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- Matthews, R.W, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon in wood products and product substitution
- 2007
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Ingår i: Forestry and Climate Change. - Cambridge, Mass. : CABI Publishing. - 9781845932947 ; , s. 91-104
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Canadel, Josep G., et al.
(författare)
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Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 104:47, s. 18866-18870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the largest human contributor to human-induced climate change, is increasing rapidly. Three processes contribute to this rapid increase. Two of these processes concern emissions. Recent growth of the world economy combined with an increase in its carbon intensity have led to rapid growth in fossil fuel CO2 emissions since 2000: comparing the 1990s with 2000–2006, the emissions growth rate increased from 1.3% to 3.3% y −1. The third process is indicated by increasing evidence (P = 0.89) for a long-term (50-year) increase in the airborne fraction (AF) of CO2 emissions, implying a decline in the efficiency of CO2 sinks on land and oceans in absorbing anthropogenic emissions. Since 2000, the contributions of these three factors to the increase in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate have been ≈65 ± 16% from increasing global economic activity, 17 ± 6% from the increasing carbon intensity of the global economy, and 18 ± 15% from the increase in AF. An increasing AF is consistent with results of climate–carbon cycle models, but the magnitude of the observed signal appears larger than that estimated by models. All of these changes characterize a carbon cycle that is generating stronger-than-expected and sooner-than-expected climate forcing.
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- Gomez, D R, et al.
(författare)
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Stationary Combustion
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. - : Geneva.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- chapter 2, Energy, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva
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| 10. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Using biomass for climate change mitigation and oil use reduction
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 35:11, s. 5671-5691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we examine how an increased use of biomass could efficiently meet Swedish energy policy goals of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oil use. In particular, we examine the trade-offs inherent when biomass use is intended to pursue multiple objectives. We set up four scenarios in which up to 400 PJ/year of additional biomass is prioritised to reduce CO2 emissions, reduce oil use, simultaneously reduce both CO2 emission and oil use, or to produce ethanol to replace gasoline. Technologies analysed for using the biomass include the production of electricity, heat, and transport fuels, and also as construction materials and other products. We find that optimising biomass use for a single objective (either CO2 emission reduction or oil use reduction) results in high fulfilment of that single objective (17.4 Tg C/year and 350 PJ oil/year, respectively), at a monetary cost of 130–330 million €/year, but with low fulfilment of the other objective. A careful selection of biomass uses for combined benefits results in reductions of 12.6 Tg C/year and 230 PJ oil/year (72% and 67%, respectively, of the reductions achieved in the scenarios with single objectives), with a monetary benefit of 45 million €/year. Prioritising for ethanol production gives the lowest CO2 emissions reduction, intermediate oil use reduction, and the highest monetary cost.
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| 11. |
- King, AW, et al.
(författare)
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What is the carbon cycle and why care
- 2007
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Ingår i: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), The North AMerican Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle.... - Asheville, NC, USA : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Losey, L. M., et al.
(författare)
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Monthly estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption in Brazil during the late 1990s and early 2000s
- 2006
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Ingår i: Area (London 1969). - : Wiley. - 0004-0894 .- 1475-4762. ; 38:4, s. 445-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detailed understanding of global carbon cycling requires estimates of CO2 emissions on temporal and spatial scales finer than annual and country. This is the first attempt to derive such estimates for a large, developing, Southern Hemisphere country. Though data on energy use are not complete in terms of time and geography, there are enough data available on the sale or consumption of fuels in Brazil to reasonably approximate the temporal and spatial patterns of fuel use and CO2 emissions. Given the available data, a strong annual cycle in emissions from Brazil is not apparent. CO2 emissions are unevenly distributed within Brazil as the population density and level of development both vary widely.
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- Marland, Gregg, et al.
(författare)
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The carbon benefits of fuels and forests
- 2007
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 318:5853, s. 1066-1066
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 19. |
- Pacala, S, et al.
(författare)
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The North American carbon budget past and present
- 2007
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Ingår i: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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- Smith, Pete, et al.
(författare)
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Sectoral approaches to improve regional carbon budgets
- 2008
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 88:3-4, s. 209-249
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans utilise about 40% of the earth's net primary production (NPP) but the products of this NPP are often managed by different sectors, with timber and forest products managed by the forestry sector and food and fibre products from croplands and grasslands managed by the agricultural sector. Other significant anthropogenic impacts on the global carbon cycle include human utilization of fossil fuels and impacts on less intensively managed systems such as peatlands, wetlands and permafrost. A great deal of knowledge, expertise and data is available within each sector. We describe the contribution of sectoral carbon budgets to our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Whilst many sectors exhibit similarities for carbon budgeting, some key differences arise due to differences in goods and services provided, ecology, management practices used, land-management personnel responsible, policies affecting land management, data types and availability, and the drivers of change. We review the methods and data sources available for assessing sectoral carbon budgets, and describe some of key data limitations and uncertainties for each sector in different regions of the world. We identify the main gaps in our knowledge/data, show that coverage is better for the developed world for most sectors, and suggest how sectoral carbon budgets could be improved in the future. Research priorities include the development of shared protocols through site networks, a move to full carbon accounting within sectors, and the assessment of full greenhouse gas budgets.
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