| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Galli, Raoul, et al.
(författare)
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En prosopografisk studie över konsthögskoleelever och konstnärer 1939-2005
- 2008
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Ingår i: Praktiske Grunde. - 1902-2271. ; :1, s. 18-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här artikeln ger några exempel på hur vi gått till väga för att samla in data om kollektiva konstnärsbanor. Vår ambition är att följa individerna från vaggan – via skolor – till konstfältet. I ett första huvudavsnitt koncentrerar vi oss på de elever som var inskrivna på Kungliga Konsthögskolan i Stockholm åren 1939 till 1986. Hur många förberedande konstutbildningar hade de gått innan de kom in på skolan? Hur många ansökningar lämnade de in innan de blev antagna? Var manliga elever mer framgångsrika än kvinnliga i att få stipendier och belöningar under skoltiden? Vad skiljer eleverna som utexaminerades under en period då konstfältet präglades av ”postmodernism” från eleverna som utexaminerades under en tidigare era märkt av ”efterkrigstidsmodernism”? I det andra huvudavsnittet lämnar vi skolans värld för att i stället koncentrera oss på verksamma – utexaminerade – konstnärer i det svenska konstfältet 1945-2005. Vi ställer delvis samma typ av frågor i denna del: var manliga konstnärer mer framgångsrika än kvinnliga i att få stipendier och belöningar efter skoltiden? Hur har stipendieutdelningen förändrats över tid? Avslutningsvis lyfter vi fram tidskrifter och kritiker som hade en central roll i hallstämplandet av svenska konstnärskap.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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"Financing Higher Studies. The Relation Between Economic Resources and Choices in Swedish Higher Education"
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do students in higher education finance their studies and how is this related to their choice of place and field of study? This is the portal question for the presentation.At the same time as the number of students in higher studies has increased vastly in Sweden during the last twenty years, the economic gaps in the society at large have grown. We know from surveys and examinations that the public student loans – introduced in 1965 – are not sufficient for covering all students expenses, but the knowledge of where in the educational landscape and for which groups of students the loans are particularly meagre (or superfluous) is lacking.In this presentation, we explore the ‘economic landscape’ of Swedish higher education by first mapping landmark areas, defined by students with different economic situations. We locate both the students with the largest amounts of economic resources (loans, wealth and incomes) and the position of the students with the smallest amounts. How is the public student loan system utilized at these two ends and what function does it seem to serve in the students’ total economy? Second, we relate these economic differences to educational differences. Do the largest concentrations of educational resources (grades, results from aptitude tests, and backgrounds in prestigious educational programs) coincide with where we find large economic resources? Theoretically, we relate economic resources to educational resources – both central forms of capital in Bourdieu’s sociology – and discuss their relative importance for choices and strategies within higher education.The presentation utilize a dataset from Statistics Sweden on all students in higher education during the last 20 years, including previous educational investments, present educational choices and their own and their parents’ economic and social situation, as well as how they make use of the public study loan system.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Kollektivbiografi och korrespondensanalys
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: Metod. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144107943 ; , s. 241-273
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Kollektivbiografi och korrespondensanalys
- 2022. - 2
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Ingår i: Metod. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144154176 ; , s. 265-297
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Länsteatrarnas ekonomiska handlingsutrymme : Intäkter, utgifter och personal 1980–2015
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten redovisar hur länsteatrarnas inkomster, utgifter och personalstyrka har förändrats mellan 1980 och 2015, en period som präglats av tre olika kulturpolitiska reformer (sjösatta 1974, 1996 och 2009).I ett bakgrundsavsnitt diskuteras bristen på bra kulturstatistik. Obrutna serier med statistik som sträcker sig över olika kulturpolitiska perioder har saknats. För att kunna jämföra länsteatrarnas ekonomiska förhållanden under perioder märkta av olika kulturpolitiska ideal har statistik därför samlats in från olika arkiv och skarvats ihop för hela den nämnda 35-årsperioden.Rapportens första undersökande del visar att det har skett en resursmässig förstärkning av länsteatrarna över tid (mätt med konsumentprisindex). Utvecklingen har dock varit ojämn. Den följer bredare trender i samhällsekonomin. Den genomsnittliga länsteaterns intäkter ökade markant mellan 1980 och 1990 (1974 års kulturpolitiska epok), minskade påtagligt mellan 1990 och 1996 (90-talets ekonomiska kris), ökade kraftigt mellan 1996 och 2005 (1996 års kulturpolitiska era), minskade noterbart mellan 2005 och 2012 (det sena 00-talets ekonomiska kris) och ökade något mellan 2012 och 2015 (2009 års kulturpolitiska period). Vi visade också att de genomsnittliga utgifternas utveckling följer samma typ av cykliska förlopp som de genomsnittliga intäkternas.Rapportens andra del studerade finansieringens effekter på kärnverksamheten, exemplifierad av personalstyrkans storlek och sammansättning. Länsteatrarnas största utgiftspost utgörs av personalkostnader. För att undersöka om lönekostnadsutvecklingen undergrävt uppräkningen av de offentliga anslagen justerades beloppen med olika löneindex. Nu blev ett motsatt utvecklingsscenario synligt. Istället för den trendmässiga – förvisso försiktiga och periodvisa – ökningen av intäkterna som visades när anslagen räknades om med konsumentprisindex minskade anslagen över tid när de justerades med löneindex. Den genomsnittliga länsteatern kan inte i dag, trots den måttliga resursförstärkningen de senaste åren, köpa lika mycket personal som i början av undersökningsperioden.I en separat delstudie visade vi även att antalet arbetade timmar av anställd ”konstnärlig” personal på teatrarna minskade över tid, medan antalet årsverken för ”administrativ” personal ökade något.I en avslutande delstudie ställdes följdfrågor om personalsituationen. Vi visade på den något paradoxala situationen att länsteatrarna – trots lägre köpkraft (mätt med löneindex) och färre ersatta arbetstimmar utförda av anställd konstnärlig personal (årsverken) – lyckats enrollera fler personer. En delförklaring till denna utveckling ligger i att länsteatrarna under de senaste tio åren alltmer börjat befolkas av visstidsoch korttidsanställd personal (med A-skattsedel) och frivilliga eller ofrivilliga företagare (med F- och FA-skattsedel).
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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"The Art of Success in Art. Social Origins, Educational Trajectories, and Artistic Careers in Sweden, 1938–2007"
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- What inherited & acquired resources do individuals, who are admitted to the most exclusive areas of the educational system or who establish themselves at the most prominent positions within professional fields, possess? How do these possessions change over time? In the paper, we try to answer these questions by focusing on the fine arts. We examine, on the one hand, the most dominant school of fine arts in Sweden, and, on the other hand, the field of artists. Our empirical data are constructed as collective biographies of the 1,100 students attending the school between 1938 & 1986 (information from the school archives concerning for example admission, prizes, study travels abroad) & of 13,500 artists (data on exhibitions, stipends, prizes, teaching positions, etc.) for the years 1945 to 2007. The main statistical technique employed is specific multiple correspondence analysis, enabling us to study the structures of the students’ & the artists’ properties as well as the relations between the two populations. We show that there is a strong relation between the leading school & dominant positions in the field of artists. One striking preliminary result a in a social democratic ruled country with a strong emphasis on equity in education is that art students & artists increasingly are recruited from the upper middle classes.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Economic Lives of Students : the Relation between Economic and Educational Capital at Different Places in the Landscape of Swedish Higher Education
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the same time as the number of students in Swedish higher education has dramatically increased during the last 25 years the economic inequalities in society at large has widened, thereby increasingly reaching into the life of the average student. Yet there is little knowledge on the economic lives of Swedish students: where in the educational landscape is the situation particularly dire and for which students are the financial means scarce – or abundant.The Swedish student aid system is perceived to be generous: all students have access to it. As a consequence there is a widespread assumption in the public and scientific discourse that there are no real financial barriers surrounding higher education. However, the public financial arrangement includes substantial private co-funding. Apart from a minor grant the public means comes in the form of loans.In this paper the distribution of different modes of study financing (study loans, wage labour, own and inherited wealth, etc.) is analysed and related to the distribution of the formal prerequisites for entering higher education (grades and/or results from aptitude tests). Thereby the paper sheds light onto the material preconditions for acquiring meritocratic goods in a social democratic welfare regime.Pierre Bourdieu’s theories serve at the theoretical point of departure. What is the importance of economic capital – the dominant form of capital in capitalist societies – for the accumulation of educational (and cultural) capital? Datasets from Statistics Sweden, covering all students in Swedish higher education, are utilized to answer the research questions.
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| 19. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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"The Formation of an Artist Elite, 1938—2007. A Prosopographical Study of Social Origins, Educational Investments, and Artistic Careers"
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- What acquired and inherited resources do individuals, who manage to be admitted to the most sought after areas of the educational system or who establish themselves at the most prominent positions within professional fields, possess? And how do these possessions change over time? In the paper, we try to answer this question by examining, on the one hand, the social recruitment the most dominant school of fine arts in Sweden, the Royal University College of Fine Arts in Stockholm, and, on the other hand, the social recruitment the most dominant positions in the field of artists in Stockholm. Our time period stretches from 1938 to 2007. This paper outlines our research model—arguing for a strong relation between the study of elite schools and the study of the dominant positions in the fields—and especially our construction and use of prosopography (collective biographies). In focus are 1 137 students in one elite school and 851 artists in leading positions in the field of art.
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| 20. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Profane Basis of Sacred Power : Social Backgrounds of Swedish Artists in Dominant Positions 1945–2004
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In elite studies, some elites – such as political and economic elites – tend to be more indisputable than others, while especially cultural elites hold a more ambiguous position. The reluctance to define the cultural elite as an elite among others can be related to different factors, e.g. the self-definition of cultural elites as opponents to temporal powers and the methodological problems of defining the cultural elites. In our contribution, we set the self-definition of cultural elites aside and try to tackle the problem of defining one specific cultural elite, successful artists, by employing Bourdieu’s notion of field. After having carved out a sociological definition of the elite artists, i.e. the artist occupying the most dominant positions within the field, we investigate the social origin of the group, and thereby, reveal the ‘secular’ basis for this ’spiritual’ elite power. By using a large historical source material, presenting a wide number of dominant positions in the Swedish art field in the period 1945–2004, and prosopography as the main method, comprising a compilation of more than 645 artists’ career paths, we can both analyze structures at different times and change over time. Our main results suggest that Swedish leading artist mainly come from more privileged backgrounds and that popular classes are underrepresented. Furthermore, a shift has occurred in the recruitment patterns, where artists from cultural fractions of the middle and dominant classes are increasing their share, while the economic fractions are decreasing.
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| 21. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Social Closure of the Cultural Elite. The Case of Artists in Sweden, 1945–2004 : The case of artists in Sweden, 1945–2004
- 2020. - 1st
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Ingår i: Researching Elites and Power: Theory, Methods, Analyses. - Cham : Springer Cham. - 1572-7750. - 9783030451752 - 9783030451745 ; 16, s. 223-239
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter identifies and analyses elites in a social domain where formal positions of power are few and far between – using the fine arts as an example – by combining Weberian closure theory with Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of ‘fields’. Based on a database of more than 14,000 artists, active during the period of 1945–2008, an elite group of 627 is identified. When their social origins are analysed, a first main result of the inquiry is that this aesthetic elite is strikingly similar to other elites who are defined through formal positions of power: the elite are disproportionally drawn from the upper tiers of society. A second main result is that the recruitment to leading – informal – positions in the Swedish field of art displays a process of social closure. Over time, the elite are increasingly populated by individuals with origins in the ‘intellectual’ or ‘cultural’ fractions of the middle and upper classes.
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| 22. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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The Social Closure of the Cultural Elite : The Case of Artists in Sweden, 1945–2004
- 2020
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Ingår i: Researching Elites and Power. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030451752 - 9783030451745 - 9783030451776 ; , s. 223-239
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter identifies and analyses elites in a social domain where formal positions of power are few and far between – using the fine arts as an example – by combining Weberian closure theory with Pierre Bourdieu's concept of ‘fields’. Based on a database of more than 14,000 artists, active during the period of 1945–2008, an elite group of 627 is identified. When their social origins are analysed, a first main result of the inquiry is that this aesthetic elite is strikingly similar to other elites who are defined through formal positions of power: the elite are disproportionally drawn from the upper tiers of society. A second main result is that the recruitment to leading – informal – positions in the Swedish field of art displays a process of social closure. Over time, the elite are increasingly populated by individuals with origins in the ‘intellectual’ or ‘cultural’ fractions of the middle and upper classes.
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| 23. |
- Gustavsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Social History of a Capitalist Class : Wealth Holders in Stockholm, 1914-2006
- 2018
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Ingår i: New Directions in Elite Studies. - Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge. - 9781138059191 - 9781315163796 ; , s. 177-197
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter focuses on the core of the Swedish capitalist class, owners of “large-scale” capital, from 1914 to 2006. To investigate this class, a key assumption in the works of Marx and Weber is utilized: the dominant capitalist class of property holders is internally divided. It contains “active” members (engaged in the production and circulation of goods) and “thinking” members (engaged in the production and circulation of ideas); it contains “entrepreneurs” (producing new capital) as well as “rentiers” (living off inherited capital).One result is that large portion of the wealthiest individuals are professionally active in other fields than the economic field, i.e. in other positions than as leaders of large capitalist corporations. This pattern in the social composition of the capitalist class has been remarkably stable during the twentieth century, unaffected by economic crises as well as the emergence of the Swedish Social Democratic welfare state. Another result is that the proportion of rentiers is greater in the thinking fraction than in the active fraction. The results illustrate the need to combine research on economic elites and studies of the reproduction of the top stratum of the capitalist class.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Gustavsson, Martin
(författare)
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The social history of a capitalist class : wealth holders in Stockholm, 1914-2006
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: New Directions in Elite Studies. - Oxon/New York : Routledge. - 9781138059191 - 9781315163796 ; , s. 177-197
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter focuses on the core of the Swedish capitalist class, owners of ‘large-scale’ capital, during 1914-2006. For investigating this class, a key assumption in the works of Marx and Weber is utilized: the dominant capitalist class of property holders is internally divided. It contains “active” members (engaged in the production and circulation of goods) as well as “thinking” members (engaged in the production and circulation of ideas); it contains “entrepreneurs” (producing new capital) as well as “rentiers” (living off inherited capital).One result is that a large portion of the wealthiest individuals are professionally active in other fields than the economic field, i.e. in other positions than as leaders of large capitalist corporations. This pattern in the social composition of the capitalist class has been remarkably stable during the twentieth century, unaffected by economic crises as well as the emergence of the Swedish Social Democratic welfare state. Another result is that the proportion of rentiers is greater in the thinking fraction than within the active fraction. The results illustrate the need to combine research on economic elites and studies of the reproduction of the top stratum of the capitalist class.
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| 26. |
- Lindberg, Sara, 1987-
(författare)
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Forming EU-professionals : Geopolitical and Symbolic Hierarchies at the College of Europe
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the thesis is to understand how international educational processes and practices enable the formation of student dispositions related to Europe and the EU labour market. The College of Europe, located in Bruges, Belgium, is a postgraduate independent private institution. It is a boarding school with approximately 350 students representing around 50 nationalities. It was created in the aftermath of the Second World War by European federalists and has a political mission of contributing to European integration. The method consisted of ethnographic fieldwork combining participant observations with semi-structured interviews (27 with students and 11 with the school administration). I mainly interviewed students from Scandinavian and Central and Eastern European Countries. In addition, informal interviews were conducted with faculty, students, school administration, alumni, and EU officials. Contextual information and data were collected from the school website, school brochures between 1953–2017, the Student Yearbook, and students LinkedIn profiles. Departing from Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology, I constructed the College of Europe as a social space in the intersections of various fields at the national, European, and global level. Rather than making a field analysis of the school, the intersection across fields was used as an analytical prism when making sense of what was taking place within the school. To grasp the structure of such a space I investigated the distribution of different assets and resources that the students possess before arriving in Bruges as well as accumulated during the school year. The College of Europe is a social space positioned towards the EU and Europe yet where the national is continuously present. It is aiming to contribute to European integration through the formation of EU-professionals for both the public and the private sector. It is a social space where the objective is to overcome national barriers and acquire a European outlook through diversity, yet it is marked by geopolitical and symbolic hierarchies that relate to students previously inherited and acquired national, international, and linguistic capital and social class as well as macrolevel structures and social order such as European social inequalities and EU member states hierarchies. The students, endowed with large amounts of international capital, come from middle and upper middle class, acquire social distinction through the College of Europe and while striving to build Europe, they continuously also build themselves. The academic year, through the forging of dispositions such as valuing social dispositions over academic excellence, professionalism, being at ease with people in positions of power, understanding EU geopolitical and symbolic hierarchies and situating oneself within them, largely reproduces the existing European social order.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Melldahl, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Charting the Social Space : the case of Sweden in 1990
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The Routledge Companion to Bourdieu's 'Distinction'. - Oxon; New York : Routledge. - 9781317918974 - 9780415727273 - 9781315852539 ; , s. 135-156
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 30. |
- Melldahl, Andreas, 1982-
(författare)
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Inequality in the hidden abode of production : Class and working conditions in Sweden, 1995–2015
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: Class Boundaries in Europe. - London & New York : Routledge. - 9781032122670 ; , s. 220-235
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter focuses on inequality in the hidden abode of production in Sweden and argues that the notion of class has been lacking from the intense discussions on changes in the employment structure. In the chapter, central claims from the literature, pointing either towards a polarization or towards an upgrading of the employment structure, are confronted with data on perceived working condition. Using data from the EWCS, the chapter shows that differences in working conditions maintain social boundaries between classes. However, some changes are emerging, indicating a partial decoupling between elevated social positions and privileged working conditions.
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| 31. |
- Melldahl, Andreas, 1982-
(författare)
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Modes of reproduction in the Swedish economic elite : education strategies of the children of the top one per cent
- 2018
-
Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 20:3, s. 424-452
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most sociological studies on the economic elite have focused on groups holding formal power in the economic field. In this paper, the Swedish economic elite is constructed in line with Thomas Piketty’s notions on the richest top one per cent, but the scope extended beyond the economic analysis by combining it with a sociological perspective. Differences within this distributional group are found in the volume and composition of economic capital – as well as in other forms of capital. The elite is structured by an opposition between, first, those holding large wealth and those receiving high-wage incomes and, second, between the established elite and newcomers. Moreover, many elite studies pay attention to the routes to elite position. This paper also examines modes of reproduction from elite positions, using the education strategies employed by children of the economic elite within Swedish higher education. Such strategies are more important – and narrow – for the children of the high-income elite, revealed by their overrepresentation at certain highly selective educational institutions.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Melldahl, Andreas
(författare)
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Study Travels in Theory and Practice : The Sweden-America Foundation and Its Fellows to the U.S., 1919-1939
- 2008
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Ingår i: American Studies in Scandinavia. - 0044-8060. ; 40:1-2, s. 126-139
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes and discusses the first 20 years of the history of the Sweden-America Foundation, 1919-1939. The main focus of the Foundation during this time was to establish an exchange of scholars, students, and professionals across the Atlantic Ocean. An analysis of this fellowship program is the main focus of the article. Different kinds of fellows of the Foundation are distinguished and their time in the U.S. is examined. The most important of the categories were 'free studies" and the "Industrial Fellows." In both of these categories, a link to the needs of Swedish trade and economy is discerned through a large, and over time increasing, proportion of a practical emphasis of the fellows' studies in America. Moreover, the Foundations position in Sweden is discussed. Through an agreement between the Foundation and the American authorities, the Sweden-America Foundation became the gatekeeper for Swedes who sought to study and travel in America. For the Foundation, a careful- and strategic-selection of its fellows was a way to act in the Swedish national interest.
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| 34. |
- Melldahl, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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The Economic Lives of Students : The Relation between Economic and Educational Capital at Different Places in the Landscape of Swedish Higher Education
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of students in Swedish higher education has increased dramatically during the last 25 years, with a growing proportion of the population enrolled as a result. At the same time the economic inequalities in society at large has increased, indicating that these inequalities increasingly are reaching into the life of the average student. However, apart from reports on the challenges for students to make ends meet on a very general level, there is a striking lack of knowledge on where in the educational landscape the situation is particularly dire and for which students the available financial means for pursuing higher studies are especially scarce – or abundant.The Swedish student aid system – together with the other Nordic equivalents – is generally perceived to be generous, given the universal nature of the system: all students have access to it. As a consequence, in the political as well as the scientific discourse there is a widespread perception that there are no real financial barriers for entering higher education. However, the public financial arrangement has an extensive degree of private co-funding. Apart from a minor grant the bulk of the public money available comes in the form of a universal right to take study loans.This paper has two analytical objectives. First to examine how different modes of study financing (the specific combination of sources such as study loans, wage labour, own and inherited wealth, etc.) are distributed in the landscape of Swedish higher education. Second, to analyse how this economic distribution is related to the distribution of the formal prerequisites for entering higher education (grades and/or results from aptitude tests). Thereby the paper sheds light onto the material preconditions for acquiring meritocratic goods in a social democratic welfare regime.Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of education serves at the main theoretical point of departure. What is the importance of economic capital – the dominant form of capital in capitalist societies according to Bourdieu – for the accumulation of educational capital? Datasets from Statistics Sweden, covering all students in Swedish higher education, are utilized to answer the posed research questions.
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| 35. |
- Melldahl, Andreas, 1982-
(författare)
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Utbildningens värde : Fördelning, avkastning och social reproduktion under 1900-talet
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on changes in the value of educational capital over time. Taking as a point of departure Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of a multidimensional social space, the thesis examines how this value is affected when educational assets—through the democratization of education—are becoming more widespread across this space (i.e. the population).The studies are based on datasets from Statistics Sweden, comprising the complete censuses of 1960 to 1990, LISA-registers, and registers of wealth and income. Different approaches are employed: the use of the Gini-coefficient to catch changes in the distribution of education; comparative models to investigate cohorts at different points in time; and specific multiple correspondence analysis to study the distribution of several assets simultaneously. Three aspects are explored: the distributions, returns, and uses of education. Firstly, while there is a steady increase in the average number of years of schooling, there is a different pattern in the development of the distribution of education. Three phases were distinguished: one of increasing levels of inequality, one of decreasing inequality, and one in which the inequality levelled out. Secondly, the returns of education have diminished as far as economic gains are concerned, causing a fracture between different social generations, at the same time as the returns in a wider social sense have remained relatively stable. However, the relative stability hides crucial discrepancies. Groups with the lowest level of education are further marginalized and distances between ‘economic’ and ‘cultural’ groups are growing. Thirdly, in their modes of using the educational system, there are glaring differences between the economic elite and the cultural elite, although both utilize prestigious educational institutions as sites of social reproduction. The fundamental difference consists in that exclusive educational strategies are not as necessary to the dominant fraction of the economic elite. Their children are able to choose more freely among the offers of higher education. The paradoxical development of the value of education is that while the absolute value of educational capital has decreased in general, the differences in relative value persist.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Nylander, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Playing with Capital : Inherited and acquired assets in a jazz audition
- 2015
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Ingår i: Poetics (Amsterdam. Print). - : Elsevier. - 0304-422X .- 1872-7514. ; 48, s. 83-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common dream among the youth is to become a successful musician. By surveying young aspiring jazz musicians trying to enter a prestigious audition, this paper examines assets and attitudes involved in the formation of a music field. In the study we build on Bourdieusian sociological theory and method in order to map out a space of jazz applicants and characterize the group(s) seeking to enter. Our findings, based on a specific multiple correspondence analysis performed on 211 applicants, suggest that the space of jazz applicants is structured by three important factors: (i) the total volume of music capital, (ii) commitment to the (professional) field of practice and (iii) the familiarity acquired through previous music socialization and training. Using clustering techniques, we further distinguish four distinct groups among the applicants - the Insiders, Outsiders, Inheritors and Underdogs - and reveal the success rate of the groups. We find that the acquisition and enactment of a specific music capital is of particular importance for elite music admissions, while at the same time the sizeable number of musically affluent candidates turns the audition into an event underscored with considerable uncertainty.
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