| 1. |
- Ali, Nadeem, et al.
(författare)
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Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Car Dust : A Pilot Study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People may spend a significant amount of their daily time in cars and thus be exposed to chemicals present in car dust. Various chemicals are emitted from during car use, contaminating the car dust. In this study, we compiled published and unpublished data on the occurrence of phthalates, flame retardants (FRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Saudi car dust. Phthalates, a class of chemical commonly used as plasticizers in different car parts, were the major pollutants found in car dust, with a median value of n-ary sumation phthalates 1,279,000 ng/g. Among other chemicals, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were found to be between 1500-90,500 ng/g, which indicates their use as alternative FRs in the car industry. The daily exposure to Saudi drivers (regular and taxi drivers) was below the respective reference dose (RfD) values of the individual chemicals. However, the estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values due to chronic exposure to these chemicals was >1 x 10(-5) for taxi drivers for phthalates and PAHs, indicating that the long-term exposure to these chemicals is a cause of concern for drivers who spend considerable time in cars. The study has some limitations, due to the small number of samples, lack of updated RfD values, and missing cancer slope factors for many studied chemicals. Despite these limitations, this study indicates the possible range of exposure to drivers from chemicals in car dust and warrants further extensive studies to confirm these patterns.
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| 2. |
- Darnerud, Per Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorous flame retardants in Swedish market basket food samples, and estimation of per capita intake
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Analyser av åtta fosforinnehållande flamskyddsmedel (PFRs) har utförts i matkorgsprover från den senaste matkorgsundersökningen (Matkorgen 2015). De ämnen som analyseras är (i förkortning) TEHP, TNBP, TCEP, TBOEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP samt TCIPP. De undersökta matkorgsproverna kommer från studier där matkassar från vanliga livsmedelskedjor i Sverige tas in för analys, och där de insamlade livsmedlen analyseras gruppvis (ex kött, fisk, mejeriprodukter, spannmål) för en mängd näringsämnen men även toxiska ämnen. Med hjälp av försäljningsstatistik kan konsumtionen av olika livsmedelsgrupper beräknas, och tillsammans med haltdata kan per capita-intaget för dessa ämnen tas fram. Det är första gången som matkorgsprover analyseras för förekomst av PFRs.Mätbara halter av ett flertal av undersökta PFRs kunde analyseras i proverna från de tretton olika livsmedelsgrupperna, och högst halter återfanns generellt i prover från cerealier, bakverk, fetter/oljor , vegetabilier, samt socker och sötsaker. Högst halter i livsmedel, och även det beräknade högsta per capita-intaget (49 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag), observerades för EHDPHP (etylhexyldifenylfosfat). För fyra PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, TDCIPP och TCIPP) låg per capita-intaget på 6-12 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag, medan inga beräkningar gjordes för de tre återstående pga att flertalet haltdata
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| 3. |
- Poma, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The occurrence of eight phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 53 composite food samples from 12 food categories, collected in 2015 for a Swedish food market basket study. 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), detected in most food categories, had the highest median concentrations (9 ng/g ww, pastries). It was followed by triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (2.6 ng/g ww, fats/oils), tris(1,3- (TCIPP) (0.80 ng/g ww, pastries). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were not detected in the analyzed food samples. The major contributor to the total dietary intake was EHDPHP (57%), and the food categories which contributed the most to the total intake of PFRs were processed food, such as cereals (26%), pastries (10%), sugar/sweets (11%), and beverages (17%). The daily per capita intake of PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP, TCIPP) from food ranged from 406 to 3266 ng/day (or 6e49 ng/kg bw/day), lower than the health-based reference doses. This is the first study reporting PFR intakes from other food categories than fish (here accounting for 3%). Our results suggest that the estimated human dietary exposure to PFRs may be equally important to the ingestion of dust.
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