated the physical demands imposed on female elite team handball players in relation to playing position. Female elite team handball field players were examined during match-play over a 5-year period using video based computerized locomotion analysis of tournament matches. In addition, physiological measurements during match-play and in separate physical tests were carried out. A total distance of 4002±551m (group means±SD) was covered per match with a total effective playing time of 50:42±5:50min:s, while full-time players covered 4693±333m. On average, each player (n=83) performed 663.8±99.7 activity changes per match, and the mean speed was 5.31±0.33km·h−1. High-intensity running constituted 0.8±0.5% of total effective playing time per match corresponding to 2.5±1.8% of the total distance covered. The amount of high-intensity running was reduced (p<0.05) 21.9% in the second half (44.9±16.8m) compared to the first (57.5±21.3m). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max) was 3.49±0.37l O2·min−1 corresponding to 49.6±4.8ml O2·min−1·kg−1. Mean relative workload during match-play was 79.4±6.4% of VO2-max. Mean total running distance in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1) was 1436±222m, which was greater in wing players (1516±172m, p<0.05) than pivots (1360±118m) and backcourt players (1352±148m). In conclusion, modern female elite team handball is a physically demanding intermittent team sport, where players are exposed to high relative workloads with substantial estimated aerobic energy expenditure interspersed by short periods of dominant anaerobic energy production as reflected by the limited amount of high-intensity running. Indications of fatigue and a resulting decline in physical performance were identified, since the amount of high-intensity running and the relative workload levels decreased in the second half. Positional differences were observed, with wing players covering a greater total distance than backcourt players, performing more high-intensity running and demonstrating a better intermittent recovery capacity (Yo-Yo test outcome) compared to both backcourt players and pivots
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Michalsik, L. B., et al.
(författare)
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Technical activity profile and influence of body anthropometry on playing performance in female elite team handball
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011. ; 29:4, s. 1126-1138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Michalsik, LB, Aagaard, P, and Madsen, K. Technical activity profile and influence of body anthropometry on playing performance in female elite team handball. J Strength Cond Res 29(4): 1126-1138, 2015-To determine the physical demands placed on female elite team handball (TH) players in relation to playing position and body anthropometry, female elite TH primarily field players were monitored during match-play using video recording and subsequent computerized technical match analysis during 5 regular tournament match seasons. Technical match activities were distributed in 6 major types of playing actions (shots, breakthroughs, fast breaks, technical errors, defensive errors, and tackles) and further divided into various subcategories (e. g., type of shot, hard or light tackles, claspings, screenings, and blockings). Furthermore, anthropometric measurements were performed. Each player had 28.3 +/- 11.0 (group means +/- SD) high-intense playing actions per match with a total effective playing time of 50.70 +/- 5.83 minutes. On average, each player made 2.8 +/- 2.6 fast breaks, gave 7.9 +/- 14.4 screenings, received 14.6 +/- 9.2 tackles in total, and performed 7.7 +/- 3.7 shots while in offense, along with 3.5 +/- 3.8 blockings, 1.9 +/- 2.7 claspings, and 6.2 6 3.8 hard tackles in defense. Mean body height, body mass, and age in the Danish Premier Female Team Handball League were 175.4 +/- 6.1 cm, 69.5 +/- 6.5 kg, and 25.4 +/- 3.7 years, respectively. Wing players were lighter (63.5 +/- 4.8 kg, p < 0.001) and smaller (169.3 +/- 4.9 cm, p < 0.001) than backcourt players (BP) (70.6 +/- 5.3 kg, 177.0 +/- 5.4 cm) and pivots (PV) (72.5 +/- 4.9 kg, 177.7 +/- 4.9 cm). In conclusion, the present match observations revealed that female elite TH players during competitive games intermittently perform a high number of shortterm, high-intense technical playing actions making modern female elite TH a physically demanding team sport. No sign of technical fatigue were observed, since the amount of intense technical playing actions remained unchanged in the second half. Marked positional differences in the physical demands were demonstrated, with wing players performing more fast breaks and less physical confrontations than BP and PV. Body anthropometry differed substantially between different playing positions. Consequently, this should lead to an increase in physical training in modern female elite TH directed at specific positions and individual physical capacity.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolism and Whole-Body Fat Oxidation Following Post-Exercise Carbohydrate or Protein Intake.
- 2018
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Ingår i: International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. - : Human Kinetics. - 1543-2742 .- 1526-484X. ; 28:1, s. 37-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated how post-exercise intake of placebo (PLA), protein (PRO) or carbohydrate (CHO) affected fat oxidation (FO) and metabolic parameters during recovery and subsequent exercise.In a cross-over design, 12 moderately trained women (VO2max 45 ± 6 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed three days of testing. A 23 min control (CON) incremental FO bike test (30-80% VO2max) was followed by 60 min exercise at 75% VO2max. Immediately post-exercise, subjects ingested PLA, 20 g PRO or 40 g CHO followed by a second FO bike test 2h later.Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax) increased at the second FO test compared to the first following all three post-exercise drinks (MFO for CON=0.28±0.08, PLA=0.57±0.13, PRO=0.52±0.08, CHO=0.44±0.12 g fat·min(-1); Fatmax for CON=41±7, PLA=54±4, PRO=55±6, CHO=50±8 %VO2max, P<0.01 for all values compared to CON). Resting FO, MFO and Fatmax were not significantly different between PLA and PRO, but lower for CHO. PRO and CHO increased insulin levels at 1h post-exercise, though both glucose and insulin were equal with PLA at 2h. Increased post-exercise ketone levels only occurred with PLA.Protein supplementation immediately post-exercise did not affect the doubling in whole body fat oxidation seen during a subsequent exercise trial 2 hours later. Neither did it affect resting fat oxidation during the post-exercise period despite increased insulin levels and attenuated ketosis. Carbohydrate intake dampened the increase in fat oxidation during the second test, though a significant increase was still observed compared to the first test.
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| 6. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
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Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 1715-5320. ; 41:4, s. 430-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to compare whole-body fat oxidation kinetics after prior exercise with overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Thirteen highly trained athletes (9 men and 4 women; maximal oxygen uptake: 66 ± 1 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed 3 identical submaximal incremental tests on a cycle ergometer using a cross-over design. A control test (CON) was performed 3 h after a standardized breakfast, a fasting test (FAST) 12 h after a standardized evening meal, and a postexercise test (EXER) after standardized breakfast, endurance exercise, and 2 h fasting recovery. The test consisted of 3 min each at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake and fat oxidation rates were measured through indirect calorimetry. During CON, maximal fat oxidation rate was 0.51 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) compared with 0.69 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) in FAST (P < 0.01), and 0.89 ± 0.05 g·min(-1) in EXER (P < 0.01). Across all intensities, EXER was significantly higher than FAST and FAST was higher than CON (P < 0.01). Blood insulin levels were lower and free fatty acid and cortisol levels were higher at the start of EXER compared with CON and FAST (P < 0.05). Plasma nuclear magnetic resonance-metabolomics showed similar changes in both EXER and FAST, including increased levels of fatty acids and succinate. In conclusion, prior exercise significantly increases whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with overnight fasting. Already high rates of maximal fat oxidation in elite endurance athletes were increased by approximately 75% after prior exercise and fasting recovery.
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| 7. |
- Hansen, Mette, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Whey Protein Hydrolysate on Performance and Recovery of Top-Class Orienteering Runners.
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. - : Human Kinetics. - 1526-484X .- 1543-2742. ; 25:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This trial aimed to examine the effect of whey protein hydrolysate intake before and after exercise sessions on endurance performance and recovery in elite orienteers during a training camp. Eighteen elite orienteers participated in a randomized controlled intervention trial during a 1-week training camp (13 exercise sessions). Half of the runners (PRO-CHO) ingested a protein drink before (0.3 g kg−1) and a protein-carbohydrate drink after (0.3 g protein kg−1 and 1 g carbohydrate kg−1) each exercise session. The others ingested energy and timematched carbohydrate drinks (CHO). A 4-km run-test with 20 control points was performed before and on the last day of the intervention. Blood and saliva were obtained in the mornings, before and after run-tests, and after the last training session. During the intervention, questionnaires were fulfilled regarding psychological sense of performance capacity and motivation. PRO-CHO and not CHO improved performance in the 4-km run-test (interaction p < .05). An increase in serum creatine kinase was observed during the week, which was greater in CHO than PRO-CHO (interactionp < .01). Lactate dehydrogenase (p < .001) and cortisol (p = .057) increased during the week, but the change did not differ between groups. Reduction in sense of performance capacity during the intervention was greater in CHO (p < .05) than PRO-CHO. In conclusion, ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate before and after each exercise session improves performance and reduces markers of muscle damage during a strenuous 1-week training camp. The results indicate that protein supplementation in conjunction with each exercise session facilitates the recovery from strenuous training in elite orienteers.
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| 8. |
- Hansen, M., et al.
(författare)
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Protein intake during training sessions has no effect on performance and recovery during a strenuous training camp for elite cyclists
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1550-2783. ; 13:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Training camps for top-class endurance athletes place high physiological demands on the body. Focus on optimizing recovery between training sessions is necessary to minimize the risk of injuries and improve adaptations to the training stimuli. Carbohydrate supplementation during sessions is generally accepted as being beneficial to aid performance and recovery, whereas the effect of protein supplementation and timing is less well understood. We studied the effects of protein ingestion during training sessions on performance and recovery of elite cyclists during a strenuous training camp. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded study, 18 elite cyclists consumed either a whey protein hydrolysate-carbohydrate beverage (PRO-CHO, 14 g protein/h and 69 g CHO/h) or an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage (CHO, 84 g/h) during each training session for six days (25-29 h cycling in total). Diet and training were standardized and supervised. The diet was energy balanced and contained 1.7 g protein/kg/day. A 10-s peak power test and a 5-min all-out performance test were conducted before and after the first training session and repeated at day 6 of the camp. Blood and saliva samples were collected in the morning after overnight fasting during the week and analyzed for biochemical markers of muscle damage, stress, and immune function. Results: In both groups, 5-min all-out performance was reduced after the first training session and at day 6 compared to before the first training session, with no difference between groups. Peak power in the sprint test did not change significantly between tests or between groups. In addition, changes in markers for muscle damage, stress, and immune function were not significantly influenced by treatment. Conclusions: Intake of protein combined with carbohydrate during cycling at a training camp for top cyclists did not result in marked performance benefits compared to intake of carbohydrates when a recovery drink containing adequate protein and carbohydrate was ingested immediately after each training session in both groups. These findings suggest that the addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement consumed during exercise does not improve recovery or performance in elite cyclists despite high demands of daily exhaustive sessions during a one-week training camp.
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| 9. |
- Kvorning, T, et al.
(författare)
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The activity of satellite cells and myonuclei following 8 weeks of strength training in young men with suppressed testosterone levels
- 2015
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica. - : Wiley. - 1748-1708 .- 1748-1716 .- 0001-6772. ; 213:3, s. 676-687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To investigate how suppression of endogenous testosterone during an 8-week strength training period influences the activity of satellite cells and myonuclei.METHODS: Twenty-two moderately trained young men participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded intervention study. The participants were randomized to treatment with a GnRH analogue, goserelin (n = 12), which suppresses testosterone or placebo (n = 10) for 12 weeks. The strength training period of 8 weeks started after 4 weeks of treatment and included exercises for all major muscles. Biopsies were obtained from the mid-portion of the vastus lateralis muscle.RESULTS: Testosterone resting level in goserelin was 10-20 times lower compared with placebo, and the training-induced increase in the level of testosterone was abolished in goserelin. Training increased satellite cells number in type II fibres by 20% in placebo and by 52% in goserelin (P < 0.01), whereas the myonuclear number significantly increased by 12% in type II fibres in placebo and remained unchanged in goserelin (P < 0.05). No changes in satellite cells and myonuclei were seen in type I fibres in either group. Data from the microarray analysis indicated that low testosterone affects the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling, which might regulate proliferation vs. differentiation of satellite cells.CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of strength training enhances the myonuclear number in type II fibres, and this is largely blocked by the suppression of testosterone. The data indicate that low testosterone levels could reduce the differentiation of satellite cells to myonuclei via the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling pathway, resulting in reduced increases in lean leg mass.
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| 10. |
- Lundby, Carsten, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological, biochemical, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on exercise economy in humans
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188. ; 27:12, s. 1627-1637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interindividual variation in running and cycling exercise economy (EE) remains unexplained although studied for more than a century. This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate the importance of biochemical, structural, physiological, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on running and cycling EE within a single study. In 22 healthy males (VO(2)max range 45.5-72.1mLmin-1kg-1), no factor related to skeletal muscle structure (% slow-twitch fiber content, number of capillaries per fiber), mitochondrial properties (volume density, oxidative capacity, or mitochondrial efficiency), or protein content (UCP3 and MFN2 expression) explained variation in cycling and running EE among subjects. In contrast, biomechanical variables related to vertical displacement correlated well with running EE, but were not significant when taking body weight into account. Thus, running EE and body weight were correlated (R-2=.94; P<.001), but was lower for cycling EE (R-2=.23; P<.023). To separate biomechanical determinants of running EE, we contrasted individual running and cycling EE considering that during cycle ergometer exercise, the biomechanical influence on EE would be small because of the fixed movement pattern. Differences in cycling and running exercise protocols, for example, related to biomechanics, play however only a secondary role in determining EE. There was no evidence for an impact of structural or functional skeletal muscle variables on EE. Body weight was the main determinant of EE explaining 94% of variance in running EE, although more than 50% of the variability of cycling EE remains unexplained.
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| 11. |
- Montero, D., et al.
(författare)
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Sexual dimorphism of substrate utilization: Differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and function
- 2018
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Ingår i: Experimental Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0958-0670. ; 103:6, s. 851-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fat oxidation during exercise is greater in females than in males. We sought to determine whether sex differences in substrate metabolism are paralleled by distinct skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and oxidative capacity. Whole-body substrate (fat and carbohydrate) utilization during submaximal treadmill running was assessed, and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to determine mitochondrial volume density and function in healthy young females (n=12) and males (n=12) matched by aerobic exercise capacity and exercise performance. Females presented a lower respiratory exchange ratio (0.87 +/- 0.04 versus 0.91 +/- 0.04, P=0.023) and whole-body carbohydrate oxidation (27.8 +/- 8.3 versus 35.8 +/- 6.5mgkg(-1)min(-1), P=0.027), whereas fat oxidation was higher (8.7 +/- 2.8 versus 5.9 +/- 2.6mgkg(-1)min(-1), P=0.034) during submaximal exercise compared with males. In skeletal muscle biopsies, females demonstrated augmented mitochondrial volume density (7.51 +/- 1.77 versus 5.90 +/- 1.72%, P=0.035) and oxidative capacity for fatty acid [36.6 +/- 12.8 versus 24.5 +/- 7.3pmol O(2)s(-1)(mg wet weight)(-1), P=0.009] and lactate [71.1 +/- 24.4 versus 53.2 +/- 14.6pmol O(2)s(-1)(mg wet weight)(-1), P=0.040]. No sex differences in respiratory exchange ratio, whole-body fat oxidation and skeletal muscle variables were detected when adjusted for anthropometric variables including body mass or leg mass, which were lower in females. In conclusion, female prioritization of fat over carbohydrate oxidation during exercise is underpinned by augmented body size-related mitochondrial volume density, fatty acid and lactate oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle fibres.
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| 12. |
- Pettersson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Six Weeks of Aerobic Exercise in Untrained Men With Overweight/Obesity Improved Training Adaptations, Performance and Body Composition Independent of Oat/Potato or Milk Based Protein-Carbohydrate Drink Supplementation.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Nutrition. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-861X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Protein availability around aerobic exercise might benefit aerobic capacity and body composition in normal weight adults. However, it is unknown if individuals with overweight/obesity elicit similar adaptations or improve other cardiometabolic/health-related markers in response to different types of protein. Thus, our aim was to study the effect of supplementation of two different protein drinks in conjunction with exercise on aerobic capacity, body composition and blood health markers in untrained subjects with overweight or obesity. Methods: The present study measured training adaptation and health parameters over a 6 week period in untrained men with overweight/obesity (n = 28; BMI 30.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2) ingesting either plant- (Oat/Potato; n = 8) or animal-based (Milk; n = 10) protein-carbohydrate drinks (10 g of protein/serving), or a control carbohydrate drink (n = 10) acutely before and after each training session (average three sessions/week @ 70% HRmax). Pre-post intervention ˙VO2peakV˙O2peak , muscle biopsies and blood samples were collected, body composition measured (DXA) and two different exercise tests performed. Body weight was controlled with participants remaining weight stable throughout the intervention. Results: For the groups combined, the training intervention significantly increased ˙VO2peakV˙O2peak (8%; P < 0.001), performance in a time-to-exhaustion trial (~ 100%; P < 0.001), mitochondrial protein content and enzyme activity (~20-200%). Lean body mass increased (1%; P < 0.01) and fat mass decreased (3%; P < 0.01). No significant effects on fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipids or markers of immune function were observed. There were no significant interactions between drink conditions for training adaptation or blood measurements. For body composition, the Oat/Potato and carbohydrate group decreased leg fat mass significantly more than the Milk group (interaction P < 0.05). Conclusions: Aerobic capacity and body composition were improved and a number of mitochondrial, glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle proteins and enzyme activities were upregulated by a 6 week training intervention. However, none of the parameters for endurance training adaptation were influenced by protein supplementation before and after each training session.
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