| 1. |
- Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge evolution within human urine recycling technological innovation system (TIS): Focus on technologies for recovering plant-essential nutrients
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adopting urine-recycling technologies can support a transition to circular nutrient management systems. Although these technologies have been developed since the 1990s, their large-scale implementation remains limited. From a technological innovation system (TIS) perspective, "knowledge development and diffusion" is a critical function in the development phase. Yet, available methods in the literature to evaluate this function are not standardized. Hence, this study aims to fill this literature gap by developing a novel multi-criteria framework for evaluating knowledge functions. Several characteristics of emerging technologies are reflected in the criteria, including the rate of growth, novelty, diffusion, and relationship to incumbent systems. The knowledge base was measured by bibliometric analysis of publications obtained from comprehensive mapping. Results showed that the rate of publications and knowledge diffusion increased sharply in 2011-2021 compared to 1990-2010. However, the function still has insufficiency in some criteria. The lack of innovation in scientific research and the diversification of technologies were found to be impediments. The analysis also identified the lock-in of con-ventional technologies and centralized infrastructures in terms of publication dominance as another impediment. For the TIS to be legitimate and to grow, more pilot-scale implementations at a higher level are recommended to demonstrate that the technology works in practice.
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| 2. |
- Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, et al.
(författare)
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Urine recycling - Diffusion barriers and upscaling potential; case studies from Sweden and Switzerland
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we explored why urine recycling systems have failed to gain wide-scale expansion despite their high potential for food and fertilizer security. Additionally, we examined the future perception of urine recycling in Sweden and Switzerland, as these two countries are at the forefront of technological advancement. Along with identifying barriers, we also proposed pathways for overcoming those barriers and achieving the upscale. The analysis was conducted using the technological innovation (TIS) approach, which is technology-focused, i.e., revolves around emerging technologies. Additionally, the study provides a methodological contribution to the innovation systems research by employing the Delphi method in conjunction with urine recycling experts to enforce transparency and prevent bias in the analysis. For urine recycling to overcome its current challenges, actors must work collectively. There needs to be a combination of top-down and bottom-up efforts to achieve the upscaling pathways. Lobbying and knowledge provision are necessary to adjust the current regulatory framework in a manner that provides public and private incentives. For urine recycling to diffuse and break into the mainstream market, we must move beyond enthusiasts, innovators, and niche markets into the mass market (ordinary people); dedicated service providers can facilitate this process. Pilot projects have been found integral to urine recycling upscaling. Future work could conduct life cycle assessments on existing pilot projects to understand the environmental and economic performance of urine recycling systems when scaled up.
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| 3. |
- Billger, Monica, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons from co-designing a resource-recovery game for collaborative urban sanitation planning
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to describe the development of an innovative planning tool to promote the knowledge and collaboration needed to overcome challenges in the sanitation sector. A serious game was designed to share knowledge about resource recovery and support attitude-change and collaboration between stakeholders. This study documents the co-design process of game development from conception based on a set of specifications the game should achieve, through iterative testing with relevant stakeholders as players. The resulting prototype of the game showed that it was not possible to include all the original desired specifications in the final game. Stakeholders found that the game was engaging, stimulated creativity and achieved its goal.
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| 4. |
- Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
(författare)
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Resource recovery from wastewater treatment: challenges, opportunities and guidance for planning and implementation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Considering the current resources scarcity, Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) should be adapted to become more sustainable. For example, it is possible to recover resources present in municipal wastewater. However, regional studies about integration of resource recovery processes at different scales or about the main barriers to implementation in developing countries are missing in the literature. Also, there is a need for planning methodologies to identify the most sustainable solution in each context. Understanding the current situation is an essential step to support planning and accelerate resource recovery implementation. To address these issues this thesis aims to guide planning, technology and policy development towards resource recovery from municipal WWTP in large cities of developing countries. This thesis presents a comprehensive knowledge base for wastewater treatment plant managers and decision-makers leading to a better understanding of resource recovery solutions and the actions needed to facilitate implementation. The methodology comprised critical literature reviews and two case studies. Secondary data from literature and primary data (obtained through questionnaires) were collected and analysed. Megacities in developing countries are analysed in the papers, with the focus on the Macrometropolis of Sao Paulo, which is the most populous area in the Southern Hemisphere. The current situation shows a low implementation of resource recovery practices in the region, and local conditions affect the implementation of water reuse, and nutrients and energy recovery. A framework consisting of eleven steps is proposed to support planning and decision-making on resource recovery from wastewater. This new tool was tested and can be applied by decision-makers in wastewater sector for better operation and management. Market, legislation, local economic development, and cooperation with stakeholders are relevant aspects covered in the analysis. There is a great potential to expand wastewater treatment integrated with nutrient and energy recovery strategies in developing countries. Potentials for phosphorus and energy recovery were estimated and some recovery scenarios are recommended. In conclusion, the findings can help planning and elaboration of resource recovery projects in wastewater treatment in urban areas and stimulate creation of public policies. The main research gaps identified in this thesis can guide further research and technological development in this field.
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| 5. |
- Cossio Grageda, Claudia, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Indicators for sustainability assessment of small-scale wastewater treatment plants in low and lower-middle income countries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 2665-9727. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastewater treatment in low and lower-middle income countries is often limited by lack of local technical expertise, institutional capacity, and financial resources, making it challenging to reach SDG6-target 6.3, i.e. halving the proportion of untreated wastewater. Several studies suggest sets of sustainability indicators for assessing the planning and/or operation of WWTPs. However, existing standard indicators are typically focused on the context of high and upper-middle income countries, whereas low and lower-middle income countries face other types of issues. The development of a contextualized set of relevant and effective sustainability indicators to support the planning and/or operation of small-scale WWTPs in low and lower-middle income countries is crucial. This study develops a contextualized set of sustainability indicators for small-scale wastewater treatment plants in Bolivia, which is classified as a lower-middle income country. Indicators were identified using a literature review combined with empirical studies using focus groups with managers and operators, as well as, workshops with experts. The aim of the focus groups and workshops was to acquire an understanding of the local context and identify relevant sustainability indicators. The practical investigation took place at five sites in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The results suggest that sustainability assessment of WWTPs in low and lower-middle income countries should emphasize the institutional dimension (e.g. Institutional capacity, Interactions, and Information) and the technical dimension (e.g. Sewage network functionality and Expertise) alongside indicators in the social, economic and environmental dimensions.
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| 6. |
- de Morais Lima, Priscila, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating source separation wastewater systems using traditional life cycle assessment and the planetary boundaries approach
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a commonly used method for assessing environmental impacts of systems, but cannot produce absolute values, i.e. a comparison with existing calculated values, which represents limits of what can be emitted into the environment. Therefore, absolute environmental sustainability assessments have been developed to assess impacts against the planetary boundaries (PBs) of the safe operating space for humanity. Since PB-LCAs are novel, it is useful to analyze both results from this method and conventional LCAs, something which has not been done before. This study applied both methods to two full-scale sanitation systems in the city of Helsingborg, Sweden. The current conventional system for handling wastewater with active sludge and food waste to biogas production was compared with the novel project H+ source separation system with three pipes (food waste, grey and black water) with increased resource recovery through anaerobic digestion, ammonia stripping, struvite precipitation and pelletization. The Planetary Boundaries LCA (PB-LCA) results showed that both systems exceeded eight of the assigned shares of PBs, including climate change and biogeochemical flows of nutrients. Traditional LCA (ReCiPe impact assessment) showed net savings for the H+ system in a few categories and considerable reductions in several impacts, e.g., global warming potential (GWP), stratospheric ozone depletion, terrestrial acidification, and water consumption. In PB-LCA the H+ system gave additional impacts in both assessments for a few categories, mostly due to high consumption of chemicals in the ammonium stripping process used for nutrient recovery. In conclusion, the combined assessments highlight hotspots for process optimization in the H+ system. From a methodological standpoint, PB-LCA still needs improvements to better reflect avoided burdens and results from traditional LCA should be fully transparent and analyzed carefully. The assessment methods complement each other and can be combined to better represent environmental performances of systems.
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| 7. |
- de Morais Lima, Priscila, et al.
(författare)
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Resource-oriented sanitation: Identifying appropriate technologies and environmental gains by coupling Santiago software and life cycle assessment in a Brazilian case study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implementation of resource recovery technologies is becoming increasingly important, as humans are exhausting the world's natural resources. Recovering nutrients and water from wastewater treatment systems will play an important role in changing the current trends towards a circular economy. However, guidance is still needed to determine the most appropriate way to do this. In this study two decision-support tools, sanitation planning software (Santiago) and life cycle assessment (LCA), were applied to identify appropriate technologies and their environmental impacts. As a case study, current and alternative scenarios for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Campo Grande, west-central Brazil, were used. Among 12 scenarios provided by Santiago for efficient nutrient recovery, eight were selected for further assessment. The current WWTP system (UASB reactors) resulted in the highest negative impacts in two of nine assessment categories (freshwater and marine eutrophication), due to nutrient discharge to water. A source separation scenario with urine stored in a urine bank and co-composting of feces showed best overall performance. Electricity consumption played a crucial role for impacts in several categories, while water consumption was not significantly affected by choice of toilet. One Santiago scenario matched the most appropriate scenario with the best environmental performance, but the other seven scenarios were not as beneficial, indicating a need for some adjustments in the software. These results highlight the importance of performing LCA to compare alternative scenarios, even when using a tool designed to identify locally appropriate technologies. The results also indicate that the current wastewater treatment system has reasonable environmental performance, but could be improved if measures were taken to recover energy and reuse water.
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| 8. |
- Drangert, Jan-Olof, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the European Union Waste Hierarchy to Guide Nutrient-Effective Urban Sanitation toward Global Food Security : Opportunities for Phosphorus Recovery
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2571-581X. ; 2, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With growing urbanization cities become hotspots for nutrients. Food items are imported, and food residues, including excreta and not-eaten food, are often exported to landfill sites and water bodies. However, urban sanitation systems can be designed to achieve a high degree of nutrient recovery and food security while counteracting current nutrient resources depletion, environmental degradation, and wasteful energy use. This article illustrates how an extended solid waste hierarchy also including human excreta and wastewater can guide actions to save and recover phosphorus (P) by the three sectors: food industry, households, and waste utilities. P use in diets and agricultural production is not part of the analysis, despite the potential to save P. Novel systems thinking and material flow analysis show that waste prevention can replace over 40% of mined P presently used for making fertilizers. Reuse and recycling of P in excreta and food waste can replace another 15–30%, depending on P efficiency from mine to plate. Keeping excreta separated from other wastewater facilitates such measure. Incineration and land filling are deemed the least appropriate measures since mainly P is recovered in the ashes. The European Union (EU) waste management policy is analyzed for real barriers and opportunities for this approach. The EU Parliament policy guidelines were watered down in the EU Commission’s Directives, and today most biowastes are still being landfilled or incinerated instead of recovered. An anticipated overcapacity of incineration plants in Europe threatens to attract all combustible materials and therefore, irrevocably, reduce nutrient recovery. On the other hand, reduced generation and enhanced recovery can delay exhaustion of P resources by several centuries and simultaneously reduce environmental degradation.
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| 9. |
- Eliyan, Chea, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing physicochemical characteristics of faecal sludge in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 12, s. 129-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comprehensive knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics is needed for sludge management planning, but it is lacking for the city of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thus, this study characterised physicochemical properties of faecal sludge from households in Phnom Penh and related these to sludge containment unit type, unit age, connectedness to the urban drainage network, type of wastewater captured, watertight containment units, number of users, and emptying practices. In total, 194 faecal sludge samples collected during containment unit emptying were analysed for physicochemical parameters. Information on containment units was collected in a survey of emptiers and users. Mean values of faecal sludge chemical parameters were found to be slightly lower than previously reported values for low-/middle-income countries, whereas physicochemical properties were within similar ranges. The main factor influencing organic matter content in faecal sludge was containment unit connection to the urban drainage network, whereas emptying practice and capture of only blackwater affected nutrient levels. The concentrations of nutrients and organic pollutants greatly exceeded Cambodian discharge standards for wastewater. This causes environmental impacts, so treatment is needed before discharge. The faecal sludge characteristics and influencing factors identified here can serve as a baseline for sanitation stakeholders planning faecal sludge management systems in Phnom Penh and similar cities.
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| 10. |
- Eliyan, Chea, et al.
(författare)
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Generation and Management of Faecal Sludge Quantities and Potential for Resource Recovery in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-665X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the current rate of progress, there will probably still be 2.8 billion people world-wide without safely managed sanitation by 2030. To incentivise and increase implementation of sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM), especially in low and middle-income countries like Cambodia, human waste must be regarded as a resource. However, planning data, e.g. on the quantities, composition and fate of faecal sludge after leaving households, are inadequate and lack accuracy. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for effective FSM planning by sanitation stakeholders in Phnom Penh. This was done by quantifying sludge volumes generated, transport logistics and resource recovery potential to incentivise sustainable management. Interviews were conducted with users and emptying and transportation contractors, together with collection of technical data about on-site sanitation systems. Geographical coordinates of household sampling locations and disposal sites were also mapped. The results revealed that Cheung Ek and Kob Srov wetlands are the main recipients of faecal sludge collected in Phnom Penh with the amount of 18,800 m(3) and 13,700 m(3) annually, respectively. The analysis showed that faecal sludge in Phnom Penh contains valuable resources such as nitrogen (6 tons), phosphorus (13 tons) and energy (148-165 GWh) annually, but in-depth investigations of appropriate treatment options for resource recovery are required. Detailed documentation of the location of potential recoverable resources from faecal sludge would assist decision-makers in developing action plans for sustainable FSM in Phnom Penh and similar cities.
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| 11. |
- Eliyan, Chea, et al.
(författare)
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Heavy metal contamination of faecal sludge for agricultural production in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To achieve the universal target of ‘safely managed sanitation’ set out in UN Sustainable Development Goal 6, the world needs to increase its rate of progress, since e.g. Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, currently has zero percent safely managed sanitation. One way to promote safer faecal sludge management is to shift to a more circular system with nutrient recycling, but this carries the risk of heavy metal accumulation in the environment. This study analysed the concentrations of heavy metals in raw faecal sludge from various sources and assessed the appropriateness of resource recovery and reuse in relation to the heavy metal and nutrient loads in faecal sludge. A total of 42 samples collected from sludge disposal sites in Phnom Penh during the dry and rainy seasons were analysed for heavy metals and physicochemical parameters. Mean measured concentrations of heavy metals in faecal sludge samples decreased in the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Hg > As > Cd in both seasons but were higher in the rainy season, probably due partly to inflow from stormwater drains and run-off from roads during storm events. All elements analysed were within the permissible limits for application to land according to EU standards and USEPA. However, Hg and Zn concentrations exceeded the tolerance limits for local organic fertiliser and Swedish limits for compost. Faecal sludge is thus not an appropriate fertiliser considering the risk of heavy metal accumulation in relation to phosphorus recovered. Options to avoid recirculating pollutants to the environment include upstream prevention of pollution, source separation of household wastewater fractions and use of biosolids as a soil conditioner together with other fertilisers or for soil production. Additional studies are needed on these options if sanitation stakeholders are to close the nutrient loop.
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| 12. |
- Eliyan, Chea, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability assessment of faecal sludge treatment technologies for resource recovery in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental technology & innovation. - 2352-1864. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selection of appropriate sustainable treatment technologies involves satisfying user requirements, quality standards on treatment and products, and specific socio-technical constraints in the intended context. Using locally adapted multi-criteria assessment (MCA), this study investigated faecal sludge treatment technologies that enable resource recovery in Phnom Penh. A four-step structured approach was applied, involving i) identification of available options, ii) prerequisite screening, iii) MCA and iv) stakeholder discussions and ranking. Data were collected in a literature review, stakeholder interviews and an online survey. Lists of suitable primary (n = 7) and secondary (n = 13) treatment technologies were compiled based on the literature. Four secondary treatment technologies (solar drying, co-composting, vermicomposting, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting) were retained after prerequisite screening and subjected to MCA. Co-composting was ranked highest in MCA, since it performed well in multiple aspects, especially for health criteria. However, when economic return on investment was prioritised and a lower treatment class was accepted, e.g. USEPA Class B biosolids, the highest ranking was achieved by vermicomposting or BSFL composting. If institutional criteria were included in the assessment, solar drying would likely be the highest-ranked option, since this simple technology requires less logistically complex stakeholder arrangements than co-composting. These results show that the ranking obtained for different sludge treatment options depends on criteria weighting and tradeoffs. Considering secondary treatment options is crucial during early planning for faecal sludge management in a city of low-and-middle income countries, as the primary treatment must yield appropriate feedstock quality for the secondary treatment step.
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| 13. |
- Fischer, Klara, et al.
(författare)
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No legitimacy: A study of private sector sanitation development in the Global South
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 38, s. 68-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is needed for the private sector to successfully establish itself as a key player in delivering sustainable sanitation in the Global South? The present paper aims to offer some answers to this through the case of Peepoople AB, a company delivering a single-use biodegradable toilet bag in informal settlements. The company aimed to but failed in combining sustainable development of sanitation and financial gain for investors. We suggest that explanations for the failure can be found in the interaction between the company and the development– and aid organisations already involved in sanitation development. Through Strategic Niche Management, we look at whether the company managed to create relevant social networks, expectation dynamics and learning processes. The company gained legitimacy with end users, but failed to gain legitimacy in the development sector as it did not prioritise the kind of learning and competence considered relevant in the sector.
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| 14. |
- Gunnarsson, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating environmental and societal impacts from scaling up urine concentration technologies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing trend for nutrient recovery from wastewater as part of the transition to a circular economy. Most nutrients in household wastewater originate from urine and one way to facilitate reuse of these nutrients is to concentrate the urine into fertiliser products. Urine concentration technologies are still in the development phase and not implemented at scale. The aim of this study was to provide guidance to technology developers and policymakers by assessing the environmental and societal impacts of urine concentration technologies. In particular, it includes practical aspects such as worker safety, space availability and local fertiliser needs that have not been included in previous studies. Future scenarios on implementing three different urine concentration technologies (alkaline dehydration, nitrification-distillation, ion-exchange with struvite precipitation) in a planned residential area in Malmö, Sweden, were developed. The technologies were evaluated using multi-criteria assessment (MCA), with environment, technical, economic and health sustainability criteria derived from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It was found that all urine concentration technologies performed well against many of the sustainability criteria examined and can contribute to achieving SDGs, especially regarding nitrogen recovery. Specific areas for further development were identified for each technology. An impact assessment on scaling up demonstrated that nitrogen emissions to surface water were significantly reduced when more than 60% of urine in Malmö city was subjected to urine concentration. Nitrogen and phosphorus recovered from recycling only 15–30% of urine in Malmö could supply 50% of Malmö municipality's fertiliser demand.
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| 15. |
- Harder, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Egestabase – An online evidence platform to discover and explore options to recover plant nutrients from human excreta and domestic wastewater for reuse in agriculture
- 2024
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Ingår i: MethodsX. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1258-780X .- 2215-0161. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Restoring nutrient circularity across scales is important for ecosystem integrity as well as nutrient and food security. As such, research and development of technologies to recover plant nutrients from various organic residues has intensified. Yet, this emerging field is diverse and difficult to navigate, especially for newcomers. As an increasing number of actors search for circular solutions to nutrient management, there is a need to simplify access to the latest knowledge. Since the majority of nutrients entering urban areas end up in human excreta, we have chosen to focus on human excreta and domestic wastewater. Through systematic mapping with stakeholder engagement, we compiled and consolidated available evidence from research and practice. In this paper, we present ‘Egestabase’ – a carefully curated open-access online evidence platform that presents this evidence base in a systematic and accessible manner. We hope that this online evidence platform helps a variety of actors to navigate evidence on circular nutrient solutions for human excreta and domestic wastewater with ease and keep track of new findings.
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| 16. |
- Johannesdottir, Solveig, et al.
(författare)
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What evidence exists on ecotechnologies for recycling carbon and nutrients from domestic wastewater? : A systematic map
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : BioMed Central Ltd. - 2047-2382. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, and many other water bodies, is partly the result of point-source emissions of nutrients and carbon from wastewater. At the same time, nitrogen and phosphorus planetary boundaries have been breached. There is a need for more efficient resource management, including the recovery and reuse of nutrients and carbon in waste. The aim of this paper is to collate evidence on ecotechnologies intended for use in the wastewater sector globally to facilitate the recovery or reuse of carbon and/or nutrients. Methods: Searches were performed on literature published between 2013 and 2017 and in 5 bibliographic databases, 1 search engine, and 38 specialist websites. Database searches were performed in English. Searches in specialist websites were also performed in Finnish, Polish and Swedish. There was no geographical limitation. Screening was conducted at title and abstract level, and on full texts. Apart from bibliographical information, we extracted information on ecotechnology type, intervention, details of the recovery or reuse, the type of wastewater stream to which the ecotechnology is applied, the study location, type and design. Prior to screening and coding, we conducted consistency checks amongst reviewers. We generated a searchable database of coded studies. Findings were synthesised narratively and visualised in a geographical information system (i.e. an evidence atlas). We identified a series of knowledge gaps and clusters that warrant further research. Results: The search resulted in 4024 records, out of which 413 articles were retained after the screening process. In addition, 35 pre-screened studies from the specialist website searches were added. Together, these 448 articles contained 474 individual studies of 28 types of ecotechnologies. A combination of ecotechnologies (16.7%), followed by microalgae cultivation (14.1%) were the most frequent ecotechnologies in the evidence base. Ecotechnologies for recovery composed 72.6% of the evidence base. The most common wastewater streams for recovery were mixed wastewater and sludge (73.8%). There was a relative lack of studies on recovery from source-separated wastewater. The most common type of recovery was energy (27.3%), followed by simultaneous recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus (22.1%). Reuse of recovered substances was described in 22.8% of the studies. The most common type of reuse was of nitrogen and phosphorus (57.4%), followed by joint reuse of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (35.2%). Reuse ecotechnologies were mostly focused on the use of wastewater for irrigation or reuse of biosolids, and not on the nutrients that had been extracted through e.g. precipitation of struvite. In 22 studies both recovery and reuse were described. In total, 60 different study countries were reported in the evidence base, and the most common study location was China. Conclusions: We found substantial evidence for the recovery and reuse of nutrients and carbon from wastewater sources. The relative abundance of studies where substances are recovered compared to studies where they are reused, suggests a knowledge gap on reuse of recovered nutrients and carbon. The majority of studies on reuse were on irrigation with treated wastewater or reuse of biosolids, and not on reuse of extracted nutrients such as struvite. © 2020 The Author(s).
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Kain, Jaan-Henrik, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Serious games in support of transformative multi-stakeholder sanitation planning for increased resource recovery: Specifications for game development
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Globally, 2.3 billion people lack sanitation. Innovative solutions are needed that allow for rapid service expansion to underserved populations. Serious games can bring new perspectives into rigid planning and decision-making by increasing the understanding of complex issues, supporting learning of alternative perspectives and enhancing stakeholders cooperation. Existing games are inadequate for addressing the sanitation challenge and current frameworks for game development are neither comprehensive, nor tailored to sanitation planning. The objectives of this report are a) to develop a generic framework for development of serious games supporting transformative planning and governance; and b) to develop a set of specifications for a serious game for transformative sanitation planning specifically, c) to present a sanitation planning game prototype, and d) to report on an assessment of this game prototype. The report is based on literature studies and prototyping with user tests. A comprehensive framework for game development is presented and specifications for a serious game in sanitation planning are described. Initial game prototyping found that not all specifications could be fulfilled. Yet, focusing the framework on the serious purpose of the game, its worldview, its content, and its context of use brought a different but useful logic into the game design process.
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| 20. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Sanitation Planning : A Tool to Achieve Sustainable Sanitation?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Water Supply and Sanitation For All.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The global sanitation crisis and its importance to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is reflected in the specific sanitation target adopted in 2002. An enormous amount of funds will need to be invested in sanitation over the coming years in order to meet the MDGs. It is important that these funds are invested in sustainable sanitation systems, since providing sanitation systems that are not sustained is a very costly shortterm solution that may contribute to long-term problems. The authors strongly believe that sanitation planning is one key to sustainable sanitation. Recent planning frameworks for sustainable sanitation systems suggest the utilization of a number of steps: (i) recognizing the existence of different domains across the city, (ii) analysis of the interests driving desire for the sanitation system and services for the stakeholders across the domains, (iii) analysis of external drivers and context that impact behaviour in each domain (iv) analysis of technical options, in relation to findings on context and criteria, (v) analysis of management requirements for proposed technical options, (vi) critical assessment whether the proposed system is fit for the purpose. This paper will discuss the merits and challenges of these planning methodologies in reference to experience from West Africa and Sweden. The intent is to illustrate the potential of these methods for increasing sustainable sanitation, but also to raise some key questions that may be missing from the frameworks.
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| 21. |
- Lennartsson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Investments in innovative urban sanitation - Decision-making processes in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water Alternatives. - : Water Alternatives Association. - 1965-0175. ; 12:2, s. 588-608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies decision-making processes in relation to the implementation of innovative source-separating wastewater systems in the development area of Helsingborg called H+, and the non-implementation of the same in Stockholm Royal Seaport. Two analytical perspectives were used to identify critical organisational functions, drivers for change and the anchoring of these decisions within policy: (i) a sustainability transitions framework, and (ii) a policy trickle-down study assessing policy-concept uptake by stakeholders. Critical functions supporting implementation of source-separating systems in H+ were: common vision, leadership, cross-sectoral cooperation, and an innovative approach both within the utility and in the city administration in Helsingborg. In Stockholm, with regard to source-separating wastewater systems, there was a lack of common vision and of cross-sectoral cooperation and leadership. This was also evident in the lack of uptake by stakeholders of the policies for source separation. In Helsingborg, the main drivers for source-separating wastewater systems are increased biogas generation and improved potential for nutrient recycling. In Stockholm, these drivers have not been enough to create change, but the potential for increased heat recovery from greywater at source may be the additional driver necessary for future implementation of source-separating wastewater systems. Comparison of the stalled source-separation policy in Stockholm with a successfully implemented policy in a related field found a key criteria to be the presence of inspired individuals in positions where they had the mandate as well as the ability to create a common vision for change.
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| 22. |
- Lundin, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Recirkulering av näringsämnen mellan stad och land - vad vill gödselanvändaren ha?
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recirkulering av näringsämnen från avloppsströmmar tillbaka till odlingsbar mark kräver en systemomställning både vad gäller marknad, infrastruktur, policys och regelverk. Olika aktörer inom värdekedjan, från kunder i matbutiken och lantbrukare, till avloppsreningsverk, teknikleverantörer och beslutsfattande myndigheter, behöver ha någorlunda gemensamma prioriteringar och det krävs konkreta åtgärder för att möjliggöra de omställningar som krävs.Den pågående globala omställningen mot ett mer cirkulärt och hållbart samhälle kommer också att kräva stora systemomställningar i avlopps- och sanitetsbranschen. Näringsämnen som återfinns i avloppsvattnet måste återvinnas för att minska utsläpp av övergödande ämnen till vattendrag och för att säkerställa tillgång till livsmedel med behov av näringsämnen för sin tillväxt.Trots att det är tydligt att en ökad recirkulering av näring från avloppsströmmar behövs, att regelverk väntas inom en snar framtid och att teknikutvecklingen går snabbt framåt så saknas hållbara strategier för ett genomförande. Detta gäller både i Sverige och i många andra länder. Den svenska näringsplattformen, genomförde under 2020, tillsammans med forskningsprojektet End-of-Wastewater, litteraturstudier, intervjuer och enkäter med sakägare samt en workshop med olika sakägare i frågan (40 deltagare) för att komma ett steg närmare prioriterade åtgärder mot en gemensam vision för Sverige år 2030.Det finns i Sverige idag ett glapp mellan aktörer som arbetar inom avlopp- och avfallsindustrin och aktörer som arbetar inom jordbruk, lantbruk och livsmedelsindustrin. Samtidigt finns en vilja att minska detta glapp. En anledning till viljan att minska detta glapp är att de aktörer som arbetar inom avloppsindustrin vill kunna producera gödselprodukter som motsvarar de behov som finns hos jordbrukarna. I Tabell 1 sammanfattas de främsta faktorer och egenskaper som anses viktiga för dessa produkter. Tabellen har tagits fram efter en litteraturöversikt och den har sedan använts som bas i en workshop, för prioritering av dessa faktorer och egenskaper mot varandra och för att specificera nödvändiga konkreta aktiviteter för att möjliggöra en marknad för återvunna näringsprodukter till år 2030.Produkternas säkerhet har högsta prioritet när de olika deltagande aktörsgruppernas svar på workshopen slås ihop. Deltagande lantbrukare som egen urvalsgrupp ansåg dock att ett känt näringsinnehåll (kväve, fosfor, kalium) i produkten har högsta prioritet och rankade produktsäkerhet på andra plats. Deltagarna bekräftade att alla listade faktorer och egenskaper i Tabell 1 är relevanta, vilket stödjer resultatet från litteraturstudien. Även om många svar från de olika deltagande aktörsgrupperna var samstämmiga krävs ytterligare underlag från främst aktörer inom jordbruk, lantbruk och livsmedelsindustrin, för att ytterligare bekräfta behovs- och kravbilden.Deltagarna specificerade också nödvändiga aktiviteter inom fyra fokusområden:Regelverk och policyForskning och framtagande av beslutsunderlagInfrastrukturella anpassningarKunskapsutbyte och samverkanÄven om specifika aktiviteter identifierades av deltagarna under workshopen, var det svårare att tillsätta vilken aktör som bör vara ansvarig för genomförande av respektive aktivitet. Tydliga delmål med tydlig ansvarsfördelning är viktigt för uppfyllelse av slutmålen. Några av dessa delmål var:Tydliga och stödjande regelverk på regional, nationell och europeisk nivå.Certifieringssystem för gödselprodukter innehållande återvunnen näring från avloppsströmmar.Kunskapsspridning kring risker och fördelar med återvunnen näring.Arbeta för ökad social acceptans och kunskap inom området hos livsmedelskonsumenterna, men specifikt även mot aktörer som arbetar inom beslutsfattande myndigheter, livsmedelsindustrin, infrastrukturella aktörer.
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| 26. |
- Macura, Biljana, et al.
(författare)
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Technologies for recovery and reuse of plant nutrients from human excreta and domestic wastewater : a protocol for a systematic map and living evidence platform
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : BioMed Central Ltd. - 2047-2382. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research and development on the recovery and reuse of nutrients found in human excreta and domestic wastewater has intensified over the past years, continuously producing new knowledge and technologies. However, research impact and knowledge transfer are limited. In particular, uptake and upscaling of new and innovative solutions in practice remain a key challenge. Achieving a more circular use of nutrients thus goes beyond technological innovation and will benefit from a synthesis of existing research being readily available to various stakeholders in the field. The aim of the systematic map and online evidence platform described in this protocol is threefold. First, to collate and summarise scientific research on technologies that facilitate the recovery and reuse of plant nutrients and organic matter found in human excreta and domestic and municipal wastewater. Second, to present this evidence in a way that can be easily navigated by stakeholders. Third, to report on new relevant research evidence to stakeholders as it becomes available. Methods: Firstly, we will produce a baseline systematic map, which will consist of an extension of two previous related syntheses. In a next stage, with help of machine learning and other automation technologies, the baseline systematic map will be transformed into ‘living mode’ that allows for a continually updated evidence platform. The baseline systematic map searches will be performed in 4 bibliographic sources and Google Scholar. All searches will be performed in English. Coding and meta-data extraction will include bibliographic information, locations as well as the recovery and reuse pathways. The living mode will mostly rely on automation technologies in EPPI-Reviewer and the Microsoft Academic database. The new records will be automatically identified and ranked in terms of eligibility. Records above a certain ‘cut-off’ threshold will be manually screened for eligibility. The threshold will be devised based on the empirically informed machine learning model. The evidence from the baseline systematic map and living mode will be embedded in an online evidence platform that in an interactive manner allows stakeholders to visualise and explore the systematic map findings, including knowledge gaps and clusters. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 28. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Acceptance of human excreta derived fertilizers in Swedish grocery stores
- 2023
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Ingår i: CITY AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. - : Elsevier. - 2590-2520. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe recycling of nutrients found in human excreta back to agriculture is an important component of a circular economy that can protect waterways and stabilize food prices. Although many technological advances for the recovery of these nutrients exist, large-scale implementation is lacking. A commonly cited barrier is a lack of acceptance of fertilizers from human excreta and for food products grown with such fertilizers. The food retail sector, as an intermediary between producers and consumers, is an important actor with power to influence opinions and purchasing practices. In this study, we surveyed 127 food retailers (stores) and reviewed publicly available retailer sustainability policies to assess acceptance of the use of recycled fertilizers. We gauged acceptance of three products relevant for the Swedish market - struvite, phosphorus from ash, and dehydrated urine. Most respondents felt that all three recovery techniques were unlikely to be harmful either to themselves or to the environment. It was more acceptable to use products further away from human consumption. In general, struvite and phosphorus from ash were perceived more positively. Acceptance of wastewater-derived fertilizers was largely dependent on perceived risks, especially the fate of pharmaceutical residues. While re-tailers in Sweden are not negative to reuse, they seem unlikely to provide strong support for nutrient recircu-lation from human excreta unless it becomes a greater concern for the public.
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| 29. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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Adaptation of existing participatory planning tools for the peri-urban and rural context in Africa
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a planning approach for sustainable sanitation, and is one of the outcomes of the EU-financed project NETSSAF. The proposed planning approach is geared towards improvement of decision-making in the planning process and in creating demand for sanitation through use of demonstration units and multi-criteria decision support approaches. It was felt that these issues were not emphasized sufficiently in existing planning tools. The paper describes the eight planning steps as well as the technical and non-technical requirements for the implementation of sustainable sanitation.
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| 30. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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Comparative study of environmental impacts related to wheat production with human-urine based fertilizers versus mineral fertilizers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the fertilizers used in conventional agriculture are derived from nonrenewable resources: natural gas for nitrogen fertilizers and fossil mines for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. On the other hand, the nutrients from human urine are poorly recycled with regard to agricultural repurposing, despite the fact that urine can be a nutrient resource for agriculture. Human urine may be collected through source separation and treated to produce urine-based fertilizers, resulting in various value chains. However, the environmental impacts and benefits of this fertilization method compared to current fertilization practices are not well known. Using a life cycle assessment, we assessed the environmental impacts of three scenarios of wheat production fertilized with three different urine-based fertilizers: stored urine, nitrified concentrated urine and alkalinized dehydrated urine. We compared them to a reference scenario in which mineral fertilizers are used for wheat production and urine is treated in a wastewater treatment plant.The environmental impacts for the scenarios using the urine-based fertilizer value chains were lower than those for the reference scenario for climate change, eutrophication, fossil resource and water consumption impact categories. These lower impacts were partly related to the avoided impacts from mineral fertilizer pro-duction. Moreover, the avoided impacts from the sanitation system (water consumption, greenhouse gas emis-sions, and nutrient discharge to the river) were significant and allowed for further and greater reduction of the environmental impacts for the urine-based fertilizer scenarios compared to those for the reference scenario. Nevertheless, stored and alkalinized dehydrated urine can induce higher ammonia volatilization compared to mineral fertilizers, resulting in a higher acidification potential and particulate matter emissions. The electricity consumption values for the nitrified concentrated urine and alkalinized dehydrated urine fertilizers are also higher than that of the reference system. Thus, ammonia volatilization and energy consumption of the urine treatments have been identified as the main environmental hotspots of urine-based fertilizer value chains. In conclusion, the use of urine-based fertilizers completes biogeochemical cycles for the sustainable management of nutrients. It also enables a global reduction of the environmental impacts of fertilization in agriculture and of wastewater treatment.
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| 31. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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Conventional systems for urban sanitation and wastewater management in middle- and high-income countries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance. - London : Routledge. - 9780367523534 ; , s. 119-133
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conventional sanitation system that has evolved in middle- and high-income countries is a waterborne system in which domestic and industrial waste is flushed away from the point of generation and treated off-site. These systems are designed to remove contaminants from wastewater in order to protect public health and the environment. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of design parameters and technologies used in conventional urban sanitation systems in middle- and high-income countries. It explains the composition of wastewater and the key contaminants that the system is designed to manage, including pathogens, suspended solids, nutrients, heavy metals, and chemical compounds. It also explains how the conventional sanitation system is designed to reduce and remove these contaminants along a service chain that includes the capture of wastewater at the household level as well as the collection, transport, treatment, and reuse/disposal. This chapter presents the dominant technologies that are used in middle- and high-income countries for each step in the sanitation service chain. Finally, it discusses the current trends in sanitation planning, including criteria for the design and selection of sustainable systems and principles that should guide us to more sustainable urban sanitation systems.
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| 34. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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Gamifying and evaluating problem structuring: A card game workshop for generating decision objectives
- 2022
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Ingår i: EURO Journal on Decision Processes. - : Elsevier BV. - 2193-9438 .- 2193-9446. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serious games, gamification, or game-based interventions are increasingly used as tools to aid participatory decision-making processes, but their evaluation is often not very rigorous. Therefore, it is still unclear whether game-based interventions are really beneficial. We focused on the following overarching question: how effective are game-based interventions specifically designed to support decision-making processes. We used an illustrative case to reflect on this question. Using a published framework proposing that design processes of game-based interventions and their evaluation are intertwined, we designed simultaneously (1) a game-based intervention, specifically a card game and a workshop structure in which this card game is to be used, and (2) its evaluation procedure, formulating evaluation questions and proposing measure instruments based on the literature. We pre-tested the evaluation procedure in a small pilot study with 10 students. We illustrate the use of the design framework for an intervention to generate objectives in a decision-making process about sustainable wastewater management. Through our illustrative case, we identify future research opportunities about designing game-based interventions and evaluating their effectiveness. We found that it is possible to address the dual challenge of game-based interventions for participatory decision-making processes: (1) designing an informative and engaging game-based intervention without telling participants what to think and (2) designing a tailored evaluation procedure. Designing the game-based intervention and its evaluation simultaneously is valuable, because both are strongly intertwined. However, conducting the evaluation is demanding and requires the collaborative efforts of scientists, including across disciplinary boundaries. For instance, the data collection effort could be distributed among different research groups to increase sample size. This would allow including control treatment(s) and covering the variation span of the confounding factors more broadly. All material is made openly available to foster collaborative future research.
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| 35. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Guide to Sanitation Resource-Recovery Products & Technologies : a supplement to the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
- 2020
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The world is currently undergoing a paradigm shift towards a circular society in which resources are recovered and reused rather than discarded. The global population has surpassed seven billion people, and rapid urbanisation in many areas is putting a significant strain on our ability to provide basic services to all. The Sustainable Development Goals highlight the fact that millions still lack access to food, healthcare, water and sanitation. At the same time, it is increasingly evident that we are consuming the Earth’s resources and releasing waste into the environment in an unsustainable manner. The resulting effects on climate change, biodiversity loss and changing nutrient cycles threaten to over-step critical planetary boundaries. Crossing these boundaries has the potential to cause irreversible environmental change and to threaten the ability of humanity to develop and thrive. Sanitation systems manage carbon, nutrient and water flows, which are key resource flows that affect the planetary boundaries and thus should be recovered and recirculated instead of being released into the environment. Increasing resource recovery within our sanitation systems can play a critical role in shifting to a more sustainable society.There are significant resources within excreta and wastewater fractions that can be recovered and turned into useful products. For example, the average person excretes 4.5 kg of nitrogen, 0.5 kg of phosphorus and 1.2 kg of potassium every year. These elements and other micronutrients found in excreta are critical for the fertilising and restoration of agricultural soils. The energy value of faeces is on average 4 115 kcal/kg of dry solids. This energy can be utilised as a renewable energy source. On top of this, there are large volumes of wastewater that can be captured, cleaned and reused. However, human excreta and wastewater contain pathogens and other undesired substances, risks that need to be managed in a reuse system. The growing demand for recycling needs to be complemented with a growing knowledge of how to do it safely.The aim of this document is to provide an overview of the possibilities for resource recovery from sanitation and provide guidance on treatment processes to achieve safe products for reuse. The focus of this document is on resource recovery from the organic wastes managed in sanitation systems and, to a lesser extent, on the recovery of water and energy generation. Resource recovery sanitation systems are defined as systems that safely recycle excreta and organic waste while minimising the use of non-renewable resources such as water and chemicals. Safe recycling means that waste flows are managed so that physical, microbial and chemical risks are minimised. Thus, the recycled product should not pose any significant health threat or environmental impact when correctly used.The specific objectives of this document are:1. To expose the user to a broad range of recovered sanitation products and innovative treatment technologies.2. To help the user to design functional solutions for resource recovery by illustrating the linkages between sanitation inputs, treatment technology and the recoverable products.3. To provide an overview of basic information regarding design aspects, operational requirements and health, safety and social considerations related to resource recovery technologies and products.4. Describe and fairly present technology-specific advantages and disadvantages.
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| 36. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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How is the term 'ecotechnology' used in the research literature? A systematic review with thematic synthesis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1642-3593. ; 18, s. 247-261
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The term 'ecotechnology' has been used since the early 1970s to describe combinations of practices relating to the environment and technological intervention. Despite its common usage, there seems to be little consensus on its practical meaning. In order to better define the term, we conducted a systematic review with a thematic synthesis of all definitions of the term. We searched a suite of bibliographic databases to collate literature referring to the term 'ecotechnology' in variousways. All explicit definitions were extracted fromarticles and were critically appraised to identify 'rich' and 'broad' definitions. Using thematic synthesis, we generate a conceptual framework for definitions of the term 'ecotechnology' based on themes that emerge across all explicit definitions. We test this conceptual model using examples of ecotechnology identified from the articles relating to carbon and nutrients. We identified 1221 articles referring to the term 'ecotechnology' across 9 bibliographic databases, of which 657 were unique articles. Of the 77 carbon and nutrients articles providing definitions, almost half used the term 'ecotechnology' as a buzzword. Some 38 themes were identified across the 49 explicit definitions and these were clustered into 9 groups: combining processes/integrating nature and society; good for society; good for nature; profitability/efficiency; making nature work for society; making society work for nature; improving processes/learning from the environment; components, equipment, machinery (hard technology); and, processes and behaviours (soft technology). As a result, we developed a conceptual framework for the term ecotechnology which can serve as a useful concept unifying and gathering efforts around a common vision. We also developed a working definition for the purpose of a project we were involved in, based on the framework proposed. (C) 2018 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Legitimacy of source-separating wastewater systems with Swedish water utilities
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nutrient management is one of the critical challenges for developing sustainable circular economies in cities. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from our food end up in our wastewater and pose an environmental threat when they are released in waterways. Yet, these nutrients are essential for crop production and food security. Hince human excreta contains the bulk of nutrients going through the urban ecosystem. Source separation of excreta from the rest of urban wastewater flows can enable safe and efficient nutrient recovery. Yet, source-separating wastewater systems are not yet common in urban areas. The aim of this study is to assess the legitimacy of source-separating wastewater systems from the perspective of wastewater professionals in Sweden. The study uses interviews and a survey to explore the pragmatic, normative, cognitive and regulatory dimensions of legitimacy and how these aspects can vary between different municipalities. Finally, it looks into possible knowledge-based activities to increase legitimacy. The results from this study show variations in legitimacy levels in urban areas in Sweden. Overall opinion appears to be neutral to the concept rather than negative. Although many see multiple barriers to implementation. Normative legitimacy (moral motivation) was relatively high, while cognitive legitimacy (knowledge & experiences) was lowest. Respondents from organizations where source-separation is being implemented, or they believe that it will be implemented within 10 years, generally saw more drivers and fewer barriers. These innovators were also more interested in knowledge-based activities. Overall recommendations to increase cognitive knowledge regarding source-separating systems among multiple stakeholders seems the most promising path forward to increase legitimacy in the Swedish wastewater sector.
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| 40. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Possibilities for changing to resource recovery in Kampala's on-site sanitation regime
- 2022
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pressure is growing to develop innovative decentralized sanitation systems that protect public health and recover resources. This study evaluates the opportunities for niche technologies focusing on nutrient resource recovery to enter the market in Greater Kampala, Uganda. It applies methodology from sustainability transition studies in a novel way to provide new insights into possibilities for change in the on-site sanitation sector. The study 1) characterizes the existing socio-technical regime for on-site sanitation, 2) identify stress points in the regime and 3) possible advantages for the niches. Assessment of the regime covers technology, epistemic practice, sector values, organisational modes, policy and financing. The niches include urine diversion toilets, on-site resource recovery, and container-based models. The on-site sanitation regime is under performing and the niches all offer advantages for improved service and resource use. However, it will be difficult for the niches to break into a sector in which epistemic practice, organisational modes and financing are heavily dominated by the sewage regime. Recommendations for creating a more open environment for innovation are provided for specific stakeholders. © 2022 The Authors
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| 41. |
- McConville, Jennifer R., et al.
(författare)
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Adapting life-cycle thinking tools to evaluate project sustainability in international water and sanitation development work
- 2007
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Ingår i: Environmental Engineering Science. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1092-8758 .- 1557-9018. ; 24:7, s. 937-948
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The United Nations Millennium Development Goals have called issues of water and sanitation to the forefront of international development efforts. Engineers and other development workers are answering this call in increasing numbers. In order to achieve these goals it is necessary to overcome the historically low sustainability rates of development projects. This paper presents a logical framework for identifying and analyzing the factors that affect sustainable development of water and sanitation projects. It identifies five sustainability factors that are common in development literature and the policies of international aid organizations: (1) sociocultural respect, (2) community participation, (3) political cohesion, (4) economic sustainability, and (5) environmental sustainability. A life-cycle thinking approach is used to assess how project sustainability can be improved throughout the project life. Five life stages are identified to represent the life of a development project: (1) needs assessment, (2) conceptual designs and feasibility, (3) design and action planning, (4) implementation, and (5) operation and maintenance. Using the defined sustainability factors and life-cycle stages, an assessment matrix is developed. A series of guidelines for each matrix element are given for scoring the sustainability of a project. The guidelines are derived from best practice approaches to effective international development. The proposed sustainability matrix can be used as a guide for project planning or as an evaluation system to identify strengths and weaknesses in project approaches.
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| 42. |
- McConville, Jennifer R., 1978-
(författare)
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Assessing sustainable approaches to sanitation planning and implementation in West Africa
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The challenge of achieving global sanitation targets is that it requires application of both technology that is appropriate and a supporting organizational structure. The interactions between the two begin during the planning/decision-making process and continue throughout the system lifetime. During the last decade, strategic planning frameworks have emerged in the water and sanitation sector that reflect a shift from traditional, top-down planning to a more participatory, bottom-up approach. Despite this shift and in light of the continuing challenge of achieving widespread sanitation in the world, it is necessary to question if a knowledge gap exists between the global sanitation frameworks and local stakeholder priorities. This licentiate thesis presents the first phase of a research project whose objective is to study the global models and compare them with existing local planning and decision-making conditions. It focuses on establishing the global context with regard to strategic planning tools and perspectives on sustainable sanitation. In general, there is close agreement on methodology and processes recommended by international planning frameworks; however the use of the term “sustainable sanitation” is highly variable. In general, the findings of this thesis show that improving sanitation conditions requires tools based on participation, social marketing, and process approaches for planning, capacity development, and feedback. Continuation of this research will investigate the local context regarding current planning practices and perspectives on sustainable sanitation in order to assess potential differences between the global and local context and make recommendations for improving adaptation of planning strategies for bringing sanitation to scale.
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| 43. |
- McConville, Jennifer R., et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of Local Sustainability in Planning Sanitation Projects in West Africa
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social perspectives on the sanitation challenge. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 105-124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine local perceptions of sustainability in the context of sanitation interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa. Through a series of interviews with local actors criteria for sustainable sanitation were defined in the local context. These local criteria were compared with criteria found in international literature and planning practices used in two sanitation projects. The results from the interviews emphasize criteria related to behaviour change processes, while criteria in literature are either oriented toward technical assessments or project guidelines. The case studies show an attempt to merge academic and pragmatic perspectives by addressing both the technical requirements and processes of social change. As we seek to improve results within the sector it is important to start reflecting on what criteria and sustainability definitions are used in specific approaches.
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| 44. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer
(författare)
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Rethinking Sustainable Sanitation for the Urban Domain
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change, diminishing natural resources and rural-urban demographic trends will have profound impacts on future urban infrastructure delivery in both developed and developing countries. These challenges will however, leverage new opportunities for circular urban economies in which productive sanitation will play an important role in both the North and South. In the developed world, the challenge is to initiate a transition from disposal oriented, water-based infrastructure regimes towards more sustainable, re-use oriented, and productive sanitation. Decentralized approaches to “productive sanitation“ (including the production of biogas, fertilizer or water for irrigation) with a source-separation focus (segregation of flow streams with different properties) will allow for considerable cost and resource savings and enable life-cycle economies. In the developing world, the sanitation challenge is about leapfrogging over-engineered sanitation services and technologies, especially for urban areas which are currently without sanitation services, to overcome the huge service backlog. This paper gives an initial overview of the current state of urban sanitation with a North- South perspective, followed by a discussion of the new role of sustainable sanitation systems for cities of the future. Planning innovations for urban sanitation, initial lessons learned and current challenges faced are addressed. Context specific challenges and opportunities are illustrated in a variety of urban settings, from non-tenured, low-income settlements to middle- and high-income inner-city areas.
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| 47. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Structured Approach for Comparison of Treatment Options for Nutrient-Recovery From Fecal Sludge
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-665X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to present a structured approach for comparing possible nutrient-recovery fecal sludge (FS) treatment systems in order to support transparent decision-making. The approach uses a multi-dimensional sustainability assessment of treatment technologies for nutrient recovery from FS, using a typical case of Kampala City, Uganda. A synthesized list of 22 treatment technologies was prepared from literature. This list included wastewater treatment technologies, which could be adapted to treat fecal sludge, and established fecal sludge treatment technologies that are available or potentially applicable in Kampala. Based on the local situation, the list was reduced to eight possible options, which were carried forward into a multi-dimensional sustainability assessment that incorporated input of stakeholders. The technologies included in the final assessment were optimization of the existing system, lactic acid fermentation (LAF), composting, vermicomposting, Black-Soldier Fly (BSF) composting, ammonia treatment, alkaline stabilization and solar drying. Optimization of the existing system performed well against the set criteria and is a recommended short-term solution. This will require e.g., adding narrower screens to remove more trash from the incoming sludge and respecting storage times prior to selling the sludge. To maximize the agricultural value of the recovered product, while respecting the need for safe reuse, a combination of technologies becomes relevant; the use of a combination of BSF, and subsequent ammonia or alkaline treatment of the remaining organic fraction would allow for maximized safe nutrient recovery and can be the aim for long-term sanitation planning in Kampala. The results of this process provide supporting information for a discussion of trade-offs between stakeholder groups as part of a decision-making process within a larger planning context.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- McConville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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The Reclaim game
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Material for printing the game Reclaim
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