| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Joensson, C T, et al.
(författare)
-
Synthesis and characterization of cobalt silicide films on silicon
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Ion Beam Analysis - Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms). - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X. ; 249, s. 532-535
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cobalt silicide has emerged as a leading contact material in silicon technology due to its low resistivity, high stability and small lattice mismatch. In this study, 0.2-0.4 mu m thick Co films were deposited on Si(100) wafers by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature, and annealed at temperatures from 600 to 900 degrees C in vacuum. As-deposited and annealed samples were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the Si substrates were sputter cleaned before the deposition, all the samples showed a thin oxide layer at the Si/Co interfaces. Annealing up to 700 degrees C did not alter the composition at the interface except small amount Co diffusion into Si. Annealing at 800 degrees C promotes the evaporation of the oxides from the interface and, as a result, clean CoSi2 films were formed. Although the interface appeared to be sharp within the RBS resolution after high temperature annealing, the surface topography was relatively rough with varying size of crystal grains. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Vickers, A. J., et al.
(författare)
-
A comparison of brief versus explicit descriptors for verbal rating scales: interrupted time series design
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. - 1477-7525. ; 21:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundVerbal rating scales (VRS) are widely used in patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. At our institution, patients complete an online instrument using VRSs with a five-point brief response scale to assess symptoms as part of routine follow-up after ambulatory cancer surgery. We received feedback from patients that the brief VRS descriptors such as "mild" or "somewhat" were vague. We added explicit descriptors to our VRSs, for instance, "Mild: I can generally ignore my pain" for pain severity or "Somewhat: I can do some things okay, but most of my daily activities are harder because of fatigue" for fatigue interference. We then compared responses before and after this change was made.MethodsThe symptoms investigated were pain, fatigue and nausea. Our hypothesis was that the explicit descriptors would reduce overall variance. We therefore compared the coefficient of variation of scores and tested the association between symptoms scores and known predictors thereof. We also compared time to completion between questionnaires with and without the additional descriptors.ResultsA total of 17,500 patients undergoing 21,497 operations were assigned questionnaires in the period before the descriptors were added; allowing for a short transition period, 1,417 patients having 1436 operations were assigned questionnaires with the additional descriptors. Symptom scores were about 10% lower with the additional descriptors but the coefficient of variation was slightly higher. Moreover, the only statistically significant difference between groups for association with a known predictor favored the item without the additional language for nausea severity (p = 0.004). Total completion time was longer when the instrument included the additional descriptors, particularly the first and second time that the questionnaire was completed.ConclusionsAdding descriptors to a VRS of post-operative symptoms did not improve scale properties in patients undergoing ambulatory cancer surgery. We have removed the additional descriptors from our tool. We recommend further comparative psychometric research using data from PROs collected as part of routine clinical care.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Whitlow, Harry J, et al.
(författare)
-
Formation of cobalt silicide from filter metal vacuum arc deposited films
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X. ; 247:2, s. 271-278
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal reaction of Co film deposited on Si(111) surfaces by a high current filter metal vacuum arc (FMEVAD) system has been studied. After deposition the films were annealed over the 400-900 degrees C temperature range for 30 min. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to characterize the elemental depth distributions in the films subjected to different annealing temperatures. Ordered chemical phases were determined by glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and the morphology was determined by cross section transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the phases formed are Co2Si at 400 degrees C, CoSi + Coo at 500 degrees C, CoSi + CoSi2 at 600 degrees C and CoSi2 at (700-800 degrees C). At 900 degrees C, CiSi(2) was formed with a mixture of cubic cobalt and probably an amorphous cobalt oxide surface layer. The interface morphology was a rough cusp-like crenelation at 600 degrees C which became less pronounced after annealing at 800 degrees C. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
