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1.	Campitelli, Guillermo, et al. (författare) Three Strategies for the Critical Use of Statistical Methods in Psychological Research 2017 Ingår i: Educational and Psychological Measurement. - : SAGE Publications. - 0013-1644 .- 1552-3888. ; 77:5, s. 881-895 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present three strategies to replace the null hypothesis statistical significance testing approach in psychological research: (1) visual representation of cognitive processes and predictions, (2) visual representation of data distributions and choice of the appropriate distribution for analysis, and (3) model comparison. The three strategies have been proposed earlier, so we do not claim originality. Here we propose to combine the three strategies and use them not only as analytical and reporting tools but also to guide the design of research. The first strategy involves a visual representation of the cognitive processes involved in solving the task at hand in the form of a theory or model together with a representation of a pattern of predictions for each condition. The second approach is the GAMLSS approach, which consists of providing a visual representation of distributions to fit the data, and choosing the best distribution that fits the raw data for further analyses. The third strategy is the model comparison approach, which compares the model of the researcher with alternative models. We present a worked example in the field of reasoning, in which we follow the three strategies.
2.	D'Angiulli, Amedeo, et al. (författare) Neural correlates of visualizations of concrete and abstract words in preschool children : a developmental embodied approach 2015 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The neural correlates of visualization underlying word comprehension were examined in preschool children. On each trial, a concrete or abstract word was delivered binaurally (part 1: post-auditory visualization), followed by a four-picture array (a target plus three distractors; part 2: matching visualization). Children were to select the picture matching the word they heard in part 1. Event-related potentials (ERPs) locked to each stimulus presentation and task interval were averaged over sets of trials of increasing word abstractness. ERP time-course during both parts of the task showed that early activity (i.e., <300 ms) was predominant in response to concrete words, while activity in response to abstract words became evident only at intermediate (i.e., 300-699 ms) and late (i.e., 700-1000 ms) ERP intervals. Specifically, ERP topography showed that while early activity during post-auditory visualization was linked to left temporo-parietal areas for concrete words, early activity during matching visualization occurred mostly in occipito-parietal areas for concrete words, but more anteriorly in centro-parietal areas for abstract words. In intermediate ERPs, post-auditory visualization coincided with parieto-occipital and parieto-frontal activity in response to both concrete and abstract words, while in matching visualization a parieto-central activity was common to both types of words. In the late ERPs for both types of words, the post-auditory visualization involved right-hemispheric activity following a post-anterior pathway sequence: occipital, parietal, and temporal areas; conversely, matching visualization involved left-hemispheric activity following an ant-posterior pathway sequence: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas. These results suggest that, similarly, for concrete and abstract words, meaning in young children depends on variably complex visualization processes integrating visuo-auditory experiences and supramodal embodying representations.
3.	Khatin-Zadeh, Omid, et al. (författare) Metaphors of time across cultures 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science. - : Springer Nature. - 2520-100X. ; 7, s. 219-231 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract TIME is a highly abstract concept and prevalent in languages worldwide. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research suggests that TIME is embodied dissimilarly in different languages. Still the literature has not received sufficient attention in examining the differences. This study aimed to identify and compare how TIME is metaphorically represented and embodied worldwide. We investigated 14 languages; Arabic, Assamese, Chinese, English, Finnish, French, German, Japanese, Kikuyu, Persian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish, which represent nine language families. The metaphors were categorized conceptually as TIME IS AN ORGANISM, TIME IS MOTION, TIME IS SPACE, and TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY. We employed a two-part paper-based task. The first part consisted of generation of metaphor items and the second part consisted of a valence rating task. The key variables considered were 'metaphor category' and 'language family' while controlling for demographic variables such as gender, age and handedness. Data from 513 participants were collected. Results showed a significant association between language categories and the valences of time metaphors. The data of this study suggest that within the languages of a certain category, there might be some similarity between the valences of words that are used to realize a given conceptual metaphor.
4.	Leiva, Victor, et al. (författare) Modeling neural activity with cumulative damage distributions 2015 Ingår i: Biological Cybernetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-1200 .- 1432-0770. ; 109:4-5, s. 421-433 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Neurons transmit information as action potentials or spikes. Due to the inherent randomness of the inter-spike intervals (ISIs), probabilistic models are often used for their description. Cumulative damage (CD) distributions are a family of probabilistic models that has been widely considered for describing time-related cumulative processes. This family allows us to consider certain deterministic principles for modeling ISIs from a probabilistic viewpoint and to link its parameters to values with biological interpretation. The CD family includes the Birnbaum-Saunders and inverse Gaussian distributions, which possess distinctive properties and theoretical arguments useful for ISI description. We expand the use of CD distributions to the modeling of neural spiking behavior, mainly by testing the suitability of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution, which has not been studied in the setting of neural activity. We validate this expansion with original experimental and simulated electrophysiological data.
5.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) Embodied concept mapping Blending structure-mapping and embodiment theories 2017 Ingår i: Pragmatics & Cognition. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 0929-0907 .- 1569-9943. ; 24:2, s. 164-185 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Metaphors are cognitive and linguistic tools that allow reasoning. They enable the understanding of abstract domains via elements borrowed from concrete ones. The underlying mechanism in metaphorical mapping is the manipulation of concepts. This article proposes another view on what concepts are and their role in metaphor and reasoning. That is, based on current neuroscientific and behavioural evidence, it is argued that concepts are grounded in perceptual and motor experience with physical and social environments. This definition of concepts is then embedded in the Structure-Mapping Theory (SMT), a model for metaphorical processing and reasoning. The blended view of structure-mapping and embodied cognition offers an insight into the processes through which the target domain of a metaphor is embodied or realised in terms of its base domain. The implications of the proposed embodied SMT model are then discussed and future topics of investigation are outlined.
6.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) Event-related potential signatures of perceived and imagined emotional and food real-life photos 2015 Ingår i: Neuroscience Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1673-7067 .- 1995-8218. ; 31:3, s. 317-330 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although food and affective pictures share similar emotional and motivational characteristics, the relationship between the neuronal responses to these stimuli is unclear. Particularly, it is not known whether perceiving and imagining food and affective stimuli elicit similar event-related potential (ERP) patterns. In this study, two ERP correlates, the early posterior negativity (EPN) and the late positive potential (LPP) for perceived and imagined emotional and food photographs were investigated. Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to a set of food photos, as well as unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral photos from the International Affective Picture System. In each trial, participants were first asked to view a photo (perception condition), and then to create a visual mental image of it and to rate its vividness (imagery condition). The results showed that during perception, brain regions corresponding to sensorimotor and parietal motivational (defensive and appetitive) systems were activated to different extents, producing a graded pattern of EPN and LPP responses specific to the photo content - more prominent for unpleasant than pleasant and food content. Also, an EPN signature occurred in both conditions for unpleasant content, suggesting that, compared to food or pleasant content, unpleasant content may be attended to more intensely during perception and may be represented more distinctly during imagery. Finally, compared to LLP activation during perception, as well as imagery and perception of all other content, LPP activation was significantly reduced during imagery of unpleasant photos, suggesting inhibition of unwanted memories. Results are framed within a neurocognitive working model of embodied emotions.
7.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) On the efficacy of procedures to normalize Ex-Gaussian distributions 2015 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Reaction time (RI) is one of the most common types of measure used in experimental psychology. Its distribution is not normal (Gaussian) but resembles a convolution of normal and exponential distributions (Ex-Gaussian). One of the major assumptions in parametric tests (such as ANOVAs) is that variables are normally distributed. Hence, it is acknowledged by many that the normality assumption is not met. This paper presents different procedures to normalize data sampled from an Ex-Gaussian distribution in such a way that they are suitable for parametric tests based on the normality assumption. Using simulation studies, various outlier elimination and transformation procedures were tested against the level of normality they provide. The results suggest that the transformation methods are better than elimination methods in normalizing positively skewed data and the more skewed the distribution then the transformation methods are more effective in normalizing such data. Specifically, transformation with parameter lambda -1 leads to the best results.
8.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) Placing joy, surprise and sadness in space : A cross-linguistic study 2017 Ingår i: Psychological Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0727 .- 1430-2772. ; 81:4, s. 750-763 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The valence-space metaphor posits that emotion concepts map onto vertical space such that positive concepts are in upper locations and negative in lower locations. Whilst previous studies have demonstrated this pattern for positive and negative emotions e.g. 'joy' and 'sadness', the spatial location of neutral emotions, e.g. 'surprise', has not been investigated, and little is known about the effect of linguistic background. In this study, we first characterised the emotions joy, surprise and sadness via ratings of their concreteness, imageability, context availability and valence before examining the allocation of these emotions in vertical space. Participants from six linguistic groups completed either a rating task used to characterise the emotions or a word allocation task to implicitly assess where these emotions are positioned in vertical space. Our findings suggest that, across languages, gender, handedness, and ages, positive emotions are located in upper spatial locations and negative emotions in lower spatial locations. In addition, we found that the neutral emotional valence of surprise is reflected in this emotion being mapped mid-way between upper and lower locations onto the vertical plane. This novel finding indicates that the location of a concept on the vertical plane mimics the concept's degree of emotional valence.
9.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) The allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space 2018 Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 32:4, s. 709-718 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The valence-space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach-avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body (i.e. approach) and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and the body (i.e. avoid). Thus, the valence-space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach-avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the depth plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants' body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants' body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes.
10.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) The Allocation of Valenced Percepts Onto 3D Space 2019 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research on the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space indicates that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are mapped onto upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively. More recently, this type of research has been tested for the very first time in 3D physical space. The findings corroborate the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical space as described above but further show that positive and negative concepts are placed close to and away from the body; neutral concepts are placed midway. The current study aimed at investigating whether valenced perceptual stimuli are positioned onto 3D space akin to the way valenced concepts are positioned. By using a unique device known as the cognition cube, participants placed visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory stimuli on 3D space. The results mimicked the placing of valenced concepts onto 3D space; i.e., positive percepts were placed in upward and close-to-the-body locations and negative percepts were placed in downward and away-from-the-body locations; neutral percepts were placed midway. These pattern of results was more pronounced in the case of visual stimuli, followed by auditory, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. Significance Statement Just recently, a unique device called the cognition cube (CC) enabled to find that positive words are mapped onto upward and close-to-the-body locations and negative words are mapped onto downward and away-from-the-body locations; neutral words are placed midway. This way of placing words in relation to the body is consistent with an approach-avoidance effect such that good and bad things are kept close to and away from one's body. We demonstrate for the very first time that this same pattern emerges when visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory perceptual stimuli are placed on 3D physical space. We believe these results are significant in that the CC can be used as a new tool to diagnose emotion-related disorders.
11.	Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, et al. (författare) Your Face and Moves Seem Happier When I Smile Facial Action Influences the Perception of Emotional Faces and Biological Motion Stimuli 2020 Ingår i: Experimental psychology (Göttingen). - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1618-3169 .- 2190-5142. ; 67:1, s. 14-22 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this experiment, we replicated the effect of muscle engagement on perception such that the recognition of another's facial expressions was biased by the observer's facial muscular activity (Blaesi & Wilson, 2010). We extended this replication to show that such a modulatory effect is also observed for the recognition of dynamic bodily expressions. Via a multitab and within-subjects approach, we investigated the emotion recognition of point-tight biological walkers, along with that of morphed face stimuli, white subjects were or were not holding a pen in their teeth. Under the pen-in-the-teeth condition, participants tended to tower their threshold of perception of happy expressions in facial stimuli compared to the no-pen condition, thus replicating the experiment by Blaesi and Wilson (2010). A similar effect was found for the biological motion stimuli such that participants Lowered their threshold to perceive happy walkers in the pen-in-the-teeth condition compared to the no-pen condition. This pattern of results was also found in a second experiment in which the no-pen condition was replaced by a situation in which participants held a pen in their lips (pen-in-tips condition). These results suggested that facial muscular activity alters the recognition of not only facial expressions but also bodily expressions.
12.	Montoro, Pedro R., et al. (författare) Cross-modal metaphorical mapping of spoken emotion words onto vertical space 2015 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract From the field of embodied cognition, previous studies have reported evidence of metaphorical mapping of emotion concepts onto a vertical spatial axis. Most of the work on this topic has used visual words as the typical experimental stimuli. However, to our knowledge, no previous study has examined the association between affect and vertical space using a cross-modal procedure. The current research is a first step toward the study of the metaphorical mapping of emotions onto vertical space by means of an auditory to visual cross-modal paradigm. In the present study, we examined whether auditory words with an emotional valence can interact with the vertical visual space according to a 'positive-up/negative-down' embodied metaphor. The general method consisted in the presentation of a spoken word denoting a positive/negative emotion prior to the spatial localization of a visual target in an upper or lower position. In Experiment 1, the spoken words were passively heard by the participants and no reliable interaction between emotion concepts and bodily simulated space was found. In contrast, Experiment 2 required more active listening of the auditory stimuli. A metaphorical mapping of affect and space was evident but limited to the participants engaged in an emotion-focused task. Our results suggest that the association of affective valence and vertical space is not activated automatically during speech processing since an explicit semantic and/or emotional evaluation of the emotionally valenced stimuli was necessary to obtain an embodied effect. The results are discussed within the framework of the embodiment hypothesis.
13.	Noguchi, Kimihiro, et al. (författare) Assessing Equality of Means Using the Overlap of Range-Preserving Confidence Intervals 2016 Ingår i: American Statistician. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0003-1305 .- 1537-2731. ; 70:4, s. 325-334 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hypothesis testing, procedures where equality of means is assessed at a prespecified level based on the (non-)overlap of confidence intervals are discussed. Assessing statistical significance via the (non-)overlap of two confidence intervals with an appropriate confidence level provides a simple and effective way of visually understanding statistical results. This article extends previous approaches by considering range preserving confidence intervals where the values in such intervals are in the allowable range of the paranieter of interest. To obtain reliable procedures, appropriate effective degrees of freedom are suggested by considering the Welch-Satterthwaite equation for both independent two-sample and paired-sample cases. The proposed procedures also allow users to express results in terms of commonly used scale-free effect sizes, which are highly useful for interpreting parameters of interest. Simulation results suggest that the proposed procedures may be robust to unequal or small sample sizes, nonnormal distributions, heterogeneous variances, and various degrees of correlation. A real-life application from a study in cognitive psychology illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed procedures.
14.	Prasad, Seema, et al. (författare) Made you look! Temporal and emotional characteristics of attentional shift towards gazed locations 2015 Ingår i: Cogent Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2331-1908. ; 2:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Studies using a cued gazing paradigm show that attention is reflexively shifted to the gazed-at location. However, there is disagreement as to the factors modulating attention orienting due to gaze cueing. In a series of three experiments, we investigated the role of the emotional expression of the cue (Exp. 1, 2 and 3), cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) (Exp. 2 and 3) and emotional valence of the target (Exp. 3) in the participants' ability to attend to the target. Experiments 1 and 3 were discrimination tasks. Participants had to differentiate between two neutral targets in Exp. 1 and between two emotionally laden targets (a square and a circle associated with positive or negative emotions) in Experiment 3. In Experiment 2, participants had to detect a single target presented at different time intervals. The results suggest that attention is oriented towards gazed locations regardless of the accompanying emotional expression, SOA and emotion target association. Thus, eye gaze-mediated attention shifts in normal healthy adults seem to be unaffected by the experimental manipulations studied herein.
15.	Razumiejczyk, Eugenia, et al. (författare) Crossmodal integration between visual linguistic information and flavour perception 2015 Ingår i: Appetite. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-6663 .- 1095-8304. ; 91, s. 76-82 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Many studies have found processing interference in working memory when complex information that enters the cognitive system from different modalities has to be integrated to understand the environment and promote adjustment. Here, we report on a Stroop study that provides evidence concerned with the crossmodal processing of flavour perception and visual language. We found a facilitation effect in the congruency condition. Acceleration was observed for incomplete words and anagrams compared to complete words. A crossmodal completion account is presented for such findings. It is concluded that the crossmodal integration between flavour and visual language perception requires the active participation of top-down and bottom-up processing.
16.	Razumiejczyk, Eugenia, et al. (författare) Crossmodal interference between language and flavour 2017 Ingår i: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. - : Fundacion Universitaria Konrad Lorenz. - 0120-0534. ; 49:2, s. 91-101 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This work describes crossmodal Stroop interference in flavoural, visual, and auditory representations. A mixed design was used with two randomized groups. As a between-subjects factor, words were presented in visual (group 1) or auditory (group 2) forms. Stimulus congruency (congruent, incongruent, and control) was defined as a within-subjects factor. Reaction times and the number of correct answers were recorded. The results showed a minor crossmodal Stroop interference in conditions of congruency. In contrast, with incongruent and control stimuli, reaction times increased and accuracy rates diminished in both experimental groups. Data from the two groups were compared, and it was concluded that the interference was greater when the distractor was written than when it was spoken. These results are discussed in terms of the difficulty of visual linguistic representation and in relation to previous studies.
17.	Salgado-Montejo, Alejandro, et al. (författare) Drawing sounds : representing tones and chords spatially 2016 Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 234:12, s. 3509-3522 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research on the crossmodal correspondences has revealed that seemingly unrelated perceptual information can be matched across the senses in a manner that is consistent across individuals. An interesting extension of this line of research is to study how sensory information biases action. In the present study, we investigated whether different sounds (i.e. tones and piano chords) would bias participants' hand movements in a free movement task. Right-handed participants were instructed to move a computer mouse in order to represent three tones and two chords. They also had to rate each sound in terms of three visual analogue scales (slow-fast, unpleasant-pleasant, and weak-strong). The results demonstrate that tones and chords influence hand movements, with higher-(lower-)pitched sounds giving rise to a significant bias towards upper (lower) locations in space. These results are discussed in terms of the literature on forward models, embodied cognition, crossmodal correspondences, and mental imagery. Potential applications sports and rehabilitation are discussed briefly.
18.	Shen, Manqiong, et al. (författare) Interplay Between the Object and Its Symbol : The Size-Congruency Effect 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Cognitive Psychology. - : University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw. - 1895-1171. ; 12:2, s. 115-129 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Grounded cognition suggests that conceptual processing shares cognitive resources with perceptual processing. Hence, conceptual processing should be affected by perceptual processing, and vice versa. The current study explored the relationship between conceptual and perceptual processing of size. Within a pair of words, we manipulated the font size of each word, which was either congruent or incongruent with the actual size of the referred object. In Experiment 1a, participants compared object sizes that were referred to by word pairs. Higher accuracy was observed in the congruent condition (e. g., word pairs referring to larger objects in larger font sizes) than in the incongruent condition. This is known as the size-congruency effect. In Experiments 1b and 2, participants compared the font sizes of these word pairs. The size-congruency effect was not observed. In Experiments 3a and 3b, participants compared object and font sizes of word pairs depending on a task cue. Results showed that perceptual processing affected conceptual processing, and vice versa. This suggested that the association between conceptual and perceptual processes may be bidirectional but further modulated by semantic processing. Specifically, conceptual processing might only affect perceptual processing when semantic information is activated. The current study suggests that some grounded phenomena may be modulated by semantic processes.
19.	Stins, John F., et al. (författare) Words That Move Us : The Effects of Sentences on Body Sway 2017 Ingår i: Advances in Cognitive Psychology. - : University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw. - 1895-1171. ; 13:2, s. 156-165 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract According to the embodied cognition perspective, cognitive systems and perceptuo-motor systems are deeply intertwined and exert a causal effect on each other. A prediction following from this idea is that cognitive activity can result in subtle changes in observable movement. In one experiment, we tested whether reading various sentences resulted in changes in postural sway. Sentences symbolized various human activities involving high, low, or no physical effort. Dutch participants stood upright on a force plate, measuring the body center of pressure, while reading a succession of sentences. High physical effort sentences resulted in more postural sway (greater SD) than low physical effort sentences. This effect only showed up in medio-lateral sway but not anterio-posterior sway. This suggests that sentence comprehension was accompanied by subtle motoric activity, likely mirroring the various activities symbolized in the sentences. We conclude that semantic processing reaches the motor periphery, leading to increased postural activity.
20.	Tirado, Carlos, et al. (författare) The strength of weak embodiment 2018 Ingår i: International Journal of Psychological Research. - : Universidad de San Buenaventura. - 2011-2084 .- 2011-7922. ; 11:2, s. 77-85 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract While popular within some cognitive science approaches, the embodiment approach has still found resistance, particularly in light of evidence arguing against strong forms of embodiment. Among other things, the embodiment approach breaks away from the Cartesian ontology of the modulatory system. We claim that the advantages of the embodiment approach are: a) it grounds cognition into modal experience, b) it is harmonious with a materialist philosophy of mind (emergent materialism), and c) it is supported by experimental research in various fields. However, embodiment must still address abstractions, theoretical misunderstandings (representations vs non-representations) and neuroscientific findings that challenge the extension and relevance of sensorimotor properties into cognitive processes. While the strong version of embodiment is seriously challenged by conceptual and physiological setbacks, its weak version is supported by compelling evidence. We suggest future research focus on the psychophysiological bases of grounded cognition and redirect efforts towards the field of cross-modal correspondence.
21.	Woods, Andy T., et al. (författare) Using Single Colors and Color Pairs to Communicate Basic Tastes II : Foreground-Background Color Combinations 2016 Ingår i: i-Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 2041-6695. ; 7:5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract People associate basic tastes (e. g., sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) with specific colors (e. g., pink or red, green or yellow, black or purple, and white or blue). In the present study, we investigated whether a color bordered by another color (either the same or different) would give rise to stronger taste associations relative to a single patch of color. We replicate previous findings, highlighting the existence of a robust crossmodal correspondence between individual colors and basic tastes. On occasion, color pairs were found to communicate taste expectations more consistently than were single color patches. Furthermore, and in contrast to a recent study in which the color pairs were shown side-by-side, participants took no longer to match the color pairs with tastes than the single colors (they had taken twice as long to respond to the color pairs in the previous study). Possible reasons for these results are discussed, and potential applications for the results, and for the testing methodology developed, are outlined.
22.	Xue, Jin, et al. (författare) Age of Acquisition Effects on Word Processing for Chinese Native Learners' English : ERP Evidence for the Arbitrary Mapping Hypothesis 2017 Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present study aimed at distinguishing processing of early learned L2 words from late ones for Chinese natives who learn English as a foreign language. Specifically, we examined whether the age of acquisition (AoA) effect arose during the arbitrary mapping from conceptual knowledge onto linguistic units. The behavior and ERP data were collected when 28 Chinese-English bilinguals were asked to perform semantic relatedness judgment on word pairs, which represented three stages of word learning (i.e., primary school, junior and senior high schools). A 3 (AoA: early vs. intermediate vs. late) x 2 (regularity: regular vs. irregular) x 2 (semantic relatedness: related vs. unrelated) x 2 (hemisphere: left vs. right) x 3 (brain area: anterior vs. central vs. posterior) within-subjects design was adopted. Results from the analysis of N100 and N400 amplitudes showed that early learned words had an advantage in processing accuracy and speed; there is a tendency that the AoA effect was more pronounced for irregular word pairs and in the semantic related condition. More important, ERP results showed early acquired words induced larger N100 amplitudes for early AoA words in the parietal area and more negative-going N400 than late acquire words in the frontal and central regions. The results indicate the locus of the AoA effect might derive from the arbitrary mapping between word forms and semantic concepts, and early acquired words have more semantic interconnections than late acquired words.
23.	Xue, Jin, et al. (författare) The linguistic context effects on the processing of body-object interaction words : An ERP study on second language learners 2015 Ingår i: Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-8993 .- 1872-6240. ; 1613, s. 37-48 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Embodied theories of cognition argue that the processing of both concrete and abstract concepts requires the activation of sensorimotor systems. The present study examined the time course for embedding a sensorimotor context in order to elicit sensitivity to the sensorimotor consequences of understanding body-object interaction (BOI) words. In the study, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed a sentence acceptability task. Target BOI words were preceded by rich or poor sensorimotor sentential contexts. The behavioural results replicated previous findings in that high BOI words received a response faster than low BOI words. In addition to this, however, there was a context effect in the sensorimotor region as well as a BOI effect in the parietal region (involved in object representation). The results indicate that the sentential sensorimotor context contributes to the subsequent BOI processing and that action-and perception-related language leads to the activation of the same brain areas, which is consistent with the embodiment theory.
24.	Yoshimura, Naoto, et al. (författare) Age of smile : a cross-cultural replication report of Ganel and Goodale (2018) 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2520-100X .- 2520-1018. ; 5:1, s. 1-15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Smiling is believed to make people look younger. Ganel and Goodale (Psychon Bull Rev 25(6):612–616, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1306-8, 2018) proposed that this belief is a misconception rooted in popular media, based on their findings that people actually perceive smiling faces as older. However, they did not clarify whether this misconception can be generalized across cultures. We tested the cross-cultural validity of Ganel and Goodale’s findings by collecting data from Japanese and Swedish participants. Specifically, we aimed to replicate Ganel and Goodale’s study using segregated sets of Japanese and Swedish facial stimuli, and including Japanese and Swedish participants in groups asked to estimate the age of either Japanese or Swedish faces (two groups of participants × two groups of stimuli; four groups total). Our multiverse analytical approach consistently showed that the participants evaluated smiling faces as older in direct evaluations, regardless of the facial stimuli culture or their nationality, although they believed that smiling makes people look younger. Further, we hypothesized that the effect of wrinkles around the eyes on the estimation of age would vary with the stimulus culture, based on previous studies. However, we found no differences in age estimates by stimulus culture in the present study. Our results showed that we successfully replicated Ganel and Goodale (2018) in a cross-cultural context. Our study thus clarified that the belief that smiling makes people look younger is a common cultural misconception.
25.	Zhao, Tianyang, et al. (författare) The modality switching costs of Chinese-English bilinguals in the processing of L1 and L2 2020 Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226. ; 73:3, s. 396-412 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Modality switching cost indicates that people's performance becomes worse when they judge sequential information that is related to different sensory modalities than judging information that is related to the same modality. In this study, we conducted three experiments on proficient and non-proficient bilingual individuals to investigate the modality switching costs in L1 and L2 processing separately. In Experiment 1, materials were L1 and L2 words that were either conceptually related to a visual modality (e.g., light) or related to an auditory modality (e.g., song). The modality switching costs were investigated in a lexical decision task in both L1 and L2. Experiment 2 further explored the modality switching costs while weakening the activation level of the perceptual modality by adding a set of fillers. Experiment 3 used a word-naming task to explore the modality switching effect in language production in L1 and L2. Results of these experiments showed that the modality switching costs appeared in both language comprehension and production in L1 and L2 conditions. The magnitude of the modality switching costs was conditionally modulated by the L2 proficiency level, such as in the L2 condition in Experiment 1 and in both L1 and L2 conditions in Experiment 3. These results suggest that sensorimotor simulation is involved in not only language comprehension but also language production. The sensorimotor simulation that is acquired in L1 can be transferred to L2.

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