| 1. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Reintroducing parapsychology.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century. - 9780786479160 ; , s. 1-11
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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States, traits, beliefs, and psi.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century. - 9780786479160 ; , s. 110-124
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Almeida, David M., et al.
(författare)
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Everyday stress components and physical activity : examining reactivity, recovery and pileup
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of behavioral medicine. - : Springer. - 0160-7715 .- 1573-3521. ; 43:1, s. 108-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The experience of naturally-occurring stress in daily life has been linked with lower physical activity levels. However, most of this evidence comes from general and static reports of stress. Less is known how different temporal components of everyday stress interfere with physical activity. In a coordinated secondary analysis of data from two studies of adults, we used intensive, micro-longitudinal assessments (ecological momentary assessments, EMA) to investigate how distinct components of everyday stress, that is, reactivity to stressor events, recovery from stressor events, and pileup of stressor events and responses predict physical activity. Results showed that components of everyday stress predicted subsequent physical activity especially for indicators of stress pileup. In both studies, the accumulation of stress responses over the previous 12 h was more predictive of subsequent physical activity than current stress reactivity or recovery responses. Results are compared to the effects of general measures of perceived stress that showed an opposite pattern of results. The novel everyday stress approach used here may be fruitful for generating new insights into physical activity specifically and health behaviors in general.
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| 4. |
- Scott, Stacey B., et al.
(författare)
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A Coordinated Analysis of Variance in Affect in Daily Life
- 2020
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Ingår i: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.). - : Sage Publications. - 1073-1911 .- 1552-3489. ; 27:8, s. 1683-1698
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite widespread interest in variance in affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, the contribution of days and moments, and the reliability of these estimates. We addressed these questions by decomposing negative affect and positive affect variance across three levels (person, day, moment), and calculating reliability using a coordinated analysis of seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and diary-EMA hybrid studies (across studies age = 18-84 years, totalN(persons)= 2,103, totalN(observations)= 45,065). Across studies, within-person variance was sizeable (negative affect: 45% to 66%, positive affect: 25% to 74%); in EMA more within-person variance was attributable to momentary rather than daily level. Reliability was adequate to high at all levels of analysis (within-person: .73-.91; between-person: .96-1.00) despite different items and designs. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of future intensive studies of affect variance.
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| 5. |
- Smyth, Joshua M., et al.
(författare)
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Everyday stress response targets in the science of behavior change
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 101, s. 20-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress is an established risk factor for negative health outcomes, and responses to everyday stress can interfere with health behaviors such as exercise and sleep. In accordance with the Science of Behavior Change (SOBC) program, we apply an experimental medicine approach to identifying stress response targets, developing stress response assays, intervening upon these targets, and testing intervention effectiveness. We evaluate an ecologically valid, within-person approach to measuring the deleterious effects of everyday stress on physical activity and sleep patterns, examining multiple stress response components (i.e., stress reactivity, stress recovery, and stress pile-up) as indexed by two key response indicators (negative affect and perseverative cognition). Our everyday stress response assay thus measures multiple malleable stress response targets that putatively shape daily health behaviors (physical activity and sleep). We hypothesize that larger reactivity, incomplete recovery, and more frequent stress responses (pile-up) will negatively impact health behavior enactment in daily life. We will identify stress-related reactivity, recovery, and response in the indicators using coordinated analyses across multiple naturalistic studies. These results are the basis for developing a new stress assay and replicating the initial findings in a new sample. This approach will advance our understanding of how specific aspects of everyday stress responses influence health behaviors, and can be used to develop and test an innovative ambulatory intervention for stress reduction in daily life to enhance health behaviors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Terhune, Devin B., et al.
(författare)
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Time Contracts and Temporal Precision Declines When the Mind Wanders
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 43:11, s. 1864-1871
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our perception of time varies considerably from moment to moment, but how this variability relates to endogenous fluctuations in attentional states has been neglected. Here, we tested the hypothesis that perceptual decoupling during spontaneous mind wandering episodes distorts interval timing. In two studies with different visual subsecond interval timing paradigms, participants judged their attentional state on a trial-by-trial basis. Mind wandering states were characterized by underestimation of temporal intervals and a decline in temporal discrimination. Further analyses suggested that temporal contraction during mind wandering, but not the decline in temporal discrimination, could be attributed in part to attentional lapses. By contrast, we did not find any robust evidence that metacognition pertaining to interval timing was altered during mind wandering states. These results highlight the role of transient fluctuations in attentional states in intraindividual variability in time perception and have implications for the perceptual consequences, behavioral markers, and costs and benefits, of mind wandering.
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| 7. |
- Zawadzki, Matthew J., et al.
(författare)
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Understanding stress reports in daily life : a coordinated analysis of factors associated with the frequency of reporting stress
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of behavioral medicine. - : Springer. - 0160-7715 .- 1573-3521. ; 42:3, s. 545-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although stress is a common experience in everyday life, a clear understanding of how often an individual experiences and reports stress is lacking. Notably, there is little information regarding factors that may influence how frequently stress is reported, including which stress dimension is measured (i.e., stressorsdid an event happen, subjective stresshow stressed do you feel, conditional stresshow stressful a stressor was) and the temporal features of that assessment (i.e., time of day, day of study, weekday vs. weekend day). The purpose of the present study was to conduct a coordinated analysis of five independent ecological momentary assessment studies utilizing varied stress reporting dimensions and temporal features. Results indicated that, within days, stress was reported at different frequencies depending on the stress dimension. Stressors were reported on 15-32% of momentary reports made within a day; across days, the frequency ranged from 42 to 76% of days. Depending on the cutoff, subjective stress was reported more frequently ranging about 8-56% of all moments within days, and 40-90% of days. Likewise, conditional stress ranged from just 3% of moments to 22%, and 11-69% of days. For the temporal features, stress was reported more frequently on weekdays (compared to weekend days) and on days earlier in the study (relative to days later in the study); time of day was inconsistently related to stress reports. In sum, stress report frequency depends in part on how stress is assessed. As such, researchers may wish to measure stress in multiple ways and, in the case of subjective and conditional stress with multiple operational definitions, to thoroughly characterize the frequency of stress reporting.
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| 8. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between daily stress responses in everyday life and nightly sleep
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of behavioral medicine. - : Springer. - 0160-7715 .- 1573-3521. ; 55, s. 518-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress and sleep are related, but the nature and time course of this relation is not well understood. We explored the within-person associations of three components of emotional responses to everyday stressors, indexed by negative affect, reactivity (initial response to a stressor), recovery (persistence of the post-stressor response), and pile-up (accumulation of stress episodes), with sleep indicators. We conducted coordinated analyses of data in several studies employing ecological momentary assessments, which captured naturally occurring, self-reported stress and sleep. We defined proximal reactivity as the emotional response to the stressor moment in question compared to an immediate pre-stressor state, and distal reactivity as the emotional response to the stressor moment in question compared to a typical stressor-free state for that person. Results in two of three studies showed that people reported significantly lower sleep quality following days on which they experienced higher levels of distal reactivity to stressors. Days with greater distal reactivity also predicted significantly more difficulty falling asleep in one of two studies. There was no clear association between proximal reactivity and subsequent sleep. Associations of recovery or pile-up with subsequent sleep emerged only in single studies. Poorer sleep quality was significantly related to higher next day levels of negative affect in all three studies, but there were no consistent relations between sleep and next day stress reactivity, recovery, or pile-up. These exploratory analyses suggest that distal reactivity is associated with a heightened risk of experiencing poor sleep quality the following night, and as such the former may serve as a candidate for potential targets for the remediation of the negative effects of stress on sleep.
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| 9. |
- Smyth, Joshua M., et al.
(författare)
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Computing Components of Everyday Stress Responses : Exploring Conceptual Challenges and New Opportunities
- 2023
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 18:1, s. 110-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repeated assessments in everyday life enables collecting ecologically valid data on dynamic, within-persons processes. These methods have widespread utility and application and have been extensively used for the study of stressors and stress responses. Enhanced conceptual sophistication of characterizing intraindividual stress responses in everyday life would help advance the field. This article provides a pragmatic overview of approaches, opportunities, and challenges when intensive ambulatory methods are applied to study everyday stress responses in "real time." We distinguish between three stress-response components (i.e., reactivity, recovery, and pileup) and focus on several fundamental questions: (a) What is the appropriate stress-free resting state (or "baseline") for an individual in everyday life? (b) How does one index the magnitude of the initial response to a stressor (reactivity)? (c) Following a stressor, how can recovery be identified (e.g., when the stress response has completed)? and (d) Because stressors may not occur in isolation, how can one capture the temporal clustering of stressors and/or stress responses (pileup)? We also present initial ideas on applying this approach to intervention research. Although we focus on stress responses, these issues may inform many other dynamic intraindividual constructs and behaviors (e.g., physical activity, physiological processes, other subjective states) captured in ambulatory assessment.
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| 10. |
- Stawski, Robert S., et al.
(författare)
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Age Differences in Everyday Stressor-Related Negative Affect : A Coordinated Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychology and Aging. - : Amercican Psychological Association. - 0882-7974 .- 1939-1498. ; 34:1, s. 91-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advancing age is often characterized by preserved or even enhanced emotion regulation, which is thought to manifest in terms of age-related reductions in the within-person association between stressors and negative affect. Existing research from ecological momentary assessment and end-of-day daily diary studies examining such age-related benefits have yielded mixed results, potentially due to differences in samples, design, and measurement of everyday stressors and negative affect. We conducted a coordinated analysis of 5 ecological momentary assessments and 2 end-of-day daily diary studies to examine adult age differences in the within-person association between everyday stressors and negative affect. Reported stressor occurrences are robustly associated with higher negative affect, regardless of study design and sample characteristics. Across studies, interactions between age and everyday stressors predicting negative affect revealed a pattern of age-related decreases in the stressor-negative affect association, but this interaction was only significant for 2 studies. Further, examination of statistical power of the included studies suggests that, despite differences in the number of repeated assessments, power to detect within-person stressor-negative affect associations is quite good. In contrast, despite possessing wider age ranges, observed age differences were relatively small in magnitude, and studies are potentially underpowered to detect age differences in these within-person associations. We discuss the importance of study design, interval of repeated assessments and number of participants for examining age differences in everyday stressors and negative affect, as well as the virtue of coordinated analyses for detecting consistent direction of associations, but inconsistent patterns of statistical significance.
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| 11. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in State of Consciousness and Psi in Ganzfeld and Hypnosis Conditions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Parapsychology. - 0022-3387. ; 84:1, s. 66-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a previous experiment with participants high (Highs) and low (Lows) in hypnotizability,psi z scores had moderate to strong correlations with percipients’ belief of their success and theirprevious ostensible psi experiences, experiencing an Altered State of Consciousness and other alterationsof consciousness during a non-psi ganzfeld session, but only among the Highs. The currentpre-registered study had a larger N of only Highs, evaluated in hypnosis and hypnosis + ganzfeldprocedures. Participants (N = 35) served as “receivers” in two 20 min sessions of ganzfeld or hypnosisin counterbalanced order. Both sessions used hypnosis verbalizations, but only one of them hadsensory homogenization. The authors served as “sender” and “experimenter” in different buildings.As an index of experienced alterations of consciousness, participants filled out the Phenomenologyof Consciousness Inventory (PCI) at the beginning and end of the sessions, and gave a rating of0-100 to 4 film clips (one of them the target), from which psi z scores were derived. Overall, participantsdid not score better than chance and there was no difference between the conditions. However,for the ganzfeld sessions psi scores correlated moderately (r = .40, p = .02) with the PCI AlteredState shift scores (ganzfeld - baseline scores). Although the overall psi rate was not significant, wefound a relation between psi scoring and experiencing an Altered State in ganzfeld psi sessions.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotizability and dissociation as predictors of performance in a precognition task: A pilot study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Parapsychology. - 0022-3387. ; 73:1, s. 137-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedWe investigated whether hypnotizability, dissociation, and belief inpsi are related to performance in a precognition task that measures whether later practice enhances previous memory recall. Participants low (n = 19) and high (n = 19, 7 also high in dissociation) in hypnotizability completed the task and a measure of belief in psi, with the experimenters masked as to participants’ level of hypnotizability and dissociation. A general precognition effect was not replicated andthere was no overall effect for hypnotizability, but high hypnotizables who were low in dissociation differed significantly from dissociative high hypnotizables and from low hypnotizables, and scored below chance. Belief in psi was related to dissociation and history of trauma, and trauma and working memory were negatively correlated.With respect to features of the experiment itself, we were contacted after we had run about one third of the participants by the developer of the program, who asked us to use a modified version. We did not change our protocol, but decided to analyze the data in segments before and after we were asked to use a different program. Although not significant, the first third of the data was clearly in the direction of psi-hitting whereas later segments were in the opposite direction. A regression analysis controlling for groups showed a significant decline effect. Our results support the value of using selected groups and suggest that dissociation may mediate the effects of hypnotizability in psi performance.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Sustained Attention and Motivation in Zen Meditators and Non-meditators
- 2015
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Ingår i: Mindfulness. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1868-8535 .- 1868-8527. ; 6:5, s. 1082-1087
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the ability of Zen meditators and non-meditators to sustain attention during an ongoing task. We hypothesized that meditators (n = 15) would sustain attention more efficiently than non-meditators (n = 19) by responding faster to task stimuli, making fewer commission errors, and reporting fewer interfering thoughts in the sustained attention to response task (SART). Their motivation to do the SART was evaluated with the motivation scale of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ), and after participants had completed the SART, they reported whether they had experienced task-related and task-irrelevant interferences through the thinking content scale of the DSSQ. The results indicated that meditators had higher intrinsic motivation (although this scale had very low reliability) towards the SART whereas non-meditators had higher success motivation. Meditators and non-meditators did not significantly differ on commission errors on the SART, but meditators responded faster to SART stimuli. Meditators reported fewer task-related interferences than non-meditators, but the groups did not differ in the amount of task-irrelevant interferences. These results suggest that the difference between meditators and non-meditators is more nuanced than just a generalized improvement of the former in sustained attention.
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| 18. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The "hypnotic state" and eye movements. Less there than meets the eye?
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Responsiveness to hypnotic procedures has been related to unusual eye behaviors for centuries. Kallio and collaborators claimed recently that they had found a reliable index for "the hypnotic state" through eye-tracking methods. Whether or not hypnotic responding involves a special state of consciousness has been part of a contentious debate in the field, so the potential validity of their claim would constitute a landmark. However, their conclusion was based on 1 highly hypnotizable individual compared with 14 controls who were not measured on hypnotizability. We sought to replicate their results with a sample screened for High (n = 16) or Low (n = 13) hypnotizability. We used a factorial 2 (high vs. low hypnotizability) x 2 (hypnosis vs. resting conditions) counterbalanced order design with these eye-tracking tasks: Fixation, Saccade, Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), Smooth pursuit, and Antisaccade (the first three tasks has been used in Kallio et al.'s experiment). Highs reported being more deeply in hypnosis than Lows but only in the hypnotic condition, as expected. There were no significant main or interaction effects for the Fixation, OKN, or Smooth pursuit tasks. For the Saccade task both Highs and Lows had smaller saccades during hypnosis, and in the Antisaccade task both groups had slower Antisaccades during hypnosis. Although a couple of results suggest that a hypnotic condition may produce reduced eye motility, the lack of significant interactions (e.g., showing only Highs expressing a particular eye behavior during hypnosis) does not support the claim that eye behaviors (at least as measured with the techniques used) are an indicator of a "hypnotic state.” Our results do not preclude the possibility that in a more spontaneous or different setting the experience of being hypnotized might relate to specific eye behaviors.
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| 19. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The neurophenomenology of neutral hypnosis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier. - 0010-9452 .- 1973-8102. ; 49:2, s. 375-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: After a hypnotic induction, medium and highly hypnotizable individuals often report spontaneous alterations in various dimensions of consciousness. Few studies investigating these experiences have controlled for the inherent demands of specific hypnotic suggestions and fewer still have considered their dynamic properties and neural correlates. Methods: We adopted a neurophenomenological approach to investigate neutral hypnosis, which involves no specific suggestion other than to go into hypnosis, with 37 individuals of high, medium, and low hypnotizability (Highs, Mediums, and Lows). Their reports of depth and spontaneous experience at baseline, following a hypnotic induction, and then after multiple rest periods were analyzed and related to EEG frequency band power and global functional connectivity. Results: Hypnotizability was marginally associated with lower global functional connectivity during hypnosis. Perceived hypnotic depth increased substantially after the induction especially among Highs and then Mediums, but remained almost unchanged among Lows. In the sample as a whole, depth correlated moderately to strongly with power and/or power heterogeneity for the fast EEG frequencies of beta2, beta3, and gamma, but independently only among Highs. The spontaneous phenomenology of Lows referred primarily to the ongoing experiment and everyday concerns, those of Mediums to vestibular and other bodily experiences, and those of Highs to imagery and positive affect/exceptional experiences. The latter two phenomena were associated with lower global functional connectivity during hypnosis. Imagery correlated positively with gamma power heterogeneity and negatively with alpha1 power heterogeneity. Generally, the pattern of correlations for the Highs was the opposite of that for the Lows. Conclusions: Experienced hypnotic depth and spontaneous phenomena following a neutral hypnotic induction vary as a function of hypnotizability and are related to global functional connectivity and EEG band wave activity.
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| 20. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The Relation Between Peritraumatic Dissociation and Coping Strategies: A Network Analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1942-9681 .- 1942-969X. ; 16:5, s. 749-758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Peritraumatic dissociation (PD) and coping strategies (CS) around the time of trauma are significantpredictors of acute and long-term posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS), but it is unclear howthey relate to each other. The aim of this study was to examine their association using a nationwide, representativesample following the September 11 attacks in the United States (N = 3,134). Method: Weused exploratory and confirmatory network analyses to estimate reliable associations between PD andCS, as well as looking at those variables as predictors of PTS at 2, 6, and 12 months after the attack.Results: Analyses showed that: (a) PD formed 3 factors (alterations of consciousness, depersonalization,and compartmentalization) distinct from coping strategies; (b) PD related only to some CS; (c) copingthrough denial had a particularly strong link to alterations of consciousness among adults. Both alteredconsciousness and denial predicted PTS significantly 2, 6, and 12 months after the attack, with alteredconsciousness being the stronger predictor (and a better predictor of PTS than other types of PD). Forteens, the only significant link between PD and CS was for compartmentalization and substance abuse.Conclusion: PD and CS were related in adults and contributed independently to later PTS.
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| 21. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The relation of hypnotizability and dissociation to everyday mentation : An experience-sampling study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. - US : Educational Publishing Foundation. - 2326-5523 .- 2326-5531. ; 3:1, s. 61-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has found that individuals varying in hypnotizability and dissociation respond differently to questionnaires and procedures geared to affect their state of consciousness, but their stream of consciousness in everyday life has not been investigated. We evaluated the everyday mentation of students (N = 46) in a 2 (High vs. Low Hypnotizability) × 2 (High vs. Low Dissociative) design through experience sampling with personal digital assistants (PDAs). The PDAs prompted volunteers randomly 8 times per day during 5 days and included questions about attention, type of mental activity, and mood, among others, which resulted in 5 factors: focus/absorption, daydreaming, negative affect, control/awareness, and detachment. High control/awareness correlated with high focus/absorption, low negative affect, and low detachment. Detachment correlated also with daydreaming. As predicted, high dissociatives reported less control but more detachment and negative affect than low dissociatives. High hypnotizables (Highs) did not report more focus/absorption than low hypnotizables (Lows) but endorsed more daydreaming and negative affect. Highs reported more thoughts than Lows, and Lows reported more sensory impressions than Highs. Hypnotizability and dissociation also interacted: Low dissociatives/Lows reported less daydreaming than the others, and high dissociatives/Lows experienced less control than the other 3 groups combined. Participants reported less control/awareness during daydreaming, with high dissociatives/Highs showing a larger decrement than the others. Most mentations referred to thoughts or sensory impressions; the former were characterized by more negative affect than the latter. In general, individuals felt more dysphoric when their mentation was more detached or less focused or controlled than usual. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 22. |
- Davidson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of sleep on intrusive memories in daily life : a systematic review and meta-analysis of trauma film experiments
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sleep. - : Oxford University Press. - 0161-8105 .- 1550-9109. ; 46:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Study objectives: To synthesize the literature on the effect of sleep versus wake on the frequency and distress of intrusive memories in everyday life after watching film clips with distressing content as a proxy for traumatic experiences.Methods: We conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed and PsychInfo. The last search was conducted on January 31 st 2022. We included experimental studies comparing sleep and wake groups on intrusions using ecological diary methods, whereas studies lacking a wake control condition or relying solely on intrusion-triggering tasks or retrospective questionnaires were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the results. Risks of biases were assessed following the Cochrane guidelines.Results: Across 7 effect sizes from 6 independent studies, sleep (n = 192), as compared to wake (n=175), significantly reduced the number of intrusive memories (Hedges' g = -0.26, p = .04, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.01]), but not the distress associated with them (Hedges' g = -0.14, p = .25, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.10]).Conclusions: Although the results suggest that sleep reduces the number of intrusions, there is a strong need for high-powered pre-registered studies to confirm this effect. Risks of biases in the reviewed work include the selection of the reported results, measurement of the outcome, and failure to adhere to the intervention. Limits with the current meta-analysis include the few number of studies, only including English-language studies, and the fact that it was not pre-registered.
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| 23. |
- Davidson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Sleep on Intrusive Memories in Daily Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Trauma Film Experiments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sleep. - 1550-9109.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Study objectives: Following traumatic events, people frequently experience distressing, involuntary memories of them (i.e., intrusions). Accumulating evidence suggests that sleep facilitates voluntary memory retrieval by supporting memory consolidation, but it is less clear what effect sleep has on intrusions. Recent research has used distressing film clips as a proxy for traumatizing events and examined whether sleep affects intrusions by prompting participants to record diaries of intrusions across several days after viewing the trauma film. We sought to synthesize the literature on sleep and intrusions by performing a meta-analysis.Methods: A total of 7 effect sizes from 6 independent studies were included in two meta-analyses examining the effect of sleep (n=192) compared to wake (n=175) on a) the number of intrusions and b) the mean distress associated with them. Results: There was a small significant effect where sleep reduced the number of intrusive memories (Hedges’ g = -0.26, p = .04, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.01]). Sleep did not significantly affect the average distress associated with intrusions (Hedges’ g = -0.14, p = .25, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.10]).Conclusions: Although sleep appears to reduce the number of intrusive memories of distressing films, high-powered studies are needed to examine the reproducibility of this effect. We discuss to which extent this effect is caused by sleep affecting the consolidation of these memories, and to which extent sleep simply makes it easier to consciously control which memories enter into awareness.
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| 24. |
- Gort, Cassandra, et al.
(författare)
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Procrastination, Affective State, Rumination, and Sleep Quality : Investigating Reciprocal Effects with Ambulatory Assessment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. - : Springer. - 0894-9085 .- 1573-6563. ; 39:1, s. 58-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Procrastination is a prevalent problem among university students and associated with high long-term costs, but the short-term antecedents and consequences of procrastination are not well understood. Some related negative outcomes could be consequences as well as predictors of procrastination. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible reciprocal associations of affective, cognitive and health-related characteristics associated with procrastination on a momentary basis. Using ambulatory assessment, state procrastination, rumination, affective valence, and objective and subjective sleep quality were assessed over the course of 1 week. It was hypothesized that moments/days of more procrastination would be characterized by more concurrent positive affective valence and followed by moments/days of greater rumination and more negative affective valence, as well as poorer sleep quality the following night. These relations were assumed to be reciprocal, with more rumination, more negative affective valence and poorer sleep quality predicting procrastination, thus forming a self-perpetuating cycle. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data of 3797 observations from 63 university students. Contrary to hypotheses, procrastination moments were characterized by more concurrent negative affective valence. Furthermore, the analyses revealed no prospective reciprocal associations of the assessed constructs. Overall, the results do not support existing theoretical assumptions and research on antecedents and consequences of procrastination.
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| 25. |
- Johansson, Maude, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility and preliminary evaluation of internet-based compassion and cognitive-behavioral stress-management courses for health care professionals : A randomized controlled pilot trial
- 2022
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier. - 2214-7829. ; 30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health care professionals (HCPs) are exposed to excessive demands in their work environment. In Sweden, work -related stress is one of the most common reasons for sick leaves. Finding cost-effective and easily accessible interventions for HCPs is crucial to counteract stress-related problems and reduce the number of sick leaves. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of two internet-based stress management courses and their preliminary effectiveness to reduce HCPs' stress of conscience and work-related stress, and act as a pilot for a larger ran-domized controlled trial (RCT). Thirty-two HCPs registered for the courses and were randomized to either an internet-based compassion course, ICOP (n = 18), or an internet-based cognitive-behavioral course, ICB (n = 14). Participants completed measures pre-(i.e., baseline, n = 32), post-intervention (at five weeks, n = 21), and at follow-up at 10 weeks (n = 17), 15 weeks (n = 13), and six months (n = 12). The study used the following scales: Stress of Conscience Questionnaires, Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, and Professional Quality of Life Scale. Adherence of HCPs (n = 21) was measured using the number of logins, messages between course leaders and HCPs, and completed modules. Twelve interviews were conducted to explore participants' perceptions of the accessibility of the courses. Participants reported overall satisfaction with both the ICOP and ICB courses, stating that the courses contributed to new knowledge, individual insight, and behavior change. Both courses showed similar patterns of adherence. Quantitative analyses on pre-and post -intervention data (n = 21) showed that stress of conscience and secondary traumatic stress decreased, and self -compassion increased following ICOP. Following ICB, HCPs reported decreased burnout symptoms (according to one of two questionnaires) and increased compassion satisfaction. Both courses seemed feasible, showed promising results, and could be further evaluated in a larger study with a similar design.
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| 26. |
- Kim, Jinhyuk, et al.
(författare)
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A Practical Guide to Analyzing Time-Varying Associations between Physical Activity and Affect Using Multilevel Modeling
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computational & Mathematical Methods in Medicine. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1748-670X .- 1748-6718. ; 2018
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing interest in within-person associations of objectively measured physical and physiological variables with psychological states in daily life. Here we provide a practical guide with SAS code of multilevel modeling for analyzing physical activity data obtained by accelerometer and self-report data from intensive and repeated measures using ecological momentary assessments (EMA). We review previous applications of EMA in research and clinical settings and the analytical tools that are useful for EMA research. We exemplify the analyses of EMA data with cases on physical activity data and affect and discuss the future challenges in the field.
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| 27. |
- Kim, Jinhyuk, et al.
(författare)
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Potential benefits of integrating ecological momentary assessment data into mHealth care systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: BioPsychoSocial Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-0759. ; 13:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advancement of wearable/ambulatory technologies has brought a huge change to data collection frameworks in recent decades. Mobile health (mHealth) care platforms, which utilize ambulatory devices to collect naturalistic and often intensively sampled data, produce innovative information of potential clinical relevance. For example, such data can inform clinical study design, recruitment approach, data analysis, and delivery of both "traditional" and novel (e.g., mHealth) interventions. We provide a conceptual overview of how data measured continuously or repeatedly via mobile devices (e.g., smartphone and body sensors) in daily life could be fruitfully used within a mHealth care system. We highlight the potential benefits of integrating ecological momentary assessment (EMA) into mHealth platforms for collecting, processing, and modeling data, and delivering and evaluating novel interventions in everyday life. Although the data obtained from EMA and related approaches may hold great potential benefits for mHealth care system, there are also implementation challenges; we briefly discuss the challenges to integrating EMA into mHealth care system.
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| 28. |
- Maier, Markus A., et al.
(författare)
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A preregistered multi-lab replication of Maier et al. (2014, Exp. 4) testing retroactive avoidance
- 2020
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 15:8, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The term "retroactive avoidance" refers to a special class of effects of future stimulus presentations on past behavioral responses. Specifically, it refers to the anticipatory avoidance of aversive stimuli that were unpredictable through random selection after the response. This phenomenon is supposed to challenge the common view of the arrow of time and the direction of causality. Preliminary evidence of "retroactive avoidance" has been published in mainstream psychological journals and started a heated debate about the robustness and the true existence of this effect. A series of seven experiments published in 2014 in theJournal of Consciousness Studies(Maier et al., 2014) tested the influence of randomly drawn future negative picture presentations on avoidance responses based on key presses preceding them. The final study in that series used a sophisticated quantum-based random stimulus selection procedure and implemented the most severe test of retroactive avoidance within this series. Evidence for the effect, though significant, was meager and anecdotal, Bayes factor (BF10) = 2. The research presented here represents an attempt to exactly replicate the original effect with a high-power (N= 2004) preregistered multi-lab study. The results indicate that the data favored the null effect (i.e., absence of retroactive avoidance) with a BF01= 4.38. Given the empirical strengths of the study, namely its preregistration, multi-lab approach, high power, and Bayesian analysis used, this failed replication questions the validity and robustness of the original findings. Not reaching a decisive level of Bayesian evidence and not including skeptical researchers may be considered limitations of this study. Exploratory analyses of the change in evidence for the effect across time, performed on a post-hoc basis, revealed several potentially interesting anomalies in the data that might guide future research in this area.
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| 29. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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A daily diary study on maladaptive daydreaming, mind wandering, and sleep disturbances : Examining within-person and between-persons relations
- 2019
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 14:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cross-sectional and experimental research have shown that task-unrelated thoughts (i.e., mind wandering) relate to sleep disturbances, but there is little research on whether this association generalizes to the day-level and other kinds of task-unrelated mentation. We employed a longitudinal daily diary design to examine the within-person and between-person associations between three self-report instruments measuring mind wandering, maladaptive daydreaming (a condition characterized by having elaborate fantasy daydreams so insistent that they interfere with daily functioning) and sleep disturbances. A final sample of 126 participants self-identified as experiencing maladaptive daydreaming completed up to 8 consecutive daily reports (in total 869 daily observations). The scales showed acceptable-to-excellent within-person reliability (i.e., systematic day-to-day change) and excellent between-person reliability. The proportion of between-person variance was 36% for sleep disturbances, 57% for mind wandering, and 75% for maladaptive daydreaming, respectively (the remaining being stochastic and systematic within-person variance). Contrary to our pre-registered hypothesis, maladaptive daydreaming did not significantly predict sleep disturbances the following night, B = -0.00 (SE = 0.04), p =.956. Exploratory analyses indicated that while nightly sleep disturbances predicted mind wandering the following day, B = 0.20 (SE = 0.04), p <.001, it did not significantly predict maladaptive daydreaming the following day, B = -0.04 (SE = 0.05), p =.452. Moreover, daily mind wandering did not significantly predict sleep disturbances the following night, B = 0.02 (SE = 0.05), p =.731. All variables correlated at the between-person level. We discuss the implications concerning the differences between maladaptive daydreaming and mind wandering and the possibility of targeting sleep for mind wandering interventions.
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| 30. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Daydreaming style moderates the relation between working memory and mind wandering : Integrating two hypotheses
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association. - 0278-7393 .- 1939-1285. ; 42:3, s. 451-464
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mind wandering-mentation unrelated to one's current activity and surroundings-is a ubiquitous phenomenon, but seemingly competing ideas have been proposed regarding its relation to executive cognitive processes. The control-failure hypothesis postulates that executive processes prevent mind wandering, whereas the global availability hypothesis proposes that mind wandering requires executive resources, and thus an excess of such resources enables mind wandering. Here, we examined whether these hypotheses could be reconciled by considering the moderating influence of daydreaming style. We expected that executive resources would be positively related to mind wandering in those who typically experience positive mind wandering mentation, but negatively related in those who typically experience negative mentation. One hundred eleven participants reported mind wandering over 4 days using experience sampling and completed the sustained attention to response task (SART), the symmetry span task, and the Stroop task. There was a significant interaction between working memory and negative, but not positive, daydreaming style on mind wandering: Working memory related positively to mind wandering in those with a low negative style, but negatively in those with a high negative style. In contrast, poor Stroop performance significantly predicted increased mind wandering, but only in those with a low positive style. SART responses did not predict mind wandering although the relation was suggestively enhanced as the difficulty of daily life activities increased, indicating that the SART is more generalizable to high-demanding than low-demanding activities. These results suggest that the content and context of mind wandering episodes play important roles in the relation between executive processes and mind wandering.
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| 31. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotizability, alterations in consciousness, and other variables as predictors of performance in a ganzfeld psi task
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Parapsychology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-3387. ; 75, s. 235-239
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedWe examined how hypnotizability, dissociation, alterations in consciousness, belief in success, and previous psi experiences related to performance in a ganzfeld psi task. High (n = 14) and low (n = 12) hypnotizables participated in 2 sessions. The first included measures of dissociation and alterations in consciousness during ganzfeld, whereas the second consisted of a telepathy task with the percipient again in a ganzfeld setting. We hypothesized that high hypnotizability (perhaps interacting with dissociation), alterations in consciousness, expecting a successful psi performance, and previous psi experiences would predict successful psi performance. Percipients' belief of their own success in the experiment and their reports of previous psi experiences correlated significantly with psi z scores, but contrary to our hypothesis, hypnotizability overall correlated negatively with performance on the psi task. However, psi z scores correlated strongly to moderately with experiencing an altered state and other changes in consciousness, but only for high hypnotizables. Although we did not find an overall interaction between hypnotizability and dissociation, we observed that at least a subgroup of high dissociative, high hypnotizables seemed to be accurate when they followed their “hunches” rather than their imagery.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences and state effects on mind-wandering: Hypnotizability, dissociation and sensory homogenization
- 2012
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Ingår i: Consciousness and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-2376 .- 1053-8100. ; 21:3, s. 1097-1108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedConsciousness alterations can be experienced during unstructured, monotonous stimuli. These effects have not been linked to particular cognitive operations; individual differences in response to such stimulation remain poorly understood. We examined the role of hypnotizability and dissociative tendencies in mind-wandering (MW) during a sensory homogenization procedure (ganzfeld). We expected that the influence of ganzfeld on MW would be more pronounced among highly hypnotizable individuals (highs), particularly those high in dissociative tendencies. High and low hypnotizables, also stratified by dissociation, completed the sustained attention to response task during ganzfeld and control conditions. High dissociative highs made more commission errors during ganzfeld, suggesting increased MW, whereas the other groups displayed the opposite pattern. Increases in commission errors from the control condition to ganzfeld were associated with more alterations in consciousness and negative affect, but only among highs. Sensory homogenization had opposite effects on MW depending on the interaction of hypnotizability and dissociation.
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| 34. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Mind wandering and sleep in daily life : A combined actigraphy and experience sampling study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Consciousness and Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 1053-8100 .- 1090-2376. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals who sleep poorly report spending more time mind wandering during the day. However, past research has relied on self-report measures of sleep or measured mind wanderingduring laboratory tasks, which prevents generalization to everyday contexts. We used ambulatoryassessments to examine the relations between several features of sleep (duration, fragmentation,and disturbances) and mind wandering (task-unrelated, stimulus-independent, and unguidedthoughts). Participants wore a wristband device that collected actigraphy and experience-sampling data across 7 days and 8 nights. Contrary to our expectations, task-unrelated andstimulus-independent thoughts were not associated with sleep either within- or between-persons(n = 164). Instead, individual differences in unguided thoughts were associated with sleep dis-turbances and duration, suggesting that individuals who more often experience unguided train-of-thoughts have greater sleep disturbances and sleep longer. These results highlight the need toconsider the context and features of mind wandering when relating it to sleep
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| 35. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Online validation of combined mood induction procedures
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 14:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Film clips, music, and self-referential statements (termed Velten, after their originator) have been successfully used to temporarily induce sadness and happiness. However, there is little research on the effectiveness of these procedures combined, particularly in internet-based settings, and whether Velten statements contribute to alter mood beyond the effect of simple instructions to close one's eyes and enter the targeted mood. In Study 1 (N = 106) we examined the effectiveness 80 Velten statements (positive, negative, neutral-self, neutral-facts) to create brief and effective sets that might be used in future research. In Study 2 (N = 445) we examined the effect size of 8-min combined mood induction procedures, which presented video clips in the first half and music excerpts with Velten statements or closed eyes instructions in the second half. Participants answered questionnaires on social desirability, joviality, and sadness before being randomly assigned to 1 of 7 groups varying in Valence (positive, negative, neutral) and Velten (closed eyes control, self-referential Velten, and, in the case of neutral condition, factual statements). Subsequently, participants completed the joviality and sadness scales a second time. Compared to the neutral conditions, the positive mood inductions increased joviality (Hedges G = 1.35, 95% CI [1.07, 1.63]), whereas the negative mood inductions increased sadness (Hedges G = 1.28, 95% CI [1.01, 1.55]). We did not observe any significant difference between Velten and closed eyes instructions in inducing joviality or sadness, nor did we observe any significant difference between neutral Velten statements referring to self and facts. Although social desirability bias was associated with reports of greater joviality and lower sadness, it could not account for the effects of the positive and negative mood induction procedures. We conclude that these combined mood induction procedures can be used in online research to study happy and sad mood.
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| 36. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric Properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS. - 1015-5759 .- 2151-2426. ; 35:6, s. 878-890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thinking about task-unrelated matters (mind wandering) is related to cognition and well-being. However, the relations between mind wandering and other psychological variables may depend on whether the former commence spontaneously or deliberately. The current two studies investigated the psychometric properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales (SDMWS; Carriere, Seli, & Smilek, 2013). Study 1 evaluated the stability of the scales over 2 weeks (N = 284 at Time 1), whereas Study 2 (N = 323) evaluated their relations to Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, Openness, Social desirability, and experience-sampling reports of intentional and unintentional mind wandering during an online cognitive task. The results indicated that the SDMWS were better fitted with a two-factor than a one-factor solution, although the fit was improved with the exclusion of one item. The scales exhibited strong measurement invariance across gender and time, and moderately high test-retest reliability. Spontaneous mind wandering predicted Generalized anxiety disorder and experience-sampling reports of unintentional mind wandering, whereas Deliberate mind wandering predicted Openness and experience-sampling reports of intentional mind wandering. Furthermore, Spontaneous mind wandering showed a negative association with social desirability of weak-to-medium strength. In sum, the scales generally showed favorable psychometric properties.
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| 37. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Sad mood and poor sleep are related to task-unrelated thoughts and experience of diminished cognitive control
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have indicated that a sad mood and sleep deprivation increase mind wandering, but it is unclear whether these associations reflect reduced effort in concentrating on the task at hand or diminished cognitive control. In an internet-based experiment, participants completed a sleep disturbance questionnaire followed by a complex span task and a 2-back task with thought-sampling probes. Subsequently, participants underwent a positive, neutral, or negative mood induction prior to repeating the 2-back. The results (N=504) replicated the finding of increased task-unrelated thoughts following sad mood induction, B=0.56 (SE=0.14), p<0.01, d=0.31. Unguided thoughts were increased following sad mood induction, B=0.31 (0.13), p=0.02, but working memory did not significantly moderate this association (p=0.31). People reported a lower degree of trying to concentrate on the 2-back after the sad mood induction, B=-0.07 (0.04), p=0.04, but actual performance was not affected (p=0.46). Sleep disturbances showed small associations with task-unrelated, B=0.23 (0.08), p<0.01, and unguided thoughts, B=0.32 (0.08), p<0.01. This study strengthens the evidence that a sad mood and poor sleep relate to mind wandering.
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| 38. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
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The contribution of latent factors of executive functioning to mind wandering : An experience sampling study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. - : Springer. - 2365-7464. ; 7:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulating evidence suggests that individuals with greater executive resources spend less time mind wandering. Independent strands of research further suggest that this association depends on concentration and a guilty-dysphoric daydreaming style. However, it remains unclear whether this association is specific to particular features of executive functioning or certain operationalizations of mind wandering, including task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs, comprising external distractions and mind wandering) and stimulus-independent and task-unrelated thoughts (SITUTs, comprising mind wandering only). This study sought to clarify these associations by using confirmatory factor analysis to compute latent scores for distinct executive functions based on nine cognitive tasks and relating them to experience sampling reports of mind wandering. We expected that individuals with greater executive control (specifically updating) would show a stronger reduction in SITUTs as momentary concentration and guilty-dysphoric style increase. A bifactor model of the cognitive battery indicated a general factor (common executive functioning) and ancillary factors (updating and shifting). A significant interaction between updating and concentration on mind wandering was observed with mind wandering defined as TUTs, but not as SITUTs (N = 187). A post hoc analysis clarified this discrepancy by showing that as concentration increases, both external distractions and mind wandering decrease more strongly among people with greater updating. Moreover, common executive functioning predicted a more negative slope of guilty-dysphoric style on SITUTs, whereas updating and shifting predicted more positive slopes. The opposite slopes of these executive functions on daily life mind wandering may reflect a stability-flexibility trade-off between goal maintenance and goal replacement abilities.
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| 39. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David
(författare)
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The diversity of mind wandering : The role of individual differences and cognitive factors
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many individuals spend a substantial portion of their waking time thinking about topics unrelated to current activities and surroundings (mind wandering). This dissertation sought to contribute to our knowledge of why some people mind wander more than others. Mind wandering in cognitive tasks is more common in individuals with poor executive cognitive control (working memory updating, inhibiting task-inappropriate response, shifting between tasks), but these studies have paid little attention to the variety of contents of mind wandering and individual differences moderators. Individuals vary in how much they find their mind wandering enjoyable or helpful (a positive mind wandering style) or dysphoric and anguished (a negative style). Paper I tested whether positive or negative styles of mind wandering moderated the relation between executive control and mind wandering, which could help reconcile two cognitive hypotheses of mind wandering. The control-failure hypothesis suggests that mind wandering occurs because of disruptions in executive control, whereas the global availability hypothesis suggests that the availability of executive resources fosters mind wandering. The results indicated that the relation between working memory capacity and mind wandering depended on a negative mind wandering style: Those individuals with a high-negative mind wandering style exhibited a negative relation between working memory and mind wandering (consistent with the control-failure hypothesis), whereas the relation was positive in those with a low-negative style (consistent with the global availability hypothesis). Paper II evaluated affect and cognitive variables by relating mind wandering during a signal detection task to individual differences in negative affectivity (neuroticism) and self-regulatory abilities. Mind wandering was associated with neuroticism and low effortful control, but not with shifting ability. Regression analyses indicated that effortful control predicted lower neutral mind wandering whereas neuroticism predicted negative mind wandering. The subsequent two papers extended this research by examining mind wandering, affect, and control in selected populations. A trait relevant to attentional control and negative affect is dissociation, which includes amnesia and experiential disconnectedness from self/others (detachment). Paper III evaluated everyday mentation in people scoring high or low in dissociation and in hypnotic suggestibility (hypnotizability). Mind wandering episodes were characterized by a reduced sense of control/awareness of mentations, especially in those scoring high on both hypnotizability and dissociation. Paper IV applied attachment theory to study everyday mentations in adults with childhood exposures to traumatizing events. A negative mind wandering style and everyday experiences of dissociation, negative affect, and low control/awareness were associated with a self-report, but not a discourse, measure of unresolved/disorganized attachment. The latter construct did not predict overall amount of mind wandering. The results of this dissertation help integrate cognitive hypotheses of mind wandering within broader cognitive, affective, and developmental frameworks. I suggest that mind wandering consists of different subtypes that operate through different cognitive processes in which one is characterized by neutral or negative affect, poor working memory monitoring, and low effortful control, and appears more often in high dissociative/ high hypnotizable individuals, whereas another subtype is characterized by positive affect but is less clear in its relation to executive functioning.
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| 40. |
- Marcusson-Clavertz, David, et al.
(författare)
-
The relation of dissociation and mind wandering to unresolved/disorganized attachment : an experience sampling study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Attachment & Human Development. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 19:2, s. 170-190
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals with unresolved/disorganized representations of childhood trauma (U/d attachment) report more psychological distress than others, but little is known about their everyday mentation. In the present study adults with childhood trauma (N = 45) completed the Berkeley-Leiden Adult Attachment Questionnaire-Unresolved (BLAAQ-U) and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), and reported everyday mentation during 5 days of experience sampling. The BLAAQ-U and the AAI showed a medium association with each other, but only the former significantly predicted negative affect, dissociation, and low control/awareness of mentation. Contrary to our predictions, U/d attachment did not significantly predict mind wandering, but the BLAAQ-U predicted endorsements of a negative mind wandering style. U/d attachment, as assessed by both instruments, was associated with the Poor attentional control style and beliefs in anomalous mental phenomena. Experience sampling is a valuable way to investigate everyday experiences in individuals with U/d attachment.
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| 41. |
-
Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century
- 2015
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book is the first in almost 40 years to provide a comprehensive scientific overview of research in the field of parapsychology, explaining what we know and don’t know about so-called psi phenomena, such as “telepathy,” “precognition” or “psychokinesis.” Contributors evaluate the evidence for these phenomena, accounting for factors such as selective memory, wish fulfillment and incorrect methods or analyses, in some cases offering psychological, physical and biological theories.
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| 42. |
- Schlitz, Marilyn, et al.
(författare)
-
Two Replication Studies of a Time-Reversed (Psi) Priming Task and the Role of Expectancy in Reaction Times
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Scientific Exploration. - 0892-3310. ; 35:1, s. 65-90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments involving an international collaboration ofexperimenters sought to replicate and extend a previously publishedpsi experiment on precognition by Daryl Bem that has been the focusof extensive research. The experiment reverses the usual cause–e! ectsequence of a standard psychology experiment using priming and reactiontimes. The preregistered con" rmatory hypothesis is that response timesto incongruent stimuli will be longer than response times to congruentstimuli even though the prime has not yet appeared when the participantrecords their judgments. The con" rmatory hypothesis for Experiment 1was not supported. Exploratory analyses indicated that those participantswho completed the English-language version rather than a translationshowed a signi" cant e! ect, as was the case in the original study; nosigni" cant departure from chance was found in data involving non-English translations. Experiment 2 sought to enhance the predicted e! ectby having each participant read either a pro-psi or an anti-psi statementat the beginning of the experiment to test the hypothesis that a pro-psistatement would produce a larger e! ect than an anti-psi statement. Theresults did not support the primary psi hypothesis and there was no e! ectin the English-language sample. However, there was mixed support forthe e! ect of the psi statement on performance; those participants whoreceived the pro-psi statement had a greater psi score than those whoreceived the anti-psi statement. As in the original experiment, neitherthe experimenters’ nor participants’ beliefs were consistently associatedwith the dependent measure. In sum, the pre-registered con" rmatoryhypotheses were not supported. The importance of the personalityvariable Sensation Seeking, a component of extraversion, as a correlateof psi performance is discussed as are the challenges and implicationsfor international collaborations and replication in controversial science.
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| 43. |
- Schlitz, Marilyn, et al.
(författare)
-
Two replication studies of a time-reversed (psi) priming task and the role of expectancy in reaction times
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Scientific Exploration. - : Society for Scientific Exploration. - 0892-3310. ; 35:1, s. 65-90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments involving an international collaboration of experimenters sought to replicate and extend a previously published psi experiment on precognition by Daryl Bem that has been the focus of extensive research. The experiment reverses the usual cause–effect sequence of a standard psychology experiment using priming and reaction times. The preregistered confirmatory hypothesis is that response times to incongruent stimuli will be longer than response times to congruent stimuli even though the prime has not yet appeared when the participant records their judgments. The confirmatory hypothesis for Experiment 1 was not supported. Exploratory analyses indicated that those participants who completed the English-language version rather than a translation showed a significant effect, as was the case in the original study; no significant departure from chance was found in data involving non-English translations. Experiment 2 sought to enhance the predicted effect by having each participant read either a pro-psi or an anti-psi statement at the beginning of the experiment to test the pre-recorded hypothesis that a pro-psi statement would produce a larger effect than an anti-psi statement. The results did not support the primary psi hypothesis and there was no effect in the English-language sample. However, there was mixed support for the effect of the psi statement on performance; those participants who received the pro-psi statement had a greater psi score than those who received the anti-psi statement. As in the original experiment, neither the experimenters’ nor participants’ beliefs were significantly associated with the dependent measure. In sum, the pre-registered confirmatory hypotheses were not supported. The importance of the personality variable Sensation Seeking, a component of extraversion, as a correlate of psi performance is discussed as are the challenges and implications for international collaborations and replication in controversial science.Keywords: priming; expectancy effect; retrocausation; consciousness; sociology; precognition; psi; replication Two experiments involving an international collaboration of experimenters sought to replicate and extend a previously published psi experiment on precognition by Daryl Bem that has been the focus of extensive research. The experiment reverses the usual cause-effect sequence of a standard psychology experiment using priming and reaction times. The preregistered confirmatory hypothesis is that response times to incongruent stimuli will be longer than response times to congruent stimuli even though the prime has not yet appeared when the participant records his or her judgments. The confirmatory hypothesis for Study 1 was not supported. Exploratory analyses indicated that those participants who completed the English-language version rather than a translation showed a significant effect, as was the case in the original study; no significant departure from chance was found in data involving non-English translations. Study 2 sought to enhance the predicted effect by having each participant read either a pro-psi or an anti-psi statement at the beginning of the experiment to test the pre-recorded hypothesis that a pro-psi statement would produce a larger effect than an anti-psi statement. The results did not support the primary psi hypothesis and there was no observed association between belief and experience of ESP and psi outcome. However, there was mixed support for the effect of the psi statement on performance; those participants who received the pro-psi statement had a greater psi score than those who received anti-psi statement. As in the original experiment, neither the experimenters’ nor participants’ beliefs or expectations were significantly correlated with the dependent measure. In sum, the pre-registered confirmatory hypotheses were not supported. The importance of the personality variable Sensation Seeking, a component of extraversion, as a correlate of psi performance is discussed as are the challenges and im lications for international collaborations and replication in controversial science.
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