| 1. |
- Hudson, Lawrence N, et al.
(författare)
-
The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7758. ; 7:1, s. 145-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.
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| 2. |
- Hudson, Lawrence N., et al.
(författare)
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The PREDICTS database : a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 4:24, s. 4701-4735
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - ). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
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| 3. |
- Angelstam, Per
(författare)
-
Analys av skogarna i Dalarnas och Gävleborgs län : Prioriteringsstöd inför områdesskydd
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den svenska skogspolitiken innebär att biologiska mångfald ska bevaras, både i from av hållbara produktiva ekosystem och bevarande av livskraftiga populationer av alla förekommande arter. Givet en lång historia av intensivt nyttjande av skogarna för produktion av virke, och en konkurrens mellan arealer för produktion och naturvård, så är det angeläget att utveckla kostnadseffektiva och verksamma tekniker för strategisk och taktisk planering.Detta gäller såväl skydd av natur, men även skogsskötsel och återskapande av funktionella ekosystem.Som en praktisk tillämpning av utvecklingsarbetet inom forskningsprogrammet ” Fjärranalys för miljö” genomfördes under 2002 en regional bristanalys presenteras sedan en rumslig analys av var trakter av speciellt intresse för bevarande av av olika skogstyper ligger, i vilken grad är de skyddade och om de utgör fungerade nätverk av livsmiljöer för olika artar. Inledningsvis presenteras en metodik för regional bristanalys.I det andra avsnittet presenterar vi ett angreppssätt för att utvärdera funktionen av de arealer som det enligt den regionala bristanalysen är brist på. Detta baseras på kvalitativa och kvantitativa kunskaper om arter med olika landskapsekologiska krav som är specialiserade på olika skogstyper, och en kartering av olika skogstyper.
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| 4. |
- Angelstam, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden does not meet agreed national and international forest biodiversity targets : A call for adaptive landscape planning
- 2020
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Ingår i: Landscape and Urban Planning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-2046 .- 1872-6062. ; 202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Loss of forest naturalness challenges the maintenance of green infrastructure (GI) for biodiversity conservation and delivery of diverse ecosystem services. Using the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi target #11 with its quantitative and qualitative criteria as a normative model, we aim at supporting landscape planning through a pioneering assessment of the extent to which existing amounts and spatial distributions of High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) meet these criteria. Highly forested and committed to both intensive wood production and evidence-based conservation targets of 17–20% protected areas, Sweden was chosen as a case study. Specifically, we estimated the amount, regional representation, and functional connectivity of HCVF patches using virtual bird species, validated the results using field surveys of focal bird species, and assessed conservation target fulfilment. Finally, we linked these results to the regional distribution of forest land ownership categories, and stress that these provide different opportunities for landscape planning. Even if 31% of forest land in Sweden is officially protected, voluntarily set-aside, or not used for wood production now and in the future, we show that applying the representation and connectivity criteria of Aichi target #11 reduces this figure to an effective GI of 12%. When disaggregating the five ecoregions the effective GI was 54% for the sub-alpine forest ecoregion, which hosts EU's last intact forest landscapes, but only 3–8% in the other four ecoregions where wood production is predominant. This results in an increasing need for forest habitat and landscape restoration from north to south. The large regional variation in the opportunity for landscape planning stresses the need for a portfolio of different approaches. We stress the need to secure funding mechanisms for compensating land owners’ investments in GI, and to adapt both the approaches and spatial extents of landscape planning units to land ownership structure.
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| 5. |
- Angelstam, Per, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Two-dimensional gap analysis : a tool for efficient conservation planning and biodiversity policy implementation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 32:8, s. 527-534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The maintenance of biodiversity by securing representative and well-connected habitat networks in managed landscapes requires a wise combination of protection, management, and restoration of habitats at several scales. We suggest that the integration of natural and social sciences in the form of "Two-dimensional gap analysis" is an efficient tool for the implementation of biodiversity policies. The tool links biologically relevant "horizontal" ecological issues with "vertical" issues related to institutions and other societal issues. Using forest biodiversity as an example, we illustrate how one can combine ecological and institutional aspects of biodiversity conservation, thus facilitating environmentally sustainable regional development. In particular, we use regional gap analysis for identification of focal forest types, habitat modelling for ascertaining the functional connectivity of "green infrastructures", as tools for the horizontal gap analysis. For the vertical dimension we suggest how the social sciences can be used for assessing the success in the implementation of biodiversity policies in real landscapes by identifying institutional obstacles while implementing policies. We argue that this interdisciplinary approach could be applied in a whole range of other environments including other terrestrial biota and aquatic ecosystems where functional habitat connectivity, nonlinear response to habitat loss and a multitude of economic and social interests co-occur in the same landscape.
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| 6. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Challenge of Transdisciplinary Research : A Case Study of Learning by Evaluation for Sustainable Transport Infrastructures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While transdisciplinary (TD) research is desired in order to solve real world sustainability issues, this may be challenging for both academic and non-academic participants. Supporting learning through evaluation, we analyzed a project aiming at sustainable transport infrastructures. After developing a TD research framework as a benchmark, two external independent evaluators interviewed all project researchers, representatives for end-users, and donors. The evaluators compared results with the framework, and evaluators and participants critically reflected on the results together. There were three inconsistencies relative to the framework: (1) limited understanding of TD research among project management, end-users, and most of the researchers; (2) no structured learning process among end-users; instead, they expressed very diverse opinions about what they expected from the project; (3) project leaders had limited understanding of the special challenges of TD research, did not fully understand the status of the project's social system, and thus did not act as facilitators of the required collaborative learning process. Non-academic participants saw themselves as customers and not as partners in the knowledge production process. We conclude that TD problem-solving research requires much time and needs facilitation and training. A preparatory phase with a lower level of funding would be helpful in preparing for TD processes.
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| 7. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Between biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management - A multidisciplinary assessment of the emblematic Bialowieza Forest case
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tension between biodiversity conservation and multipurpose forest management may lead to conflicts. An internationally prominent example is the Bialowieza Forest Massif (BFM), an extensive forest complex with high levels of naturalness. We apply a systematic, multidisciplinary assessment process to review empirical evidence on different dimensions of the BFM conflict. While there is broad consensus that this forest massif is an exceptional place worth conserving and that a way forward is a zonation system combining conservation with management, exactly how this should be done has yet to be agreed upon. Our assessment shows that the key reasons for the BFM controversy go beyond the availability of knowledge on the ecological status of the BFM and include: 1) evidence stemming from different sources, which is often contradictory and prone to different interpretations; 2) knowledge gaps, particularly with regard to socio-economic drivers and beneficiaries as well as uncertainties about future trends; 3) fundamentally different values and priorities among stakeholder groups, resulting in power struggles, and an overall lack of trust. We conclude that evidence-based knowledge alone is insufficient to cope with complex conservation conflicts. While more evidence may help assess the consequences of decisions, the actual management decisions depend on different actors' worldviews, which are rooted in their professional identities and power, and their political and legal realities. This calls for conflict management through a well-organized participatory process organized and supervised by a body deemed legitimate by the groups involved.
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| 8. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity’s contributions to sustainable development
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2398-9629. ; 2, s. 1083-1093
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- International concern to develop sustainably challenges us to act upon the inherent links between our economy, society and environment, and is leading to increasing acknowledgement of biodiversity's importance. This Review discusses the breadth of ways in which biodiversity can support sustainable development. It uses the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a basis for exploring scientific evidence of the benefits delivered by biodiversity. It focuses on papers that provide examples of how biodiversity components (that is, ecosystems, species and genes) directly deliver benefits that may contribute to the achievement of individual SDGs. It also considers how biodiversity's direct contributions to fulfilling some SDGs may indirectly support the achievement of other SDGs to which biodiversity does not contribute directly. How the attributes (for example, diversity, abundance or composition) of biodiversity components influence the benefits delivered is also presented, where described by the papers reviewed. While acknowledging potential negative impacts and trade-offs between different benefits, the study concludes that biodiversity may contribute to fulfilment of all SDGs.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
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Metrics: a long-term threat to society.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 490, s. 343-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
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Old Trees: Cultural Value
- 2013
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 339, s. 904-
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
-
Practical implementation of species' recovery plans - lessons from the White-backed Woodpecker Action Plan in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ornis Fennica. - 0030-5685. ; 91, s. 108-128
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Successful biodiversity conservation requires safeguarding viable populations of species. To work with this challenge Sweden has introduced a concept of Action Plans, which focus on the recovery of one or more species; while keeping in mind the philosophy of addressing ecosystems in a more comprehensive way, following the umbrella concept. In this paper we investigate the implementation process of the Action Plan for one umbrella species, the White-backed Woodpecker (WBW) Dendrocopos leucotos. We describe the plan's organisation and goals, and investigate its implementation and accomplishment of particular targets, based on interviewing and surveying the key actors. The achievement of the targets in 2005-2008 was on average much lower than planned, explained partially by the lack of knowledge/data, experienced workers, and administrative flexibility. Surprisingly, the perceived importance of particular conservation measures, the investment priority accorded to them, the money available and various practical obstacles all failed to explain the target levels achieved. However qualitative data from both the interviews and the survey highlight possible implementation obstacles: competing interests with other conservation actions and the level of engagement of particular implementing actors. Therefore we suggest that for successful implementation of recovery plans, there is a need for initial and inclusive scoping prior to embarking on the plan, where not only issues like ecological knowledge and practical resources are considered, but also possible conflicts and synergies with other conservation actions. An adaptive approach with regular review of the conservation process is essential, particularly in the case of such complex action plans as the one for the WBW.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Shades of grey challenge practical application of the Cultural Ecosystem Services concept
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ecosystem Services. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 23, s. 55-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite rapid advances in development of the ecosystem services (ES) concept, challenges remain for its use in decision making. Cultural ES (CES) have proven particularly difficult to pin down and resultant “shades of grey” impede their consideration by decision-makers. This study undertakes a literature review of CES to highlight the shades of grey, briefly illustrates findings by reference to the Swedish mountain landscape, then addresses potential implications for practical decision making. The concept of CES is complex and difficult to operationalize. The root of confusion appears to be a lack of rigour in identifying CES, hindering identification of proper methods for determining: the ecosystem elements that underpin CES; the beneficiaries of CES and how they value benefits delivered; and how CES may vary in space and time. We conclude by proposing a framework of questions, which we relate to the ES cascade model, that is intended to help researchers and decision-makers to reflect when considering CES. Answers to the questions should enable decision-makers to prioritise policy development or implementation in relation to the differing needs of potentially competing beneficiaries and what needs to be done or not done to the ecosystem, where, when and by whom.
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| 17. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
-
Steps to overcome the North-South divide in research relevant to climate change policy and practice
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 7, s. 21-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A global North-South divide in research, and its negative consequences, has been highlighted in various scientific disciplines. Northern domination of science relevant to climate change policy and practice, and limited research led by Southern researchers in Southern countries, may hinder further development and implementation of global climate change agreements and nationally appropriate actions. Despite efforts to address the North-South divide, progress has been slow. In this Perspective, we illustrate the extent of the divide, review underlying issues and analyse their consequences for climate change policy development and implementation. We propose a set of practical steps in both Northern and Southern countries that a wide range of actors should take at global, regional and national scales to span the North-South divide, with examples of some actions already being implemented.
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| 18. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Steps to overcome the North-South divide in research relevant to climate-change policy and practice
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 7, s. 21-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A global North-South divide in research, and its negative consequences, has been highlighted in various scientific disciplines. Northern domination of science relevant to climate change policy and practice, and limited research led by Southern researchers in Southern countries, may hinder further development and implementation of global climate change agreements and nationally appropriate actions. Despite efforts to address the North-South divide, progress has been slow. In this Perspective, we illustrate the extent of the divide, review underlying issues and analyse their consequences for climate change policy development and implementation. We propose a set of practical steps in both Northern and Southern countries that a wide range of actors should take at global, regional and national scales to span the North-South divide, with examples of some actions already being implemented.
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| 19. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
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Think bigger for conservation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 470, s. 39-39
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, et al.
(författare)
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Why is it difficult to enlarge a protected area? Ecosystem services perspective on the conflict around the extension of the Bialowieza National Park in Poland
- 2014
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 38, s. 314-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explains the difficulties with the enlargement of the Bialowieza National Park in Poland through an ecosystem services perspective. We carried out a questionnaire survey among the local communities to investigate local use of ecosystem services and respondents' attitude towards the national park enlargement. The results indicate that local people are not as dependent on forest resources as often claimed. Firewood proved a crucial resource as the vast majority of the respondents depended on it for heating their houses. We also found that the local population has a rather low awareness of the national park territory and rules involved. The results suggest that previous enlargement attempts might have failed because decision makers did not adequately consider resources the local people depend on. Lack of clear information and transparent decision-making also amplified the conflict. Future enlargement initiatives should provide clear rules concerning the local use of ecosystem services and the access to firewood in particular. Furthermore, new policies should be developed in cooperation with local people and accompanied by an appropriate information campaign. It is argued that the ecosystem services perspective provides important data which can inform more effective conservation policy-making. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Bubnicki, Jakub W., et al.
(författare)
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The conservation value of forests can be predicted at the scale of 1 hectare
- 2024
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Ingår i: Communications Earth & Environment. - : Springer Nature. - 2662-4435. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To conserve biodiversity, it is imperative to maintain and restore sufficient amounts of functional habitat networks. Therefore, the location of the remaining forests with natural structures and processes over landscapes and large regions is a key objective. Here we integrated machine learning (Random Forest) and open landscape data to scan all forest landscapes in Sweden with a 1 ha spatial resolution with respect to the relative likelihood of hosting High Conservation Value Forests. Using independent spatial stand- and plot-level validation data, we confirmed that our predictions correctly represent different levels of forest naturalness, from degraded to those with high and associated biodiversity conservation values. Given ambitious national and international conservation objectives and increasingly intensive forestry, our model and the resulting wall-to-wall mapping fill an urgent gap for assessing the achievement of evidence-based conservation targets, spatial planning, and designing forest landscape restoration.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Duit, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Saving the Woodpeckers : Social Capital, Governance, and Policy Performance
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Environment and Development. - : SAGE Publications. - 1070-4965 .- 1552-5465. ; 18:1, s. 42-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates if higher levels of social capital,better governance structures, and a more ambitious conservationpolicy are positively linked to the ability of states to addressbiodiversity loss. Serving this purpose is a data set containingestimates of woodpecker diversity in 20 European countries.These data are argued to be a more valid indicator of biodiversitythan most other available cross-national measures of environmentalquality. A seemingly unrelated regression analysis reveals thatnone of the indicators are linked to higher levels of woodpeckerdiversity, which in turn leads to the conclusion that presentinstitutions, environmental policies, and social structureshave negligible effects on biodiversity compared to long-termlandscape transformations.
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| 24. |
- Edenius, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Bird communities of two forest types in Chitwan Valley, Nepal
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ornithological science. - : Ornithological Society of Japan. - 1347-0558. ; 19, s. 29-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintaining biological diversity is an important objective at Chitwan National Park (CNP), the most visited national park in Nepal. Given human uses and manipulations of forests both in and around CNP, developing forest management guidelines that can both support human use of trees and sustain the biological diversity of the forests is a high priority. In Febniary 2009 we measured bird communities with point counts, woodpecker abundance with playback, and collected vegetation data in Sal Shorea robusta and riverine forests in CHP and a nearby community forest to provide basic data on bird-habitat associations with an emphasis on woodpeckers. Riverine forest had over twice the density of trees per ha (many small trees), higher tree species richness, and greater basal area than Sal forest. Sal forest had more large trees than riverine forest. We detected 71 bird species during the point counts in the study forests, 18 more during playback sessions, and an additional 12 species that were more associated with adjacent habitats (e.g., wetlands or flying overhead) for a total of 101 species. Among resident species, 31% were primary or secondary tree-cavity nesters. On average for point counts, we detected 29.5 bird species (2.2 woodpeckers) on transects located in riverine forest and 23.3 bird species (1.8 woodpeckers) in Sal forests, but the difference was not statistically significant. While riverine forest had several commonly occurring species not detected in Sal forest, the opposite was not the case. The regression of woodpecker species richness against large tree density in both Sal and riverine forests was positive, but not statistically significant. As a method of sampling woodpeckers, playback resulted in approximately twice the number of individuals and species compared to detection from point counts.
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| 25. |
- Edenius, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Can Repeated Fertilizer Applications to Young Norway Spruce Enhance Avian Diversity in Intensively Managed Forests?
- 2011
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Ingår i: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40, s. 521-527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repeated fertilization of forests to increase biomass production is an environmentally controversial proposal, the effects of which we assessed on breeding birds in stands of young Norway spruce (Picea abies), in an intensively managed forest area in southern Sweden. Our results show that fertilized stands had 38% more species and 21% more individuals than unfertilized stands. Compared with stands under traditional management, the further intensification of forestry by repeated applications of fertilizers thus seemed to enhance species richness and abundance of forest birds. We cannot conclude at this stage whether the response in the bird community was caused by changes in food resources or increased structural complexity in the forest canopy due to the skid roads used for the application of the fertilizers. Future studies should focus on structural and compositional effects of fertilization processes during the entire rotation period and at assessing its effects in a landscape context.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Edman, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial planning for biodiversity conservation: Assessment of forest landscapes' conservation value using umbrella species requirements in Poland
- 2011
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Ingår i: Landscape and Urban Planning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-2046 .- 1872-6062. ; 102, s. 16-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintenance of biodiversity requires spatial planning for the conservation of species habitats. In this study, the distribution of the White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) in Poland was used to assess the usefulness of a demographic model compared to an area-based model for predicting the occurrence of breeding pairs in local landscapes. The models were applied to the European Forest Map and to CORINE land cover data, two spatial databases derived from remote sensing. We tested the performance of the models by comparing predicted occurrence of the species with actual occurrence in 10 km x 10 km of the Polish Ornithological Atlas Database (POAD). Both models proved useful for identifying areas with high potential for hosting breeding woodpeckers. However, the demographic model performed consistently better at predicting the presence of at least one breeding pair in local landscapes. In north-eastern and south-eastern Poland, expected occurrences coincided with the actual occurrence of the species according to POAD. In north-western Poland, however, occurrence was predicted but not confirmed by the atlas data. The eastern regions are situated at the border to Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia. These countries hold large areas of high conservation value forests and large populations of White-backed Woodpecker. This pattern evokes the need for cross-border governance, and planning with an eco-regional perspective that considers both EU and non-EU countries. Moreover, the results stress the need to incorporate population requirements when assessing the distribution of forests with high conservation value. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Eggers, Sönke, et al.
(författare)
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Early post-fire bird community in European boreal forest: Comparing salvage-logged with non-intervention areas
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Global Ecology and Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 2351-9894. ; 18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Salvage logging after disturbances in forests substantially modifies vegetation structure and dead wood availability, but empirical evidence on its impact on biodiversity, especially in European boreal forest, is sparse. In this study we investigated the short-term effect of post-fire salvage logging on species richness and abundance of birds in recently burned mixed coniferous forest. Using point counts we estimated local species composition at 49 salvaged sites and 55 non-intervention sites (burnt forest left for natural regeneration) that were not logged after a fire in south-central Sweden. Local species richness, abundance and Simpson's species diversity index were significantly higher at non-intervention sites compared to salvaged sites. Forest birds that rely on structurally complex forest stands, such as tits (Parus major, Lophophanes cristatus, Poecile montanus), robin (Erithacus rubecula), mistle trush (Turdus viscivorus) and tree-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) were mainly associated with non-intervention sites, while species that are typically linked to farm- or shrublands, such as whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), white wagtail (Motacilla alba), red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), and meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) were more common at salvaged sites. These results are consistent with the idea that post-fire salvage logging has an immediate impact on the bird species composition and abundance in boreal forest. We conclude that although post-fire salvage logging may be beneficial for birds occurring in open landscapes, it has negative effects for forest bird species richness and abundance, at least over the short term. To protect typical forest communities with many forest specialists of high conservation concern, we recommend reducing the extent of post-disturbance salvaging in forests of high conservation value and updating the existing management policy to restore the amount of woody debris and facilitate long-term structural complexity and biodiversity in densely stocked conifer stands. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 29. |
- Elbakidze, Marine, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple factors shape the interaction of people with urban greenspace : Sweden as a case study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 74
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study identifies and analyses multiple factors that impact people's interactions with urban greenspace in Sweden. An unrestricted, self-selected online survey was used to collect the data. The survey questions were related to individual characteristics of respondents, including socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported nature connectedness, and self-reported constraints to greenspace usage; perceived characteristics of urban greenspace, including its availability, quality, and accessibility, and benefits and problems; and preferences of respondents regarding types of urban greenspace and activities. Additionally, several spatially explicit variables were included in the analysis. A total of 2806 respondents from 208 (of 290) municipalities completed the survey. Our findings indicate that greenspace users are highly heterogeneous and utilise diverse green spaces along the urban-peri-urban gradient for various benefits. The statistical analyses identified 61 explanatory variables that affect the frequency of interactions with urban greenspace. In addition, we identify key factors that shape critical differences between frequent and infrequent urban users, such as nature connectedness, perceptions of urban greenspace functions, and their perceived accessibility. Our results highlight the complex challenge facing urban planners and managers of green spaces, who have to consider and integrate a vast array of factors influencing the willingness of increasingly diverse urban populations to interact with greenspace.
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| 30. |
- Gamfeldt, Lars, 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000km2, we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests.
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| 31. |
- Garrido, Pablo, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental rewilding may restore abandoned wood-pastures if policy allows
- 2021
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Ingår i: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 20, s. 101-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large herbivores play key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Continuous defaunation processes have produced cascade effects on plant community composition, vegetation structure, and even climate. Wood-pastures were created by traditional management practices that have maintained open structures and biodiversity for millennia. In Europe, despite the broad recognition of their biological importance, such landscapes are declining due to land-use changes. This calls for finding urgent solutions for wood-pasture conservation. To test whether introducing an ecological replacement of an extinct wild horse could have positive effects on wood-pasture restoration, we designed a 3-year rewilding experiment. Horses created a more open wood-pasture structure by browsing on seedlings and saplings, affected tree composition via selective browsing and controlled the colonization of woody vegetation in grassland-dominated areas. Thus, rewilding could be a potential avenue for wood-pasture restoration and biodiversity conservation. However, such benefits may not materialize without a necessary paradigm and political shift.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Greenwood, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of Natura 2000 in forests in EU-28
- 2017
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Ingår i: Natura 2000 and forests: assessing the state of implementation and effectiveness. - 9789525980370 ; :7, s. 81-95
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 34. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective biodiversity restoration with uncertain growth in forest habitat quality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Now Publishers. - 1104-6899. ; 20, s. 77-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a dynamic model for cost-effective selection of sites for restoring biodiversity when habitat quality develops over time and is uncertain. A safety-first decision criterion is used for ensuring a minimum level of habitats, and this is formulated in a chance-constrained programming framework. The theoretical results show; (i) inclusion of quality growth reduces overall cost for achieving a future biodiversity target from relatively early establishment of habitats, but (ii) consideration of uncertainty in growth increases total cost and delays establishment, and (iii) cost-effective trading of habitat requires exchange rate between sites that varies over time. An empirical application to the red listed umbrella species - white-backed woodpecker - shows that the total cost of achieving habitat targets specified in the Swedish recovery plan is doubled if the target is to be achieved with high reliability, and that equilibrating price on a habitat trading market differs considerably between different quality growth combinations. (C) 2013 Department of Forest Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal provision of an umbrella species : white-backed wood pecker in Sweden with uncertain habitat quality and costs
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper develops a stochastic dynamic model for the purpose of optimal site selection of habitats for an umbrella species in Sweden under conditions of uncertainty in the growth of habitat quality of established conservation areas and in acquisition costs. The numerical dynamic model builds on inputs from an ecological model of habitat development and an economic model of actual payments for biodiversity conservation in Swedish forests. The results point at the importance of including both types of uncertainties; total social costs for achieving given habitat targets under probabilistic constraints increase three fold as compared with the deterministic case. Another effect of the introduction of uncertainty is the earlier establishment of habitats due to need of extra establishments in order to achieve the target with a certain probability. When comparing optimal payment per ha conservation with actual payments it was noticed that there is a considerable difference among counties; while actual payments for some counties are quite close to optimal payments under any of the uncertainty conditions they can deviate largely for some other counties.
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| 37. |
- Gustafson, Daniel H., et al.
(författare)
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Pond Quality Determinants of Occurrence Patterns of Great Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Herpetology. - 0022-1511 .- 1937-2418. ; 43:2, s. 300-310
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used principal component analysis and logistic regression to evaluate the effect of 11 pond water quality variables on the presence and absence of Great Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus) in a cluster of 29 ponds in south-central Sweden. Variables of importance for the patterns observed were comprised into four principal components. Using logistic regression analysis and Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) we found that the best model explaining the distribution of Great Crested Newts included three of the principal components. Temperature and nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus) were important in distinguishing between ponds with and without Great Crested Newts, whereas other physical variables were less important. Ponds with newts had higher temperatures and nutrient levels than ponds where the species was absent. Our results also suggest that the Great Crested Newt selects ponds with low nutrient levels for breeding, whereas they may be present in ponds with higher nutrient levels. Although this study was performed in a single area with a limited sample the results raise several issues of general importance for the management and conservation of Great Crested Newts in pond landscapes.
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| 38. |
- Gustafson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Terrestrial habitat predicts use of aquatic habitat for breeding purposes - a study on the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 48, s. 295-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the structure and composition of landscapes surrounding ponds with and without great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) - a species that needs an aquatic and a terrestrial environment. We related presence and absence data to 31 local and landscape variables, in a total of 143 areas in south-central Sweden. Land-use variables were measured within the radii of 100 m (local scale) and 500 m (landscape scale) surrounding the ponds. To find drivers of the distribution of great crested newts we used a principal component analysis (PCA) and a logistic regression analysis. Higher amounts of deciduous forest and pasture, together with proximity to deciduous forest seem to be positive for presence of great crested newts. Coniferous forest and mire appear to have a negative effect on the habitat quality for the species. We argue that management of the great crested newt should to a greater extent include the terrestrial habitat. Special attention should also be given to identifying and securing older, deciduous-rich forest in the vicinity of breeding ponds.
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| 39. |
- Gustafson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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When development and amphibians meet – a case study of a translocation of great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Herpetological Conservation and Biology. - 2151-0733 .- 1931-7603. ; 11:3, s. 552-562
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractThe Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) is considered threatened throughout Europe; consequently, the species and its breeding habitat are protected in many countries. Translocation of a population is a conservation tool used when habitat occupied by a species is scheduled to be destroyed by human development. The outcome of these translocations is rarely monitored. This study describes and discusses a translocation of T. cristatus in south-central Sweden (Orebro), which occurred because of planned destruction of breeding habitat associated with development of a shopping and industrial area. We provide quantitative data concerning numbers of relocated amphibians and subsequent monitoring in both the pond being destroyed, which is serving as the source of newts to be translocated, and the pond that received the translocated newts. The translocation exemplifies how difficult it is to determine size and conservation value of a population without thorough initial investigations. A large part of the translocated population seemed to disappear at the receiving area, which initially indicated that the translocation was ineffective. Nevertheless, longer term monitoring indicated that a population was established and reproduced in the new habitat. We argue that translocation should never be a first choice to make human development possible but one should always strive for preservation of an existing habitat. However, if a translocation is unavoidable, an appriopriate assessment of the affected population should be performed and a detailed analysis of habitats in the potential receiving areas should be carried out to select an area best fitted for the species in question.
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| 40. |
- Gustafsson, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid ecological response and intensified knowledge accumulation following a north European mega-fire
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 34:4, s. 234-253
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deepened knowledge on response of biota and ecological processes following fire is essential for a future with warmer climate and more disturbances. In 2014 the first mega-fire (13,100 ha) for at least a century in Scandinavia hit south-central Sweden, in a production forest landscape shaped by clearcutting forestry. Ecological dynamics is followed in >20 projects from universities, authorities and citizen science initiatives, rapidly accumulating substantial amounts of data. We outline projects and summarize their results during the first four years, demonstrating a rapid succession of fungi, lichens, vascular plants, birds, mammals, ticks, butterflies, beetles, and drastically altered carbon dynamics. We characterize forest operations including regeneration measures and point to patterns in pest and pathogen infestations. 8,000 ha is set aside for natural succession, with the rest harvested and managed for forest production, offering excellent opportunities for studies on salvage logging effects, already evident for birds. We demonstrate a strong regrowth of deciduous trees, and the protected part will in some decades likely develop into the largest deciduous-dominated area in boreal north Europe outside Russia. Continued studies of biodiversity and ecological processes are urgent for this unique area.
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| 41. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Landscape perception : linking physical monitoring data to perceived landscape properties
- 2020
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Ingår i: Landscape research. - : Routledge. - 0142-6397 .- 1469-9710. ; 45:2, s. 179-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in the landscape affect not only people’s well-being but also how people perceive and use the landscape. An increasing number of policies have highlighted the importance of conserving a landscape’s recreational and aesthetical values. This study develops and evaluates a model that links people’s perceptions of a mountain landscape to physical monitoring data. Using a questionnaire, we revealed how respondents working with the Swedish mountains characterise the Magnificent Mountain landscape (as defined by Swedish policy objectives) and translated these characteristics into data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS). We found 14 potential indicators that could be derived from the existing NILS physical monitoring data and which could be used to monitor changes in the landscape values as perceived by people. Based on the results, we suggest how to simultaneously utilise field sampling of physical data and field photos to provide temporal information about landscape perception.
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| 42. |
- Hedwall, Per-Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Sprucification in protected forests: myth or veracity? - Clues from 60 yrs survey data
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1402-2001. ; 19, s. 371-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Questions: The purpose of this study was to examine how compositional characteristics of forest reserves in production landscapes change over time and to explore the local site conditions that drive these processes. Our hypothesis was according to the general paradigm that suppression of natural disturbance regimes and lack of active management causes protected forest areas (PFAs) to develop into forests of high density dominated by late successional tree species.Location: Boreal and hemiboreal forests of Sweden.Methods: We used long-term (60 yrs) data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory (NFI), representing all the PFAs in Sweden, to study changes in tree species composition in relation to site factors and the initial state of the forest.Results: During the period of our study the average density expressed by the growing stock (GS) increased from 70 to 140 m(3).ha(-1). This increase concerned both early and late successional tree species and there was no evidence for a faster increase of the late successional species Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the species composition was stable over time. A net volume increment (NVINCR) in spruce was mostly related to sites where spruce already was present, sites with high productivity and forest of high age. The probability of an increase in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was negatively linked to productivity and stand age, while the NVINCR was higher on more productive sites. The NVINCR of deciduous trees was unrelated to site productivity and age but positively affected by the initial GS, increasing slope and soil depth.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the relative composition of species is stable over time and balanced by site productivity, which is in accordance with the resource-ratio hypothesis. An important cause of this stability could be the low number of tree species in northern Europe, which limits the number of potential successional pathways.
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| 43. |
- Hedwall, Per-Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Structural changes in protected forests in Sweden: implications for conservation functionality
- 2015
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 0045-5067 .- 1208-6037. ; 45, s. 1215-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protected forest areas (PFAs) are key features of biodiversity conservation, and knowledge about long-term development is crucial in evaluating their efficiency and management needs. Longitudinal data on forest structure in PFAs is uncommon and often from small areas. Here we use data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory to study changes in more than 750 000 ha of PFAs over 60 years. Structures important for biodiversity, e.g., number of large trees and the volume of hard deadwood, including both standing and down wood, have more than doubled. The initial volume of deadwood, however, was very low. The overall tree species composition was stable over time, and only among the largest trees were there indications of a shift towards the late successional Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Deadwood increased independent of species, size of wood, and site characteristics. This increase was positively related to the volume of living trees and forest age. We conclude that Swedish PFAs, in the absence of active management and under fire suppression at the landscape scale, develop structural components that are crucial for conservation of biodiversity. However, although tree species composition appears stable, present disturbance regimes in the PFAs are considerably different from those in naturally dynamic forests, which may have implications for long-term biodiversity maintenance.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Henningsson, Marianne, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived landscape values and public participation in a road-planning process - a case study in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 58:4, s. 631-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Landscape Convention indicates that assessment of different dimensions that exist in landscapes should be taken into account in planning. In this study, we first investigated ecological, cultural and social values as perceived by the local people in a highway-planning process in Sweden. Next, we explored which factors influenced the local people's participation in the road-planning process. We used questionnaires, planning documents and the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the relations between different factors and local people's participation in the planning process. The results showed that people presumed the ecological values in the landscape to be adversely affected by the new road, while the social values would remain the same. Landowners had heard of the participatory-process, but few participated. Those who lived within 300m of the road were more active in the planning process than people living further away. The findings suggest that people living within a few hundred metres of the road should be treated as key stakeholders in the planning process. The involvement of other stakeholders, and when in the public participation process stakeholders should be involved, is also discussed.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Hiron, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid bioacoustic and ecoacoustic analyses provide new links between bird assemblages and habitat quality in a winter boreal forest
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 2665-9727. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resident birds in boreal forests can serve as indicators of habitat quality and are often species of conservation interest, particularly in multifunctional forests also used for timber production. To make informed forest management decisions, we must first understand which structural features provide habitats useful for resident birds. This is particularly true in winter, an understudied and critical season for their survival. The objective of this study was to establish reliable methods for monitoring bird presence and activity during winter, and to use these methods to evaluate the relative importance of stand structural features to make inferences about which features support and increase winter survival potential. Using a hybrid bioacoustic and ecoacoustic approach, we tested the ability of acoustic recordings to identify links between bird diversity and components of structural complexity, and compared these results to those from the traditional point count method. We conducted a vegetation survey, point count surveys and collected acoustic recordings from December 2019–February 2020 in 19 sites in a Swedish boreal forest. First, we compared species richness values derived from point counts and bioacoustic monitoring methods. Bioacoustic species richness was significantly higher than point count richness, although only when the time spent identifying species from recordings exceeded the time spent conducting point counts in the field. Next, we demonstrated that bioacoustic species identification yields additional metrics of bird activity that point counts cannot. We tested the response of these metrics, and point count metrics, to variables of structural heterogeneity and complexity of our sites. Almost all bioacoustic metrics increased significantly with increasing structural complexity, while point count richness and abundance did not, indicating that automated recording is more effective in identifying forest patches of high quality in winter. Lastly, using an ecoacoustic approach, we calculated six of the most common acoustic indices and tested if any could effectively reflect the bird-structure relationships described above. Two indices showed significant positive relationships to bioacoustic metrics, demonstrating their potential as biodiversity assessment proxies that respond to differences in habitat quality. This is the first winter acoustic study to monitor bird assemblages in detail; it employed both bioacoustic and multi-index ecoacoustic approaches, which provided evidence that automated acoustic recording can be an effective and superior method for monitoring resident forest birds.
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| 48. |
- Hämäläinen, Aino, et al.
(författare)
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Living Trees and Biodiversity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Boreal Forests in the Face of Climate Change : Sustainable Management. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031159879 ; :74, s. 145-166
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Living trees are fundamental for boreal forest biodiversity. They contribute to stand structural diversity, which determines the range of habitat niches available for forest-dwelling species. Specific characteristics of living trees, such as species, age, and presence of microhabitats, determine how species utilize trees for food, as nesting places, or as growing substrates. This chapter explores the associations between living trees and aboveground biodiversity, reviews the factors such as soil productivity, hydrological regime, stand successional stage, and forestry activities that influence the characteristics of living trees and stand structural diversity, and presents the consequences of current and future climate change on boreal biodiversity.
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| 49. |
- Jonsson, Bengt-Gunnar, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity and multiple value chains in boreal mountain forests
- 2021
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Ingår i: Accelerating the progress towards the 2030 SDGs in times of crisis. - Östersund : Mid Sweden University. - 9789189341173 ; , s. 201-201
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive commercial forestry in the North European boreal forests have left forests and forest landscapes substantially transformed and dominated by young and middle aged managed forests and with only few and small remnants of natural forests left. However, along in the western most part of northern Sweden, a belt of forests with limited harvesting still exists – the Scandinavian Mountain GreenBelt (SMGB). This belt extends almost 1000 km and include more than 2.2 Mha forest land with a significant share of old‐growth and natural forests with high biodiversity values, and as such unique in a European perspective.The debate around the future of the SMGB is intense. Although a significant share of the area is already protected, a recent government review has suggested to set aside additionally 500 000 ha of the area asa contribution from Sweden to fulfil the goals and targets of international agreements (CBD and EU directives). Beyond the conservation benefits, this will have implications also for rural development in the region. It would support the economy for the tourism sector, support amenity migration, secure land for reindeer husbandry and in general provide opportunities for value chains related to non‐woodresources such as fishing, hunting, berry‐ and mushroom harvest and carbon sequestration. On the other hand, industrial and non‐industrial forestry actors sees the initiative as a threat to their resource base. We have analyzed the spatial distribution of different forests types and presence of forests with high natural values across the SMGB and highlight how these are distributed across public, forest company and non‐industrial private forest owners. Traditional wood‐based economic value chains are often in conflict with value chains based on socio‐cultural and ecological benefits and hence calls for discussion on multiple‐use strategies that involve all landowner categories and other stakeholders. There is an urgent need to identify methods for comparing wood/biomass‐based value chains and new value chains that take into account both direct benefits (such as wood or mushrooms) and indirect benefits linked to immaterial forest values (such as recreation and tourism), as well as non‐use and bequest values.
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| 50. |
- Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Bättre sent än aldrig – indikatorer för skogslandskapets gröna infrastruktur
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Begreppet grön infrastruktur (GI) har lyfts som en del av EU:s biodiversitets strategi och på nationell nivå har alla svenska län utvecklat planer för att integrera ett landskapsperspektiv i naturvårdsarbetet. För detta krävs en god kännedom om befintliganaturvärdens förekomst, och utvecklade verktyg för rumslig planering – det vill säga kunskap om både det ekologiska systemet och kompetens och resurser för effektivförvaltning. Här utgör relevanta indikatorer för biologisk mångfald på landskapsnivå en avgörande komponent. Det svenska skogslandskapet är efter snart 200 år av kommersiellt skogsbruk kraftigt dominerat av brukade skogar, och kvarvarande skogar med höga naturvärden förekommer i huvudsak som isolerade fragment. Förutom förlusten av naturskogsarealer så innebär detta också att konnektiviteten är dålig och därmed finns stora brister i skogslandskapets gröna infrastruktur. I projektet har vi belyst bristandestrukturell och funktionell konnektivitet i det svenska skogslandskapet. En utgångspunktför detta har varit mångfaldskonventionens (CBD) Aichi-mål 11 där förutom ett kvantitativt mål (minst 17 % av landarealen skyddad till 2020) även kvalitativa mål anges; såsom det enskilda skogsbestånds kvalité och storlek, representativitet medavseende på olika skogsmiljöer, konnektivitet på landskapsnivå, samt behovet av en effektiv skötsel, restaurering och rumslig planering. Dessa kvalitativa mål är relevanta för områdesskyddet men också för frivilliga avsättningar och den generella hänsynen som tas vid skogsbruksåtgärder.Tillgången på relevanta heltäckande geografiska data för rumslig planering av naturvård på landskapsnivå har ökat kraftigt i sen tid. Därmed finns goda möjlighetertill analyser av tillstånd och utveckling av nya planeringsverktyg. Vi har i projektetanvänt en lång rad av dessa data och genom ett antal delstudier bidragit med underlagtill en effektivare förvaltning av och stärkande av den gröna infrastrukturen för skogligbiologisk mångfald på både nationell och regional nivå. Som en utgångspunkt för projektet genomfördes en analys av länens GI-planer. Analysen fokuserade på en kvantitativ sammanställning av planernas hantering av den vetenskapliga litteraturen, befintliga kartunderlag och de direkta och/eller indirekta åtgärder som identifierats. Som en kompletterande kvalitativ analys har framtagandet av planerna diskuterats med länens GI-koordinatorer genom individuella intervjuer och workshops. En annan utgångspunkt har varit att utvärdera förekomsten av funktionella nätverk av skogar med höga naturvärden. I denna del har det fjällnära skogslandskapets unika värden jämförts med övrig skog i Sverige. Vi har vidare analyserat de skogliga impedimentenspotentiella roll för att stärka GI. Som ett verktyg för att analysera funktionell konnektivitet har vi använt så kallade ”ekologiska profiler” där förekomsten av virtuella arter med olika arealkrav och spridningsförmåga karterats i olika regioner.Som en central slutprodukt, en landskapsindikator, har vi genomfört en ”virtuellinventering av skogliga värdekärnor” med höga naturvärden (dvs. det internationella begreppet ”High Conservation Value Forests”) genom att med ett stort antal geografiska variabler som påverkar graden av naturlighet och artificiell intelligens modellera sannolikheten för värdekärna i fyra delregioner i Sverige. Sannolikheterna har skattats förmer än 21 miljoner hektar skog och på en skala (1 hektar) som är relevant för rumslig 7planering. De genererad sannolikhetskartorna har ett specifikt värde för identifiering av skogliga värdetrakter, dvs områden som bidrar till en fungerande grön infrastruktur, eller där en sådan kan skapas genom utökat områdesskydd och/eller restaurering. Modellen ger också information om trakter och landskap där möjligheten att skapafungerade grön infrastruktur är mycket begränsad, och där ett fortsatt skogsbruk inte på samma sätt hotar befintliga naturvärden. Modellen har sedan använts för att beskriva den strukturella och funktionella förekomsten av livsmiljöer för ett antalvirtuella arter i form av ekologiska profiler baserat på förekomst i olika skogstyper, och med olika arealkrav och spridningsförmåga. Projektets samlade resultat har sammanfattats i en rad slutsatser och rekommendationer strukturerade efter Aichi mål 11:s kvalitativa kriterier. En central slutsats är behovet av att bryta upp den strikta tudelning av skogslandskapet (i naturvård eller produktion) som råder. Denna uppdelning begränsar möjligheterna att effektiv stärka den gröna infrastrukturen och bör kompletteras med målklasser som fokuserar på mångbruk. För detta krävs regionalt anpassade former för samverkan med ett landskapsperspektiv. Rapporten avslutas med en reflektion kring framtida forskningsutmaningar. Vi ser behov av forskning både kring det ekologiska systemet och förvaltningssystemet då båda dessa dimensioner är avgörande för att nå våra nationella miljömål och internationella åtaganden.
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