| 1. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Creating the Distribution Map of Groundwater for Drinking Uses Using Physio-Chemical Variables; Case Study: Al-Hilla City, Iraq
- 2022
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 233:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface water and groundwater are significant for population and other activities due to the decreasing surface water flow toward Iraq. Therefore, there is a need to analyze groundwater’s quality and classification and its applicability as an alternative in various human activities in the study area. This study utilized the groundwater quality index model for drinking uses (GW.Q.I.) and entered the resulting values in the GIS environment. This model was applied to 56 wells in Al-Hillah city by measuring twelve variables in each well. The measured variables were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3), and electric conductivity (EC). The prediction map of GW.Q.I. was produced in the GIS. Then, the distributing map was divided into six categories based on the suitability of groundwater for drinking uses. The areas’ values of six categories with their ratings were about 5 km2 (excellent), 122 km2 (good), 610 km2 (poor), 63 km2 (very poor), 36 km2 (contaminated), and 24 km2 (very contaminated). For the entire study area, the average value of the GW.Q.I. was 177, classified as poor for drinking uses.
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| 2. |
- Jahad, Udai A., et al.
(författare)
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Flow characteristics and energy dissipation over stepped spillway with various step geometries: case study (steps with curve end sill)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied water science. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stepped weirs are used in a wide range of applications, designed to increase energy dissipation. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume on six stepped weir models, with a downstream angle of θ = 26.6°. The physical models used were on a scale of 10:1, and tests of discharges up to 0.055 m3/s were carried out. Several step geometries including traditional step, sill and curve geometries were used to study flow behavior and overall energy dissipation. The laboratory investigations were augmented by modelling numerically the within step flow and energy behavior using a 2-D CFD model, incorporating the k-ε model for turbulence closure. The results showed that energy dissipation was greatest for the curved steps by about 10.5%, where it was observed that the skimming flow regime was shifted to a higher discharge range. Numerical modelling results showed good agreement with the experimental results. An inspection of the modelled streamlines highlighted the increase in vortex intensity for the curve model, reflecting the strong circulation observed. The predicted stepwise energy dissipation showed the energy dissipation increase when the step number Ns increases. For the range of step height hs, tested, our results showed that energy dissipation increased with step height. The results from this study can be used to inform engineering design for steps with θ = 26.6° and provide estimates of the expected energy dissipation and residual energy.
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| 3. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating of gases emission from waste sites to generate electrical energy as a case study at Al-Hillah City in Iraq
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landflls, and it hasmany potential environmental issues, such as its major role in global warming. On the other hand,methane can be converted to liquid fuel or electricity using chemical conversion or gas turbinegenerators. Therefore, reusing such gases could be of great environmental and economic beneft. Inthis context, this study aims to estimate the emissions of methane gas from the landflls in Al-HillahCity, Iraq, from 2023 to 2070 and the producible electric energy from this amount. The estimatingprocess was carried out using the Land GEM model and compared with traditional models. Theobtained results demonstrated that the total estimated landfll methane emissions for 48 years are875,217 tons, and the average annual methane emission is 18,234 tons based on a yearly wasteaccumulation rate of 1,046,413 tons and a total waste amount of 50,227,808 tons. The anticipatedloads of methane gas can be utilized to generate about 287,442 MW/year of electricity from 2023to 2070. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study could be evidence of the potentialenvironmental and economic benefts of harvesting and reusing methane gas from landflls.
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| 4. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating WQI and GIS to assess water quality in Shatt Al-Hillah River, Iraq using physicochemical and heavy metal elements
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied water science. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 13:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables of physical, chemical, and heavy metal elements. The samples have been taken at six sites along the river in 2020 (from January to December). The water quality index has been determined by using the weighted-arithmetic method which is including a series of equations. Also, the model of Inverse-Distance-Weighting in the Geographic information system was applied to create a map of the water quality in the study area. Eleven physicochemical variables and five elements of heavy metals were comprised of calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, electric conductivity, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The results showed the values of the water quality index ranged from 245 to 253 (with a category of 200–300). The water quality index was rated as very poor for the selected locations along the Shatt Al-Hillah River. The GIS result illustrated the distributing map of water quality for the Shatt Al-Hillah River for household uses. The combination of the water quality index calculations with GIS in the current study might be used as a guide for future studies.
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| 5. |
- Jahad, Udai A., et al.
(författare)
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Dissolved Oxygen Variation on the Steps with a Quarter Circle End Sill for Flows over the Stepped Spillways
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. - : International Information and Engineering Technology Association. - 1755-7437 .- 1755-7445. ; 17:5, s. 639-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration helps indicate the water quality. This study investigated the effects of varying step shape and chute slope on the aeration efficiency for stepped spillways. The measured parameters were DO, the inception point of the free surface, and the water surface profile above the crest to evaluate the geometry variation impacts. Several experiments were conducted on a six-step configuration over a stepped spillway with chute angle (θ = 26.6°, 21.8°, and 8.9°). The discharges up to 0.055 m3/s. The step configurations were including flat step, normal end sill, and quarter circle end sill. The results showed when the chute angle changed from 26.6°to 8.9°, the aeration efficiency of E20 improved with 11.51% at the lowest discharge and 6.05% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 10 steps. Also, E20 improved 11.39% at the lowest discharge and 6.50% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 6 steps. The performance of the steps with the quarter circle end sill model in terms of aeration efficiency increased by 10%.
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| 6. |
- Sartelli, Massimo, et al.
(författare)
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Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action
- 2023
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Ingår i: WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY. - 1749-7922. ; 18:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
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| 7. |
- Wang, Haidong, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1459-1544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FINDINGS: Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.INTERPRETATION: At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.
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| 8. |
- Al Bayaty, Majd, et al.
(författare)
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Riparian Management and Nutrients Distribution in Different Zones of Euphrates Riverbanks
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. - : International Information and Engineering Technology Association. - 1755-7437 .- 1755-7445. ; 18:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic of nutrient cycling is a critical factor in riparian regions. It is essential to understand the behaviour of riparian areas in the maintenance and management river ecosystem. Sediment load, nutrients, and pathogens are transported to water bodies through land drainage and riverside flow. The classification of environmental agencies was poor for them. In this study, a qualitative investigation was implemented to determine the relationship between these practices and variations in nutrient retention for several types of riverbank soil. Also, the riverbank soils were including soil covered by wild reed plants. All the field works were along the Euphrates River in three locations. Moreover, study the variation in the content of vegetation riverbank soils from nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and PH. The results presented that riverbanks consider important locations for nutrient retention. Whilst agricultural activities have minimized the content of soil of OM (30%), N (49%), and K (3%), in subsurface soil but not so great lowering in surface layers. In contrast, management practices and human activities such as burning caused an apparent increase of OM (4%), N (77%), and a clear reduction in P (12%) content at both surface and subsurface layers of soil. Under all circumstances, riverbank soils showed a relative increase of nutrients at wet toe-slopes. Furthermore, it is noted that riparian vegetation and aquatic plants played a significant role by causing critical changes in riparian sides or even contrary effects on riverbank management practices and destruction of natural soil nutrient conditions. Thus, it should be carefully considered when evaluating the ecological impacts of riparian disturbances.
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| 9. |
- Al Mousawi, Eman, et al.
(författare)
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Applying Different Water Quality Indices and GIS to Assess the Water Quality, Case Study: Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province
- 2023
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Ingår i: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. - : HARD. - 1230-1485 .- 2083-5906. ; 32:5, s. 4201-4217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) model. In this study, the WQI was generated to classify the water flowing in the Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province. To develop analytical models, a connection between the findings and satellite images was developed. It is possible to determine what category a river’s water quality for domestic use will fall into. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WWQI), Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI),and Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) were used to evaluate and examine the suitability of the Euphrates River in the city by analysing the water quality of samples taken from the five locations (Muhanawia (L1), Salahia (L2), Shamiyah (L3), Shamiyah (L4), Gammas (L5)). The hydrogen ionspH, temperature T, dissolved oxygen DO, nitrate NO3, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, total hardness TH, potassium K, sodium Na, sulfate SO4, chlorine Cl, total dissolved solids TDS, and electrical conductivity ECvalues are provided for 2020 and 2021. Results showed the Euphrates River was deemed severely contaminated at location Gammas (L5) but acceptable at location Muhanawia (L1). During the research phase, the water quality for the Euphrates achieved a maximum of 87.43 using the CWQI for Muhanawia (L1) in 2021 and a minimum of 15.6 using the BWQI for Gammas (L5) in 2021. The excessive sulphate, total dissolved solids, calcium, and total hardness concentrations led to the low WQI. The results are analysed using a GIS, and a network database connected to the GIS is required to utilize its analytical capabilities and the geographically scattered data throughout the study region. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is not suitable for drinking, as it is below the average of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggestions.
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| 10. |
- Alabas, Mohammed A Almajeed A, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of the Effect of Downstream Slope and Rockfill Materials on Flow Regimes over Gabion Stepped Weirs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. - : HARD. - 1230-1485 .- 2083-5906. ; 32:4, s. 3481-3490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of the hydraulic performance of each regime. The present study investigates the effect of downstream slope and rock fill materials on flow regimes in gabion stepped weirs. Nine physical models of gabion weirs were used in the experiments. The models’ downstream slopes ranged from 1:05 to 1:4 V:H. In addition, two types of rockfill materials: crushed stone of 0.42 porosity and rounded gravel of 0.38 porosity were used to study the effect of rockfill materials on flow regimes. The nominal size of the crushed stone was (37.5 mm - 13.2 mm) D50 = 23 mm and the nominal size of the rounded gravel was (26.5 mm - 13.2 mm) D50 = 16 mm. Each model has been tested with ten runs for discharge per unit width ranging (from 0.006 to 0.105 m3/sec. m) to cover all flow conditions and flow regimes. The onset of each flow regime for all physical models has been observed. The experimental data of the gabion stepped weirs have been used to develop equations to estimate the onset of each flow regime. The coefficient of correlation (R) of the developed equations ranged between 0.95 to 0.97. The results indicated on the steeper downstream slope models (1:0.5, 1:0.83), there is interference between the nappe and transition flow regimes. The nappe flow regime has not appeared on all steps at the same time. Moreover, the shape and size of the rockfill materials have an insignificant effect on flow regimes, especially at a high flow rate.
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| 11. |
- Altaee, Mohammed J., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Existing Bond-Slip Relations for CFRP-Steel Joints and New Model for Linear and Nonlinear Adhesives
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advances in Civil Engineering / Hindawi. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1687-8086 .- 1687-8094. ; 2022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing bond-slip (τ-s) relations for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-steel joints employ different shapes and mathematical expressions, inferring that their predictions of failure load and mode, and other interface properties, might be inconsistent or inaccurate. In this study, predictions of four widely used τ-s relations are evaluated using a large experimental database of 78 double-lap FRP-steel specimens. To facilitate the evaluation process, a robust finite element (FE) model is developed for each test, implementing data from either of the existing τ-s relations to define the FRP-steel interface. Comparisons between test and FE results indicated that the existing τ-s models were unable of predicting the ultimate load (Pu) and effective bond length (Leff) of FRP-steel joints, or the relation between Pu and bond length and that between Leff and FRP modulus (Ef). A new τ-s model is developed based on an inverse FE simulation, comparison with experimental results, and regression analysis. It considers the effects of Ef, the type of FRP reinforcement (sheet or plate), and applies to both linear and nonlinear adhesives. The model predictions were validated by comparing with results from small bond tests and large FRP-strengthened steel beams tested under bending, yielding excellent results for Pu, failure mode, and all other interfacial properties.
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| 12. |
- Isam, Mubeen, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization and modelling of Pb (II) and Cu (II) adsorption onto red algae (Gracilaria changii)-based activated carbon by using response surface methodology
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption isotherm obeyed the Langmuir model.
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| 13. |
- Bile, Ahmed Said, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Vaccination Delivery Strategies for Zero-Dose and Under-Immunized Children in the Fragile Context of Somalia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI. - 2076-393X. ; 12:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Somalia is one of 20 countries in the world with the highest numbers of zero-dose children. This study aims to identify who and where zero-dose and under-vaccinated children are and what the existing vaccine delivery strategies to reach zero-dose children in Somalia are. This qualitative study was conducted in three geographically diverse regions of Somalia (rural/remote, nomadic/pastoralists, IDPs, and urban poor population), with government officials and NGO staff (n = 17), and with vaccinators and community members (n = 52). The data were analyzed using the GAVI Vaccine Alliance IRMMA framework. Nomadic populations, internally displaced persons, and populations living in remote and Al-shabaab-controlled areas are three vulnerable and neglected populations with a high proportion of zero-dose children. Despite the contextual heterogeneity of these population groups, the lack of targeted, population-specific strategies and meaningful engagement of local communities in the planning and implementation of immunization services is problematic in effectively reaching zero-dose children. This is, to our knowledge, the first study that examines vaccination strategies for zero-dose and under-vaccinated populations in the fragile context of Somalia. Evidence on populations at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and barriers to vital vaccination services remain critical and urgent, especially in a country like Somalia with complex health system challenges.
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| 14. |
- Grmasha, Ruqayah Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Danube River in Hungary
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Danube is a significant transboundary river on a global scale, with several tributaries. The effluents from industrial operations and wastewater treatment plants have an impact on the river's aquatic ecosystem. These discharges provide a significant threat to aquatic life by deteriorating the quality of water and sediment. Hence, a total of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds were analyzed at six locations along the river, covering a period of 12 months. The objective was to explore the temporal and spatial fluctuations of these chemicals in both water and sediment. The study revealed a significant fluctuation in the concentration of PAHs in water throughout the year, with levels ranging from 224.8 ng/L during the summer to 365.8 ng/L during the winter. Similarly, the concentration of PAHs in sediment samples varied from 316.7 ng/g in dry weight during the summer to 422.9 ng/g in dry weight during the winter. According to the Europe Drinking Water Directive, the levels of PAHs exceeded the permitted limit of 100 ng/L, resulting in a 124.8% rise in summer and a 265.8% increase in winter. The results suggest that the potential human-caused sources of PAHs were mostly derived from pyrolytic and pyrogenic processes, with pyrogenic sources being more dominant. Assessment of sediment quality standards (SQGs) showed that the levels of PAHs in sediments were below the Effect Range Low (ERL), except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl) concentrations. This suggests that there could be occasional biological consequences. The cumulative Individual Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) exceeds 1/104 for both adults and children in all sites.
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