| 1. |
- Asadi, Milad, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Microfabrication of conjugated polymer actuators on textiles and study of textile structures for scaling up the actuation
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conjugated polymers have been developed over the last decade for applications as artificial muscle. These polymers can be synthesized on the conventional yarns to prepare actuators. When a single yarn is functionalized with such polymers, the isotonic generated strain is very low (around 0.075%). In order to reach the early stages of commercialisation, especially in exo-skeleton devices, it is critical to amplify the actuation mechanism in both isometric force transfer and strain generation. In our previous study we showed that by using a 2´1 rib knitted fabric as a viscoelastic substrate, the generated strain enhances to 3%.However, viscoelastic properties of fabrics are determined not only by the constitutive operators of the fibers but also by the fabric pattern and its structures, which governs the fibre deformation. Here we have studied the actuation mechanism of polypyrrole on various fabric structures.Polyamide 6 and stretchable polyamide 6/PU fibers were used to knit the fabrics. Fabrics were pre-modified with tannic acid and bath sonicated for its stress relaxation. Then, they were dip-coated in PEDOT:PSS solution in order to achieve an electrode layer. Dynamic elastic behaviour of samples was measured before and after applying the seed layer. Further, electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole on PEDOT:PSS was taken place by a 3-electrode electrochemical cell setup. A dual-mode muscle lever was used to characterize the textile actuators. The results show that the efficiency of actuation mechanism is determined by both viscoelastic properties and stress-relaxation time of textiles.
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| 2. |
- Dutta, Sujan, et al.
(författare)
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Textile Actuators Comprising Reduced Graphene Oxide as the Current Collector
- 2023
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Ingår i: Macromolecular materials and engineering. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1438-7492 .- 1439-2054.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electronic textiles (E-textiles) are made using various materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide. Among the materials here, e-textiles are fabricated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coating on commercial textiles. rGO-based yarns are prepared for e-textiles by a simple dip coating method with subsequent non-toxic reduction. To enhance the conductivity, the rGO yarns are coated with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT) followed by electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) as the electromechanically active layer, resulting in textile actuators. The rGO-based yarn actuators are characterized in terms of both isotonic displacement and isometric developed forces, as well as electron microscopy and resistance measurements. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that both viscose rotor spun (VR) and viscose multifilament (VM) yarns can be used for yarn actuators. The resulting VM-based yarn actuators exhibit high strain (0.58%) in NaDBS electrolytes. These conducting yarns can also be integrated into textiles and fabrics of various forms to create smart e-textiles and wearable devices.
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| 3. |
- Dutta, Sujan, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of electroactive length and intrinsic conductivity on the actuation behaviour of conducting polymer-based yarn actuators for textile muscles
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4005 .- 1873-3077. ; 370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, electrically driven conducting polymer (CP) coated yarns have shown great promise to develop soft wearable applications because of their electrical and mechanical behaviour. However, designing a suitable yarn actuator for textile-based wearables with high strain is challenging. One reason for the low strain is the voltage drop along the yarn, which results in only a part of the yarn being active. To understand the voltage drop mechanism and overcome this issue intrinsically conductive yarns were used to create a highly conductive path along the full length of the yarn actuator. Ag plated knit-de-knit (Ag-KDK) structured polyamide yarns were used as the intrinsically conductive core material of the CP yarn actuators and compared with CP yarn actuators made of a non-conductive core knit-de-knit (KDK) yarn. The CP yarn actuators were fabricated by coating the core yarns with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid) followed by electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole. Furthermore, to elucidate the effect of the capillarity of the electrolyte through the yarn actuator, two different approaches to electrochemical actuation were applied. All actuating performance of the materials were investigated and quantified in terms of both isotonic displacement and isometric developed forces. The resultant electroactive yarn exhibits high strain (0.64 %) in NaDBS electrolytes as compared to previous CP yarn actuator. The actuation and the electroactivity of the yarn were retained up to 100 cycles. The new highly conductive yarns will shed light on the development of next-generation textile-based exoskeleton suits, assistive devices, wearables, and haptics garments.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Huniade, Claude, 1996-, et al.
(författare)
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EMIm-OTf Ionogel Coated Fibres - Characterisation and Development, Aiming at Ionic Smart Textiles
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ions are prevalent within bioelectronics, as they are the main charge carriers in living systems. In contrast to electronic systems, ionic ones are closer to what can be found in our body; in muscles, neurons and nerves.Textiles are a much-used biomedical material, both in vivo and in vitro due to its membrane character, highly efficient area, softness, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Modifying the physicochemical properties of the core or the surface of textile has been reported a countless number of times, but still, its use in a bioelectrical context is limited.Fibres are the building blocks of textiles and what make textiles an architected class of material. Then ionically conductive fibres are of great interest.Here, we show the preparation of iono-conductive textile fibres through the (semi-)continuous dip-coating of ionogel on the cellulose-based viscose.Ionogels are composed of salts in liquid state and a 3-dimensional solid network, in our case an ionic liquid (IL), 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, commonly named EMIm OTf or EMIm Triflate, and a thiol acrylate network, allowing the mobility of the ions within or in/out of the gel. This specific combination is a first effort towards the development of ionic textile fibres and ionic smart textiles, as a variety of ILs with different cations and anions exists, potentially allowing a large number of different combinations.We investigate how the coating of this ionogel affects the mechanical properties as well as the conductivity in AC or DC arrangement and their relation to temperature and humidity. Also, the thermal stability and sensitivity of degradation of the fibre system is studied.Moreover, we introduce different textile structures, and potential applications directed to bioelectronics.
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| 6. |
- Martinez Gil, Jose Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical Considerations for the Electropolymerization of PPy on PEDOT:PSS for Yarn Actuator Applications
- 2023
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Ingår i: ChemElectroChem. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 2196-0216. ; 10:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochemical devices as conducting polymer-based actuators or textile actuators often use layers of different conducting polymers. Although research has been performed on such devices, it is still not very clear how the different layers affect each other. Here we attempt to clarify such influence on yarn actuators using electrochemical methods. Different electrochemical methods as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry or chronopotentiometry were used to electropolymerize polypyrrole on top of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) coated textile yarns by using different applied electrochemical conditions (potentials/currents). Thus, we found that selecting suitable conditions (as an applied potential of +0.8 V) for such electropolymerization is key to obtain a polypyrrole of high quality. Besides, we show that the underlying layer of PEDOT:PSS has an influence on such electropolymerization conditions and can be subjected to parallel redox reactions as oxidation or electrochemical degradation that influence the electropolymerized polypyrrole.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Martinez, Jose Gabriel, Dr. 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Woven and knitted artificial muscles for wearable devices
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Diseases of the nervous system, traumas, or natural causes can reduce human muscle capacity. Robotic exoskeletons are forthcoming to support the movement of body parts, e.g. assist walking or aid rehabilitation. Current available devices are rigid and driven by electric motors or pneumatic actuators, making them noisy, heavy, stiff and noncompliant. We are developing textile based assistive devices that can be worn like clothing being light, soft, compliant and comfortable. We have merged advanced textile technology with electroactive polymers. By knitting and weaving electroactive yarns, we are developing soft textile actuators ("Knitted Muscles") that can be used in wearable assistive devices. We will present the latest progress increase the performance and to rationalise the fabrication. In addition we will show some demonstrators of the textile exoskeletons.
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| 9. |
- Mehraeen, Shayan, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Double coiled yarn actuator working in air for haptic garments
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smart textile yarns have already shown their potential for fabrication of textile actuators. However, their actuation strain and force have been limited so far. Accordingly, twisting, and coiling techniques have attracted much attention to enhance the strain and force of yarn actuators. In this regard, coiled yarns that actuate under a liquid electrolyte have been studied well, but coiled yarn actuators that work in air are not explored as much. In this work, a double coiled yarn structure that works in air is designed, prepared, and investigated. Commercial textile yarns were coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) solution. Thereafter, yarns were coiled using a motorized stage. Two coiled yarns, as cathode and anode, are then placed near each other and covered with an ionogel precursor mixture containing an ionic liquid as ion reservoir. The gel is cured and set using UV emission. The actuation properties of the prepared double coiled yarn actuator were investigated in air. A square wave potential of ±2 V was applied, and strain response of the actuator yarns was measured. The results showed that prepared double coiled yarn can potentially be a promising candidate as soft actuators in wearables and garments, e.g. for haptic applications.
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| 10. |
- Mehraeen, Shayan, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Core Yarn on Linear Actuation of Electroactive Polymer Coated Yarn Actuators
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials Technologies. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2365-709X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smart textiles combine the features of conventional textiles with promising properties of smart materials such as electromechanically active polymers, resulting in textile actuators. Textile actuators comprise of individual yarn actuators, so understanding their electro-chemo-mechanical behavior is of great importance. Herein, this study investigates the effect of inherent structural and mechanical properties of commercial yarns, that form the core of the yarn actuators, on the linear actuation of the conducting-polymer-based yarn actuators. Commercial yarns were coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to make them conductive. Then polypyrrole (PPy) that provides the electromechanical actuation is electropolymerized on the yarn surface under controlled conditions. The linear actuation of the yarn actuators is investigated in aqueous electrolyte under isotonic and isometric conditions. The yarn actuators generated an isotonic strain up to 0.99% and isometric force of 95 mN. The isometric strain achieved in this work is more than tenfold and threefold greater than the previously reported yarn actuators. The isometric actuation force shows an increase of nearly 11-fold over our previous results. Finally, a qualitative mechanical model is introduced to describe the actuation behavior of yarn actuators. The strain and force created by the yarn actuators make them promising candidates for wearable actuator technologies. © 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials Technologies published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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| 11. |
- Mehraeen, Shayan, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Smart yarns as the building blocks of textile actuators
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The field of smart textile actuators has been progressing rapidly during the last years. Smart textiles are a class of textile products which exploit the determinant feature of responding to a stimulus, input, which can be chemical, mechanical, optical, magnetic or electrical. The building block for fabrication of such products is smart yarn. However, most smart textiles are focused on receiving an input stimulus (sensors) and only a few are dedicated to providing an output response (actuators). Yarn actuators show strain or apply force upon application of electrical stimulation in isotonic or isometric conditions, respectively. A small actuation in the yarn scale can be amplified by knitting or weaving the smart yarns into a fabric. In this work, we have investigated the effect of inherent properties of different commercial yarns on the linear actuation of the smart yarns in aqueous media. Since actuation significantly depends on the structure and mechanical properties of the yarns, elastic modules, and tenacity of the yarns were characterized. Investigating the actuation behavior, yarns were coated with PEDOT:PSS to make them conductive. Then polypyrrole which provides the electromechanical actuation was electropolymerized on the yarn surface under controlled conditions. Finally, linear actuation of the prepared smart yarns was investigated under aqueous electrolyte in both isotonic and isometric conditions.
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| 12. |
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