| 1. |
- Broström (red), Tor, et al.
(författare)
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Brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden: En kunskapsöversikt
- 2021
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract [sv] Arbetet med brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden kräver anpassade lösningar som också kan tillgodose ett bevarande av byggnaderna och deras kulturvärden. Det finns, utspritt, mycket kunskap och erfarenhet inom det här området både i Sverige och internationellt. För att tillgodose ett behov av samlad kunskap inom detta område initierade Brandforsk en kunskapsöversikt tillsammans med Akademiska hus, Fortifikationsverket, Kammarkollegiet, Kyrkans försäkring, Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens fastighetsverk. Den här kunskapsöversikten syftar till att sammanställa och presentera den kunskap som finns. Ett kompletterande syfte är att definiera områden där kunskap saknas. Kunskapsöversikten är indelad i sex områden: 2. Skydd mot brands uppkomst 3. Spridning av brand inom byggnad 4. Spridning av brand till byggnad 5. Brandens påverkan på byggnadens stomme 6. Utrymning 7. Räddningstjänstens insats Med utgångspunkt från workshops har en sammanställning av behovsbilden gjorts. Kunskapsöversikten och behovsbilden ligger till grund för en gap-analys vilken pekar på behov av fortsatt forskning och utveckling. Abstract [en] Working with fire safety in historic buildings requires adapted solutions that can also satisfy the preservation of the buildings and their cultural values. There is a lot of knowledge and experience in this area both in Sweden and internationally. In order to make this available to end users, Brandforsk initiated a literature review together with a group of national sponsors. This literature review aims to compile and present the documented knowledge in the field. A complementary purpose is to define knowledge gaps. The review is divided into six areas: 2. Fire prevention 3. Fire spread within buildings 4. Fire spread between structures 5. Structural fire resistance 6. Evacuation 7. Fire and rescue service activities Based on workshops the needs of end users have been compiled. A comparison of the outcome of the review and the end user needs defines a knowledge gap pointing to the need for continued research and development.
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| 2. |
- (red.) Broström, Tor, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden : En kunskapsöversikt
- 2021
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arbetet med brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden kräver anpassade lösningar som också kan tillgodose ett bevarande av byggnaderna och deras kulturvärden. Det finns, utspritt, mycket kunskap och erfarenhet inom det här området både i Sverige och internationellt. För att tillgodose ett behov av samlad kunskap inom detta område initierade Brandforsk en kunskapsöversikt tillsammans med Akademiska hus, Fortifikationsverket, Kammarkollegiet, Kyrkans försäkring, Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens fastighetsverk. Den här kunskapsöversikten syftar till att sammanställa och presentera den kunskap som finns. Ett kompletterande syfte är att definiera områden där kunskap saknas. Kunskapsöversikten är indelad i sex områden:2. Skydd mot brands uppkomst3. Spridning av brand inom byggnad4. Spridning av brand till byggnad5. Brandens påverkan på byggnadens stomme6. Utrymning7. Räddningstjänstens insatsMed utgångspunkt från workshops har en sammanställning av behovsbilden gjorts. Kunskapsöversikten och behovsbilden ligger till grund för en gap-analys vilken pekar på behov av fortsatt forskning och utveckling.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Arinaitwe, Evalyne, et al.
(författare)
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Is the fire performance of phase change materials a significant barrier to implementation in building applications?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - : Elsevier. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the reaction-to-fire behaviour of building materials containing phase change materials by predicting their fire classification according to the European reaction-to-fire classification system (Euroclasses). While various building materials containing PCMs exist today, their application in buildings has been somewhat limited due to the fire behaviour of these building materials. Existing research has focused on small scale testing which does not allow determination of the Euroclass of the material. In this application, large scale performance is predicted based on previously published small scale data to provide some valuable insights into the expected fire performance of these materials. As a starting point, a systematic literature review on phase change materials (PCM) and fire behaviour was conducted, with the purpose of identifying all existing literature concerning experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of building materials containing PCMs. In total, 816 articles were selected from the literature search. After screening of these papers, 51 articles were fully reviewed and included in the next step of the study. In the next step, the reaction-to-fire behaviour of the building materials with PCMs that were identified from the literature was predicted using the ConeTools simulation program. The input data required for ConeTools was obtained from the identified literature. Initially, 27 of the 51 studies used cone calorimetry as a fire testing method and could therefore be considered for the Euroclass assessment. However, of the 27 studies, only 17 studies provided information on both the heat release rates (HRR) and time to ignition (TTI) and were selected for use in the ConeTools program. The ConeTools program predicted Euroclasses for all the building materials containing PCMs from the selected 17 studies. The predicted Euroclasses for most materials was low (i.e. fire classes ‘D' or ‘E or worse') which confirms that materials containing PCMs generally have a low react-to-fire behaviour even with addition of flame retardants (FR). Our findings indicate that the fire behaviour, typically Euroclass ‘D' or ‘E or worse', of the building materials containing PCMs is indeed a barrier to their implementation in the building applications where Euroclass C or higher is required, e.g. in evacuation pathways or certain public spaces. The predictions of the Euroclasses based on ConeTools need to be confirmed using Single Burning Item tests (EN 13823) and/or Room Corner tests (ISO 9705) in the future, to enable a better understanding of fire behaviour of these building materials.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Joffrin, E., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium-tritium operation with the ITER like-wall
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 59:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the past several years, the JET scientific programme (Pamela et al 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 590) has been engaged in a multi-campaign effort, including experiments in D, H and T, leading up to 2020 and the first experiments with 50%/50% D-T mixtures since 1997 and the first ever D-T plasmas with the ITER mix of plasma-facing component materials. For this purpose, a concerted physics and technology programme was launched with a view to prepare the D-T campaign (DTE2). This paper addresses the key elements developed by the JET programme directly contributing to the D-T preparation. This intense preparation includes the review of the physics basis for the D-T operational scenarios, including the fusion power predictions through first principle and integrated modelling, and the impact of isotopes in the operation and physics of D-T plasmas (thermal and particle transport, high confinement mode (H-mode) access, Be and W erosion, fuel recovery, etc). This effort also requires improving several aspects of plasma operation for DTE2, such as real time control schemes, heat load control, disruption avoidance and a mitigation system (including the installation of a new shattered pellet injector), novel ion cyclotron resonance heating schemes (such as the three-ions scheme), new diagnostics (neutron camera and spectrometer, active Alfven eigenmode antennas, neutral gauges, radiation hard imaging systems...) and the calibration of the JET neutron diagnostics at 14 MeV for accurate fusion power measurement. The active preparation of JET for the 2020 D-T campaign provides an incomparable source of information and a basis for the future D-T operation of ITER, and it is also foreseen that a large number of key physics issues will be addressed in support of burning plasmas.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Façade Fires in Swedish School Buildings
- 2013
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Ingår i: MATEC web of conferances. - : EDP Sciences. - 2261-236X. ; 9, s. 03006-03006
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fires outside school buildings caused by arson are a major problem in Sweden. The initial fire source can involve rubbish or other types of combustibles that can be found at or sometimes brought to the school. As the external fire develops the flames will extend along the façade. If the building is a one-story building, which is a common construction in Swedish school buildings, the fire can spread to the attic and further on to the rest of the building. A large research project was initiated in 2008 by the Swedish Fire Research Board in order to reduce the number and consequences of arson fires in school buildings. In this paper an evaluation of some technical systems that can be used to mitigate consequences of exterior fires is presented. The evaluation includes a literature review, experimental studies and a cost-benefit analysis. The study showed that some systems have clear cost-benefit advantages for the protection of school buildings in places where a high fire frequency can be expected.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Technical measures to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson in school buildings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Science. - : International Association for Fire Safety Science. ; , s. 531-543
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fires in school buildings caused by arson are a major problem in Sweden and in particular are the costs of these fires disproportionately high compared to the costs of fires in buildings in general. The Swedish Research Board initiated a multidisciplinary project in order to reduce the number and consequences of arson fires in schools. Both technical and social aspects have been dealt within this project. In this paper an overview of the findings of the sub-project related to technical issues are presented. The goal and purpose of it has been to evaluate technical systems and engineering solutions to prevent and reduce the consequences of arson in school buildings. As part of this has a number of issues been considered including: identification of typical fire scenarios and design fires, an inventory of available technical systems and solutions, small- And real-scale experiments and an extensive cost-benefit analysis of a selection of technical systems.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Tekniska system för att förhindra och begränsa anlagd brand– Slutrapport
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The project “Arson - a societal problem” has been running with funding from a number of players since 2008. The project consists of a number of sub-projects and the work presented in this report was conducted within the sub-project: "Technical- and risk-based methods to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson". The goal and purpose of the project was to develop and evaluate technical systems and engineering solutions to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson in school buildings. The project has been reported in four interim reports. The main results of these interim reports and their findings have been summarized in this final report.
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| 11. |
- McNamee, Cathy E., et al.
(författare)
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Rice starch particle interactions at air/aqueous interfaces-effect of particle hydrophobicity and solution ionic strength
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Chemistry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2646. ; 6:MAY
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Starch particles modified by esterification with dicarboxylic acids to give octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch is an approved food additive that can be used to stabilize oil in water emulsions used in foods and drinks. However, the effects of the OSA modification of the starch particle on the interfacial interactions are not fully understood. Here, we directly measured the packing of films of rice starch granules, i.e., the natural particle found inside the plant, at air/aqueous interfaces, and the interaction forces in that system as a function of the particle hydrophobicity and ionic strength, in order to gain insight on how starch particles can stabilize emulsions. This was achieved by using a combined Langmuir trough and optical microscope system, and the Monolayer Interaction Particle Apparatus. Native rice starch particles were seen to form large aggregates at air/water interfaces, causing films with large voids to be formed at the interface. The OSA modification of the rice starches particles decreased this aggregation. Increasing the degree of modification improved the particle packing within the film of particles at the air/water interface, due to the introduction of inter-particle electrostatic interactions within the film. The introduction of salt to the water phase caused the particles to aggregate and form holes within the film, due to the screening of the charged groups on the starch particles by the salt. The presence of these holes in the film decreased the stiffness of the films. The effect of the OSA modification was concluded to decrease the aggregation of the particles at an air/water interface. The presence of salts, however, caused the particles to aggregate, thereby reducing the strength of the interfacial film.
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| 12. |
- McNamee, Cathy E., et al.
(författare)
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Surface and friction forces between grafted polysaccharide layers in the absence and presence of surfactant
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103 .- 0001-8686 .- 1873-3727. ; 364, s. 351-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyzed the interaction between chemically grafted polysaccharide layers in aqueous solutions. To fabricate such layers, an end-terminated dextran silane coupling agent was synthesized and the polydextran was grafted to oxidized silicon wafers and to silica particles. This resulted in the formation of a 28 nm thick layer (in air) and a grafted amount of 40 mg/m2 as determined by ellipsometry. The physical properties of the grafted layer were investigated in aqueous solutions by atomic force microscope imaging and colloidal probe force measurements. Surface and friction forces were measured between one bare and one polydextran coated silica surface. A notable feature was a bridging attraction due to affinity between dextran and the silica surface. Surface interactions and friction forces were also investigated between two surfaces coated with grafted polydextran. Repulsive forces were predominant, but nevertheless a high friction force was observed. The repulsive forces were enhanced by addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) that associates with the tethered polydextran layers. SDS also decreased the friction force. Our data suggests that energy dissipation due to shear-induced structural changes within the grafted layer is of prime importance for the high friction forces observed, in particular deformation of protrusions in the surface layer.
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| 13. |
- McNamee, Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-7112. ; 110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Association of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) is comprised of members from some 40 countries. This paper presents the Association's thinking, developed by the Management Committee, concerning pressing research needs for the coming 10 years presented as the IAFSS Agenda 2030 for a Fire Safe World. The research needs are couched in terms of two broad Societal Grand Challenges: (1) climate change, resiliency and sustainability and (2) population growth, urbanization and globalization. The two Societal Grand Challenges include significant fire safety components, that lead both individually and collectively to the need for a number of fire safety and engineering research activities and actions. The IAFSS has identified a list of areas of research and actions in response to these challenges. The list is not exhaustive, and actions within actions could be defined, but this paper does not attempt to cover all future needs.
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| 14. |
- Murari, A., et al.
(författare)
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A control oriented strategy of disruption prediction to avoid the configuration collapse of tokamak reactors
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of thermonuclear fusion consists of producing electricity from the coalescence of light nuclei in high temperature plasmas. The most promising route to fusion envisages the confinement of such plasmas with magnetic fields, whose most studied configuration is the tokamak. Disruptions are catastrophic collapses affecting all tokamak devices and one of the main potential showstoppers on the route to a commercial reactor. In this work we report how, deploying innovative analysis methods on thousands of JET experiments covering the isotopic compositions from hydrogen to full tritium and including the major D-T campaign, the nature of the various forms of collapse is investigated in all phases of the discharges. An original approach to proximity detection has been developed, which allows determining both the probability of and the time interval remaining before an incoming disruption, with adaptive, from scratch, real time compatible techniques. The results indicate that physics based prediction and control tools can be developed, to deploy realistic strategies of disruption avoidance and prevention, meeting the requirements of the next generation of devices.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Pimienta, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendation of RILEM TC 256-SPF on fire spalling assessment during standardised fire resistance tests : complementary guidance and requirements
- 2024
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 57:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recommendation is based on the co-authors’ work organized by the RILEM TC 256-SPF “Spalling of concrete due to fire: testing and modelling”. It aims to provide useful information, guidance and best practices in fire spalling assessment to laboratories that perform large-scale tests based on fire resistance test standards. It provides guidance on the spalling observation techniques during testing, as well as post-test spalling quantification/assessment methods. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire resistance test standards, e.g. EN 1363-1 and ISO 834-1.
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| 17. |
- Pimienta, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendation of RILEM TC 256-SPF on the method of testing concrete spalling due to fire : material screening test
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 1359-5997 .- 1871-6873. ; 56:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recommendation is based on the co-authors’ work organized by the RILEM TC 256-SPF “Spalling of concrete due to fire: testing and modelling”. The Committee has defined two types of screening tests for characterization of concrete propensity to fire spalling: Material screening tests and Product screening tests. Definitions of both types of tests are given in the paper. The following recommendations apply to Material screening tests. The material screening tests described in these recommendations are a set of minimum requirements to test concrete spalling propensity (for example, the minimal specimen size). This document covers the aspects of concrete characterization, specimen geometries, storage conditions, test methods and measured parameters.
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| 18. |
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