| 1. |
- Bridel, Claire, et al.
(författare)
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Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: JAMA Neurology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6149 .- 2168-6157. ; 76:9, s. 1035-1048
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Importance Neurofilament light protein (NfL) is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a number of neurological conditions compared with healthy controls (HC) and is a candidate biomarker for neuroaxonal damage. The influence of age and sex is largely unknown, and levels across neurological disorders have not been compared systematically to date.Objectives To assess the associations of age, sex, and diagnosis with NfL in CSF (cNfL) and to evaluate its potential in discriminating clinically similar conditions.Data Sources PubMed was searched for studies published between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, reporting cNfL levels (using the search terms neurofilament light and cerebrospinal fluid) in neurological or psychiatric conditions and/or in HC.Study Selection Studies reporting NfL levels measured in lumbar CSF using a commercially available immunoassay, as well as age and sex.Data Extraction and Synthesis Individual-level data were requested from study authors. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the fixed effects of age, sex, and diagnosis on log-transformed NfL levels, with cohort of origin modeled as a random intercept.Main Outcome and Measure The cNfL levels adjusted for age and sex across diagnoses.Results Data were collected for 10 059 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [18.8] years; 54.1% female). Thirty-five diagnoses were identified, including inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (n = 2795), dementias and predementia stages (n = 4284), parkinsonian disorders (n = 984), and HC (n = 1332). The cNfL was elevated compared with HC in a majority of neurological conditions studied. Highest levels were observed in cognitively impaired HIV-positive individuals (iHIV), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Huntington disease. In 33.3% of diagnoses, including HC, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD), cNfL was higher in men than women. The cNfL increased with age in HC and a majority of neurological conditions, although the association was strongest in HC. The cNfL overlapped in most clinically similar diagnoses except for FTD and iHIV, which segregated from other dementias, and PD, which segregated from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.Conclusions and Relevance These data support the use of cNfL as a biomarker of neuroaxonal damage and indicate that age-specific and sex-specific (and in some cases disease-specific) reference values may be needed. The cNfL has potential to assist the differentiation of FTD from AD and PD from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Zhao, J. H., et al.
(författare)
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Genetics of circulating inflammatory proteins identifies drivers of immune-mediated disease risk and therapeutic targets
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Immunology. - : Springer Nature. - 1529-2908 .- 1529-2916. ; 24:9, s. 1540-1551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Circulating proteins have important functions in inflammation and a broad range of diseases. To identify genetic influences on inflammation-related proteins, we conducted a genome-wide protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) study of 91 plasma proteins measured using the Olink Target platform in 14,824 participants. We identified 180 pQTLs (59 cis, 121 trans). Integration of pQTL data with eQTL and disease genome-wide association studies provided insight into pathogenesis, implicating lymphotoxin-alpha in multiple sclerosis. Using Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality in disease etiology, we identified both shared and distinct effects of specific proteins across immune-mediated diseases, including directionally discordant effects of CD40 on risk of rheumatoid arthritis versus multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. MR implicated CXCL5 in the etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and we show elevated gut CXCL5 transcript expression in patients with UC. These results identify targets of existing drugs and provide a powerful resource to facilitate future drug target prioritization. Here the authors identify genetic effectors of the level of inflammation-related plasma proteins and use Mendelian randomization to identify proteins that contribute to immune-mediated disease risk.
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| 4. |
- Ekblom Bak, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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F17 – Flygvapenövning 2014
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Försvarsmakten genomförde Militärmedicinska forskningsgruppen vid Åstandlaboratoriet vid Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan Stockholm (GIH), en observationsstudie gällande fysiologisk/medicinsk belastning på 14 flygplatsjägare under en fältövning med beteckningen "F 17 - Flygvapenövning 2014".Övningen var indelad i tre etapper, varav den första (c:a 42 tim) och sista (c:a 59 tim) planerades vara mer fysiskt och psykiskt krävande än den mellersta (c:a 114 tim). Registrering av hjärtfrekvens gjordes under hela övningen. Fysiologiska mätningar samt blodprov togs före och efter varje etapp samt efter c:a 12 timmars vila med sedvanliga kost efter övningens avslutande.Beräkningar av energiomsättningen för de tre etapperna inklusive viloperioder var c:a 308, 185 respektive 369 kcal/tim, resulterande i totalt c:a 13 000, 21 100 respektive 21 600 kcal per etapp eller totalt c:a 55 700 kcal för hela övningen. De höga fysiska belastningarna i etapp ett och tre är klart högre än tidigare uppmätta data i svenska och utländska militära operationer. Vissa delar av etapp tre resulterade i fysiska belastningar som var på ungefär samma nivå som vid tävlingar i längre uthållighetsidrotter.Den höga belastningen resulterade i stora förändringar i fysiologiska parametrar och medicinska markörer. Vissa mätningar av muskelstyrka i armar och ben liksom maximal syreupptagning försämrades. Testosteron sjönk under hela övningen kraftigt. Dessa och andra uppmätta data talar för att fysiska arbetsförmågan – i förlängningen "stridsvärdet" – blev klart försämrat under övningen.Mätningen 12 timmar efter övningens avslut visade oväntade resultat. Den subjektiva ansträngningskänslan under standardiserat cykelarbete var klart förbättrat av 12-timmarsvilan efter övningen. Däremot var flertalet medicinska och fysiologiska värden oförändrade jämfört med värden vid testerna 12 timmar tidigare och därmed var de klart lägre än vid testet innan övningens start. Det är uppenbart att återhämtning av stridsvärdet inte kan bedömas subjektivt utan måste avgöras genom reliabla psykologiska och fysiologiska mätningar.Undersökningen har gett underlag för fortsatta studier rörande bland annat typer av energitillskott under övning, olika strategier för snabb återhämtning samt försök att finna markörer för individuella reaktionsmönster på "stridsvärde" under långvariga militära operationer.
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| 5. |
- Flockhart, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Slutövning GMU: ”Aldrig ge upp”, Amf1, Berga örlogsbas. : Rapport 4.
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energistatus och förändring i fysiskt stridsvärde studerades i samband med en nästan 8 dygn långa grundmilitär slutövning (GMU) vid AMF-1 Berga Örlogsskolor i månadsskiftet oktober november 2013.Totalt deltog 105 soldater i övningen, fördelat på 3 plutoner om vardera 35 soldater. En subgrupp på 24 soldater (8 kvinnor) bestående av 8 soldater från vardera pluton studerades mer ingående.Medelhjärtfrekvensen för de 6 soldater (2 kvinnor) som hade i stort sett kompletta mätningar från den 187 timmar långa övningen, inklusive viloperioder, var 88 ± 7 slag/minut. Utifrån hjärtfrekvensdata beräknades den totala energiomsättningen till i genomsnitt 44 000 ± 6 600 kcal, vilket motsvarar 5 600 ± 840 kcal per dygn och 235 ± 35 kcal/tim. Total energiförbrukning var i genomsnitt 39 000 kcal för kvinnorna och 46 500 kcal för männen. I övrigt noterades inte några betydande skillnader mellan kvinnor och män. Däremot var det stora individuella variationer i energiutgift, vilka till ca hälften berodde på skillnader i kroppsvikt. Med hänsyn till kroppsvikt och buren vikt var energiförbrukningen ca 3,1 ± 0,23 kcal per timme per kg totalvikt. Den individuella variationen beror på skillnad i buren vikt, på olika uppgifter och på individuella fysiologiska skillnader.Utifrån beräknat energiintag blev det totala energiunderskottet under övningen 12 000-15 000 kcal, vilket är ca 1 500-2 000 kcal per dygn. Viktminskningen under övningen var 2,9 kg för kvinnor och 3,7 kg för män. Denna viktminskning på >4 % leder troligen till försämrad uthållighetsförmåga.Den maximala muskelstyrkan i armar och ben var i stort sett oförändrade efter övningen, liksom den beräknade maximala syreupptagningsförmågan. Däremot upplevdes ett lågintensivt cykelarbete som betydligt tyngre efter övningen. Muskeluthållighet mättes inte i denna studie.Ett skjutprov om 5 skott i liggande på 100 m mot en tredjedelsfigur visade 64 deltagande soldater på en försämrad träffprocent från 90,5% före till 79,4 % efter övningen. Alla soldater hade minst en träff före medan 6 soldater hade alla bom efter övningen.Slutsatsen från studien är att GMU-övningen resulterade i ett stort energiunderskott. Stridsvärdet, bedömt från skjutprovet var klart försämrat. Maximala fysiologiska parametrar var i stort sett oförändrade, medan skattad ansträngning och därmed uthållighetsförmåga, försämrades.
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| 6. |
- Flockhart, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of modified D-max method for calculating individual anaerobic threshold in well trained male cyclists
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionTo predict endurance performance and evaluate adaption to training in endurance athletes a laboratory test for retrieving the anaerobic lactate threshold is often used. The maximal rate of oxidative metabolism that can be sustained during prolonged exercise indicates preserved homeostasis and thereby sets the upper limit for long term endurance. Exercise intensities above the anaerobic threshold require an additional input from anaerobic energy sources resulting in blood lactate accumulation and reduced time to fatigue. The threshold is therefore a reliable and powerful predictor of performance in aerobic exercise lasting approximately 40-60 min. The work rate that elicits a blood lactate of 4 mmol/l (e.g. LT4) is widely used to determine the threshold, but by using a fixed lactate concentration, flexibility to account for inter- and intra-individual differences in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism is lost. Our hypothesis was that our modified D-max method (D-maxmod) would provide a more accurate performance related value by calculating the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT).Methods20 males cyclists age 36 ± 5 years, weight 79.7 ± 5.8 kg, VO2max 4.4 ± 0.4 l/min performed an incremental test on a cycle ergometer for calculation of LT (D-maxmod, and LT4) at two occasions separated by 8 weeks. The test consisted of 5 minutes long stages separated by 1 min of rest were lactate was sampled. The increase in work rate was 30 W/stage starting at 100 W and ended above LT4. Short after, an incremental test to fatigue (start at LT4 power, increase 20 W/min) was performed for assessment of VO2max, calculation of maximal aerobic power (MAP) and maximal power achieved in the test (Wmax). On a separate day a 40 minutes time-trial (TT40) was performed for assessment of aerobic endurance performance. IAT D-maxmod was defined as the derivate to the exponential curve created from exponentially lactate increase, including maximal lactate concentration plotted at MAP. The increase in lactate relative to power was defined as the increase in blood lactate from the point where the exponential curve crossed the lactate baseline (See also Cheng et al. 1992 and Zhou & Weston 1997).ResultsIAT D-maxmod was calculated to 5.0 ± 0.8 mmol/l. Both D-maxmod and LT4 were highly significantly correlated with both TT40 and Wmax. Coefficients of determination were higher for D-maxmod compared to LT4 for both TT40 (r2 = 0.78 vs 0.69) and Wmax (r2 = 0.89 vs 0.64).ConclusionThe calculated D-maxmod correlated better with performance than LT4 for parameters highly linked to performance in road- and mountain bike competitions.ReferencesCheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, et al. (1992). Int. J Sports Med. 13:518-22Zhou S, Weston SB (1997). Physiol. Meas. 18: 145
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| 7. |
- Hendo, Gina, et al.
(författare)
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Slutövning GMU: "Aldrig ge upp", Amf1, Berga örlogsbas : Muskelfysiologiska resultat
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energistatus, muskelfysiologiska data och fysiskt stridsvärde studerades före och efter en 8 dygn långa grundmilitär slutövning (GMU) vid AMF-1 Berga Örlogsskolor i månadsskiftet oktober november 2013.Totalt deltog 105 soldater i övningen, fördelat på 3 plutoner om vardera 35 soldater. En subgrupp på 24 soldater (8 kvinnor) bestående av 8 soldater från vardera pluton studerades mer ingående.Medelhjärtfrekvensen för de 6 soldater (2 kvinnor) som hade i stort sett kompletta mätningar från den 187 timmar långa övningen, inklusive viloperioder, var 88 ± 7 slag/minut. Utifrån hjärtfrekvensdata beräknades den totala energiomsättningen till i genomsnitt 44 000 ± 6 600 kcal, vilket motsvarar 5 600 ± 840 kcal per dygn och 235 ± 35 kcal/tim. Total energiförbrukning var i genomsnitt 39 000 kcal för kvinnorna och 46 500 kcal för männen. I övrigt noterades inte några betydande skillnader mellan kvinnor och män. Däremot var det stora individuella variationer i energiutgift, vilka till ca hälften berodde på skillnader i kroppsvikt. Med hänsyn till kroppsvikt och buren vikt var energiförbrukningen ca 3,1 ± 0,23 kcal per timme per kg totalvikt. Den individuella variationen beror på skillnad i buren vikt, på olika uppgifter och på individuella fysiologiska skillnader.Utifrån beräknat energiintag blev det totala energiunderskottet under övningen 12 000-15 000 kcal, vilket är ca 1 500-2 000 kcal per dygn. Viktminskningen under övningen var 2,9 kg för kvinnor och 3,7 kg för män. Denna viktminskning på >4 % leder troligen till försämrad uthållighetsförmåga.Den maximala muskelstyrkan i armar och ben var i stort sett oförändrade efter övningen, liksom den beräknade maximala syreupptagningsförmågan. Däremot upplevdes ett lågintensivt cykelarbete som betydligt tyngre efter övningen. Muskeluthållighet mättes inte i denna studie.Ett skjutprov om 5 skott i liggande på 100 m mot en tredjedelsfigur visade 64 deltagande soldater på en försämrad träffprocent från 90,5% före till 79,4 % efter övningen. Alla soldater hade minst en träff före medan 6 soldater hade alla bom efter övningen.Slutsatsen från studien är att GMU-övningen resulterade i ett stort energiunderskott. Stridsvärdet, bedömt från skjutprovet var klart försämrat. Maximala fysiologiska parametrar var i stort sett oförändrade, medan skattad ansträngning och därmed uthållighetsförmåga, försämrades.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of prolonged low intensity exercise with energy deficit (military training operation) on markers of muscle protein turnover.
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionIt is well known that ultra-endurance exercise, such as Adventure racing and military operations, often induce substantial energy deficits. This suggests a catabolic state, but the exact effects on protein turnover have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to examine several markers involved in muscle protein turnover before and after a multi-day physically demanding military training operation.MethodsSeven female (age 21 ± 5 years, weight 71.2 ± 6.6 kg) and seventeen male (age 20 ± 1 years, weight 76.6 ± 6.2 kg) performed a 185 hours military training operation. Energy intake was estimated from food supply and energy expenditure was calculated from continuous heart rate and accelerometer recordings. Muscle biopsies were taken from M Vastus Lateralis before and after the operation.ResultsA negative energy balance of 1,500-2,000 kcal/24 hours was estimated. Body weight declined 3.4 (95% CI 3.0-3.8) kg and muscle explosive strength, evaluated from squad and counter movement jumps, was reduced 5 and 6 %, respectively, after the operation with no difference between genders. Muscle glycogen content was reduced from 269 ± 58 to 181 ± 44 mmol/kg dry muscle (p<0.05) with no difference between genders. Muscle content of mTOR and p70 as well as MAFbx were unchanged while the protein content of MuRF-1 was significantly down regulated in both genders.DiscussionThe study indicated that prolonged low intensity exercise with substantial energy deficit reduces muscle function and muscle glycogen content. Proteins for muscle synthesis mTOR and p70 were unchanged while the down regulation of MuRF-1 indicates a protection against muscle break down during the energy deficit situation, preserving the muscle mass.
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| 9. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Träna för en svensk klassiker och andra långlopp
- 2015
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Förbered dig rätt inför långlopp. Att under ett år genomföra Vätternrundan, Vansbrosimningen, Lidingöloppet och Engelbrektsloppet/Vasaloppet, är ett av de mest populära sätten att skörda frukten av sin träning och nå sitt mål. För att lyckas krävs goda förberedelser, och ju bättre förberedd du är desto mer positiv blir upplevelsen. Innehållet i denna bok är en fördjupning av samlad kunskap och erfarenhet inom simning, cykel, löpning, längdskidåkning och triathlon samt hur man på bästa sätt kombinerar de olika idrotterna – deras olika moment – i träning och tävling. Här hittar du också kapitel om träningslära, idrottsnutrition, mental träning, förebyggande av idrottsskador och träningsplanering för att öka förståelsen av vad som påverkar en idrottsprestation.Extramaterial på webbplatsen: För att kunna erbjuda mer än vad som ryms i en bok, har vi också skapat en webbplats. Med hjälp av koden som följer med i boken kan du registrera dig för att ta del av fördjupande texter, träningsprogram och kostupplägg, övningar och intressanta länkar.(Text från förlaget)
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| 10. |
- Moberg, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Increased autophagy signaling but not proteasome activity in human skeletal muscle after prolonged low-intensity exercise with negative energy balance
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physiological Reports. - : Wiley. - 2051-817X. ; 5:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover during exercise in field conditions where energy is intake inadequate. Here, 17 male and 7 female soldiers performed an 8 day long field based military operation. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies, in which autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the mTORC1 signaling pathway where studied, were collected before and after the operation. The 187 h long operation resulted in a 15% and 29% negative energy balance as well as a 4.1% and 4.6% loss of body mass in women and men respectively. After the operation protein levels of ULK1 as well as the phosphorylation of ULK1Ser317 and ULK1Ser555 had increased by 11%, 39% and 13%, respectively, and this was supported by a 17% increased phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 (P<0.05). The LC3b-I/II ratio was 3-fold higher after compared to before the operation (P<0.05), whereas protein levels of p62/SQSTM1 were unchanged. The β1, β2, and β5 activity of the proteasome and protein levels of MAFbx did not change, while levels of MuRF-1 were slightly reduced (6%, P<0.05). Protein levels and phosphorylation status of key components in the mTORC1 signaling pathway remained at basal levels after the operation. Muscle levels of glycogen decreased from 269±12 to 181±9 mmol ∙ kg dry muscle-1 after the exercise period (P<0.05). In conclusion, the 8 days of field based exercise resulted in induction of autophagy without any increase in proteasome activity or protein ubiquitination. Simultaneously, the regulation of protein synthesis through the mTORC1 signaling pathway was maintained.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Berg, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of sex differences in the IGF-IGFBP response to ultra endurance exercise.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 18:6, s. 706-714
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-IGF binding proteins (BP) and the pituitary-gonadal axes were investigated during ultra endurance exercise in 16 endurance-trained athletes (seven women). Median duration of the race was 6.3 days. Although food and drink were ad libitum, energy balance was negative. Blood samples were drawn before (PRE), at the end of (END) and 24 h after (POST24h) the race. Serum concentrations of total IGF-I (t-IGF-I) and free IGF-I (f-IGF-I) decreased by 33 (SD 38)% and 54 (19)%, respectively. The decrease in t-IGF-I appeared to be associated to the total energy deficit during the race. At END, the IGFBP-3 fragmentation and IGFBP-1 were increased but these changes did not predict changes in f-IGF-I. An increase in POST24h IGFBP-2 levels in women was the only sex difference. Testosterone was decreased by 67 (12)% in the men and estradiol became undetectable in the women without any detectable increase in LH and/or FSH. In conclusion ultra endurance exercise results in similar IGF-IGFBP responses in men and women reflecting a catabolic state. IGFBP-2 was the only exception, with increased levels in women after exercise. A concomitant decrease in gonadal hormones was not related to endocrine changes in the IGF-IGFBP axis but may be related to local changes in IGF-I expression.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Björkman, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Antiinflammatoriska medel troliga storsäljare i OS
- 2012
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; :2, s. 40-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det är mycket vanligt att idrottare använder antiinflammatoriska läkemedel både för att behandla skador och döva smärta. Hur lämpligt är det att använda preparaten under hård träning och tävling, och vad kan medicineringen ha för konsekvenser?
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| 16. |
- Björkman, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Hur farlig är multisport?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Svensk IdrottsMedicin. - 1103-7652. ; 30:4, s. 8-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den övervägande delen av deltagarna i större multisporttävlingar drabbas av någon typ av skada som i de flesta fall är lindrig. Men det är ändå ingen tvekan om att multisport kan vara farligt. Det ställs höga krav på medicinsk personal att kunna hantera en mångfald av skador och sjukdomar.
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| 17. |
- Björkman, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Regular moist snuff dipping does not affect endurance exercise performance
- 2017
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physiological and medical effects of snuff have previously been obtained either in cross-sectional studies or after snuff administration to non-tobacco users. The effects of snuff cessation after several years of daily use are unknown. 24 participants with >2 years of daily snuff-use were tested before and after >6 weeks snuff cessation (SCG). A control group (CO) of 11 snuff users kept their normal habits. Resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were significantly lower in SCG after snuff cessation, and body mass was increased by 1.4 +/- 1.7 kg. Total cholesterol increased from 4.12 +/- 0.54 (95% CI 3.89-4.35) to 4.46 +/- 0.70 (95% CI 4.16-4.75) mM L-1 in SCG, due to increased LDL, and this change was significantly different from CO. Resting values of HDL, C-reactive protein, and free fatty acids (FFA) remained unchanged in both groups. In SCG group, both HR and BP were reduced during a four-stage incremental cycling test (from 50 to 80% of VO(2)max) and a prolonged cycling test (60 min at 50% of VO(2)max). Oxygen uptake (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate (bLa) and blood glucose (bGlu) concentration, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were unchanged. In CO group, all measurements were unchanged. During the prolonged cycling test, FFA was reduced, but with no significant difference between groups. During the maximal treadmill running test peak values of VO2, pulmonary ventilation (VE), time to exhaustion and bLa were unchanged in both groups. In conclusion, endurance exercise performance (VO(2)dmax and maximal endurance time) does not seem to be affected by prolonged snuff use, while effects on cardiovascular risk factors are contradictory. HR and BP during rest and submaximal exercise are reduced after cessation of regular use of snuff. Evidently, the long-time adrenergic stress on circulation is reversible.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Borgenvik, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Alterations in amino acid concentrations in the plasma and muscle in human subjects during 24 h of simulated adventure racing
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 112, s. 3679-3688
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This investigation was designed to evaluate changes in plasma and muscle levels of free amino acids during an ultra-endurance exercise and following recovery. Nine male ultra-endurance trained athletes participated in a 24-h standardized endurance trial with controlled energy intake. The participants performed 12 sessions of running, kayaking and cycling (4 x each discipline). Blood samples were collected before, during and after exercise, as well as after 28 h of recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken 1 week before the test and after exercise, as well as after 28 h of recovery. During the 24-h exercise, plasma levels of branched-chain (BCAA), essential amino acids (EAA) and glutamine fell 13%, 14% and 19% (P<0.05) respectively, whereas their concentrations in muscle were unaltered. Simultaneously, tyrosine and phenylalanine levels rose 38% and 50% (P<0.05) in the plasma and 66% and 46% (P<0.05) in muscle, respectively. After the 24-h exercise, plasma levels of BCAA were positively correlated with muscle levels of glycogen (r2=0.73, P<0.05), as was the combined concentrations of muscle tyrosine and phenylalanine with plasma creatine kinase (r2=0.55, P<0.05). Following 28-h of recovery, plasma and muscle levels of amino acids had either returned to their initial levels or were elevated. In conclusion, ultra-endurance exercise caused significant changes elevations in plasma and muscle levels of tyrosine and phenylalanine, which suggest an increase in net muscle protein breakdown during exercise. There was a reduction in plasma concentrations of EAA and glutamine during exercise, whereas no changes were detected in their muscle concentration after exercise.
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| 20. |
- Bouchard, Claude, et al.
(författare)
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Personalized Preventive Medicine : Genetics and the Response to Regular Exercise in Preventive Interventions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Progress in cardiovascular diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 0033-0620 .- 1873-1740. ; 57:4, s. 337-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regular exercise and a physically active lifestyle have favorable effects on health. Several issues related to this theme are addressed in this report. A comment on the requirements of personalized exercise medicine and in-depth biological profiling along with the opportunities that they offer is presented. This is followed by a brief overview of the evidence for the contributions of genetic differences to the ability to benefit from regular exercise. Subsequently, studies showing that mutations in TP53 influence exercise capacity in mice and humans are succinctly described. The evidence for effects of exercise on endothelial function in health and disease also is covered. Finally, changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle in response to exercise and their implications for patients with cardiac disease are summarized. Innovative research strategies are needed to define the molecular mechanisms involved in adaptation to exercise and to translate them into useful clinical and public health applications.
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| 21. |
- Ekblom, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Multisport en trend för alltfler
- 2011
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Ingår i: Svensk IdrottsMedicin. - 1103-7652. ; 30:4, s. 4-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En intressant trend i motions- och tävlingsvärlden är att extrema uthållighetsidrotter blir alltfler och dessa får dessutom alltfler utövare. Multisport (engelska Adventure Racing) är en av dessa. Tävlingarna består i allmänhet av löpning, cykling och paddling men ibland läggs också olika fysiska aktiviteter såsom repklättring, inlines och simning in i tävlingen.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Ekblom, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Studier av stridsvärde vid långvarigt arbete - Sammanfattning och reflektioner : Rapport 9.
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den militärmedicinska forskningsgruppen vid Åstrandlaboratoriet, Gymnastik- och Idrottshögskolan, Stockholm, har som forskningsuppgift med stöd från Försvarsmakten att studera och föreslå insatser för att upprätthålla stridsvärdet för trupp under långvarigt fysiskt arbete. Forskningen har hitintills resulterat i åtta rapporter, där fysisk arbetsförmåga studerats under olika förhållanden. Föreliggande rapport sammanfattar de huvudsakliga resultaten från dessa undersökningar men omfattar också en diskussion gällande skillnader och likheter mellan kvinnors jämfört med mäns adaptation till långvarigt och tungt arbete samt ett kort avsnitt om fortsatta undersökningar, byggda på tidigare resultat.
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| 25. |
- Enqvist, Jonas K, et al.
(författare)
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Energy turnover during 24 hours and 6 days of adventure racing.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Routledge. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 28:9, s. 947-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy turnover was assessed in two conditions of mixed ultra-endurance exercise. In Study 1, energy expenditure and intake were measured in nine males in a laboratory over 24 h. In Study 2, energy expenditure was assessed in six males during an 800-km Adventure race (mean race time 152.5 h). Individual correlations between heart rate and oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O(2)) were established during pre-tests when kayaking, cycling, and running. During exercise, energy expenditure was estimated from continuous heart rate recordings. Heart rate and [Vdot]O(2) were measured regularly during fixed cycling work rates to correct energy expenditure for drift in oxygen pulse. Mean energy expenditure was 18,050 +/- 2,390 kcal (750 +/- 100 kcal . h(-1)) and 80,000 +/- 18,000 kcal (500 +/- 100 kcal . h(-1)) in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively, which is higher than previously reported. Energy intake in Study 1 was 8,450 +/- 1,160 kcal, resulting in an energy deficit of 9,590 +/- 770 kcal. Body mass decreased in Study 1 (-2.3 +/- 0.8 kg) but was unchanged in Study 2. Fat mass decreased in Study 2 (-2.3 +/- 1.5 kg). In Study 1, muscle glycogen content decreased by only 60%. Adventure racing requires a high energy expenditure, with large inter-individual variation. A large energy deficit is caused by inadequate energy intake, possibly due to suppressed appetite and gastrointestinal problems. The oxygen pulse, comparing start to 12 h of exercise and beyond, increased by 10% and 5% in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively. Hence, estimations of energy expenditure from heart rate recordings should be corrected according to this drift.
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| 26. |
- Fegraeus, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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An endothelial regulatory module links blood pressure regulation with elite athletic performance
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLOS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 20:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The control of transcription is crucial for homeostasis in mammals. A previous selective sweep analysis of horse racing performance revealed a 19.6 kb candidate regulatory region 50 kb downstream of the Endothelin3 (EDN3) gene. Here, the region was narrowed to a 5.5 kb span of 14 SNVs, with elite and sub-elite haplotypes analyzed for association to racing performance, blood pressure and plasma levels of EDN3 in Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds. Comparative analysis of human HiCap data identified the span as an enhancer cluster active in endothelial cells, interacting with genes relevant to blood pressure regulation. Coldblooded trotters with the sub-elite haplotype had significantly higher blood pressure compared to horses with the elite performing haplotype during exercise. Alleles within the elite haplotype were part of the standing variation in pre-domestication horses, and have risen in frequency during the era of breed development and selection. These results advance our understanding of the molecular genetics of athletic performance and vascular traits in both horses and humans.
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| 27. |
- Fernström, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Reduced efficiency, but increased fat oxidation, in mitochondria from human skeletal muscle after 24-h ultraendurance exercise.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 102:5, s. 1844-1849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis that ultraendurance exercise influences muscle mitochondrial function has been investigated. Athletes in ultraendurance performance performed running, kayaking, and cycling at 60% of their peak O(2) consumption for 24 h. Muscle biopsies were taken preexercise (Pre-Ex), postexercise (Post-Ex), and after 28 h of recovery (Rec). Respiration was analyzed in isolated mitochondria during state 3 (coupled to ATP synthesis) and state 4 (noncoupled respiration), with fatty acids alone [palmitoyl carnitine (PC)] or together with pyruvate (Pyr). Electron transport chain activity was measured with NADH in permeabilized mitochondria. State 3 respiration with PC increased Post-Ex by 39 and 41% (P < 0.05) when related to mitochondrial protein and to electron transport chain activity, respectively. State 3 respiration with Pyr was not changed (P > 0.05). State 4 respiration with PC increased Post-Ex but was lower than Pre-Ex at Rec (P < 0.05 vs. Pre-Ex). Mitochondrial efficiency [amount of added ADP divided by oxygen consumed during state 3 (P/O ratio)] decreased Post-Ex by 9 and 6% (P < 0.05) with PC and PC + Pyr, respectively. P/O ratio remained reduced at Rec. Muscle uncoupling protein 3, measured with Western blotting, was not changed Post-Ex but tended to decrease at Rec (P = 0.07 vs. Pre-Ex). In conclusion, extreme endurance exercise decreases mitochondrial efficiency. This will increase oxygen demand and may partly explain the observed elevation in whole body oxygen consumption during standardized exercise (+13%). The increased mitochondrial capacity for PC oxidation indicates plasticity in substrate oxidation at the mitochondrial level, which may be of advantage during prolonged exercise.
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| 28. |
- Fernström, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and ROS production in response to extreme endurance exercise in athletes.
- 2006
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Ingår i: 14 European bioenergetic conference, Moscow, Russia, 22-27 July, 2006.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although it is well known that endurance exercise induces oxidative stress (1) there is no evidence of deteriorated mitochondrial function after 1-2 hours intensive exercise (2). However, the effects of extreme endurance exercise on mitochondrial function and mitochondrial ROS production have not been investigated previously. Nine healthy well-trained men (age 27.1 ± 0.87 (mean ± SE), BMI 24.2 ± 0.64 and VO2 peak 62.5 ± 1.78 ml/kg. min) performed 24 hours exercise, consisting of equal parts running, cycling and paddling. Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis pre-exercise (PreEx), immediately post-exercise (PostEx) and after 28 hours of recovery (PostEx-28). Mitochondria were isolated and mitochondrial respiration was analyzed with palmitoyl-carnitine (PC) and pyruvate (Pyr). Mitochondrial H2O2 release was measured with the Amplex Red-horseradish peroxide method. The reaction was initiated by addition of succinate with following addition of antimycin A (reversed electron flow). UCP3 protein expression, evaluated with western blot technique, was not changed by exercise. Both state 3 (Pyr and PC) and state 4 (PC) rates of oxygen consumption (estimated per maximal ETC-activity) were increased PostEx (+29%, +11% and +18%). State 3 remained elevated PostEx-28, whereas state 4 (Pyr) decreased below that at PreEx (-18%). Mitochondrial efficiency (P/O) decreased PostEx (Pyr -8.9%, PC -6.1%) and remained reduced PostEx-28. The relative substrate oxidation (state 3 PC/Pyr) increased after exercise PreEx: (0.71 ± 0.06 vs. PostEx (0.90 ±0.04) and (0.77 ±0.06) PostEx-28. Mitochondrial H2O2 release (succinate) increased dramatically after exercise (+189 ± 64%). Treatment with Antimycin A resulted in a twofold-increased rate of mitochondrial H2O2 release PreEx but a decreased rate in PostEx samples. The exercise-induced changes in mitochondrial ROS production was totally abolished PostEx-28. In conclusion extreme endurance exercise decreases mitochondrial efficiency and increases mitochondrial ROS production. Both of these changes would increase the oxygen demand during exercise. Relative fatty acid oxidation as measured in isolated mitochondria increased after exercise indicating that the capacity to oxidize fat is improved during prolonged exercise.1. Mastaloudis, A., S.W. Leonard, and M.G. Traber, Oxidative stress in athletes during extreme endurance exercise. Free Radic Biol Med, 2001. 31(7): p. 911-22.2. Tonkonogi, M., et al., Mitochondrial function and antioxidative defence in human muscle: effects of endurance training and oxidative stress. J Physiol, 2000. 528 Pt 2: p. 379-88.
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| 29. |
- Glas, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological requirements of elite handball – measured with a combination of local positioning system and heart rate monitoring.
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For all athletes, it is important to adjust training plans and competition schedule according to each individual's specific traits and situation. This is crucial in team sports, where players, despite being involved in the same sport, and even on the same team, may have very different physiological capacities and, also have completed a wide variety of work in both training and match situations. A first step towards being able to carry out individualized training is to accurately measure the amount of stress (physiological burden) for each individual. The purpose of the study was to create a comprehensive picture of the physical requirements of elite handball matches, and further investigate how the relationship between work load and physical capacity impacts performance.Heart rate measurements have since decades been used to quantify the relative work, and GPS measurement as a tool for objective values has been available for outdoor sports for about ten years, but GPS is not possible to use indoors. We have used a new technology with a similar system for indoor use called Local Positioning System (LPS) (Kinexon Precision Technologies, Münich, Germany) to record and analyze the players’ motion during games, and we have combined that technology with data from accelerometry, gyroscope and heart rate measurements.So far, 42 handball matches have been measured and analyzed, ranging from juniors (9 games U21 men's national team) to seniors, men and women, and both in Sweden’s highest league and between national teams (Women: 8 national and 7 international games; Men: 14 national and 4 international games).A first "result" is that the categorization of motion patterns need to be adapted to each sport. For example, some moves that should be counted as accelerations in handball are not recognized by the system, simply because it has been adapted to the pattern of motion on the much larger soccer field. This is similarly important to realize when comparing results for handball’s physiological requirements reached using other technologies. In this presentation, we will in part discuss the future technological opportunities, and in part report descriptive results, including how fast and far the players move, as well as differences between men and women, between national and international games, and between juniors and seniors.
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| 30. |
- Godhe, Manne, et al.
(författare)
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Att bära tungt - en fysiologisk analys: Kvinnor : Rapport 8.
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sjutton kvinnliga vältränade försökspersoner, åtta stycken med vana att bära tungt och nio stycken utan sådan vana, genomförde gång på löpband och mjukt underlag i hastigheterna 3 och 5 km/tim med bärvikter i ryggsäck på 20, 35 och 50 kg.Mjukt underlag i form av blå gymnastikmattor, indikerande gång i lätt terräng, ökade energiomsättningen under både hastigheterna mellan 10 och 15 %, jämfört med hårt underlag (löpband) med en grads lutning. Energiomsättningen ökade i genomsnitt lika mycket med ökad hastighet som med ökad bärvikt. Den individuella variationen vid en given bärvikt och hastighet är mycket stor. Beroende på bärvikt och hastighet kan energiomsättningen variera med 100 %. Dessa stora variationer i energiomsättning bör uppmärksammas vid beräkning av energitilldelning via kosten vid längre militära operationer.Energiomsättningen vid tyngsta belastningen – 50 kilo bärvikt och hastigheten 5 km/tim – belastade försökspersonerna på i genomsnitt 57 % av maximal syreupptagningsförmåga. I individuella fall var belastningen 72 % av maximal syreupptagningsförmåga. Dessa höga belastningar är oacceptabelt höga för transporter under längre tid och kan vara en orsak till belastningsskador.Förmågan att bära tungt sammanfaller med ökad kroppsvikt och benmuskelstyrka. Bärförmåga för mindre vikter, högst 35 kg, sammanfaller inte med någon av ovanstående faktorer. Således, för tyngre bärvikter vid förflyttningar bör selektion av soldater ske enligt de uppmätta parametrarna, medan vad gäller lättare vikter föreligger inte samma selektionskriterier.En slutsats från resultaten av denna undersökning är den ursprungliga uttagningen till tunga arbetsuppgifter inom försvaret bör genomföras med tunga arbetsbelastningar, motsvarande de i denna undersökning. I kommande rapport sammanfattas studierna på män och kvinnors bärförmåga, likheter och olikheter mellan könen, möjliga selektionskriterier samt rekommendationer med utgångspunkt från genomförda undersökningar och resultat från olika andra undersökningar.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Godhe, Manne, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological factors of importance for load carriage
- 2024
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The energy expenditure during carrying no load, 20, 35 and 50 kg at two walking speeds, 3 and 5 km/h, was studied in 36 healthy participants, 19 men (30 ± 6 yrs, 82.5 ± 7.0 kg) and 17 women (29 ± 6 yrs, 66.1 ± 8.9 kg). Anthropometric data, leg muscle strength as well as trunk muscle endurance and muscle fibre distribution of the thigh were also obtained. To load the participant a standard backpack filled with extra weight according to the carrying weight tested was used. Extra Load Index (ELI), the oxygen uptake (VO2) during total load over no-load-exercise, was used as a proxy for load carrying ability. In addition to analyzing factors of importance for the ELI values, we also conducted mediator analyzes using sex and long term carrying experience as causal variables for ELI as the outcome value. For the lowest load (20 kg), ELI20, was correlated with body mass but no other factors. Walking at 5 km/h body mass, body height, leg muscle strength and absolute VO2max were correlated to ELI35 and ELI50, but relative VO2max, trunk muscle endurance and leg muscle fibre distribution were not. Sex as causal factor was evaluated in a mediator analyses with ELI50 as outcome. ELI50 at 5 km/h differed between the sexes. The limit for acceptable body load, 40% of VO2max (according to Astrand, 1967), was nearly reached for women carrying 35 kg (39%) and surpassed at 50 kg at 3 km/h, and for men carrying 50 kg at 5 km/h. This difference was only mediated by difference in body mass. Neither muscle fibre distribution, leg muscle strength, trunk muscle endurance and body height nor did absolute or relative VO2max explain the difference. Participants with long term experience of heavy load carrying had significant lower ELI20 and ELI50 values than those with minor or non-experience, but none of the above studied factors could explain this difference. The study showed that body mass and experience of carrying heavy loads are important factors for the ability to carry heavy loads.
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| 33. |
- Godhe, Manne, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological Factors of Importance for Load Carriage in Experienced and Inexperienced Men and Women.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Military medicine. - : Oxford University Press. - 0026-4075 .- 1930-613X. ; 185:7-8, s. E1168-E1174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: The ability to carry heavy loads is an important and necessary task during numerous outdoor activities and especially in military operations. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with load-carrying ability in men and women with and without extensive load-carrying experience.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The energy expenditure during carrying no load, 20, 35, and 50 kg at 2 walking speeds, 3 and 5 km h-1, was studied in 36 healthy participants, 19 men (30 ± 6 years, 82.5 ± 7.0 kg) and 17 women (29 ± 6 years, 66.1 ± 8.9 kg), experienced (>5 years) in carrying heavy loads (n = 16, 8 women) or with minor or no such experience (n = 20, 9 women). A standard backpack filled with weights to according carry load was used during the walks. Anthropometric data, leg muscle strength, as well as trunk muscle endurance and muscle fiber distribution of the thigh, were also obtained. Extra Load Index (ELI)-the oxygen uptake (VO2) during total load over unloaded walking-was used as a proxy for load-carrying ability at 20, 35, and 50 kg (ELI20, ELI35, and ELI50, respectively). In addition to analyzing factors of importance for the ELI values, we also conducted mediator analyses using sex and long-term carrying experience as causal variables for ELI as the outcome value. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Stockholm, Sweden.RESULTS: For the lowest load (20 kg), ELI20, was correlated with body mass but no other factors. Walking with 35 and 50 kg load at 5 km h-1 body mass, body height, leg muscle strength, and absolute VO2max were correlated, while relative VO2max, trunk muscle endurance, and leg muscle fiber distribution were not correlated to ELI35 and ELI50.ELI50 at 5 km h-1 differed between the sexes. This difference was only mediated by the difference in body mass. Neither muscle fiber distribution, leg muscle strength, trunk muscle endurance, and body height nor did absolute or relative VO2max explain the difference.Participants with long-term experience of heavy load carrying had significant lower ELI20 and ELI50 values than those with minor or no experience, but none of the above studied factors could explain this difference.CONCLUSION: The study showed that body mass, without sex differences, and experience of carrying heavy loads are the dominant factors for the ability to carry heavy loads. Even though the effect of experience alludes to the need for extensive carrying training, no causality can be proven. Load carry training intervention studies is suggested for future investigations.
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| 34. |
- Hägg, Daniel, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Oxidized LDL induces a coordinated up-regulation of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems in human macrophages.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9150 .- 1879-1484. ; 185:2, s. 282-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using DNA microarray analysis, we found that human macrophages respond to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by activating the antioxidative glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Several genes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems were expressed at high levels in macrophages when compared to 80 other human tissues and cell types, indicating that these systems may be of particular importance in macrophages. The up-regulation of three genes in these systems, thioredoxin (P < 0.005), thioredoxin reductase 1 (P < 0.001) and glutathione reductase (P < 0.001) was verified with real-time RT-PCR, using human macrophages from 10 healthy donors. To investigate the possible role of these antioxidative systems in the development of atherosclerosis, expression levels in macrophages from 15 subjects with atherosclerosis (12 men, 3 women) and 15 matched controls (12 men, 3 women) were analyzed using DNA microarrays. Two genes in the glutathione system Mn superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05) differed in expression between the groups. We conclude that macrophage uptake of oxidized LDL induces a coordinated up-regulation of genes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, suggesting that these systems may participate in the cellular defense against oxidized LDL and possibly modulate the development of atherosclerosis.
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| 35. |
- Ivarsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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SR Ca2+ leak in skeletal muscle fibers acts as an intracellular signal to increase fatigue resistance.
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of General Physiology. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0022-1295 .- 1540-7748. ; 151:4, s. 567-577
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective practices to improve skeletal muscle fatigue resistance are crucial for athletes as well as patients with dysfunctional muscles. To this end, it is important to identify the cellular signaling pathway that triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and thereby increases oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle fibers. Here, we test the hypothesis that the stress induced in skeletal muscle fibers by endurance exercise causes a reduction in the association of FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) with ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1). This will result in a mild Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which could trigger mitochondrial biogenesis and improved fatigue resistance. After giving mice access to an in-cage running wheel for three weeks, we observed decreased FKBP12 association to RYR1, increased baseline [Ca2+]i, and signaling associated with greater mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle, including PGC1α1. After six weeks of voluntary running, FKBP12 association is normalized, baseline [Ca2+]i returned to values below that of nonrunning controls, and signaling for increased mitochondrial biogenesis was no longer present. The adaptations toward improved endurance exercise performance that were observed with training could be mimicked by pharmacological agents that destabilize RYR1 and thereby induce a modest Ca2+ leak. We conclude that a mild RYR1 SR Ca2+ leak is a key trigger for the signaling pathway that increases muscle fatigue resistance.
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| 36. |
- Jansson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Complex Training Combined with High Intensity Interval Training on the Development of Strength, Power and Athletic Performance for Elite Handball Players
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionUnilateral (UL) training as an alternative method for developing athletic performance are not well studied (1, 2). The purpose is to examine the effects of bilateral (BL) versus UL complex training combined with high intensity interval training (HIIT) on bilateral deficit (BLD), power deficit, maximal strength, jumping ability, straight sprint, change of direction sprint (CODS), repeated sprint ability (RSA) and specific endurance in elite handball players.Methods18 male and 12 female elite handball players were assigned to a BL (n=10) or UL (n=20) complex training program. In addition both groups trained HIIT twice a week. Training volume, intensity and exercise motions were similar between the groups. Tests included 1RM UL and BL Smith machine squat, UL and BL counter movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), modified T-test, straight sprint (5, 10, 20 and 30 m), repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSSA) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test (YYIR) before and after 6 weeks of training.ResultsPooled data from both groups showed significant (p <0.01) improvements in maximal UL and BL strength, UL CMJ dominant leg, CODS and YYIR test, and an unwanted increase in the BLD and power deficit.There were no significant differences training groups in any of the tests. However, only the UL group significantly improved RSAtotal pre- to post testing (p < 0.01).DiscussionResults indicate that this type of training is a relevant model for pre-season training of maximal strength, power and functional endurance. Despite the lack of differences between groups, UL training can be safer than BL training because of less absolute load.1) Jones MT, Ambeganokar JP, Nindl BC, Smith JA, Headley SA. (2012). J Strength Cond Res, 26(4), 1094-1002) McCurdy K, Langford G, Doscher MW, Wiley LP, Mallard KG. (2005). J Strength Cond Res, 19(1), 9-15
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| 37. |
- La Fleur, Linnea, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of scavenger receptor MARCO defines a targetable tumor-associated macrophage subset in non-small cell lung cancer
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : WILEY. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 143:7, s. 1741-1752
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are attractive targets for immunotherapy. Recently, studies in animal models showed that treatment with an anti-TAM antibody directed against the scavenger receptor MARCO resulted in suppression of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Here we investigated the expression of MARCO in relation to other macrophage markers and immune pathways in a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cohort (n=352). MARCO, CD68, CD163, MSR1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and associations to other immune cells and regulatory pathways were studied in a subset of cases (n=199) with available RNA-seq data. We observed a large variation in macrophage density between cases and a strong correlation between CD68 and CD163, suggesting that the majority of TAMs present in NSCLC exhibit a protumor phenotype. Correlation to clinical data only showed a weak trend toward worse survival for patients with high macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, MARCO was expressed on a distinct subpopulation of TAMs, which tended to aggregate in close proximity to tumor cell nests. On the transcriptomic level, we found a positive association between MARCO gene expression and general immune response pathways including strong links to immunosuppressive TAMs, T-cell infiltration and immune checkpoint molecules. Indeed, a higher macrophage infiltration was seen in tumors expressing PD-L1, and macrophages residing within tumor cell nests co-expressed MARCO and PD-L1. Thus, MARCO is a potential new immune target for anti-TAM treatment in a subset of NSCLC patients, possibly in combination with available immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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| 38. |
- Marklund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration in human skeletal muscle in response to an ultra-endurance exercise bout in experienced athletes.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 114:1, s. 66-72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of a 24h ultra-endurance exercise bout on systemic and local muscle inflammatory reactions was investigated in nine experienced athletes. Blood and muscle biopsies were collected before (PRE), immediately after the exercise (POST) and after 28h of recovery (POST28). Circulating blood levels of leukocytes, CK, CRP and selected inflammatory cytokines were assessed together with the evaluation of the occurrence of inflammatory cells (CD3(+), CD8(+), CD68(+)) and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC class-I) in skeletal muscle. An extensive inflammatory cell infiltration occurred in all athletes and the number of CD3(+), CD8(+) and CD 68(+) cells were 2-3 fold higher at POST28 compared to PRE (P<0.05). The inflammatory cell infiltration was associated with a significant increase in the expression of MHC class-I in muscle fibers. There was a significant increase in blood leukocyte count, IL-6, IL-8, CRP and CK at POST. At POST28 total leukocytes, IL-6 and CK had declined, whereas IL-8 and CRP continued to increase. Increases in IL-1β and TNF-α were not significant. There were no significant associations between the magnitude of the systemic and local muscle inflammatory reactions. Signs of muscle degenerative and regenerative events were observed in all athletes with various degrees of severity and were not affected by the ultra-endurance exercise bout. In conclusion, a low-intensity but very prolonged single endurance exercise bout can generate a strong inflammatory cell infiltration in skeletal muscle of well-trained experienced ultra-endurance athletes, and the amplitude of the local reaction is not proportional to the systemic inflammatory response.
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| 39. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Den nödvändiga distansträningen
- 2014
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; 23:3, s. 8-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Korta och intensiva intervallpass är ett trendigt sätt att förbättra sin kondition. Men för att bli en bra löpare, längdåkare eller cyklist måste man träna många långa pass i ett lägre tempo. Forskning har visat att högintensiv intervallträning är tidseffektiv och ger bra effekt på många parametrar som är viktiga för konditionsidrottare. Tanken att ersätta nötandet i spåret med kort och snabb träning kan därför låta lockande. Men fullt så enkelt är det inte. Idrottsfysiologerna Mikael Mattsson, Filip Larsen och H-C Holmberg har studerat den forskning som finns om distansträning. Den visar att det inte går att komma runt den lågintensiva träningen om man vill bli en riktigt bra löpare, orienterare, längdskidåkare eller cyklist. På maraton finns till exempel ett nästan linjärt förhållande mellan träningsmängd och prestation. Ju fler mil löparen tränar i veckan desto bättre blir tiden. Kanske räcker det med att studera hur eliten tränar för att förstå distansträningens betydelse. Visserligen är den intensiva intervallträningen viktig även för dem, särskilt inför viktiga tävlingar. Men upp till 90 procent av den totala träningstiden eller minst 3-4 timmar per dag ägnar de åt mer lågintensiva pass.
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| 40. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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EKG hos idrottare : Ibland svårt, men alltid viktigt
- 2013
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsmedicin. - Järna : Svensk förening för fysisk aktivitet och idrottsmedicin. ; 32:2, s. 11-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Få medicinska underökningar har så lång tradition och så stor symbolisk betydelse som ett EKG (elektrokardiogram). Hjärtat är ju själva symbolen för liv, och ett normalt EKG är en viktig del i att man betecknas som hjärtfrisk.
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| 41. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Extreme values of cardiac peptide NT-proBNP after ultra-endurance exercise in healthy athletes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts of the 15th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science – 23-26 June 2010 Antalya - Turkey.. - 9786056142703 ; , s. 35-36
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: In clinical medicine, natriuretic peptides, including N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), are used to detect increased myocardial wall tension in conditions such as heart failure. Tachycardia, arrhythmias and physical exercise may also increase these peptides. The clinical reference value is <100 ng/l, and in clinical practice values >300 ng/l are a strong indicators of heart failure, and values >5000 ng/l highly significant for mortality within 3 months. Methods: We examined the levels of NT-proBNP after ultra-endurance exercise, and also made an attempt to relate NT-proBNP to performance. The subjects (12 males and 3 females) participated in the Adventure Racing World Championship, a 5-6 days non-stop competition open for mixed gender team of four athletes. They were all healthy, well-trained athletes with experience from several years of competitions at international elite level. Blood samples for determination of NT-proBNP were drawn before exercise (Pre-Ex), at the end of the race (End-Ex) and 24 hours after exercise (Post-Ex). Each athlete rated his/her own performance at the end of the race (i.e. the last 12 hours) on a scale from 1 (good, stronger than teammates), 2 (intermediate) and 3 (poor, got towed in, needed help from teammates). In addition, each athlete was also rated according to the same scale by the other three members of his/her team. Thereafter the four rates were pooled. Note that the rating is in relation to the team rather than the result of the competition. Results: The average exercise duration was approx. 150 hours, and the calculated average work intensity was 40 % (in percent of respective VO2peak), including time for rest, change of equipment, and food intake. The levels of NT-proBNP increased from 31 ± 14 (10-56) [mean ± SD (min-max)] at Pre-Ex to 487 ± 648 (52-2480) at End-Ex. At Post-Ex the corresponding levels were 224 ± 219 (12-634). At End-Ex seven subjects had NT-proBNP below the reference value. The rated performance for four of them was 1, and the remaining three were rated as 2. Three of the subjects had markedly higher levels than previously reported (>900 ng/l) and they were rated 3, 3 and 2, respectively. Discussion: Extreme levels of NT-proBNP, up to 2500 ng/l, are present after ultra-endurance exercise in healthy athletes without any clinical signs or symptoms of heart failure. On the other hand, these extreme values may be an indicator of cardiac fatigue, previously described after endurance exercise. Furthermore, in this study high levels of NT-proBNP seem to be associated with decreased exercise performance.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael
(författare)
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Factors determining ultra-endurance exercise performance
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This talk will focus on the major nutritional and physiological factors that influence ultra-endurance exercise performance in both recreational and elite athletes.Empirical observations show that athletes who have been engaged in ultra-endurance sports for several years have a large advantage compared to novices in the sport. It depends of course in part on the fact that they are more experienced, but even athletes from traditional endurance sports with a documented higher aerobic capacity (i.e., higher VO2max) have difficulties to keep up with ultra-endurance specialists when exercise duration exceeds three or four hours. This indicates that fatigue and performance in ultra-endurance exercise is determined by (in part) other factors compared to traditional endurance sports.Ultra-endurance sports vary in form and duration, such as running or adventure racing (AR) from 6 h to more than 6 days, but are no matter the nature of the specific competition still in many aspects extreme sports.The athletes do not generally need to perform at high maximum speeds, but the energy expenditure is extremely high. The total energy expenditure for a 24-h AR is approximately 18-20 000 kcal, which is almost 10 times more than normal basal metabolism (Enqvist et al. 2010). One reason for fatigue is that the energy deficit is substantial, also the profile of amino acids in blood and muscle change during races (Borgenvik et al. 2012), possibly contributing to the central fatigue that has been described in other studies.As for the physiological factors, our research group and collaborators have investigated many aspects of the versatile physiological adaptation to ultra-endurance exercise, such as circulatory adaptations and cardiac fatigue (Mattsson 2011, Mattsson et al. 2010, 2011) muscular damage (Wichardt et al 2011, Marklund et al 2013), hormonal status (Berg et al 2008), and immunological response (Wallberg et al 2011).The effect of sleep deprivation on both mental and physiological functions during the races must also be included in the total complex of factors limiting performance.
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| 44. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Fysisk aktivitet - begrepp och definitioner
- 2016
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Ingår i: FYSS 2017. - : Läkartidningen förlag. - 9789198171129 ; , s. 21-34
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SammanfattningFysisk aktivitet är ett komplext beteende och definieras, rent fysiologiskt, som all kroppsrörelse som ökar energiförbrukningen utöver viloförbrukning.Aerob fysisk aktivitet är den vanligaste formen och kan utföras på olika intensiteter, från låg till mycket hög. Aerob fysisk aktivitet som utförs i strukturerad form med syfte att öka eller bibehålla konditionen kan benämnas konditionsträning.Muskelstärkande fysisk aktivitet är den form av fysisk aktivitet som belastar och ställer krav på muskelstyrkan. Muskelstärkande fysisk aktivitet som utförs i strukturerad form kan benämnas styrketräning.Grundläggande principer för kroppens svar på träning, som ”overload”, progression, reversibilitet, specificitet och individuella skillnader presenteras.
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| 45. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael
(författare)
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Hjärtats adaptation till träning
- 2016
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Ingår i: Idrott och hjärtat. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144096186 ; , s. 21-36
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Boken Idrott och hjärtat beskriver de positiva effekterna av träning och fysisk aktivitet men tar också upp risker förenade med högintensiv aktivitet. Boken ger en god inblick i de grundläggande förändringarna i hjärtats arbete vid träning, på motions- och elitnivå.
Idrott och hjärtat är uppbyggd i tre delar: ”Det (troligen) friska hjärtat”, ”Det sjuka hjärtat” samt den tredje delen ”Praktiska tillämpningar” vilken beskriver dels undersökningstekniker och utredningsgång, viktiga och vanliga differentialdiagnoser och symtom, allt relaterat till hjärta och idrott.
Idrott och hjärtat riktar sig till lagläkare och andra idrottsmedicinskt engagerade, till idrottsintresserade specialister inom kardiologi, internmedicin, klinisk fysiologi och allmänmedicin samt till specialintresserade sjuksköterskor och fysioterapeuter.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Informing women’s cardiovascular health through genomic analysis of extreme endurance athletes
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiovascular health exists as a spectrum of wellness and disease states. We hypothesize that interrogating the tail ends of the distribution for individuals with extreme phenotypes, such as high VO2max in endurance athletes, will inform prevention, cause and treatment of pathogenic conditions. Mounting literature suggests that the physiological path to athletic performance is different among males and females. Traits with published sexual dichotomy include lactate threshold, efficiency, heat management, and fat metabolism. To define the genetic roots of this dichotomy, we propose to investigate sex-specific genetic determinants of VO2max among elite endurance athletes. We have recruited 36 female (VO2max>63 ml/kg; >99.99th percentile) and 129 male (>75 ml/kg) elite athletes (n=167) who have been consented and undergone enhanced whole exome sequencing. Even with differential eligibility, skewed recruitment (1:3.5) is a challenge. We will recruit a total of 100 female and 156 male elite athletes, and analyze these 256 exomes for burden of rare genetic variation that may impact sex-specific determinants of VO2max. We will combine these data with an additional 1850 samples of elite athletes to evaluate for common variants that have sex-specific effects on VO2max. Lastly, we will do a sex specific genetic cohort comparison of endurance athletes with existing collections of cardiovascular disease patients. Our preliminary results show tantalizing evidence for several highly plausible sex specific genes, including androgen receptor (AR) and FTO. The AR is the target of several known performance enhancing drugs, such as testosterone. FTO is associated with numerous aspects of body composition, energy management and even some evidence for age of menarche. While already promising, rigorous analysis, increased sample size and orthogonal replication is required as our next step.
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| 48. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Intervallträningen som ger guld
- 2012
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; 21:2, s. 44-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Just nu slipar världens bästa atleter formen för att nå prispallen i OS. Finns det någon optimal träningsform för dem som redan är extremt vältränade? Vad säger vetenskapen om hur man når testvärden som Gunde Svan eller en kenyansk stjärnlöpare?
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| 49. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Kondition och uthållighet : För träning, tävling och hälsa
- 2013
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vilken intervallform är den mest effektiva i syfte att förbättra konditionen? Är det viktigt att ett träningsupplägg styrs av individualisering? Vilka positiva hälsoeffekter medför en förbättrad kondition? Och vad händer i framtiden – kommer drömgränsen under två timmar på maraton, att sprängas?En sammanställning och tolkning av den kunskap vi i nuläget har om fysiologi och träningslära.Boken Kondition och uthållighet är en sammanställning och tolkning av den kunskap vi i nuläget har om fysiologi och träningslära. Den beskriver en mängd faktorer och situationer kopplade till träning, prestation, utveckling och hälsa. Den vägleder dig som planerar och genomför träningen - aktiv eller tränare – att välja rätt träningsupplägg med hänsyn till träningsgrad och ambitionsnivå.Hälsoeffekter och ofattbara prestationerAtt träna sin kondition medför en lång rad positiva hälsoeffekter såsom ökad livslängd, förbättrad livskvalitet och minskad risk för en mängd sjukdomar. Vid ökad träningsdos genomgår kroppen en rad förändringar för att anpassa sig till de krav som belastningen kräver. Kroppen är lyckligtvis enormt anpassningsbar och får den bara tillräckligt mycket träning kan den lära sig att tåla stora påfrestningar. Detta bidrar till att idrottare som specialiserar sig, och tränar mycket under lång tid, kan uppnå häpnadsväckande prestationer. Ju sämre kondition och uthållighet du har, desto mindre krävs för att du ska förbättra dig. Ju bättre kondition och uthållighet du har, desto hårdare belastning krävs för att du ska förbättra dig ytterligare.PulsträningEtt sätt att mäta träningsbelastning är att använda puls och pulsklocka. Författarna, som även har skrivit träningshäftet Pulsträning (SISU Idrottsböcker 2011), förordar en indelning med sex intensitetszoner som baseras på beräkningar av individuella värden på vilo-, tröskel- och maxpuls. Beroende på hur vältränad man är kommer de olika zonerna att hamna mellan olika pulsnivåer. I den här boken beskrivs vad som tränas i de olika zonerna och varför man utför denna träning, samt hur man ska fördela träningsmängden mellan de olika zonerna.Intervallträning och individualiseringIntervallträning innebär att man delar upp ett träningspass i mindre bitar med viloperioder i mellan, vilket möjliggör att hårda träningspass kan genomföras med en större mängd arbete på hög intensitet. Forskning tyder på att högintensiv intervallträning behövs för att man ska få ut så mycket som möjligt av sin konditionsträning. Vid intervallträning är det extra tydligt att man för bästa effekt bör utgå från sin egen förmåga; att man strävar efter en relativ belastning och upplevelse av trötthet, under och efter intervallpassen.Bokens uppläggBokens första del går igenom grunderna i fysiologi och den andra delen handlar om vad som händer och vad man behöver tänka på vid planering, utförande och utvärdering av träning och tävling i konditions- och uthållighetsidrotter. Kondition och uthållighet tar också upp områden som återhämtning, skador, olika riskfaktorer och näringslära, vilka har en direkt betydelse för konditionsträning, oavsett om det handlar om att vinna OS eller träning för hälsa och ett långt aktivt liv.
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| 50. |
- Mattsson, C. Mikael
(författare)
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Konditionsträning för lagbollsidrottare
- 2012
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Ingår i: Idrott & kunskap. - 1652-6961. ; :1, s. 46-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vilka konditionstestvärden har elitspelare i fotboll, ishockey och basket? Och hur tränar man effektivast sinkondition om man är bollidrottare? Mikael Mattson, doktor i fysiologi vid GIH, reder ut begreppen.
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