| 1. |
- Moberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
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| 2. |
- Abera, Asmamaw, et al.
(författare)
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Air pollution measurements and land-use regression in urban sub-saharan Africa using low-cost sensors—possibilities and pitfalls
- 2020
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 11:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Air pollution is recognized as the most important environmental factor that adversely affects human and societal wellbeing. Due to rapid urbanization, air pollution levels are increasing in the Sub-Saharan region, but there is a shortage of air pollution monitoring. Hence, exposure data to use as a base for exposure modelling and health effect assessments is also lacking. In this study, low-cost sensors were used to assess PM2.5 (particulate matter) levels in the city of Adama, Ethiopia. The measurements were conducted during two separate 1-week periods. The measurements were used to develop a land-use regression (LUR) model. The developed LUR model explained 33.4% of the variance in the concentrations of PM2.5. Two predictor variables were included in the final model, of which both were related to emissions from traffic sources. Some concern regarding influential observations remained in the final model. Long-term PM2.5 and wind direction data were obtained from the city’s meteorological station, which should be used to validate the representativeness of our sensor measurements. The PM2.5 long-term data were however not reliable. Means of obtaining good reference data combined with longer sensor measurements would be a good way forward to develop a stronger LUR model which, together with improved knowledge, can be applied towards improving the quality of health. A health impact assessment, based on the mean level of PM2.5 (23 µg/m3), presented the attributable burden of disease and showed the importance of addressing causes of these high ambient levels in the area.
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| 3. |
- Alnaes, Dag, et al.
(författare)
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Brain Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia and Its Association With Polygenic Risk
- 2019
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 76:7, s. 739-748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ImportanceBetween-individual variability in brain structure is determined by gene-environment interactions, possibly reflecting differential sensitivity to environmental and genetic perturbations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed thinner cortices and smaller subcortical volumes in patients with schizophrenia. However, group-level comparisons may mask considerable within-group heterogeneity, which has largely remained unnoticed in the literature. ObjectivesTo compare brain structural variability between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls and to test whether respective variability reflects the polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia in an independent sample of healthy controls. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-control and polygenic risk analysis compared MRI-derived cortical thickness and subcortical volumes between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia across 16 cohorts and tested for associations between PRS and MRI features in a control cohort from the UK Biobank. Data were collected from October 27, 2004, through April 12, 2018, and analyzed from December 3, 2017, through August 1, 2018. Main Outcomes and MeasuresMean and dispersion parameters were estimated using double generalized linear models. Vertex-wise analysis was used to assess cortical thickness, and regions-of-interest analyses were used to assess total cortical volume, total surface area, and white matter, subcortical, and hippocampal subfield volumes. Follow-up analyses included within-sample analysis, test of robustness of the PRS threshold, population covariates, outlier removal, and control for image quality. ResultsA comparison of 1151 patients with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age,33.8[10.6] years; 68.6% male [n=790] and 31.4% female [n=361]) with 2010 healthy controls (mean [SD] age,32.6[10.4] years; 56.0% male [n=1126] and 44.0% female [n=884]) revealed higher heterogeneity in schizophrenia for cortical thickness and area (t = 3.34), cortical (t=3.24) and ventricle (t range, 3.15-5.78) volumes, and hippocampal subfields (t range, 2.32-3.55). In the UK Biobank sample of 12 490 participants (mean [SD] age,55.9 [7.5] years; 48.2% male [n=6025] and 51.8% female [n=6465]), higher PRS was associated with thinner frontal and temporal cortices and smaller left CA2/3 (t=-3.00) but was not significantly associated with dispersion. Conclusions and RelevanceThis study suggests that schizophrenia is associated with substantial brain structural heterogeneity beyond the mean differences. These findings may reflect higher sensitivity to environmental and genetic perturbations in patients, supporting the heterogeneous nature of schizophrenia. A higher PRS was associated with thinner frontotemporal cortices and smaller hippocampal subfield volume, but not heterogeneity. This finding suggests that brain variability in schizophrenia results from interactions between environmental and genetic factors that are not captured by the PRS. Factors contributing to heterogeneity in frontotemporal cortices and hippocampus are key to furthering our understanding of how genetic and environmental factors shape brain biology in schizophrenia.
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| 4. |
- Bhadani, Kanishk, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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CDIO Course Development for Faculty in Raw Materials Programmes
- 2017
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Ingår i: The 13th International CDIO Conference Proceedings, Calgary, Canada. - 1796-9964. - 9780889533998 ; , s. 315-326
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe, the existing MSc programmes which are linked to the thematic Raw Material content often focus mainly on technical knowledge in itself, and students graduate as professionals who know how to solve pre-defined technical problems. Students in such programmes seldom practice entrepreneurial, communication and innovation skills at a level that is needed in working life. On the other hand, the CDIO Initiative has developed a framework for modernizing engineering education by introducing such skills and thinking into the technical programmes and courses. It is widely discussed in the CDIO community that one of the constraints in implementing CDIO is faculty staff professional development. CDIO standards 9 and 10 focus on the faculty development and competencies both in terms of pedagogic as well as learning methods to deal with personal and interpersonal skills, and product, process, and system building skills. In order to bring a change and implement CDIO into the Raw Materials programmes in Europe, a modular course for training in CDIO was developed and delivered for the faculty member in the Raw Materials sector. This paper accounts for the development of the faculty training course, and provides a unique perspective on the implementation of CDIO into raw materials related programmes capturing the different models of implementation from different universities’ programmes and courses. The various universities involved provide programmes and courses across the entire value chain of raw materials from mining and minerals processing to materials design, sustainability and recycling. This paper will serve as a reference for the educators to develop and implement CDIO education methods in specific disciplines as illustrated here in the field of raw materials related programmes.
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| 5. |
- Bhadani, Kanishk, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Student Perspectives on Video-Based Learning in CDIO-Based Project Courses
- 2017
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Ingår i: The 13th International CDIO Conference Proceedings, Calgary, Canada. - 1796-9964. - 9780889533998 ; , s. 689-704
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims at demonstrating the applicability of video learning in CDIO based project courses and at evaluating to what extent it benefits students. The courses are Machine Elements (PPU210), Product Planning - Needs and Opportunities (PPU085) and Engineering Design and Optimization (PPU190) in the Mechanical Engineering programme at Chalmers University of Technology. The research was carried out by first creating a set of videos for selected topics in three courses. In total, 22 videos were created including topics such as “Benchmarking”, “SWOT”, and “Prototype lab equipment instructions”. The learning outcomes of the video lectures were mapped to the CDIO syllabus. A blended learning environment was developed, i.e. the videos were utilised as additional support alongside existing learning activities. The videos were then used in the courses and the students’ feedbacks collected through a dedicated questionnaire, the regular course evaluation survey, and in student-teacher group meetings during and after the courses. The collected data was analysed to produce inferences about the applicability and utility of the video lectures. The resulting analysis shows the students’ preferences regarding the evaluated video lectures and instructions. The students find videos more appealing compared to traditional lectures. One of the main benefits highlighted is the possibility of watching the videos in parallel to the design-build-test project execution rather having the classroom lecture only. This helps in reinforcing concepts, and results in less dependency on supervisors during the project execution. Videos proved to be suitable for creating a blended learning environment and improved the perceived learning experience for the students. In order to maximize student satisfaction and interaction with the videos, the videos should be short and closely aligned to the other learning activities. The paper also suggests future improvements to be carried out for video-based learning in the courses, and proposes an easy adaptable way for teachers to develop video material.
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| 6. |
- Blomberg, Olle, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Cooperative activity, shared intention, and exploitation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ethics. - 0014-1704 .- 1539-297X. ; 134:3, s. 387-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jules Salomone-Sehr argues that an activity is cooperative if and only if, roughly, it consists of several participants’ actions that are (i) coordinated for a common purpose (ii) in ways that do not undermine any participant’s agency. He argues that guidance by shared intention is neither necessary nor sufficient for cooperation. Thereby, he claims to “topple an orthodoxy of shared agency theory." In response, we argue that Salomone-Sehr’s account captures another notion of cooperation than the sociopsychological notion shared agency theory has focused on. Furthermore, we argue that Salomone-Sehr’s interpretation of (ii) is too demanding; it implausibly makes cooperation incompatible with exploitation.
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| 7. |
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Bodily exchanges, bioethics and border crossing : perspectives on giving, selling and sharing bodies
- 2016. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medical therapy, research and technology enable us to make our bodies, or parts of them, available to others in an increasing number of ways. This is the case in organ, tissue, egg and sperm donation as well as in surrogate motherhood and clinical research. Bringing together leading scholars working on the ethical, social and cultural aspects of such bodily exchanges, this cutting-edge book develops new ways of understanding them.Bodily Exchanges, Bioethics and Border Crossing both probes the established giving and selling frameworks for conceptualising bodily exchanges in medicine, and seeks to develop and examine another, less familiar framework: that of sharing. A framework of sharing can capture practices that involve giving up and giving away part of one’s body, such as organ and tissue donation, and practices that do not, such as surrogacy and research participation. Sharing also recognizes the multiple relationalities that these exchanges can involve and invites inquiry into the context in which they occur. In addition, the book explores the multiple forms of border crossing that bodily exchanges in medicine involve, from the physical boundaries of the body to relational borders – as can happen in surrogacy – to national borders and the range of ethical issues that these various border-crossings can give rise to. Engaging with anthropology, sociology, philosophy, and feminist and postcolonical perspectives, this is an original and timely contribution to contemporary bioethics in a time of increasing globalization. It will be of use to students and researchers from a range of humanities and social science backgrounds as well as medical and other healthcare professionals with an interest in bioethics.
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| 8. |
- Bohgard, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Kontinuerliga tvåfraktionsinsamlare för övervakning av partikulära luftföroreningar i arbetsmiljö
- 1981
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten beskriver prototyper av kontinuerliga tvåfraktionsinsamlare för övervakning av partikulära luftföroreningar i arbetsmiljö som har konstruerats. En prototyp är personburen och ger möjligheter till insamling av två partikelstorleksfraktioner i 18 diskreta intervall. PIXE-metoden (analys med partikelinducerad röntgenstrålning) används för multielementanalys av de erhållna proven. Även med mycket korta insamlingstider, ner till 5 minuter, blir detektionsgränserna för de flesta element av yrkeshygieniskt intresse väsentligt lägre än sina respektive hygieniska gränsvärden. Rapporten inkluderar resultat från en enkel fältmätning som utgör ett exempel på de möjligheter den personburna provtagaren ger för yrkeshygieniska mätningar och undersökningar
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bonicalzi, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-2820 .- 1572-8447. ; 25:2, s. 177-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Conradsson, Mia, et al.
(författare)
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Berg Balance Scale : intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physical Therapy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0031-9023 .- 1538-6724. ; 87:9, s. 1155-1163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is frequently used to assess balance in older people, but knowledge is lacking about the absolute reliability of BBS scores. The aim of this study was to investigate the absolute and relative intrarater test-retest reliability of data obtained with the BBS when it is used among older people who are dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. The participants were 45 older people (36 women and 9 men) who were living in 3 residential care facilities. Their mean age was 82.3 years (SD=6.6, range=68-96), and their mean score on the Mini Mental State Examination was 17.5 (SD=6.3, range=4-30). The BBS was assessed twice by the same assessor. The intrarater test-retest reliability assessments were made at approximately the same time of day and with 1 to 3 days in between assessments. Absolute reliability was calculated using an analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level, as suggested by Bland and Altman. Relative reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The mean score was 30.1 points (SD=15.9, range=3-53) for the first BBS test and 30.6 points (SD=15.6, range=4-54) for the retest. The mean absolute difference between the 2 tests was 2.8 points (SD=2.7, range=0-11). The absolute reliability was calculated as being 7.7 points, and the ICC was calculated to .97. Despite a high ICC value, the absolute reliability showed that a change of 8 BBS points is required to reveal a genuine change in function among older people who are dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. This knowledge is important in the clinical setting when evaluating an individual's change in balance function over time in this group of older people.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Conradsson, Mia, et al.
(författare)
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The Berg Balance Scale : Intra-rater reliability in older people dependent in ADL and living in residential care facilities
- 2006
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the absolute and the relative intra-rater reliability of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) among older people who are dependent in activities of daily living (ADL) and living in residential care facilities.Methods: The participants were 45 older people, 36 females and 9 men, who were dependent in ADL and living in three residential care facilities. Their mean age ± SD was 82.3 ± 6.6 (range 68-96) and mean ± SD of Mini Mental State Examination score was 17.5 ± 6.3 (range 4-30). The BBS was assessed twice by the same assessor, at approximately the same time of day, and with 1-3 days in between. The absolute reliability for the difference in score between the two test occasions was calculated with the Bland and Altman analysis of variance with 95 % confidence level. The relative reliability was calculated with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).Results: For the first test of the BBS, mean ± SD was 30.1 ± 15.9 (range 3-53) points and for the retest 30.6 ± 15.6 (range 4-54). The absolute difference between the two test occasions was in mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.7 (range 0-11) points. The absolute intra-rater reliability was calculated to 7.7 points and the ICC value was 0.97. Conclusions: Despite a high ICC value, the result of the absolute reliability show that a change of 8 BBS points is required to reveal a genuine change of function among older people who are dependent in ADL and living in residential care facilities. This knowledge is important in the clinical setting when evaluating an individual's change in balance function over time.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Falk, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Exponential Roadmap: Scaling 36 Solutions to Halve Emissions by 2030
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 2019 Exponential Roadmap focuses on moving from incremental to exponential climate action in the next decade. It presents 36 economically- viable solutions to cut global greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2030 and the strategies to scale this transformation. The roadmap is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s goal to keep global average temperature “well below 2°C” and aiming for 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. The 2019 roadmap is the second in the series. Each new roadmap updates solutions that have proven potential to scale and charts progress towards exponential scaling. The roadmap, based on the carbon law (see box) is a collaboration between academia, business and civil society. The roadmap is complemented with a high-ambition narrative, Meeting the 1.5°C Ambition, that presents the case why holding global average temperature increase to just 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is important. Since the first roadmap, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its special report on 1.5°C. The report concluded that the economic and humanitarian risks of a 2°C world are significantly higher than 1.5°C. The remaining emissions budget for 1.5°C is small, and will be exceeded within ten to fifteen years at current emission rates. The window of feasibility is closing rapidly. The global economic benefit of a low-carbon future is estimated at US$26 trillion by 2030 compared with staying on the current high-carbon pathway. The scale of transformation – halving emissions by 2030 – is unprecedented but the speed is not. Some cities and companies can transform significantly faster. Developed nations with significant historic emissions have a responsibility to reduce emissions faster. Greenhouse gas emissions, and the solutions to reduce them, are grouped by six sectors: energy, industry, transport, buildings, food consumption, nature-based solutions (sources and sinks). Meeting the 1.5°C goal means implementing solutions in parallel across all sectors. The solutions must scale exponentially. The roadmap identifies four levers required to scale the transformation as well as necessary actions for each: policy, climate leadership and movements, finance and exponential technology. Implementation must be fair and just or risk deep resistance.
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| 17. |
- Forsberg, Lars A., et al.
(författare)
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Mosaic loss of chromosome Y in peripheral blood is associated with shorter survival and higher risk of cancer
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 46:6, s. 624-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Incidence and mortality for sex-unspecific cancers are higher among men, a fact that is largely unexplained(1,2). Furthermore, age-related loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is frequent in normal hematopoietic cells(3,4), but the phenotypic consequences of LOY have been elusive(5-10). From analysis of 1,153 elderly men, we report that LOY in peripheral blood was associated with risks of all-cause mortality (hazards ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-3.13; 637 events) and non-hematological cancer mortality (HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.56-8.41; 132 events). LOY affected at least 8.2% of the subjects in this cohort, and median survival times among men with LOY were 5.5 years shorter. Association of LOY with risk of all-cause mortality was validated in an independent cohort (HR = 3.66) in which 20.5% of subjects showed LOY. These results illustrate the impact of post-zygotic mosaicism on disease risk, could explain why males are more frequently affected by cancer and suggest that chromosome Y is important in processes beyond sex determination. LOY in blood could become a predictive biomarker of male carcinogenesis.
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| 18. |
- Galván, Ignacio Fdez., et al.
(författare)
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OpenMolcas : From Source Code to Insight
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1549-9618 .- 1549-9626. ; 15:11, s. 5925-5964
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this Article we describe the OpenMolcas environment and invite the computational chemistry community to collaborate. The open-source project already includes a large number of new developments realized during the transition from the commercial MOLCAS product to the open-source platform. The paper initially describes the technical details of the new software development platform. This is followed by brief presentations of many new methods, implementations, and features of the OpenMolcas program suite. These developments include novel wave function methods such as stochastic complete active space self-consistent field, density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) methods, and hybrid multiconfigurational wave function and density functional theory models. Some of these implementations include an array of additional options and functionalities. The paper proceeds and describes developments related to explorations of potential energy surfaces. Here we present methods for the optimization of conical intersections, the simulation of adiabatic and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, and interfaces to tools for semiclassical and quantum mechanical nuclear dynamics. Furthermore, the Article describes features unique to simulations of spectroscopic and magnetic phenomena such as the exact semiclassical description of the interaction between light and matter, various X-ray processes, magnetic circular dichroism, and properties. Finally, the paper describes a number of built-in and add-on features to support the OpenMolcas platform with postcalculation analysis and visualization, a multiscale simulation option using frozen-density embedding theory, and new electronic and muonic basis sets.
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| 19. |
- Golubev, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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First results from the Lund NMP particle detector system
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X. ; 267:12-13, s. 2065-2068
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and first results from a Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector (DSSSD) recently installed at the Lund Nuclear Microprobe facility (NMP) are presented. The detector has 64 sector strips and 32 ring strips, which in combination give more than 2000 detector cells, each with characteristics comparable with a standard surface barrier detector (SBD). The detector has been tested both with radioactive sources and with different ion beams and energies. The most striking features are the high rate virtually pile-up free operation and also the possibility of detailed measurement of angular distributions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 20. |
- Guldris Leon, Lorena, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Refractory Metal Concentrations in Nano-Particulate Pressed-Powder Pellets Using LA-ICP-MS
- 2022
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Ingår i: Minerals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-163X. ; 12:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whole-rock geochemical analysis is a standard method to measure the chemical composition of ores. Analysis of refractory ore metals such as Ta and W typically requires fused bead and acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Since these techniques are time-consuming and expensive, there is a demand for methods that can quantitatively measure low elemental concentration of refractory ore metals using a less expensive and simple approach. This paper evaluates preparation and analytical procedures developed to obtain whole-rock element concentrations of ore samples and mineral concentrates. It shows that the production of nano-particulate pressed-powder pellets followed by LA-ICP-MS analysis of W and Ta ores can be used to determine, within the error margin, the concentrations of the refractory metals W, Ta, Nb, and Sn compared to a reference values obtained by solution analysis. The results have implications for developing a commercially viable method for analysis of refractory elements to benefit mineral processing given the simplicity and resource-efficiency of the combined pressed pellet production and laser ablation analytical methodology.
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| 21. |
- Herlitz, Anders, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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‘Green’ bioethics widens the scope of eligible values and overrides patient demand: comment on Parker
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - : BMJ. - 0306-6800 .- 1473-4257. ; 49:2, s. 100-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is welcome to have concrete attempts to analyse the implications of environmental sustainability in clinical ethics. We discuss two interrelated weaknesses of Parker's article. These relate to the need in "green" bioethics to see beyond the normal healthcare ethical focus on health-related values related to individual patients, and to primarily adopt institutional ways of framing central decision problems.
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| 22. |
- Kaufmann, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Common brain disorders are associated with heritable patterns of apparent aging of the brain
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Neuroscience. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1097-6256 .- 1546-1726. ; 22:10, s. 1617-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Common risk factors for psychiatric and other brain disorders are likely to converge on biological pathways influencing the development and maintenance of brain structure and function across life. Using structural MRI data from 45,615 individuals aged 3-96 years, we demonstrate distinct patterns of apparent brain aging in several brain disorders and reveal genetic pleiotropy between apparent brain aging in healthy individuals and common brain disorders.
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| 23. |
- KC, Ashish, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Association between usage of household cooking fuel and congenital birth defects-18 months multi-centric cohort study in Nepal
- 2023
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Ingår i: Archives of Public Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 0778-7367 .- 2049-3258. ; 81:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background- An estimated 240,000 newborns die worldwide within 28 days of birth every year due to congenital birth defect. Exposure to poor indoor environment contributes to poor health outcomes. In this research, we aim to evaluate the association between the usage of different type household cooking fuel and congenital birth defects in Nepal, as well as investigate whether air ventilation usage had a modifying effect on the possible association.Methods- This is a secondary analysis of multi-centric prospective cohort study evaluating Quality Improvement Project in 12 public referral hospitals of Nepal from 2017 to 2018. The study sample was 66,713 women with a newborn, whose information was available in hospital records and exit interviews. The association between cooking fuel type usage and congenital birth defects was investigated with adjusted multivariable logistic regression. To investigate the air ventilation usage, a stratified multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.Results-In the study population (N = 66,713), 60.0% used polluting fuels for cooking and 89.6% did not have proper air ventilation. The prevalence rate of congenital birth defect was higher among the families who used polluting fuels for cooking than those who used cleaner fuels (5.5/1000 vs. 3.5/1000, p < 0.001). Families using polluting fuels had higher odds (aOR 1.49; 95% CI; 1.16, 1.91) of having a child with a congenital birth defect compared to mothers using cleaner fuels adjusted with all available co-variates. Families not using ventilation while cooking had even higher but statistically insignificant odds of having a child with congenital birth defects (aOR 1.34; 95% CI; 0.86, 2.07) adjusted with all other variates.Conclusion- The usage of polluted fuels for cooking has an increased odds of congenital birth defects with no significant association with ventilation. This study adds to the increasing knowledge on the adverse effect of polluting fuels for cooking and the need for action to reduce this exposure.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Kärrman, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Utvärdering av ReVAQ-projektet
- 2007
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ReVAQ project started with the purpose to ensure a quality of sewage sludge that is good enough to be acceptable for agricultural use. The ReVAQ project is a process involving a long time perspective, structured and audited work. Under a three year period, ReVAQ has been evaluated by a project group from Urban Water. The evaluation comprised the quality improvement of the sewage sludge as well as the change of perceptions and attitudes of the participating municipalities, the users of the water systems and other actors.
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| 27. |
- Lindberg, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Bör individualiserad utbildning för läkarstudenter eftersträvas?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 121:9-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vi upplever en ökad efterfrågan på anpassad utbildning från studenter på läkarprogrammet, exempelvis att avstå från obligatoriska moment eller delta i modifierad form. I denna artikel behandlar vi önskemål om anpassning av utbildningen på grund av moraliska, religiösa eller andra personliga övertygelser. Läkarprogrammet syftar till att studenterna ska uppnå gemensamma examensmål. Vid omfattande anpassning riskerar utbildning och examination att inte bli likvärdig för alla studenter. Anpassningar är också ofta resurskrävande. Vi efterfrågar en nationell samsyn och stöd till lärosätena avseende hur frågan om individuell anpassning ska hanteras.
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| 28. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-
(författare)
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A further lesson from existing kidney markets
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Bioethics. - : Routledge. - 1526-5161 .- 1536-0075. ; 14:10, s. 27-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The target article challenges the increasingly popular portrayal of living kidney sale as potentially a mutually beneficial arrangement, capable not only of saving or improving the lives of patients in need of transplants but also of significantly benefiting poor vendors. Carefully reviewing the literature on harms to vendors in illegal kidney markets and in Iran’s legal market, Koplin (2014) argues that many of these harms would persist in the sort of legal regulated system that kidney sale advocates envision. This is an important argument. The kidney sales debate has been skewed in favor of permitting sales by a simplified view of the potential harms involved and excessive optimism about the capacity of regulation to prevent these harms (Malmqvist 2013). The article counterbalances these tendencies and thus considerably weakens the case for allowing sales. Nonetheless, some market proponents might remain unconvinced. I shall suggest that in addition to the lessons that Koplin draws from existing kidney markets, there is yet another one, which casts further doubt on the advisability of allowing kidney sales.
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| 29. |
- Malmqvist, Erik
(författare)
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Analysing our qualms about "designing" future persons : Autonomy, freedom of choice, and interfering with nature
- 2007
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 10:4, s. 407-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actually possible and conceivable future uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and germ-line genetic intervention in assisted reproduction seem to offer increasing possibilities of choosing the kind of persons that will be brought to existence. Many are troubled by the idea of these technologies being used for enhancement purposes. How can we make sense of this worry? Why are our thoughts about therapeutic genetic interventions and non-genetic enhancement (for instance education) not accompanied by the same intuitive uneasiness? I argue that the concepts of autonomy and freedom of choice, typically invoked to delimit the morally acceptable uses of reproductive technologies, cannot fully answer these questions. Instead, I suggest that an alternative answer might begin with reflections on the notion of interfering with nature. Drawing on Martin Heidegger's critique of modern technology and Hans Jonas's moral philosophy, I outline an argument that attempts to capture what might be particularly troubling about the idea of "designing" future persons. At the core of the argument is the suggestion that enhancing selections and modifications on embryos might be bound up with an instrumentalising, non-responsive perspective on the future persons into which they are intended to grow. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.
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| 30. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotikaresistens och socialismens återkomst
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tidskrift för politisk filosofi. - 1402-2710. ; 24:3, s. 3-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna artikel diskuterar vi hur de svårigheter som finns med att hantera fenomenet antibiotikaresistens aktualiserar socialistiska lösningar på centrala samhällsutmaningar. Efter en kort inledning där vi förklarar vad vi avser med socialism i artikeln och beskriver socialismens plats i nutida politisk debatt, följer ett avsnitt där vi översiktligt beskriver den samhällsutmaning som antibiotikaresistens utgör. Därefter diskuterar vi hur denna utmaning på olika vis ger tyngd åt argument för socialistiska lösningar på centrala åtgärdsområden. Avslutningsvis resonerar vi mer spekulativt kring dels i vad mån dessa argument kan utsträckas till andra strukturella samhällsutmaningar, t.ex. klimatfrågan, dels vad sådan socialistisk argumentation kan betyda för socialismens plats i framtida politisk filosofi.
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| 31. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-
(författare)
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Are bans on kidney sales unjustifiably paternalistic?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bioethics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0269-9702 .- 1467-8519. ; 28:3, s. 110-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper challenges the view that bans on kidney sales are unjustifiably paternalistic, that is, that they unduly deny people the freedom to make decisions about their own bodies in order to protect them from harm. I argue that not even principled anti-paternalists need to reject such bans. This is because their rationale is not hard paternalism, which anti-paternalists repudiate, but soft paternalism, which they in principle accept. More precisely, I suggest that their rationale is what Franklin Miller and Alan Wertheimer call ‘group soft paternalism’. Group soft paternalistic policies restrict the freedom of autonomous individuals, not for their own good (hard paternalism), but as an unavoidable consequence of seeking to protect other, non-autonomous individuals from harms that they have not voluntarily chosen (soft paternalism). Group soft paternalism supports prohibiting kidney sales on three conditions: (1) that such sales are potentially harmful to vendors, (2) that many vendors would suffer impaired autonomy, and (3) that distinguishing between autonomous and non-autonomous vendors and interfering only with the latter is unfeasible. I provide reasons for thinking that these conditions will often hold.
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| 32. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-
(författare)
-
Arvsmassan som nationell egendom
- 2006
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Ingår i: Axess. - Stockholm : Axel och Margaret Ax:son Johnsons stiftelse för allmännyttiga ändamål. - 1651-0941. ; , s. 41-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
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| 33. |
- Malmqvist, Ebba, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing ozone exposure for epidemiological studies in Malmo and Umea, Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 94, s. 241-248
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ground level ozone [ozone] is considered a harmful air pollutant but there is a knowledge gap regarding its long term health effects. The main aim of this study is to develop local Land Use Regression [LUR] models that can be used to study long term health effects of ozone. The specific aim is to develop spatial LUR models for two Swedish cities, Umea and Malmo, as well as a temporal model for Malmo in order to assess ozone exposure for long term epidemiological studies. For the spatial model we measured ozone, using Ogawa passive samplers, as weekly averages at 40 sites in each study area, during three seasons. This data was then inserted in the LUR-model with data on traffic, land use, population density and altitude to develop explanatory models of ozone variation. To develop the temporal model for Malmo, hourly ozone data was aggregated into daily means for two measurement stations in Malmo and one in a rural area outside Malmo. Using regression analyses we inserted meteorological variables into different temporal models and the one that performed best for all three stations was chosen. For Malmo the LUR-model had an adjusted model R-2 of 0.40 and cross validation R-2 of 0.17. For Umea the model had an adjusted model R-2 of 0.67 and cross validation adjusted R-2 of 0.48. When restricting the model to only including measuring sites from urban areas, the Malmo model had adjusted model R-2 of 0.51 (cross validation adjusted R-2 0.33) and the Umea model had adjusted model R-2 of 0.81 (validation adjusted R-2 of 0.73). The temporal model had adjusted model R-2 0.54 and 0.61 for the two Malmo sites, the cross validation adjusted R-2 was 0.42. In conclusion, we can with moderate accuracy, at least for Umea, predict the spatial variability, and in Malmo the temporal variability in ozone variation. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Malmqvist, Erik
(författare)
-
Better to Exploit than to Neglect? International Clinical Research and the Non-Worseness Claim
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Philosophy. - : WILEY. - 0264-3758 .- 1468-5930. ; 34:4, s. 474-488
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical research is increasingly offshored to developing countries, a practice that has generated considerable controversy. It has recently been argued that the prevailing ethical norms governing such research are deeply puzzling. On the one hand, sponsors are not required to offshore trials, even when participants in developing countries would benefit considerably from these trials. On the other hand, if sponsors do offshore, they are required not to exploit participants, even when the latter would benefit from and consent to exploitation. How, it is asked, can it be worse to exploit the global poor than to neglect them when exploitation is voluntary and makes them better off? The present article seeks to respond to this challenge. I argue that mutually beneficial and voluntary exploitation can be worse than neglect when as is typically true of exploitative international research it takes advantage of unjust background conditions. This is because, in such cases, exploitation overlaps with another, less familiar wrong: complicity in injustice. Recognising complicity as a distinct wrong should make us judge exchanges arising from background injustice more harshly than we typically do, in research and elsewhere.
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| 36. |
- Malmqvist, Erik
(författare)
-
Clinical trials of germline gene editing: The exploitation problem
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Bioethics. - : Wiley. - 0269-9702 .- 1467-8519. ; 35:7, s. 688-695
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The birth of the world’s first genetically edited babies in 2018 provoked considerable ethical outrage. Nonetheless, many scientists and bioethicists now advocate the pursuit of clinical uses of human germline gene editing. Progress towards this goal will require research, including clinical trials where genetically edited embryos are implanted into a woman’s uterus, gestated, and brought to term. This paper argues that such trials would likely conflict with the fundamental research ethical requirement of non-exploitation. This is because they would expose people who are in a vulnerable situation to risks and burdens that are substantial and not obviously offset by compensating benefits. I consider how the potential for exploitation in such trials might be mitigated, arguing that a feasible and justifiable approach is not easily found. If this analysis is correct, there is a significant ethical obstacle on the path towards clinical use of human germline gene editing.
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| 37. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Concluding reflections : bodily exchanges as sharing
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bodily exchanges, bioethics and border crossing. - London and New York : Routledge. - 9781138858763 - 9781315717760 ; , s. 197-207
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-
(författare)
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Does the ethical appropriateness of paying donors depend on what body parts they donate?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 19:3, s. 463-473
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of paying donors in order to make more human bodily material available for therapy, assisted reproduction, and biomedical research is notoriously controversial. However, while national and international donation policies largely oppose financial incentives they do not treat all parts of the body equally: incentives are allowed in connection to the provision of some parts but not others. Taking off from this observation, I discuss whether body parts differ as regards the ethical legitimacy of incentives and, if so, why. I distinguish two approaches to this issue. On a ”principled” approach, some but not all body parts are inherently special in a way that proscribes payment. On a ”pragmatic” approach, the appropriateness of payment in relation to a specific part must be determined through an overall assessment of e.g. the implications of payment for the health and welfare of providers, recipients, and third parties, and the quality of providers’ consent. I argue that the first approach raises deep and potentially divisive questions about the good life, whereas the second approach invokes currently unsupported empirical assumptions and requires difficult balancing between different values and the interests of different people. This does not mean that any attempt to distinguish between body parts in regard to the appropriateness of payment necessarily fails. However, I conclude, any plausible such attempt should either articulate and defend a specific view of the good life, or gather relevant empirical evidence and apply defensible principles for weighing goods and interests.
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| 41. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Early stopping of clinical trials : Charting the ethical terrain
- 2011
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Ingår i: Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal (Print). - : Johns Hopkins University Press. - 1054-6863 .- 1086-3249. ; 21:1, s. 57-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decision to terminate a clinical trial earlier than planned isoften described as ethically problematic, but it is rarely systematically analyzedas an ethical issue in its own right. This paper provides an overview of the mainethical considerations at stake in such decisions and of the main tensions betweenthese considerations. Arguments about informed consent and the impact of earlystopping on research and society are explored. We devote particular attentionto a familiar conflict that arises with special urgency when early data suggestthat the experimental treatment is superior. Should the trial be stopped so thatparticipants in the control group will not be allocated a seemingly inferior treatment,or should it continue in pursuit of evidence conclusive enough to improvethe care of future patients? We scrutinize three ways to address this problem.Rather than dissolving the tension, they represent different trade-offs betweenthe respective welfare interests of subjects and future patients.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethical aspects of medical age assessment in the asylum process : a Swedish perspective
- 2018
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Ingår i: International journal of legal medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-9827 .- 1437-1596. ; 132:3, s. 815-823
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to European regulations and the legisla-tions of individual member states, children who seek asylum have a different set of rights than adults in a similar position.To protect these rights and ensure rule of law, migration authorities are commonly required to assess the age of asylum seekers who lack reliable documentation, including throug hvarious medical methods. However, many healthcare professionals and other commentators consider medical age assessment to be ethically problematic. This paper presents a simplified and amended account of the main findings of a recent ethical analysis of medical age assessment in the asylum process commissioned by the Swedish National Board of Healthand Welfare. A number of ethical challenges related to conflicting goals, equality and fairness, autonomy and informed consent, privacy and integrity, and professional values and roles are identified and analysed. It is concluded that most of these challenges can be met, but that this requires a system where the assessment is sufficiently accurate and where adequate safeguards are in place. Two important ethical questions are found to warrant further analysis. The first is whether asylum seekers’consent to the procedure can be considered genuinely voluntary. The second is whether and how medica lage assessments could affect negative public attitudes towards asylum seekers or discriminatory societal views more generally.
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| 44. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploitation and joint action
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of social philosophy. - : Wiley. - 0047-2786 .- 1467-9833. ; 50:3, s. 280-300
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing philosophical interest in the concept of exploitation as well as in putatively exploitative real-world practices. However, exploitation theory remains underdeveloped in an important way. Philosophers have mainly focused on cases where one party to a transaction or relationship, A, unduly takes advantage of another party, B, in order to secure a gain for him-/herself. At the same time, they have largely ignored cases where A takes advantage of B, but the gains A extracts from B accrue not (only) to A but (also) to a third party, C. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap. We distinguish between three different ways in which third parties can be involved in exploitative arrangements: (i) by non-culpably benefiting from exploitation; (ii) by culpably benefiting, without joint action; and (iii) culpably, through joint action with the exploiter. Drawing on joint action theory, we explore the relevance of this threefold distinction for the attribution of moral responsibility and blame to third parties, and defend it against potential objections. Then we argue that the distinction has important implications for the remedial duties of third-party beneficiaries of exploitation towards those who were exploited. We end by briefly highlighting the usefulness of our approach for ethical analyses of exploitative practices in the real world.
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| 45. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploitation and Remedial Duties
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Applied Philosophy. - : Wiley. - 0264-3758 .- 1468-5930. ; 38:1, s. 55-72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of exploitation and potentially exploitative real-world practices are the subject of increasing philosophical attention. However, while philosophers have extensively debated what exploitation is and what makes it wrong, they have said surprisingly little about what might be required to remediate it. By asking how the consequences of exploitation should be addressed, this article seeks to contribute to filling this gap. We raise two questions. First, what are the victims of exploitation owed by way of remediation? Second, who ought to remediate? Our answers to these questions are connected by the idea that exploitation cannot be fully remediated by redistributing the exploiter's gain in order to repair or compensate the victim's loss. This is because exploitation causes not only distributive but also relational harm. Therefore, redistributive measures are necessary but not sufficient for adequate remediation. Moreover, this relational focus highlights the fact that exploitative real-world practices commonly involve agents other than the exploiter who stand to benefit from the exploitation. Insofar as these third parties are implicated in the distributive and relational harms caused by exploitation, there is, we argue, good reason to assign part of the burden of remediation to them.
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| 46. |
- Malmqvist, Erik
(författare)
-
Exploitation in biomedical research
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Bioethical Decisions, Volume II. Scientific Integrity and Institutional Ethics / Erick Valdés, Juan Alberto Lecaros (eds.). - Cham : Springer. - 2730-5627 .- 2730-5619. - 9783031294549 ; , s. 111-127
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomedical research on human subjects involves exposing individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of others, and therefore raises concerns about exploitation. While the concept of exploitation has received significant attention in recent research ethical literature, its relevance and implications in this area remain unclear and contested. This chapter explains how this concept is nonetheless important for understanding the ethical complexities of human subject research and the proper design of subject protections. The chapter provides an overview of research practices often thought to raise exploitation concerns and introduces philosophical exploitation theory, focusing on aspects relevant to research ethics. Against this background, the obligations of non-exploitation held by researchers, sponsors, and third parties such as ethics committees and regulators are outlined. The chapter ends by considering how exploitative research in the past can be retroactively remediated.
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| 47. |
- Malmqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploitation in the gig economy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Public Ethics Blog. ; :2023-10-05
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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