| 1. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 99:8, s. S1-S310
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Dengler, Juergen, et al.
(författare)
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GrassPlot - a database of multi-scale plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands
- 2018
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Ingår i: Phytocoenologia. - : Schweizerbart. - 0340-269X. ; 48:3, s. 331-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). GrassPlot collects plot records (releves) from grasslands and other open habitats of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm. It focuses on precisely delimited plots of eight standard grain sizes (0.0001; 0.001;... 1,000 m(2)) and on nested-plot series with at least four different grain sizes. The usage of GrassPlot is regulated through Bylaws that intend to balance the interests of data contributors and data users. The current version (v. 1.00) contains data for approximately 170,000 plots of different sizes and 2,800 nested-plot series. The key components are richness data and metadata. However, most included datasets also encompass compositional data. About 14,000 plots have near-complete records of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in addition to vascular plants. At present, GrassPlot contains data from 36 countries throughout the Palaearctic, spread across elevational gradients and major grassland types. GrassPlot with its multi-scale and multi-taxon focus complements the larger international vegetationplot databases, such as the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and the global database " sPlot". Its main aim is to facilitate studies on the scale-and taxon-dependency of biodiversity patterns and drivers along macroecological gradients. GrassPlot is a dynamic database and will expand through new data collection coordinated by the elected Governing Board. We invite researchers with suitable data to join GrassPlot. Researchers with project ideas addressable with GrassPlot data are welcome to submit proposals to the Governing Board.
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| 3. |
- Ades, M., et al.
(författare)
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Global Climate : in State of the climate in 2019
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 101:8, s. S17-S127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Ades, M., et al.
(författare)
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GLOBAL CLIMATE
- 2020
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Ingår i: BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 101:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Claussnitzer, Melina, et al.
(författare)
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Leveraging cross-species transcription factor binding site patterns: from diabetes risk Loci to disease mechanisms.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cell. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-4172 .- 0092-8674. ; 156:1-2, s. 343-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies have revealed numerous risk loci associated with diverse diseases. However, identification of disease-causing variants within association loci remains a major challenge. Divergence in gene expression due to cis-regulatory variants in noncoding regions is central to disease susceptibility. We show that integrative computational analysis of phylogenetic conservation with a complexity assessment of co-occurring transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) can identify cis-regulatory variants and elucidate their mechanistic role in disease. Analysis of established type 2 diabetes risk loci revealed a striking clustering of distinct homeobox TFBS. We identified the PRRX1 homeobox factor as a repressor of PPARG2 expression in adipose cells and demonstrate its adverse effect on lipid metabolism and systemic insulin sensitivity, dependent on the rs4684847 risk allele that triggers PRRX1 binding. Thus, cross-species conservation analysis at the level of co-occurring TFBS provides a valuable contribution to the translation of genetic association signals to disease-related molecular mechanisms.
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| 6. |
- de Zwarte, Sonja M. C., et al.
(författare)
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Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 43:1, s. 414-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d = -0.42, p = 3 × 10-5 ), with weak evidence of IQ reductions among BD-FDRs (d = -0.23, p = .045). Both relative groups had similar educational attainment compared to controls. When adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, the group-effects on brain measures changed, albeit modestly. Changes were in the expected direction, with less pronounced brain abnormalities in SZ-FDRs and more pronounced effects in BD-FDRs. To conclude, SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities. In contrast, both had lower IQ scores and similar school achievements compared to controls. Given that brain differences between SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs remain after adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, we suggest that differential brain developmental processes underlying predisposition for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are likely independent of general cognitive impairment.
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| 7. |
- de Zwarte, Sonja M. C., et al.
(författare)
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The association between familial risk and brain abnormalities is disease specific : an ENIGMA-relatives study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 86:7, s. 545-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic liability, and some structural brain abnormalities are common to both conditions. First-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (FDRs-SZ) show similar brain abnormalities to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Imaging findings in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (FDRs-BD) have been inconsistent in the past, but recent studies report regionally greater volumes compared with control subjects.METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of global and subcortical brain measures of 6008 individuals (1228 FDRs-SZ, 852 FDRs-BD, 2246 control subjects, 1016 patients with schizophrenia, 666 patients with bipolar disorder) from 34 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts with standardized methods. Analyses were repeated with a correction for intracranial volume (ICV) and for the presence of any psychopathology in the relatives and control subjects.RESULTS: FDRs-BD had significantly larger ICV (d = +0.16, q < .05 corrected), whereas FDRs-SZ showed smaller thalamic volumes than control subjects (d = -0.12, q < .05 corrected). ICV explained the enlargements in the brain measures in FDRs-BD. In FDRs-SZ, after correction for ICV, total brain, cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, cerebellar gray and white matter, and thalamus volumes were significantly smaller; the cortex was thinner (d < -0.09, q < .05 corrected); and third ventricle was larger (d = +0.15, q < .05 corrected). The findings were not explained by psychopathology in the relatives or control subjects.CONCLUSIONS: Despite shared genetic liability, FDRs-SZ and FDRs-BD show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities, specifically a divergent effect in ICV. This may imply that the neurodevelopmental trajectories leading to brain anomalies in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are distinct.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo, et al.
(författare)
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Quality control project of NGS HLA genotyping for the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop
- 2019
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Ingår i: Human Immunology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0198-8859 .- 1879-1166. ; 80:4, s. 228-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIW) organizers conducted a Pilot Study (PS) in which 13 laboratories (15 groups) participated to assess the performance of the various sequencing library preparation protocols, NGS platforms and software in use prior to the workshop. The organizers sent 50 cell lines to each of the 15 groups, scored the 15 independently generated sets of NGS HLA genotyping data, and generated "consensus" HLA genotypes for each of the 50 cell lines. Proficiency Testing (PT) was subsequently organized using four sets of 24 cell lines, selected from 48 of 50 PS cell lines, to validate the quality of NGS HLA typing data from the 34 participating IHIW laboratories. Completion of the PT program with a minimum score of 95% concordance at the HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci satisfied the requirements to submit NGS HLA typing data for the 17th IHIW projects. Together, these PS and PT efforts constituted the 17th IHIW Quality Control project. Overall PT concordance rates for HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4 and HLA-DRB5 were 98.1%, 97.0% and 98.1%, 99.0%, 98.6%, 98.8%, 97.6%, 96.0%, 99.1%, 90.0% and 91.7%, respectively. Across all loci, the majority of the discordance was due to allele dropout. The high cost of NGS HLA genotyping per experiment likely prevented the retyping of initially failed HLA loci. Despite the high HLA genotype concordance rates of the software, there remains room for improvement in the assembly of more accurate consensus DNA sequences by NGS HLA genotyping software.
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| 11. |
- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
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| 12. |
- Udomsri, Seksan, et al.
(författare)
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Decentralised Cooling in District Heating Network : Monitoring Results and Calibration of Simulation Model
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 43:12, s. 3311-3321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the monitoring results of a thermally driven chiller (TDC) driven by district heat from a network supplied by a centralised combined heat and power (CHP) fired with municipal waste. The main objective of this article is to analyse the monitoring results obtained from the demonstration and calibrate a system model that is later used for parametric studies in order to find improved system design and control. The calibration of the system model was made in three stages and all the energy performance figures were within 4% of the measured values. Results show that the TDC system is capable of providing maximum thermal and electrical COP's of 0.50 and 4.6 respectively during the hottest period. For the complete monitoring period during the summer of 2008, the figures were 0.41 and 2.1. The lower figures were due to continuous pump operation inside the TDC even during periods of no cold production and a period when no cold was produced. However the internal pumps inside the TDC have been removed in the new version TDC to increase the electrical COP. System simulation and parametric studies will be employed to further determine how the electrical COP can be improved.
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| 13. |
- Udomsri, Seksan, et al.
(författare)
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Decentralized cooling in district heating network : System simulation and parametric study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 92, s. 175-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents system simulation and parametric study of the demonstration system of decentralized cooling in district heating network. The monitoring results obtained from the demonstration were calibrated and used for parametric studies in order to find improved system design and control. This study concentrates on system simulation studies that aim to: reduce the electricity consumption, to improve the thermal COP's and capacity if possible; and to study how the system would perform with different boundary conditions such as climate and load. The internal pumps inside the thermally driven chiller (TDC) have been removed in the new version TDC and implemented in this study to increase the electrical COP. Results show that replacement of the fourth with the fifth generation TDC increases the system electrical COP from 2.64 to 5.27. The results obtained from parametric studies show that the electrical and thermal COP's, with new realistic boundary conditions, increased from 2.74 to 5.53 and 0.48 to 0.52, respectively for the 4th generation TDC and from 5.01 to 7.46 and 0.33 to 0.43, respectively for the 5th generation TDC. Additionally the delivered cold increased from 2320 to 8670 and 2080 to 7740. kWh for the 4th and 5th generation TDC's, respectively.
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| 14. |
- Udomsri, Seksan, et al.
(författare)
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Thermally driven cooling coupled with municipal solid waste-fired power plant : Application of combined heat, cooling and power in tropical urban areas
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 88:5, s. 1532-1542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy recovery from flue gases in thermal treatment plants is an integral part of municipal solid waste (MSW) management for many industrialized nations. Often cogeneration can be employed for both enhancing the plant profitability and increasing the overall energy yield. However, it is normally difficult to justify traditional cogeneration in tropical locations since there is little need for the heat produced. The main objective of this article is to investigate the opportunities and potentials for various types of absorption technologies driven by MSW power plants for providing both electricity and cooling. Results show that cogeneration coupling with thermally driven cooling is sustainably and economically attractive for both electricity and cooling production. The thermally driven cooling provides significant potential to replace electrically driven cooling: such systems are capable of providing cooling output and simultaneously increasing electricity yield (41%). The systems are also capable of reducing the fuel consumption per unit of cooling in comparison with conventional cooling technology: a reduction of more than 1 MWfuel/MWcooling can be met in a small unit. MSW power plant coupled with thermally driven cooling can further reduce CO2 emissions per unit of cooling of around 60% as compared to conventional compression chiller and has short payback period (less than 5 years).
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Wegener, Moritz, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic optimization model for polygeneration hybridenergy storage systems using biogas and batteries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 218, s. 119544-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renewable energy polygeneration systems are a viable alternative to fossil-fuel based systems, but storage solutions may be necessary when aiming for high sustainability and autonomy. As each storage technology has different strengths and weaknesses, combinations of various storage solutions may lead to better techno-economic performance than singular approaches. To this purpose, an optimization model including a novel dispatch control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed, which uses biogas for long-term and batteries for short-term storage. The model optimizes for minimum lifetime costs while exploiting the biomass resources with maximum efficiency and quantifying the additional solar and battery capacities needed. It is applied in a case study with an innovative biomass-based polygeneration system in a rural locality of Bolivia to serve electricity, potable water, and bio-slurry as fertilizer. The results indicate that even with maximized efficiency of the biomass resource conversion, large PV and battery capacities are necessary to satisfy the electricity demand of the locality. Despite of the high investment costs, the biomass-based polygeneration system would cost 22% less over the project lifetime than the fossil-fuel based reference system while being less dependent on fuel price changes. It would also reduce CO2-emissions by over 98%.
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| 17. |
- Woldemariam, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Exergy, thermo-Economic Analysis, and Optimization of Air-gap Membrane Distillation System
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Exergy and thermo-economic cost analysis are increasingly important tools for the evaluation of a desalination system’s performance and hence economic viability of the method for industrial or commercial applications. Membrane distillation (MD) is one important water desalination method that is still under development, not well established and not yet widely used in industries unlike reverse osmosis (RO). In this study, an exergetic and thermo-economic analysis for a large scale pilot plant air-gap membrane distillation system have been done. Experiments were carried out to get thermodynamic values of water streams. From the experimental data obtained and followed exergy analysis, it was found that the least exergetic efficiency (75%) was obtained for the feed. Maximum exergy efficiency was obtained for the hot side heat exchanger (98%) followed by the pumps. Thermo-economy of the MD water desalination under investigation was also analyzed and compared with other water desalination methods. Finally, the thermo-economic optimization for the MD system under consideration was investigated, and performance improvements were discussed.
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| 18. |
- Abdi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation of solidification and melting in a vertically finned cavity
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extending the heat transfer area is a simple technique to improve the thermal performance of phase change materials with low thermal conductivity. However, as the governing mechanisms differ in solidification and melting, fins can affect the processes in different ways. This demands assessment of fin enhancement in a combined analysis on both solidification and melting, often neglected in literature. This paper presents visual-izations of solidification and melting of n-eicosane in a rectangular cavity and experimentally investigates the enhancing effect of vertical fins with varying number and length. Experiments were conducted at water inlet temperature ranges of 15-25 degrees C and 50-60 degrees C for the solidification and melting processes, respectively. The results show that the vertical fins can be more influential in solidification rather than in melting with similar losses in the storage capacity. In the solidification process, as natural convection is absent, the mean power is enhanced by a maximum of 395% with a 10% loss in the storage capacity, as compared to the benchmark. In the melting case, the mean power is increased by a maximum of 90% with a 9% loss in the storage capacity. Although increasing the surface area with vertical fins contributes to development of convective structures, it makes a modest enhancement. In overall, increasing the fin volume fraction, in exchange for the loss in the storage capacity, enhances the solidification significantly while it has relatively low enhancement effect in melting. At the end, the performed experiments could be helpful for validation of future simulation tools with complex features, particularly solidification models lacking in literature.
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| 19. |
- Abdi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation of thermo-physical properties of n-octadecane and n-eicosane
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0017-9310 .- 1879-2189. ; 161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reliable knowledge of phase change materials (PCM) thermo-physical properties is essential to model and design latent thermal energy storage (LTES) systems. This study aims to conduct a methodological measurement of thermo-physical properties, including latent enthalpy, isobaric specific heat, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity, of two n-alkanes, n-octadecane and n-eicosane. The enthalpy and isobaric specific heat of the materials are measured via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique, using a pDSC evo7 from Setaram Instrumentation with a sample mass of 628.4 mg. The influence of the scanning rates, varying from 0.5 K/min to 0.025 K/min, in dynamic continuous mode within temperature range of 10-65 degrees C is investigated. The thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity are measured via Hot Disk TPS-2500S instrument and Brookfield rotational viscometer, respectively, up to 70 degrees C. The thermal analysis results via the pDSC show that the isothermal condition can be approached at a very low scanning rate, however at the cost of a higher noise level. A trade-off is observed for n-octadecane, achieving the lowest deviation of 0.7% in latent heat measurement at 0.05 K/min, as compared to the American Petroleum Table values. For n-eicosane, the lowest deviation of 1.2% is seen at the lowest scanning rate of 0.025 K/min. The thermal conductivity measured values show good agreements with a number of documented literature studies in the solid phase, within deviations of 2%. Larger deviations of 5-16% are found for the measurement in the liquid phase. The viscosity values also show a good agreement with the literature values with maximum deviations of 2.9% and 6.3%, with respect to the values of American Petroleum Tables, for n-octadecane and n-eicosane, respectively. The good agreements achieved in measurements establish the reliable thermo-physical properties contributing to the future simulations and designs.
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| 20. |
- Abdi, Amir, 1987-
(författare)
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Heat Transfer Enhancement of Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Rectangular Components
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) is an interesting choice to storethermal energy in a sustainable energy system. The primary benefit of LTESis the relatively high latent heat of fusion of the materials, known as PhaseChange Materials (PCM), used in such a system as the storage medium.However, as the thermal conductivity of PCMs is often very low, there is aneed to enhance the rate of heat transfer within the charging/dischargingprocess and to improve the thermal performance of the LTES systems.This thesis addresses the enhancing effect of extending heat transfer area inrectangular LTES enclosures. A key contribution of this thesis is acomprehensive visualization of the phase change processes for an organicPCM, including solidification and melting, constrained as well asunconstrained, known as Close-Contact Melting (CCM), in a cavity with andwithout fins. Observations have been carried out for fins of different lengthsand numbers with a varying angle of inclination, and a comprehensive analysisin terms of phase change time and thermal power is conducted.The observations show fins are more influential in solidification than inmelting, reducing the solidification time by 80% and increasing the meanpower by 395%, at a cost of 10% loss in the extracted energy. In contrast, inmelting, fins have a modest effect in enhancing the process. The relativeenhancement effect of fin is higher in constrained melting than inunconstrained melting. In a case with maximum enhancement, a reduction by52% in the constrained melting time and a relative enhancement in the meanpower by 90% is achieved at a cost of 9% loss in the stored energy. As thevolume fraction of fin increases, the discrepancies in melting time betweenthe constrained and unconstrained melting diminishes.A numerical model for solidification and constrained melting is validatedbased on the experiments, and a more inclusive sensitivity analysis of finparameters is performed. The enhancing effect of different parameters on thephase change time and the thermal power is analyzed and the relatively moreeffective measures are identified. Analyzing the simulation data withdimensionless parameters for a cavity oriented horizontally and enhancedwith vertical fins, overall dimensionless groups for solidification and constrained melting have been obtained. The dimensionless groupscontribute in general to achieving a better understanding of fins parametersand to facilitating the LTES designs.In addition, this thesis investigates a novel idea of extending the surface areavia incorporating mini-channels into LTES enclosures, used as passages forair as a low thermal conductive Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). The mini-scaleinternal hydraulic diameter of the mini-channels and their high external areato-volume ratios make a potential for dual enhancement on both the PCMside and the HTF side. An existing design and a conceptual one with thepossibility of adding fins on the PCM side, capable of being manufactured viaproduction methods of extrusion and Additive Manufacturing (AM),respectively, have been simulated and studied.The two mini-channel types provide considerable enhancements in the rateof heat transfer for a PCM heat exchanger working with air. The degree ofenhancement increases as the air flow rate increases, at the cost of anincreasingly higher pressure drop. Regarding this, increasing the number ofchannels is identified as a more effective enhancing measure than adding finsto the PCM side. In addition, the conceptual design with a higher internalhydraulic diameter and considerably a higher aspect ratio has a lower pressuredrop than the existing design, charging/discharging the thermal energy at asimilar rate but with a lower fan power. More optimized designs withminimization of pressure drop, contribute to paving the way in facilitation ofthe utilization of the enhanced air-PCM heat exchanger in variousapplications.
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| 21. |
- Abdi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical Investigation of Latent Thermal Storage in a Compact Heat Exchanger Using Mini-Channels
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3417. ; 11:13, s. 5985-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to numerically investigate the thermal enhancement of a latent thermal energy storage component with mini-channels as air passages. The investigated channels in two sizes of internal air passages (channel-1 with d(h) = 1.6 mm and channel-2 with d(h) = 2.3 mm) are oriented vertically in a cuboid of 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.1 m(3) with RT22 as the PCM located in the shell. The phase change is simulated with a fixed inlet temperature of air, using ANSYS Fluent 19.5, with a varying number of channels and a ranging air flow rate entering the component. The results show that the phase change power of the LTES improves with by increasing the number of channels at the cost of a decrease in the storage capacity. Given a constant air flow rate, the increase in the heat transfer surface area of the increased number of channels dominates the heat transfer coefficient, thus increasing the mean heat transfer rate (UA). A comparison of the channels shows that the thermal performance depends largely on the area to volume ratio of the channels. The channel type two (channel-2) with a slightly higher area to volume ratio has a slightly higher charging/discharging power, as compared to channel type one (channel-1), at a similar PCM packing factor. Adding fins to channel-2, doubling the surface area, improves the mean UA values by 15-31% for the studied cases. The variation in the total air flow rate from 7 to 24 L/s is found to have a considerable influence, reducing the melting time by 41-53% and increasing the mean UA values within melting by 19-52% for a packing factor range of 77.4-86.8%. With the increase in the air flow rate, channel type two is found to have considerably lower pressure drops than channel type one, which can be attributed to its higher internal hydraulic diameter, making it superior in terms of achieving a relatively similar charging/discharging power in exchange for significantly lower fan power. Such designs can further be optimized in terms of pressure drop in future work, which should also include an experimental evaluation.
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| 22. |
- Abdi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical investigation of melting in a cavity with vertically oriented fins
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 235, s. 1027-1040
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effect of vertical fins, as an enhancement technique, on the heat transfer rate and energy density of a latent heat thermal energy storage system. This contributes with knowledge on the interaction of heat transfer surface with the storage material for optimizing storage capacity (energy) and power (heat transfer rate). For the assessment, numerical modeling is employed to study the melting process in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity. The cavity is considered heated isothermally from the bottom with surface temperatures of 55 degrees C, 60 degrees C or 70 degrees C, while the other surfaces are insulated from the surrounding. Aluminum and lauric acid are considered as fin/enclosure material and phase change material, respectively. Vertical fins attached to the bottom surface are employed to enhance the charging rate, and a parametric study is carried out by varying the fin length and number of fins. Thus, a broad range of data is provided to analyze the influence of fin configurations on contributing natural convection patterns, as well as the effects on melting time, enhanced heat transfer rate and accumulated energy. The results show that in addition to increasing the heat transfer surface area, the installation of vertically oriented fins does not suppress the natural convection mechanism. This is as opposed to horizontal fins which in previous studies have shown tendencies to reduce the impact of natural convection. This paper also highlights how using longer fins offers a higher rate of heat transfer and a better overall heat transfer coefficient rather than increasing the number of fins. Also, fins do not only enhance the heat transfer performance in the corresponding melting time, but also maintain similar total amount of stored energy as compared to the no-fin case. This paper discusses how this is the result of the enhanced heat transfer allowing a larger portion of sensible heat to be recovered. For example, in the case with long fins, the relative mean power enhancement is about 200% with merely 6% capacity reduction, even though the amount of PCM in the cavity has been reduced by 12% as compared to the no-fin case. Although the basis for these results stems from the principles of thermodynamics, this paper is bringing it forward with design consideration. This is because despite its importance for making appropriate comparisons among heat transfer enhancement techniques in latent heat thermal energy storage, it has not been previously discussed in the literature. In the end, the aim is to accomplish robust storage systems in terms of power and energy density.
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| 23. |
- Abdi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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State of the art in hydrogen liquefaction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ISES Solar World Congress 2019 and IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2019. - Freiburg, Germany : International Solar Energy Society. ; , s. 1311-1320
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogen is a potential option to replace fossil fuels considering the increasing demand of energy applications. It is naturally abundant and is regarded as a suitable energy carrier. There has been extensive research to improve the efficiency of storing hydrogen with different methods, including gas compression, liquefaction and sorption in metal hydrides or carbon nanotubes. A comparison of the storage methods shows that liquefaction of hydrogen is more beneficial than compression of hydrogen in terms of higher volumetric capacity, and it is more technologically mature than sorption technologies. This makes it more plausible for long distance distribution. On the other hand, the obstacles in full exploitation of the method are low energy efficiency of the liquefaction process and associated high cost. The recent research has been focusing on increasing the energy efficiency of the storage process. This paper provides, with regard to the conventional methods, a state of the art review of the novel and modified liquefaction process and the latest developments in increasing the efficiency of the energy intensive process. Furthermore, the developments in combining the hydrogen liquefaction plants with renewable energy sources are covered and reviewed. Finally, the ongoing development of hydrogen liquefaction is highlighted.
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| 24. |
- Almulla, Youssef, 1984-
(författare)
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Energy-Water and Agriculture Nexus to Support the Sustainable Management of Shared Water Resources
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Throughout history, major rivers and shared water bodies have allowed civilizations to flourish, and the effective management of shared water bodies has always been a priority for societies and nations. Today, about 40% of the world’s population lives in proximity to the 286 transboundary river and lake basins that supply 60% of the world’s freshwater flows and make up about half of the Earth’s land area. Moreover, around 2 billion people in the world depend on groundwater sources, which include over 460 transboundary aquifer systems.The mismanagement of water resources can result in catastrophic disasters that are often exacerbated by a domino effect so that the impacts of poor water management often extend beyond the water system. The interdependency of the water system with other systems such as energy and food, or with land-use, highlights the importance of ”systems thinking and planning” in resource management. Such a concept is not easily encapsulated into policy-making processes in many parts of the world because consideration of the resource systems in isolation as individual entities and ‘silo” thinking still dominate. Climate change adds another layer of complexity and exacerbates the issue of water management. Another important factor is geographical location because precipitation varies among and within continents. This results in some regions suffering from water shortages and some regions facing the risks of water redundancy and floods. The concept of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus was introduced in 2011 as a response to help address some of the issues mentioned above. Over the last decade, research on the WEF nexus has gained momentum in both the policy and academic areas and several methods have been introduced to operationalize the nexus in different contexts. One of the flagship methodologies is the Transboundary Basins Nexus Approach (TBNA) introduced by the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UNECE) in 2015 and designed to assess the nexus in shared (transboundary) water basins.The aim of this thesis is to support shared water management by using the WEF-nexus approach to quantify the benefits of coordinated management, motivate cooperation, and identify trade-offs in the optimal use of resources. To achieve this aim, four research questions are explored over the course of four academic publications. The first question explores the role of the energy sector in motivating shared water cooperation. The second question studies the risks and opportunities emerging from the interplay between climate and renewable energy in shared basins. The third question focuses on groundwater management and explores what benefits the consideration of the energy-water-agriculture nexus could bring to shared groundwater management in water-scarce areas. The fourth question examines how consideration of the energy-water-agriculture nexus could accelerate the low-carbon transition in the agricultural sector. These research questions are examined in two different, yet complementing, geographic locations. One is the Balkans in Southeastern Europe, which faces water redundancy and flood issues and the other is the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region which suffers from water scarcity. In the first region, the Drina and the Drin River Basins represent the characteristics of Southeastern Europe while the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) and the Souss-Massa basin represent the characteristics of the MENA region. Three of the case applications are transboundary (Drina, Drin and NWSAS) while the last application (Souss-Massa Basin) is a subnational basin.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Cabeza, Luisa F., et al.
(författare)
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CO2 mitigation accounting for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) case studies
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Pergamon Press. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 155, s. 365-377
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the IPCC, societies can respond to climate changes by adapting to its impacts and by mitigation, that is, by reducing GHG emissions. No single technology can provide all of the mitigation potential in any sector, but many technologies have been acknowledged in being able to contribute to such potential. Among the technologies that can contribute in such potential, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is not included explicitly, but implicitly as part of technologies such as energy supply, buildings, and industry. To enable a more detailed assessment of the CO2 mitigation potential of TES across many sectors, the group Annex 25 "Surplus heat management using advanced TES for CO2 mitigation" of the Energy Conservation through Energy Storage Implementing Agreement (ECES IA) of the International Energy Agency (AEI) present in this article the CO2 mitigation potential of different case studies with integrated TES. This potential is shown using operational and embodied CO2 parameters. Results are difficult to compare since TES is always designed in relation to its application, and each technology impacts the energy system as a whole to different extents. The applications analyzed for operational CO2 are refrigeration, solar power plants, mobile heat storage in industrial waste heat recovery, passive systems in buildings, ATES for a supermarket, greenhouse applications, and dishwasher with zeolite in Germany. The paper shows that the reason for mitigation is different in each application, from energy savings to larger solar share or lowering energy consumption from appliances. The mitigation potential dues to integrated TES is quantified in kg/MW h energy produced or heat delivered. Embodied CO2 in two TES case studies is presented, buildings and solar power plants.
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| 28. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the techno-economic impact of low-temperature subnets in conventional district heating networks
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier. - 1876-6102. ; 116:C, s. 260-272
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 4th generation Low-Temperature District Heating (LTDH) is envisioned as a more efficient and environmentally friendly solution to provide heating services to the building stock. Specifically, in countries already with a large share of well-established DH systems, conventional DH and LTDH technologies will be operating simultaneously in the near future. Newly built or refurbished buildings have lower heat demands, which in combination with LTDH brings potential savings compared to conventional DH. This work explores the advantages in DH operation by connecting these loads via LTDH subnets to a conventional DH system, supplied by a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant. A techno-economic analysis was performed, through modelling and simulation, by estimating the annual DH operating costs and revenues achieved by the reduction in return temperatures that LTDH would bring. The savings are related to: (1) the reduction in distribution heat losses in the return pipe; and (2) lower pumping power demand. Likewise, additional revenues are assessed from: (3) improved Power-to-Heat ratio for electricity production; and (4) enhanced heat recovery through Flue Gas Condensation (FGC). The annual savings per kWh of delivered heat are estimated as a function of the penetration percentage of ‘energy efficient’ loads over the conventional DH network. Key outcomes show the trade-offs between the potential savings in operating costs and the reduction in heat demand: relative losses in this scenario are maintained at 13.1% compared to 15.3% expected with conventional DH; and relative pumping power demand decreased as well. In other words, the costs of supplying heat decrease, even though the total heat supplied is reduced.
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| 29. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptual study of a solar-assisted low-temperature district heating substation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts: International Conference on Smart EnergySystems and 4th Generation District Heating. - Copenhagen, DK : Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- At present, the viability of Low-Temperature District Heating (LTDH) systems has already been tested and demonstrated. Even so, for LTDH to be successfully implemented, further ideas are needed in order to improve the flexibility and effectiveness. In this study, we analyze the performance of a local LTDH network for a multi-dwelling low-energy building supplied by both a roof-mounted solar collector and the conventional DH network via a LTDH substation. The DH network serves as a short-term storage buffer, so no heat storages are required. The collector’s size is chosen based on the available roof area, independently from the building’s loads, and three possible connection configurations were simulated. A mix of both the existing DH forward and return flows are used as thermal energy sources. The results show that more than 15% of the summer heat demand in the LTDH network can be covered by the roof-mounted solar collector. With a feed-in contract, heat costs savings range 3-6% annually according to the Swedish system. System integration in LTDH from the design phase has the potential to enhance the recovery of solar thermal energy, increase its conversion efficiency, and in general, to improve the utilization of low-grade thermal energy sources.
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| 30. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Energetic and exergetic analysis of a low- Temperature based district heating substation for low energy buildings
- 2015
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Ingår i: ECOS 2015 - 28th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - : International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - 9782955553909
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- District Heating (DH) technology contributes to the low GHG emissions energy system, facilitates a renewable energy usage, and increases the overall system efficiency, while providing the necessary heating services to the built environment. However, the existing DH technology may not be technically and economically effective to service buildings with low-energy demands. Here, low- Temperature based district heating (LTDH) provides a better match between supply and demand in terms of energy quality. This paper deals with the energy and exergy analyses of a LTDH substation supplying a secondary LTDH network as a subnet of the existing DH system. The substation is supplied with a mix of supply and return flows from the main DH network. An energy and exergy analysis was employed based on modelling and simulation to compare the performance of two proposed substation configurations to that of a conventional DH substation operating at low- Temperature. The study was performed for a year round outdoor temperatures scenario under steady-state conditions. The exergy destruction at the system components was identified and compared. The results of this analysis show that by using the low- Temperature flow from the DH return pipe, the final exergy efficiency of the overall system is increased. On the other hand, assuming an adiabatic system the energy performance stays the same. As compared with the conventional DH network, the integration of the proposed LTDH substation reduced the share of energy demand covered by the main DH supply by 20-25% and improved the overall exergy efficiency from 79% to 85-87% depending on the substation configuration. Based on the results, the solution presented is seen as an effective approach to reduce the system's losses, and to increase the quality match between the low-energy heating demands and the supply.
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| 31. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Energetic and exergetic analysis of alternative low-temperature based district heating substation arrangements
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Thermodynamics. - : International Centre for Applied Thermodynamics (ICAT). - 1301-9724 .- 2146-1511. ; 19:2, s. 71-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- District Heating (DH) technology is an efficient and cost-effective solution to provide heating services to the built environment. However, the existing DH technology may not be technically and economically effective to service buildings with low energy demands. Here, low-temperature based district heating (LTDH) can provide a better match between supply and demand in terms of energy quality and quantity. This paper deals with the energy and exergy analyses of a LTDH substation supplying a secondary LTDH network as a subnet of the existing DH system. In order to improve the temperature match, a mix of supply and return streams from the main DH network are used to supply the substation. Based on modelling and simulation, an energy and exergy analysis is employed to compare the performance of two proposed substation configurations to that of a conventional DH substation operating at low temperatures. The results of this analysis show that the proposed LTDH substation reduced the share of energy demand covered by the main DH supply by 20% to 25%. Likewise, by using the flow from the main DH return pipe, the final exergy efficiency of the overall system increased by 5% on average. The exergy destruction occurring at the system components was also identified and compared: during high heat demands the substation heat exchanger is responsible for the largest share of exergy destruction, whereas for low heat demands, it is due to the pumping effort. Based on these results, the proposed system is seen as an effective approach to increase the quality and quantity match between the low-temperature network and the conventional supply.
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| 32. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro
(författare)
-
Low-temperature based thermal micro-grids: operation and performance assessments
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy use in the urban environment is vital for the proper functioning of our society, and in particular, comfort heating –or cooling– is a central element of our energy system often taken for granted. Within this context, district energy systems and especially, district heating (DH) systems must evolve to adapt to the upcoming decades-long transition towards a sustainable energy system. This dissertation seeks to introduce, discuss, and assess from a techno-economic perspective the concept of low-temperature (LT) based thermal micro-grids (subnets) as active distribution thermal networks. It explores the role of the subnet at the system distribution level supervised by an active agent (DH substation), performing tasks of heat supply and demand management (storage and dispatch), as well as coordinating bidirectional flows. Here, a mixed methodological approach based on analytical simulation for the assessment of alternatives to evaluate a set of technologies is developed and discussed. This approach covers: the identification of knowledge gaps through the state-of-the-art analysis; a collection of incremental technical and/or economic performance assessments; and the analysis of a measurement data set from an existing LTDH demonstration project. Key findings of this work include: an updated and improved model of aggregated heat loads; identification of differences in load and temperature patterns for certain LT subnets; analysis of benefits and drawbacks of active substations with distributed heat sources and/or storage; and the impact on the reduction of the primary network return temperature as a consequence of the increase in the share of LT subnets, leading to lower generation and operating costs. These outcomes reveal that the integrated design and operation of the active thermal micro-grid have the potential to improve both the performance of the subnet, and that of the primary network. It further enhances the capability of the overall system to integrate unconventional and distributed heat sources together with energy efficient buildings by increasing the system’s flexibility and controllability. Active thermal distribution networks will likely become a subsequent step in the technological development of DH technologies, to address the matter of providing comfort heating in an effective and cost-efficient manner. This work advances the current DH knowledge by identifying synergies and challenges that arise with these new developments, in order for DH technology to play a key role in the future smart and sustainable energy system.
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| 33. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Study of a district heating substation using the return water of the main system to service a low-temperature secondary network
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of The 14th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. - Stockholm, SE : Swedish District Heating Association. - 9789185775248
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of district heating (DH) systems is facing the challenge of servicing areas with lower energy demands whose connection might not be either effective or profitable if the conventional DH technology is used. The purpose of this paper is to propose a complementary approach on how to effectively service low-energy building (LEB) areas using the existing DH networks. The proposed solution consists in supplying a secondary low-temperature (LT) network by means of a ‘low temperature’ substation that uses the return water from the main DH network as a substitute for the primary energy source, together with a minor portion of the main DH supply. Two types of LT substations are proposed and compared to a reference substation: First, a one-stage heat exchanger that uses a mixture of the main DH network return and supply flows as thermal energy source. Second, a two-stage heat exchanger that is fed by both the main DH return and supply flows. The system subject to this study consists on the LT substation with supply/return temperatures at 55/25 °C average. The system energetic performance is analysed though thermodynamic simulation. Outdoor ambient temperatures variations throughout the year are considered for two specific locations, assuming full and partial load operation. The results show that it is possible to supply 20-50% of the total annual heat demand of a LTDH network using the return flow from the main DH network. The solution presented in this paper is seen as being of potential interest to deliver thermal energy services to LEB areas.
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| 34. |
- Castro Flores, José Fiacro, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-Economic Assessment of Active Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems with Low-Temperature District Heating
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. - 2246-2929. ; , s. 5-17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal energy storage (TES) is a set of technologies with the potential to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of the 4th generation of district heating systems. This study presents a comparative techno-economic assessment of active TES systems suited to operate with low-temperature district heating (LTDH) for short-term heat storage applications. Latent heat systems (LH-TES) are compared qualitatively and quantitatively to water-based sensible heat systems (SH-TES). It is concluded that latent heat TES systems are still more expensive than water-based systems regarding energy storage cost (EUR/kWh) ranging from 1.5 to 4 times more, mainly due to the cost of the storage media. However, considering distributed TES systems integrated to LTDH, small-scale active LH-TES systems will become more cost-competitive as storage media costs are expected to decline in the future. This study represents a step forward in the development and improvement of the DH system through the integration of TES which will play a key role in the future smart energy system.
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| 35. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Thermal Energy Storage Systems with Salt Hydrate Phase Change Materials for Comfort Cooling
- 2009
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Ingår i: 11th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage, June 14-17 , 2009, Stockholm, Sweden..
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a review of cold thermal energy storage technologies. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) with phase change materials (PCMs) deserves attention as they provide high energy density and small temperature change interval upon melting/solidifying. Salt hydrates are especially interesting since they demonstrate high latent heat of fusion, high thermal conductivity, low flammability, and facilitate the use in buildings as compared to organic PCMs. A review of system performance obtained from experimental work, theoretical analyses and real case studies has however shown some material shortcomings. To reach cost effectiveness, future work in the field of LHTES with salt hydrates lies in finding suitable methods for limiting incongruent melting and subcooling without compromising the storage density. Also, system integration of LHTES in cold applications can be further developed in terms of innovative design for high power and storage capacity, load optimized sizing, controls, and elimination of PCM encapsulation.
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| 36. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Active Free Cooling Optimization with Thermal Energy Storage in Stockholm
- 2012
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Ingår i: InnoStock The 12th International Conference on Energy Storage. - 9788493879334 ; , s. 106-107
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the goal of reaching an environmental benign society, energy saving through green building design has gained increasing attention. Passive buildings may cut down the energy requirement in winter through use of solar based heating, increased insulation and smart design of energy management. However it has also been shown that over insulated structures also create excessive heat gain in summer generating thus an increased cooling demand [1,2].In countries where the ambient environment is at sufficiently low temperature at night to act as a heat sink, thermal energy displacement from period when cold is available to period when cooling is needed may alleviate fossil fuel based cooling produced with conventional means. The displacement of thermal energy may be reliably achieved with use of Thermal Energy Storage (TES), such systems in buildings have been shown to provide better indoor thermal comfort by a number of researchers [3,4,5]. Direct advantages of using TESs are reduction in size of cooling equipment, decrease in electricity consumption, and better utilization of renewable sources.Phase change materials (PCMs) that rely on use of latent heat for storage of thermal energy prove to lead to more compact design of energy system and a steadier source temperature [6]. An environmentally friendly active free cooling solution with use of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) is proposed in this work where an optimization between cost, comfort level and storage design is studied and compared against conventional chillers in Stockholm climate.
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| 37. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Active free cooling optimization with thermal energy storage in Stockholm
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 109:SI, s. 523-529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) integrated active free cooling stores night time cold and serves as heat sink for cooling when demand rises. Passive buildings, albeit their advantages in limiting heat loss during winter time, are often paired with excessive internal overheating in summer, as shown in the first part of this study. Under the climate condition in Stockholm, LHTES systems may provide solutions for sustainable cooling with use of renewable cooling sources. This study presents a multi-objective optimization on system cost and cooling supply for various LHTES configurations followed with a sensitivity analysis on phase change material cost and energy price. Results indicate that optimized LHTES may meet cooling needs while retaining economic viability. However, LHTES based cooling systems may require substantially higher electricity demand than conventional air conditioning unit for applications where high cooling thermal power rate is to be met, a tradeoff to indoor comfort level needs to be considered to reach the concept of sustainable free cooling. We here provide a novel techno-economic feasibility study of active free cooling LHTES in Stockholm as well as new insights to cost, comfort level and energy requirement with use of multi-objective optimization algorithm.
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| 38. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei
(författare)
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Heat Transfer Aspects of Using Phase Change Material in Thermal Energy Storage Applications
- 2011
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Innovative methods for providing sustainable heating and cooling through thermal energy storage (TES) have gained increasing attention as heating and cooling demands in the built environment continue to climb. As energy prices continue to soar and systems reach their maximal capacity, there is an urgent need for alternatives to alleviate peak energy use. TES systems allow decoupling of energy production from energy utilization, both in location and in time. It is shown in this thesis that successful implementation of TES in the built environment alleviates peak energy load and reduces network expansion as well as the marginal energy production cost. This thesis analyzes phase change material (PCM) based TES systems in terms of material property characterization, numerical modeling and validation of thermal storage, as well as case specific techno-economic feasibility studies of system integration. The difficulties identified in latent heat TES design, such as heat transfer aspects, subcooling and identification of phase separation, have been analyzed through Temperature-History mapping and TES numerical modeling with experimental validation. This work focuses on the interdependency between resource availability, thermal charge/discharge power and storage capacity. In a situation where resource availability is limited, e.g. when using free cooling, waste heat or off-peak storage, the thermal power and storage capacity are strongly interrelated and should always be considered in unison to reach an acceptable techno-economic solution. Furthermore, when considering TES integration into an existing thermal energy distribution network, three adverse aspects are revealed in the Swedish case study: the single tariff system, the low-return temperature penalty, and the low storage utilization rate. These issues can be overcome through better adapted policies and optimized storage control strategies. Finally, despite the currently unfavorable conditions in the Swedish energy system, it is shown that TES has the potential to mitigate climate change through greenhouse gas emission reduction by displacing fossil-fuel based marginal thermal energy production.
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| 39. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advances in Energy Storage. - : John Wiley & Sons.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter provides an overview of the application of thermal energy storage in industrial scale systems, e.g. steel works, pulp mills, and also power generation and district heating and cooling utilities. The purpose is to illustrate the benefits of integrating thermal energy storage in such processes, from both a technical functional and economical perspectives. Examples of such benefits are resource efficiency, stability of operation, and lowered cost of fuel.
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| 40. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Multistage Latent Heat Cold Thermal Energy Storage Design Analysis
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 112:SI, s. 1438-1445
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal energy storage in cooling applications contributes to improvements in overall system efficiency as well as to better energy quality management. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is used to provide load shifted thermal energy at small temperature swing with high storage density, hence an overall more compact energy system. However, the low thermal conductivity of the majority of the phase change materials (PCMs) necessitates delicate design of the active storage unit to meet power demand (high enough energy extraction/storage per amount of time).A performance analysis of two LHTES configurations is carried out in this work. Thermal charge and discharge rate of single PCM is compared with multistage LHTES using a cascade design of multiple PCMs at various phase change temperatures in a submerged finned pipe heat exchanger design. The work is conducted with a validated finite element based numerical simulation for evaluation of both full charge/discharge cycle and continuous half charge/discharge cycles.The results show that in full charge/discharge mode, the thermal performance of a multi-PCM LHTES may be improved by 10% to 40% as compared to that of a homogeneous single-PCM storage unit in terms of thermal charge/discharge rate. This is due to the capability of the multistage LHTES to maintain a higher driving temperature difference for the heat transfer process in the charging and discharging processes. In half charge/discharge cycling mode, however, the thermal power rating performance of multi-PCM storage converges towards that of the single-PCM storage in melting process, reducing thus the multi-PCM enhancement. This work provides preliminary insights to multistage latent heat cold thermal energy storage design with finned pipe heat exchanger.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Submerged finned heat exchanger latent heat storage design and its experimental verification
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 93:SI, s. 507-516
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal energy storage (TES) has shown potential in improving the overall performance in energy systems, through shifting of thermal load demand, and through matching of uneven energy availability in time and in space. Latent heat TESs demonstrate advantages over sensible heat TESs for their high storage density and small temperature swing; however, lack of accurate knowledge in novel material properties and lack in a holistic design protocol often lead to difficulties in reaching technically viable storage design. With the aim of proposing a sound latent heat based TES design-to-validation protocol, this paper covers material property characterization through Temperature-history (T-history) method, heat exchanger design through heat transfer modeling, and model validation through experimental verification. A model for submerged cylindrically finned heat exchanger latent heat storage unit with phase change material was built. The results show that performance of gelled salt-hydrate based TES can be assessed with a pure conduction based model. This material property characterization-to-model verification approach may serve as a standard in providing accurate storage design for performance evaluation.
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| 43. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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System Integration of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Comfort Cooling Integrated in district cooling network
- 2009
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Ingår i: 11th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage, EFFSTOCK 2009, Stockholm, Sweden, June 14-17, 2009..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latent heat thermal energy storage for comfort cooling with phase change materials (PCMs) has increasingly gained attention. For effective system integration, an optimized strategy for load shifting to cut down peak hour energy use is needed. With the focus on overall system performance, this paper addresses matching of a cold storage capacity and power to a demand while assessing the cost effectiveness of the PCM technology. A simulation model based on one office building cooling load in Stockholm Sweden was used. Storage capacity, power output and PCM cost were shown to be the predominant factors in a system design. It has been found that load leveling can cost effectively reduce the peak load by 5% to 9% in a fixed tariff system. However, with 50% reduction in today’s PCM price combined with removal of district cooling return temperature penalty, the peak power reduction rate may be increased to 30%.
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| 44. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal Energy Storage: Climate Change Mitigation Solution?
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Conference for Sustainable Energy Storage. - Belfast, UK : University of Ulster.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental well being and technology development are on the verge of collapsing. It has been asserted by IPCC that 30% of fauna and flora will face extinction by mid 21st century in the pursuit of business as usual path with current economic development pace. In order to minimize the anthropogenic related damage to the environment, a maximum level of 450ppm CO2 emission has to be maintained at all cost. Technologies that provide climate change mitigation solution and economic growth are hence the highlight; thermal energy storage (TES) is one among them. Energy storage provides the possibility to shift load from on peak energy demand to off peak thermal and electricity production, this results in lower energy flux in the system and therefore cuts down the marginal thermal and electricity production. This reduction in peak power demand translates to a decrease in marginal power production which, in today’s fossil fuel based economy, often pars with auxiliary and high carbon emitting thermal and electric power plants. This study provides a scenario analysis which quantifies the environmental benefit of TES implementation for the Swedish energy system. In the studied scenario, thermal energy storage will be implemented to the existing energy grid to alleviate peak electric and thermal power demand. The rate of implementation is paired with decrease in technology cost, reproduced from typical Learning Curve Model. The study shows that for the Swedish energy system, the total amount of fossil fuel used in heating of residential and service sectors is 19TWh, while reduction that can be achieved cost effectively with implementation of TES amounts to 2.5TWh. This corresponds to a Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction of 620kton/year or 13% of total fossil fuel based emissions from heating in residential and service sectors.
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| 45. |
- Chiu, Justin NingWei, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal energy storage for sustainable future : impact of power enhancement on storage performance
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Conference on Sustainable Refrigeration and Heat Pump Technology, Stockholm, June 13-16, 2010..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable future may be reached by means of maximizing the use of renewable energies through energy storage solutions. Active thermal storage exploits the potential of storing low cost, off-peak thermal cooling and heating for use at later time. Many studies have been carried out for optimization of energy storage systems through proactive planning of storage capacity design, fine tuning of control systems, and realization of cost effective scenario modeling. In the field of latent heat based thermal energy storage with use of phase change materials (PCM), low material thermal conductivity has shown to be one of the main barriers for providing sufficient cooling and heating power to the system. Thus, despite the apparent benefit of PCM-technology when it comes to large storage energy density, practical implementation of the technology has been hampered in many cases. Although a large number of available power enhancing techniques have been reported, the influence of power enhancement to the energy storage capacity has so far not been thoroughly assessed. In this paper, we perform an evaluation of power enhancing solutions and their impact on thermal energy storage density through theoretical modeling of a set of enhancement techniques. The techniques considered are: extended surfaced heat exchangers with various fin geometries (e.g. radial fins around circular piping) as well as PCM enhanced through blending with high conductive materials. Results analyses show the importance of balancing usable power with storable energy in the design of power enhancement technology, so as to achieve the maximum storage capacity while maintaining required extraction power load.
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| 46. |
- Chiu, Justin N. W., et al.
(författare)
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Industrial surplus heat storage in smart cities
- 2015
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Ingår i: ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, ES 2015, collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791856857
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surplus heat generated from industrial sectors amounts to between 20% and 50% of the total industrial energy input. Smart reuse of surplus heat resulted from industrial sectors and power generation companies is an opportunity to improve the overall energy efficiency through more efficient use the primary energy sources. A potential solution to tackle this issue is through use of thermal energy storage (TES) to match user demand to that of the generated surplus heat. A mobile TES (MTES) concept of transportation of industrial surplus heat from production sites to end customers has shown promising results. One commissioned demonstration project using industrial heat for swimming pool water temperature regulation in Dortmund, Germany proved the interest and attention given to this concept. In this paper, a techno-economic case study in Sweden of transportation of surplus thermal energy to district heating in smart cities is presented. The application consists of heat storage at 110°C- 130°C through the use of phase change materials (PCM) based TES, notably with use of Erythritol (90 kWh/ton) for the considered temperature range, to remote district heating network located at 48 km from the thermal energy generation site. The advantages of using latent heat based PCM are the high enthalpy density per unit volume and per unit mass, as well as the quasi-constant temperature during charging and releasing of heat. The M-TES in this study has a total storage capacity of 2.1 MWh, the optimization of charge/discharge time to the amount of stored/released energy and to that of energy transportation rate is presented in this paper. Contrary to logical thinking, it is shown through this work that under certain conditions, it is more cost-effective to operate at partial load of storage units albeit the increased number of transport trips and charge/discharge cycles.
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| 47. |
- Chiu, Justin N. W., et al.
(författare)
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Industrial surplus heat transportation for use in district heating
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 110, s. 139-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- M-TES (Mobile Thermal Energy Storage) technology is explored in this paper for transportation of industrial surplus heat for use in LTDH (low temperature district heating network). LTDH has promising potential in utilizing low grade heat, on the other hand, 20%–50% of industry generated surplus heat is often released to the ambient environment. M-TES is used to match thermal energy supply and demand that occur at different locations and that are shifted in time. In this paper, design of M-TES is conducted, optimization in operating strategies is performed, sensitivity analysis on levelized cost is studied, and environmental impact of CO2 emissions due to transportation is evaluated. The results of the study show an array of transportation means and storage operating strategies under which M-TES is technically, economically and environmentally sound for transportation of industrial surplus heat for use in LTDH network.
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| 48. |
- Chiu, NingWei Justin, et al.
(författare)
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Environomic Assessment of Industrial Surplus Heat Transportation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Smart Energy Infrastructure and Storage Options.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fourth generation low temperature district heating network (LTDH) has to meet challenges in supplying low temperature heat, achieving low grid losses, integrating renewable heat sources, assimilating smart energy system and ensuring suitable planning structure. The new generation LTDH has promising potential in utilizing low grade waste heat where heat at temperature of as low as 55°C can be injected into the system. Industry generated surplus heat is often released to the ambient environment due to their remote location from end users. A solution is presented here to exploit the potential of recycling low grade industrial surplus heat for use in LTDH network.Mobile Thermal Energy Storage (M-TES) is used for shifting thermal energy to meet supply and demands that occur in different locations and that are shifted in time. M-TES technology is explored in this paper for utilization of industrial surplus heat in LTDH. Technical feasibility has been previously established with finned pipe and tube & shell type heat exchangers, however the economic justification is not always demonstrated. In this paper, parametric study on operating conditions, operating strategies and component costs will be performed. Furthermore, environmental impact from CO2 emissions due to different transportation means production will be evaluated against other heat production possibilities, such as conventional natural gas boilers. The results of the study show the optimal transportation distance, transportation means, partial/full storage operating conditions, storage means and power to energy ratio (PER) under which M-TES are technically, economically and environmentally sound for transportation of industrial surplus heat for use in the 4th generation LTDH network.
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| 49. |
- Chiu, NingWei Justin, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial Surplus Heat Utilization through Mobile Thermal Energy Storage with Enhanced Operating Strategy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Greenstock. - Beijing.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe, 40% of the total energy use originates from the building sector and amounts to 36% of Europe’s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission (European Commission, 2013). With the smart use of a Phase Change Material (PCM) integrated Mobile Thermal Energy Storage (M-TES), industrial surplus heat may be transported to a District Heating (DH) network for building space heating and domestic hot water supply. Here, 2D and 3D numerical models were constructed for the design analysis of a latent heat (LH) M-TES. Thermal power performance is shown to be a tradeoff to storage capacity and varies exponentially to the shell and tube’s pitch to diameter ratio (PDR). For a fixed PDR configuration, the performance curve varies nonlinearly. Operating strategy with partial charge is shown to provide high thermal power when the demand arises, reducing thus the additional capital expenditure for extra tailor designed M-TES units. Partial storage is an essential control strategy for reaching economic sound mobile energy storage solution.
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| 50. |
- Chiu, NingWei Justin
(författare)
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Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage for Indoor Comfort Control
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Equating Earth’s existence to 24 hours, we, the Homo sapiens, came about in the last four seconds. Fossil fuel came to our knowledge with mass extraction dating from the Industrial Revolution two centuries ago, in other words 4 milliseconds out of Earth’s 24-hour equivalent lifetime. With the unruly use of fossil fuel based resources, global temperature increase due to anthropogenic emission is projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to increase between 2 °C and 6 °C by 2100. The expected results are unprecedented climatic phenomena, such as intense tropical cyclones, extreme heat waves, and heavy precipitation among others. Limiting climate change has become one of the most discerning issues in our highly energy dependent society.Ever-increasing energy demand goes in hand with improved living standard due to technologic and economic progress. Behavioral change is one of the ultimate solutions to reduce energy demand through adequate life style change; however such approach requires societal paradigm shift. In this thesis, we look into using energy storage technology to peak shave and to load shift energy so as to attain increased renewable energy source utilization, improved system’s energy efficiency, and reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission without compromising living comfort.High energy density thermal energy storage (TES) systems utilize phase change materials as storage mediums where thermal energy is principally stored in the form of latent heat (LH). Advantages of such systems are compact components and small storage temperature swing. However, challenges remain in implementing LHTES to the built environment, namely lack of understanding of system dynamics, uncertainty in component design, and non-documented material property are to be addressed.The goal of this thesis is to address the issues on material property characterization, on component heat transfer study and on system integration. A methodology in measuring material’s thermo physical property through T-History setup is defined. Caveats of existing methodology are presented and improvements are proposed. The second part of this thesis consists of establishing valid numerical models of LHTES component for both shape stabilized and free flowing PCMs. Experimental verifications were performed and models were validated. Improvement to the thermal power performance was studied and was reached with multistage multi-PCM storage design. Techno-economic optimization and parametric study were carried out for transient TES integrated system study. Finally, an estimation of the Swedish peak energy demand reduction was performed through study of TES implementation to the existing energy systems. The peak energy shave attained through TES implementation determines the amount of fossil fuel based marginal energy that can be reduced for a greener environment.
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