| 1. |
- Brandon, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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SAFITS - Statistical Analysis of Fires in Timber Structures
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to changes of regulations and product development among other things, the number of multi-storey buildings of timber frame or heavy timber construction has increased consistently in the last two decades. The use of a combustible materials in the structure and the relatively short history with such buildings, has led to insurance related questions regarding risks of property loss. Studies of damages in real fire incidents, where a fair comparison between the fire performance of modern multi-storey timber buildings is made, were lacking. In this study damage data of fire incidents from the USA, Canada, Sweden, New Zealand were found and analyzed. Using different methods the extent of fire damage or the financial damage was compared for fires in multistorey buildings of timber construction types and fires in multistorey buildings of other construction types. For each database a qualitative assessment of the reliability and the fairness of the comparison was made. Also, a comparison, for which only a limited number of fire incidents was available, was made between damages caused in sprinklered fires and damages caused in non-sprinklered fires. In addition to the comparative study also qualitative analysis of 33 high damage fire incidents in multistorey timber buildings was made. The goal of this assessment was to identify the most important details to prevent high damage fires.
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| 2. |
- Dagenais, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings : Global Design Guide
- 2023
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Ingår i: World Conference on Timber Engineering. - : World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE). - 9781713873297 ; , s. 4627-4635
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building codes around the globe dictate the design and construction of buildings. For most buildings, designers will follow prescriptive code provisions to demonstrate code compliance. However, some buidling codes allow the use of performance-based design to demonstrate code compliance. Performance-based design is usually more complex but allows for greater flexibility in the use of materials and systems. Regardless of the code compliance methods, the combustibility of timber structures and wood products needs to be well understood and properly accounted for in building designs. This paper describes the develpment of a new international guidance document on fire safety in timber building within the Fire Safe Use of Wood (FSUW) network, written by 13 lead authors assisted by more than 20 experts in over a dozen different countries.
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| 3. |
- Dunn, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building execution and control
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781032040394 - 9781032040417 - 9781003190318 ; , s. 407-432
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter covers control of workmanship, fire safety during construction, responsibilities and enforcement, fire detection and suppression and emergency procedures. Quality and inspection of workmanship are vital for high-quality buildings, whether of timber or other construction materials. Timber buildings require certain precautions due to the risk for greater exposure of combustible materials. Furthermore, not all fire safety measures for the final building will be in place throughout construction; consequently, adequate processes are required to maintain the fire safety of building sites. All construction sites require formalised fire safety management systems, including auditing of contractors and subcontractors.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Mikkola, Esko, et al.
(författare)
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Prevention of fire spread within structures
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781032040394 - 9781032040417 - 9781003190318 ; , s. 317-344
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter describes means of preventing spread of fire and smoke between compartments in timber buildings. Much of this applies to all buildings independent of materials used, but some topics are especially relevant for timber buildings. This chapter highlights critical paths of possible spread of fire into, within and through timber structures, including solutions and detailing to prevent uncontrolled spread of fire and smoke.
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| 6. |
- Salmi, Tapio, et al.
(författare)
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A Robust Method for the Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Systems Including Slow and Rapid Reactions - From Differential-Algebraic Model to Differential Model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 8:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reliable estimation of kinetic parameters in chemical systems comprising both slow and rapid reaction steps and rapidly reacting intermediate species is a difficult differential-algebraic problem. Consequently, any conventional approach easily leads to serious convergence and stability problems during the parameter estimation. A robust method is proposed to surmount this dilemma: the system of ordinary differential equations and nonlinear algebraic equations is converted to ordinary differential equations, which are solved in-situ during the parameter estimation. The approach was illustrated with two generic examples and an example from green chemistry: synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Active fire protection by sprinklers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781032040394 - 9781032040417 - 9781003190318 ; , s. 345-368
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A wide variety of active fire protection systems are available to fire safety practitioners. In addition to passive fire protection measures, some level of active fire protection is normally required to meet the expected minimum level of fire safety in modern buildings. Active fire protection can also be used to increase the fire safety in order to achieve a more flexible fire safety design and an acceptable level of fire safety in buildings. There are many types of active fire protection systems, but this chapter deals mainly with automatic fire sprinkler systems, since they are often used to facilitate the use of timber as structure, internal linings and external facades in large or complex buildings. Sprinklers are required in some countries for taller timber buildings, as described in Chapter 4.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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European classes for the reaction to fire performance of wood products
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. - 0018-3768 .- 1436-736X. ; 64:4, s. 327-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The new classification system for the reaction to fire performance of building products in Europe has been applied to five different product families of wood: Wood-based panels, Structural timber, Glued laminated timber, Solid wood panelling and cladding and Wood flooring as being ‘products with known and stable fire performance’. The European classification system includes two sub-systems, one main system for all construction products except floorings and the other for flooring products. Wood properties such as density, thickness, joints and types of end use application including different substrates have been studied thoroughly and are included in the classification. Most wood products fall in classes D-s2, d0 or Dfl-s1 (for floorings). Testing has been performed according to EN 13823 (2002) SBI- Single Burning Item test, EN ISO 9239-1 (2002) Radiant panel test, and EN ISO 11925-2 (2002) Small flame test. In all, more than one hundred wood products in different end use applications have been studied. Clear relationships between the main Euroclass fire performance parameters and product parameters (such as density and thickness) have been demonstrated. Tables with reaction to fire classification of different wood products and end use applications have been developed, approved by the European Commission and published in their Official Journal. This procedure is ongoing with further official decisions to be published.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Safety in Timber Buildings : Technical Guideline for Europe
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is the very first technical guideline on the European level for the fire safe use of timber structures and wood products in buildings. It aims at providing the highest scientific knowledge and covers the extended use of European design codes and standards, practical guidance, examples for fire safe design and principles of performance based design. The guideline presents information for architects, engineers, educators, regulatory authorities and building industry. The guideline is focusing on structural fire design by providing the latest detailed guidance on separating and load-bearing functions of timber structures under standard fire exposure. Reference is made to the Fire Part of Eurocode 5 and, where new knowledge is available, to other references. Depending on national regulations, some of the new design methods may need agreement by the competent authority. This new information will be potential input to the next revision of the Fire Part of Eurocode 5. The guideline also includes information on reaction to the fire performance of wood products according to the European classification system. The importance of proper detailing in building design is stressed by practical examples. Active measures of fire protection and quality of construction workmanship and inspection at building sites are presented as important means for fulfilling the fire safety objectives. The guideline has been developed within the European research project FireInTimber (Fire Resistance of Innovative Timber structures). Leading experts and researchers from nine European countries have been participating and guarantee its quality and relevance. The project has been initiated by the European initiative BWW Building With Wood under the umbrella of the European Wood Industries CEI Bois. It is sponsored by the European wood industry in cooperation with national funding organisations within the WoodWisdom-Net Research Programme.
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| 14. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Fire safety of bio-based facades
- 2019
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Ingår i: FSF 2019 3rd international symposium on fire safety of facades. - Paris.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Fire safety requirements in different regions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781032040394 - 9781032040417 - 9781003190318 ; , s. 117-152
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter summarises the regulatory control systems for fire safety design of buildings in different regions around the globe. It is focused on the possibilities to use wood products and timber structures according to prescriptive requirements. The possible use of structural timber elements and visible wood surfaces in interior and exterior applications are reviewed and presented in tables and maps. They apply mainly to residential and office buildings. Performance-based requirements may be used in several countries and can be used to verify further applications of wood.
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| 16. |
- Östman, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Guidance on Fire Safety of Bio-Based Facades : COST Action FP 1404, “Fire Safe Use of Bio-Based Building Products”
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of wooden facade claddings and bio-based insulation materials in external walls are increasing because of esthetical and sustainability reasons. The introduction of performance-based building codes has generally facilitated the wider use of these materials and products in multi-storey buildings, but the use of visible woodas exterior facade claddings is still limited.Key initiating events of facade fires are a) interior fire spreading to external wall system via external openings,b) exterior fire directly adjacent external wall system igniting the wall due to radiant heat and/or flame impingement,and c) exterior fire spatially separated from external wall system resulting from radiant heat.Contribution of bio-based façade claddings and insulation materials to fire development and spread can beprevented by using protective methods. Examples of these are protection of insulation products by coverings or layers made of materials with good reaction to fire performance and/or with a sufficient protection capacity and/or prevention of facade cladding fires by hindering flames from a flashover room fire by using fire rated windows, automatic window shutters or sprinklers. Fire stops in ventilation cavities or in order to interrupt acombustible insulation are also effective means of fire protection.Several wooden facade systems do fulfil at least the European reaction to fire class D-s2, d0. Based on fullscale test results some conclusions and recommendations have been made concerning proper criteria and possible area limits of wooden facades.Fire retardant treated wood may be used, but the durability of the fire retardant treatments at exterior weather conditions need to be demonstrated in addition to the fire behaviour. The new European standard EN 16755for testing and classification of fire retardant treated timber products durability is suitable for this purpose.This Guidance document on fire safety of bio-based facades is the result of work within several Task Groupsof the COST Action FP1404 “Fire Safe Use of Bio-Based Building Products” and aims at a common understanding of issues related to the description, design and fire testing facades
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