| 1. |
- Giacomini, K. M., et al.
(författare)
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New and Emerging Research on Solute Carrier and ATP Binding Cassette Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development: Outlook from the International Transporter Consortium
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 112:3, s. 540-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enabled by a plethora of new technologies, research in membrane transporters has exploded in the past decade. The goal of this state-of-the-art article is to describe recent advances in research on membrane transporters that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and development. This review covers advances in basic, translational, and clinical research that has led to an increased understanding of membrane transporters at all levels. At the basic level, we describe the available crystal structures of membrane transporters in both the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette superfamilies, which has been enabled by the development of cryogenic electron microscopy methods. Next, we describe new research on lysosomal and mitochondrial transporters as well as recently deorphaned transporters in the SLC superfamily. The translational section includes a summary of proteomic research, which has led to a quantitative understanding of transporter levels in various cell types and tissues and new methods to modulate transporter function, such as allosteric modulators and targeted protein degraders of transporters. The section ends with a review of the effect of the gut microbiome on modulation of transporter function followed by a presentation of 3D cell cultures, which may enable in vivo predictions of transporter function. In the clinical section, we describe new genomic and pharmacogenomic research, highlighting important polymorphisms in transporters that are clinically relevant to many drugs. Finally, we describe new clinical tools, which are becoming increasingly available to enable precision medicine, with the application of tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles and real-world biomarkers.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Blomquist, H K, et al.
(författare)
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Glycerol kinase deficiency in two brothers with and without clinical manifestations.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Clinical genetics. - 0009-9163 .- 1399-0004. ; 50:5, s. 375-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report two brothers with glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD). The older brother had serious clinical symptoms, mental and growth retardation, abnormal skeleton, spontaneous fractures and premature loss of abnormal teeth. He and his mother had low serum phosphate levels. He had elevated serum and urine glycerol levels and GKD was found in cultured fibroblasts. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in the second pregnancy. Glycerol kinase activity was considered normal in a chorionic villus sample of the foetus. After birth, it was found that the boy had elevated serum and urine glycerol levels. Enzymatic analysis in cultured fibroblasts revealed that this boy also had GKD, in spite of having no expression of the disease. Chromosomal analyses in the parents and both boys were normal. Major rearrangements or deletions were not detected in molecular studies of DNA from the two brothers. The hybridisation pattern was normal and no allelic loss was observed.
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| 4. |
- Bergenholtz, Gunnar, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Sveriges ledande position inom odontologisk forskning hotas
- 2003
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Ingår i: Tandläkartidn. ; 9, s. 60-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nationella samordningsgruppens aktiviteter syftar till att: - identifiera forskningsmiljöer som kan stärkas genom nationell koordinering - sammanföra yngre forskare från olika forskningsmiljöer - sammanföra etablerade forskare men yngre forskare - stimulera till forskningssamarbete på ett nationellt plan
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| 5. |
- Chu, X., et al.
(författare)
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Intracellular Drug Concentrations and Transporters : Measurement, Modeling, and Implications for the Liver
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 94:1, s. 126-141
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intracellular concentrations of drugs and metabolites are often important determinants of efficacy, toxicity, and drug interactions. Hepatic drug distribution can be affected by many factors, including physicochemical properties, uptake/efflux transporters, protein binding, organelle sequestration, and metabolism.This white paper highlights determinants of hepatocyte drug/metabolite concentrations and provides an update on model systems, methods, and modeling/simulation approaches used to quantitatively assess hepatocellular concentrations of molecules. The critical scientific gaps and future research directions in this field are discussed.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Fadista, João, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies BARX1 and EML4-MTA3 as new loci associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 28:2, s. 332-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disorder of young infants with a population incidence of ∼2/1000 live births, caused by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter smooth muscle. Reported genetic loci associated with IHPS explain only a minor proportion of IHPS risk. To identify new risk loci, we carried out a genome-wide meta-analysis on 1395 surgery-confirmed cases and 4438 controls, with replication in a set of 2427 cases and 2524 controls. We identified and replicated six independent genomic loci associated with IHPS risk at genome wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), including novel associations with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One of these SNPs, rs6736913 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.32; P = 3.0 × 10-15], is a low frequency missense variant in EML4 at 2p21. The second SNP, rs1933683 (OR = 1.34; P = 3.1 × 10-9) is 1 kb downstream of BARX1 at 9q22.32, an essential gene for stomach formation in embryogenesis. Using the genome-wide complex trait analysis method, we estimated the IHPS SNP heritability to be 30%, and using the linkage disequilibrium score regression method, we found support for a previously reported genetic correlation of IHPS with lipid metabolism. By combining the largest collection of IHPS cases to date (3822 cases), with results generalized across populations of different ancestry, we elucidate novel mechanistic avenues of IHPS disease architecture.
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| 8. |
- Flinck, A, et al.
(författare)
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Oral findings in a group of newborn Swedish children.
- 1994
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Ingår i: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. - 0960-7439. ; 4:2, s. 67-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oral examinations were performed of 1021 newborn Swedish children, of whom 101 were re-examined after 2-3 or 4-5 months. The most common findings, registered in 74.9% of the children, were of oral mucosal cysts situated either palatally or on the alveolar ridges. The majority of the palatal cysts disappeared shortly after birth, and some alveolar cysts appeared after birth. Ankyloglossia was found in 2.5% of the children, and Fordyce spots in 1.0%. No natal teeth were found. The upper labial frenum was attached to the crest of the alveolar ridge in 76.7% of the children, palatally in 16.7% and buccally in 6.7%. The relationship of the alveolar ridges was recorded: the anterior segment of the mandibular ridge was distal to the maxillary in 99% of cases, and, posteriorly, the mandibular ridges were lingual to the maxillary in 97.6%. An open bite was found in 39.8% of the children.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Galetin, Aleksandra, et al.
(författare)
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Membrane transporters in drug development and as determinants of precision medicine
- 2024
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Ingår i: NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY. - 1474-1776 .- 1474-1784. ; 255–280, s. 255-280
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium, significant progress has been made in understanding the roles and functions of transporters, as well as in the development of tools and models to assess and predict transporter-mediated activity, toxicity and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Notable advances include an increased understanding of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on transporter activity, the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in predicting transporter-mediated drug disposition, the identification of endogenous biomarkers to assess transporter-mediated DDIs and the determination of the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of SLC and ABC transporters. This article provides an overview of these key developments, highlighting unanswered questions, regulatory considerations and future directions. Significant progress has been made in understanding the influence of membrane transporters in drug disposition and response. Here, the International Transporter Consortium provides an update on the current status of membrane transporters in drug development and regulatory requirements, discusses recent scientific advances in the field and highlights future directions and unanswered questions.
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| 11. |
- Guo, Yingying, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing Predictions of Tissue and Intracellular Drug Concentrations Using In Vitro, Imaging and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches
- 2018
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 104:5, s. 865-889
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This white paper examines recent progress, applications, and challenges in predicting unbound and total tissue and intra/subcellular drug concentrations using in vitro and preclinical models, imaging techniques, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Published examples, regulatory submissions, and case studies illustrate the application of different types of data in drug development to support modeling and decision making for compounds with transporter-mediated disposition, and likely disconnects between tissue and systemic drug exposure. The goals of this article are to illustrate current best practices and outline practical strategies for selecting appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental methods to estimate or predict tissue and plasma concentrations, and to use these data in the application of PBPK modeling for human pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy, and safety assessment in drug development.
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| 12. |
- Hesselson, Stephanie E, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation in the proximal promoter of ABC and SLC superfamilies : liver and kidney specific expression and promoter activity predict variation
- 2009
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 4:9, s. e6942-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Membrane transporters play crucial roles in the cellular uptake and efflux of an array of small molecules including nutrients, environmental toxins, and many clinically used drugs. We hypothesized that common genetic variation in the proximal promoter regions of transporter genes contribute to observed variation in drug response. A total of 579 polymorphisms were identified in the proximal promoters (-250 to +50 bp) and flanking 5' sequence of 107 transporters in the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) and Solute Carrier (SLC) superfamilies in 272 DNA samples from ethnically diverse populations. Many transporter promoters contained multiple common polymorphisms. Using a sliding window analysis, we observed that, on average, nucleotide diversity (pi) was lowest at approximately 300 bp upstream of the transcription start site, suggesting that this region may harbor important functional elements. The proximal promoters of transporters that were highly expressed in the liver had greater nucleotide diversity than those that were highly expressed in the kidney consistent with greater negative selective pressure on the promoters of kidney transporters. Twenty-one promoters were evaluated for activity using reporter assays. Greater nucleotide diversity was observed in promoters with strong activity compared to promoters with weak activity, suggesting that weak promoters are under more negative selective pressure than promoters with high activity. Collectively, these results suggest that the proximal promoter region of membrane transporters is rich in variation and that variants in these regions may play a role in interindividual variation in drug disposition and response.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lindh, Magnus, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical Effectiveness of Liraglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycemic Control and Body Weight in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Assessment in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetes Therapy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1869-6953 .- 1869-6961. ; 7:2, s. 321-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The aim of the present study was to use real-world data from Swedish primary-care and national registries to understand clinical outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with liraglutide in clinical practice, and to compare with data from those treated with sitagliptin. Methods: This was a non-interventional, retrospective study conducted between February 2014 and September 2014 using T2D patient data from Swedish primary-care centers and national healthcare registries. The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of liraglutide in control of glycemia and body weight in clinical practice (stage 1). The secondary objective was to compare the clinical effectiveness of liraglutide with sitagliptin on glycemic control and body weight in clinical practice in a propensity-score-matched population (stage 2). Results: In stage 1 (n = 402), 39.4% of patients treated with liraglutide achieved >= 1.0% (10.9 mmol/mol) reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after 180 days of treatment and 54.9% achieved the target HbA1c of <7.0% (53.0 mmol/mol). Moreover, compared with baseline, 22.5% of patients treated with liraglutide achieved both >= 1.0% reduction in HbA1c and >= 3.0% reduction in body weight. In stage 2, a significantly greater proportion of patients receiving liraglutide (n = 180) than sitagliptin (n = 208) achieved >= 1.0% reduction in HbA1c [52.9% vs 33.5%, respectively (P = 0.0002)]. Mean body-weight loss was also significantly greater in patients receiving liraglutide vs sitagliptin [-3.5 vs -1.3 kg, respectively (P < 0.0001)]. Conclusion: This study provides real-world evidence from Sweden corroborating previous clinical trials that demonstrate greater efficacy of liraglutide over sitagliptin on glycemic control and body-weight reduction in patients with T2D.
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| 16. |
- Matsson, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery of regulatory elements in human ATP-binding cassette transporters through expression quantitative trait mapping
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Pharmacogenomics Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1470-269X .- 1473-1150. ; 12, s. 214-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters determine the disposition of many drugs, metabolites and endogenous compounds. Coding region variation in ABC transporters is the cause of many genetic disorders, but much less is known about the genetic basis and functional outcome of ABC transporter expression level variation. We used genotype and mRNA transcript level data from human lymphoblastoid cell lines to assess population and gender differences in ABC transporter expression, and to guide the discovery of genomic regions involved in transcriptional regulation. Nineteen of 49 ABC genes were differentially expressed between individuals of African, Asian and European descent, suggesting an important influence of race on expression level of ABC transporters. Twenty-four significant associations were found between transporter transcript levels and proximally located genetic variants. Several of the associations were experimentally validated in reporter assays. Through influencing ABC expression levels, these single-nucleotide polymorphisms may affect disease susceptibility and response to drugs.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Pedersen, Jenny M., 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Early Identification of Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions with the Human Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP; ABCB11)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Toxicological Sciences. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1096-6080 .- 1096-0929. ; 136:2, s. 328-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate how inhibition of the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) relates to clinically observed drug induced liver injury (DILI). Inhibition of taurocholate (TA) transport was investigated in BSEP membrane vesicles for a dataset of 250 compounds, and 86 BSEP inhibitors were identified. Structure-activity modeling identified BSEP inhibition to correlate strongly with compound lipophilicity, while positive molecular charge was associated with a lack of inhibition. All approved drugs in the dataset (n=182) were categorized according to DILI warnings in drug labels issued by the FDA and a strong correlation between BSEP inhibition and DILI was identified. As many as 38 of the 61 identified BSEP inhibitors were associated with severe DILI, including nine drugs not previously linked to BSEP inhibition. Further, among the tested compounds, every second drug associated with severe DILI was a BSEP inhibitor. Finally, sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) were used to investigate the relationship between BSEP inhibition, TA transport and clinically observed DILI in detail. BSEP inhibitors associated with severe DILI greatly reduced the TA canalicular efflux while BSEP inhibitors with less severe or no DILI resulted in weak or no reduction of TA efflux in SCHH. This distinction illustrates the usefulness of SCHH in refined analysis of BSEP inhibition. In conclusion, BSEP inhibition in membrane vesicles was found to correlate to DILI severity, and altered disposition of TA in SCHH was shown to separate BSEP inhibitors associated with severe DILI from those with no or mild DILI.
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| 19. |
- Ventorp, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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The CD44 ligand hyaluronic acid is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters and is associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1573-2517 .- 0165-0327. ; 193, s. 349-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain. CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule that binds to HA in the ECM and is present on astrocytes, microglia and certain neurons. Cell adhesion molecules have been reported to be involved in anxiety and mood disorders. CD44 levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of depressed individuals, and the CD44 gene has been identified in brain GWAS studies as a possible risk gene for suicidal behavior.
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| 20. |
- Zou, L., et al.
(författare)
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Drug Metabolites Potently Inhibit Renal Organic Anion Transporters, OAT1 and OAT3
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3549. ; 110:1, s. 347-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human OAT1 and OAT3 play major roles in renal drug elimination and drug-drug interactions. However, there is little information on the interactions of drug metabolites with transporters. The goal of this study was to characterize the interactions of drug metabolites with OAT1 and OAT3 and compare their potencies of inhibition with those of their corresponding parent drugs. Using HEK293 cells stably transfected with OAT1 and OAT3, 25 drug metabolites and their corresponding parent drugs were screened for inhibitory effects on OAT1-and OAT3-mediated 6-carboxyfluorescein uptake at a screening concentration of 200 mu M for all but 3 compounds. 20 and 24 drug metabolites were identified as inhibitors (inhibition > 50%) of OAT1 and OAT3, respectively. Seven drug metabolites were potent inhibitors of either or both OAT1 and OAT3 with K-i values less than 1 mu M. 22 metabolites were more potent inhibitors of OAT3 than OAT1. Importantly, one drug and four metabolites were predicted to inhibit OAT3 at unbound plasma concentrations achieved clinically (C-max,C-u/K-i values >= 0.1). In conclusion, our study highlights the potential interactions of drug metabolites with OAT1 and OAT3 at clinically relevant concentrations, suggesting that drug metabolites may modulate therapeutic and adverse drug response by inhibiting renal drug transporters. (C) 2020 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Ölander, Magnus
(författare)
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Proteomic and Functional Analysis of In Vitro Systems for Studies of Drug Disposition in the Human Small Intestine and Liver
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To reach the bloodstream, an orally administered drug must be absorbed through the small intestine and avoid extensive clearance in the liver. Estimating these parameters in vitro is therefore important in drug discovery and development. This can be achieved with cellular models that simulate human organ function, such as Caco-2 cells and primary hepatocytes. No model fits every scenario, however, and this thesis aimed at using proteomic and functional analysis to better understand and increase the applicability of in vitro models based on Caco-2 cells and human hepatocytes.First, the proteome of filter-grown Caco-2 cells was analyzed. This included near-complete coverage of enterocyte-related proteins, and over 300 ADME proteins. Further, by scaling uptake transport kinetics from Caco-2 cells to human jejunum, the importance of considering in vitro-in vivo expression differences to correctly interpret in vitro transport studies was demonstrated.Focus was then turned to hepatocytes, where proteomics was used as a basis for the successful development of an apoptosis inhibition protocol for restoration of attachment properties and functionality in suboptimal batches of cryopreserved human hepatocytes. As a spin-off project, image-based quantification of cell debris was developed into a novel apoptosis detection method.Next, the in vivo heterogeneity of human hepatocytes was explored in an in vitro setting, where it was observed that human hepatocyte batches contain a wide range of cell sizes. By separating the cells into different size fractions, it was found that hepatocyte size corresponds to the microarchitectural zone of origin in the liver. Size separation can thus be used to study zonated liver functions in vitro.Finally, the proteomes of the major types of non-parenchymal liver cells were analyzed, i.e. liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. The different cell types all had distinctly different proteomes, and the expression of certain important ADME proteins indicated that non-parenchymal cells participate in drug disposition.In conclusion, this thesis has improved the phenotypic understanding and extended the applicability of Caco-2 cells and primary human hepatocytes, two of the most important in vitro models for studies of small intestinal and hepatic drug disposition.
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