| 1. |
- Ahmadi Achachlouei, Mohammad
(författare)
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Environmental Impacts of Electronic Media : A Comparison of a Magazine’s Tablet and Print Editions
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to assess potential environmental impacts of electronic media distribution and consumption—from a life cycle perspective—as compared to those of print media.The thesis consists of a cover essay and two papers appended at the end of the thesis. The cover essay summarizes the papers and puts them in context. The main objectives of the thesis are twofold: to assess potential environmental impacts of production and consumption of tablet editions of magazines from a life cycle perspective (Paper I), and to compare potential environmental impacts of a magazine’s print edition with that of its tablet edition (Paper II).The thesis examines the following specific research questions: (1) What are the main environmental impacts of print and tablet editions? (2) Which activities are giving rise to the main environmental impacts of the print and tablet editions? (3) What are the key factors influencing these impacts? (4) What are major data gaps and uncertainties?Based on the present assessment, it is clear that for the print magazine, pulp and paper production is the principal cause of most of the potential environmental impacts. For this reason, the use of recycled paper, rather than virgin fiber, in newsprint production may considerably offset environmental impacts.For the tablet edition, the content production dominates the potential environmental impacts when readers are few. This appears to be the case in an emerging state of the magazine, but with distribution of more media products to smaller groups of people, this may persist for “mature” products as well. As the number of tablet readers grows, more of the environmental impact of the is due to manufacturing of the device and electronic distribution. However, content production may still be a major factor, depending on the specific environmental impacts studied.
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| 2. |
- Ahmadi Achachlouei, Mohammad, 1981-
(författare)
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Exploring the Effects of ICT on Environmental Sustainability: From Life Cycle Assessment to Complex Systems Modeling
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The production and consumption of information and communication technology (ICT) products and services continue to grow worldwide. This trend is accompanied by a corresponding increase in electricity use by ICT, as well as direct environmental impacts of the technology. Yet a more complicated picture of ICT’s effects is emerging. Positive indirect effects on environmental sustainability can be seen in substitution and optimization (enabling effects), and negative indirect effects can be seen in additional demand due to efficiency improvements (rebound effects).A variety of methods can be employed to model and assess these direct and indirect effects of ICT on environmental sustainability. This doctoral thesis explores methods of modeling and assessing environmental effects of ICT, including electronic media. In a series of five studies, three methods were at times applied in case studies and at others analyzed theoretically. These methods include life cycle assessment (LCA) and complex systems modeling approaches, including System Dynamics (SD) and agent-based (AB) modeling.The first two studies employ the LCA approach in a case study of an ICT application, namely, the tablet edition of a Swedish design magazine. The use of tablets has skyrocketed in recent years, and this phenomenon has been little studied to date. Potential environmental impacts of the magazine’s tablet edition were assessed and compared with those of the print edition. The tablet edition’s emerging version (which is marked by a low number of readers and low reading time per copy) resulted in higher potential environmental impacts per reader than did the print edition. However, the mature tablet edition (with a higher number of readers and greater reading time per copy) yielded lower impacts per reader in half the ten impact categories assessed.While previous studies of electronic media have reported that the main life-cycle contributor to environmental impacts is the use phase (which includes operational electricity use as well as the manufacture of the electronic device), the present study did not support those findings in all scenarios studied in this thesis. Rather, this study found that the number of readers played an important role in determining which life-cycle phase had the greatest impacts. For the emerging version, with few readers, content production was the leading driver of environmental impacts. For the mature version, with a higher number of readers, electronic storage and distribution were the major contributors to environmental impacts. Only when there were many readers but low overall use of the tablet device was the use phase the main contributor to environmental impacts of the tablet edition of the magazine.The third study goes beyond direct effects at product- and service-level LCAs, revisiting an SD simulation study originally conducted in 2002 to model indirect environmental effects of ICT in 15 European countries for the period 2000-2020. In the current study, three scenarios of the 2002 study were validated in light of new empirical data from the period 2000–2012. A new scenario was developed to revisit the quantitative and qualitative results of the original study. The results showed, inter alia, that ICT has a stimulating influence on total passenger transport, for it makes it more cost- and time-efficient (rebound effects).The modeling mechanism used to represent this rebound effect is further investigated in the fourth study, which discusses the feedback loops used to model two types of rebound effects in passenger transport (direct economic rebound and time rebound). Finally, the role of systems thinking and modeling in conceptualizing and communicating the dynamics of rebound effects is examined.The aim of the fifth study was to explore the power of systems modeling and simulation to represent nonlinearities of the complex and dynamic systems examined elsewhere in this thesis. That study reviews previous studies that have compared the SD and AB approaches and models, summarizing their purpose, methodology, and results, based on certain criteria for choosing between SD and AB approaches. The transformation procedure used to develop an AB model for purposes of comparison with an SD model is also explored.In conclusion, first-order or direct environmental effects of ICT production, use, and disposal can be assessed employing an LCA method. This method can also be used to assess second-order or enabling effects by comparing ICT applications with conventional alternatives. However, the assessment of enabling effects can benefit from systems modeling methods, which are able to formally describe the drivers of change, as well as the dynamics of complex social, technical, and environmental systems associated with ICT applications. Such systems methods can also be used to model third-order or rebound effects of efficiency improvements by ICT.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Helene, et al.
(författare)
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Consecutive microcontact printing - ligands for asymmetric catalysis in silicon channels
- 2001
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Ingår i: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. - 0925-4005 .- 1873-3077. ; 79:1, s. 78-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consecutive microcontact printing ( mu CP) has been developed to enable multiple functionalization of silicon surfaces, such as the immobilization of chiral ligands. The technique involves two subsequent printing steps using unstructured poly(methylsiloxane) stamps. The pattern is already defined on the substrate, consisting of etched channels. Hence, no precise alignment is needed between the two printing steps. A carboxylic acid group containing reagent was initially printed onto the silicon oxide surface and transformed to an anhydride. hi the second printing step an ester bond was formed with the hydroxy-functionalized ligand. The formed molecular layers were evaluated by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), indicating that the consecutive mu CP was successful. Initially, printing was performed on planar silicon surfaces but to realize a flow-through microfluidic device for high throughput screening a mu CP technique was developed for etched channels. To verify the technique, hydrophobic valves consisting of octadecyltrichlorosilane were formed using mu CP in deep reactive ion etched channels (50 mum wide and 50 mum deep). The printed hydrophobic patches were visualized by SEM and functioned well. Finally, the consecutive mu CP technique was applied to immobilize the ligand in the channels. The channels were then sealed with a low-temperature bonding technique using an adhesive PDMS film, which does not destroy the printed ligand. In this study mu CP is used in a novel manner. It enables a convenient method for performing complex surface modification of etched structures, which is a frequently appearing problem in biochemical microfluidic systems.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Helene, et al.
(författare)
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Patterned self-assembled beads in silicon channels
- 2001
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Ingår i: Electrophoresis. - 0173-0835 .- 1522-2683. ; 22:18, s. 3876-3882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel technique enabling selective bead trapping in microfluidic devices without the use of physical barriers is presented in this paper. It is a fast, convenient and simple method, involving microcontact printing and self-assembly, that can be applied to silicon, quartz or plastic substrates. In the first step, channels are etched in the substrate. The surface chemistry of the internal walls of the channels is then modified by microcontact printing. The chip is submerged in a bead slurry where beads self-assemble based on surface chemistry and immobilize on the internal walls of the channels. Silicon channels (100 mum wide and 50 mum deep) have been covered with monolayers of streptavidin-, amino- and hydroxy-functionalized microspheres and resulted in good surface coverage of beads on the channel walls. A high-resolution pattern of lines of self-assembled streptavidin beads, as narrow as 5 mum, has also been generated on the bottom of a 500 mum wide and 50 mum deep channel. Flow tests were performed in sealed channels with the different immobilized beads to confirm that the immobilized beads could withstand the forces generated by water flowing in the channels. The presented results indicate that single beads can be precisely positioned within microfluidic devices based on self-assembly which is useful as screening and analysis tools within the field of biochemistry and organic chemistry.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Helene, et al.
(författare)
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Self-assembled and self-sorted array of chemically active beads for analytical and biochemical screening
- 2002
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Ingår i: Talanta. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 56:2, s. 301-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A technique for generating a general screening platform consisting of dots of immobilized beads on silicon has been developed via self-sorting and -assembly of different kinds of beads. The dots are defined by a teflon-like film, which due to its hydrophobic characteristics also prevents cross-contamination of liquid from different dots. To enable functionalization of individual dots with different target molecules simultaneously a new way of microcontact printing has been explored where different target solutions are printed in parallel using one stamp. In order to show that this platform can be designed for both biochemical assays and organic chemistry, streptavidin-, amino- and hydroxy-functionalized beads have been self-sorted and -assembled both on separate and common platforms. The self-sorting and -arrangement are based on surface chemistry only, which has not previously been reported. Beads of different sizes and material have successfully been immobilized in line patterns as narrow as 5 mum. Besides silicon, quartz and polyethylene have also been used as substrates.
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| 6. |
- Berg, Marie, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Room4Birth - the effect of an adaptable birthing room on labour and birth outcomes for nulliparous women at term with spontaneous labour start: study protocol for a randomised controlled superiority trial in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215 .- 1745-6215. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: An important prerequisite for optimal healthcare is a secure, safe and comfortable environment. There is little research on how the physical design of birthing rooms affects labour, birth, childbirth experiences and birthing costs. This protocol outlines the design of a randomised controlled superiority trial (RCT) measuring and comparing effects and experiences of two types of birthing rooms, conducted in one labour ward in Sweden. METHODS/DESIGN: Following ethics approval, a study design was developed and tested for feasibility in a pilot study, which led to some important improvements for conducting the study. The main RCT started January 2019 and includes nulliparous women presenting to the labour ward in active, spontaneous labour and who understand either Swedish, Arabic, Somali or English. Those who consent are randomised on a 1:1 ratio to receive care either in a regular room (control group) or in a newly built birthing room designed with a person-centred approach and physical aspects (such as light, silencer, media installation offering programmed nature scenes with sound, bathtub, birth support tools) that are changeable according to a woman's wishes (intervention group). The primary efficacy endpoint is a composite score of four outcomes: no use of oxytocin for augmentation of labour; spontaneous vaginal births (i.e. no vaginal instrumental birth or caesarean section); normal postpartum blood loss (i.e. bleeding < 1000 ml); and a positive overall childbirth experience (7-10 on a scale of 1-10). To detect a difference in the composite score of 8% between the groups we need 1274 study participants (power of 80% with significance level 0.05). Secondary outcomes include: the four variables in the primary outcome; other physical outcomes of labour and birth; women's self-reported experiences (the birthing room, childbirth, fear of childbirth, health-related quality of life); and measurement of costs in relation to the hospital stay for mother and neonate. Additionally, an ethnographic study with participant observations will be conducted in both types of birthing rooms. DISCUSSION: The findings aim to guide the design of birthing rooms that contribute to optimal quality of hospital-based maternity care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03948815. Registered 13 May 2019-retrospectively registered.
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| 7. |
- Berglez, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Pressen sviker sin roll
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nerikes Allehanda. ; :2010-09-17
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 8. |
- Borggren, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Books from an environmental perspective - Part 1 : Environmental impacts of paper books sold in traditional and internet bookshops
- 2011
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 16:2, s. 138-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The sale and distribution of books are activities that have changed through increased use of the internet. The main aim of this paper was to determine the potential environmental impacts of paper books and identify key issues determining the magnitude of those impacts. A second aim was to study the environmental difference between a paper book bought in a traditional bookshop and through an internet bookshop. In addition, areas with a lack of data and major uncertainties were to be noted. Materials and methods A screening life cycle assessment was performed on an average hardback novel produced and read in Sweden. The data used were general data from Ecoinvent 2.0 and site-specific data from companies participating in the study, whenever average data were not available. Results and discussion The results showed the most important processes to be pulp and paper production. However, if a substantial distance was travelled by car, to buy a book or collect it, this had a major influence on the environmental performance. Comparing the two bookshop alternatives, the results showed a slight benefit for the internet bookshop due to fewer books being returned to the publisher and the avoidance of energy use at the traditional bookshop. The buyer of a book could significantly influence the total impact by choosing to walk to the bookshop or to combine the trip with several other activities to decrease the impact of the travel per activity performed. When books ordered via the internet were sent by postal services directly to the end consumer, the climate change impact was lowered. Conclusions This study showed that, in addition to the paper used, the way books are bought and distributed, including possible personal transportation, can significantly affect the total environmental impact of paper books. The impact per book read can be significantly decreased by sharing books with others.
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| 9. |
- Borggren, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Business meetings at a distance - decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and cumulative energy demand?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 41, s. 126-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transportation, or rather access, is a major challenge in relation to achieving environmental goals and in striving for sustainable development. One potential means suggested to decrease the environmental impact related to accessibility is mediated meetings. However, few studies have quantified the potential environmental impacts with a life cycle perspective. With inspiration from a project involving four major Swedish media companies experiencing an increasing need for business travel and decreasing resources, this study assessed the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cumulative energy demand (CED) related to different types of business meetings, using a life cycle perspective. The potential consequences for emissions of GHG and CED in two hypothetical companies introducing mediated meetings were also assessed. The results indicated that mediated meetings using personal computers can reduce GHG emissions and CED per meeting and that more advanced mediated solutions are preferable to meetings which require travel, if the equipment is frequently used to replace travel. However, advanced technology that is under-used may give similar or higher GHG emissions and CED than meetings traveled to by train. All mediated meeting alternatives studied here had lower GHG emissions and CED than meetings which required travel by plane or car. LCD screen manufacture contributed the main environmental impact of mediated meetings, but the meeting rooms needed, electricity use for equipment and internet use for data transmission were also important in some cases. As LCD screen manufacture and internet energy use were main issues and as the data on these issues are uncertain, they should be further assessed+ and updated in future studies. Introduction of mediated meetings in companies and organizations should involve a thorough consideration of needs and possible solutions to achieve the best possible environmental benefits through efficient use and replacement of travel.
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| 10. |
- Ekener, Elisabeth, 1963-
(författare)
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Tracking down Social Impacts of Products with Social Life Cycle Assessment
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An important aspect of sustainable development is the social impacts from the consumption of goods and services. A recently developed method for social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) assesses the potential positive and negative social impacts along a product’s life cycle, while avoiding shifting negative impacts from one part of the supply chain to another. This thesis evaluated the applicability of S-LCA in three case studies, as well as a way of introducing an ethical perspective on the distribution of social impacts among stakeholders.The case study of laptop computers identified workers and the local community as the stakeholders at greatest risk of negative social impacts, with China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Brazil being most prone to these impacts. A case study of vehicle fuels identified some fossil and some renewable fuels with high or very high risks of negative impacts, suggesting a need for strict procurement requirements on social performance for all types of vehicle fuels. A study of e-waste recycling in Pakistan revealed negative social impacts on workers and the community, while decreasing poverty by providing employment.By performing a social hotspot assessment using S-LCA methodology, much can be learned about the potential social impacts associated with a product’s life cycle, and potentially important aspects that would otherwise have been neglected can be identified. Some methodological issues of S-LCA requiring further attention are:Indicator relevance. Impact pathways between indicators and performance assessment on social issues must be examined and improved.Aggregation and weighting of impacts and indicators. With major uncertainties still present, results must be transparent, but also aggregated for the purposes of interpretation and communication.Assessment of the use phase. To be more complete, S-LCA methodology needs to be complemented with an assessment of the use phase.Introduction of context. Identifying the context of relevant stakeholders in different parts of the life cycle would allow identification of the greatest leverage in improvement of social conditions.
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| 11. |
- Eriksson, Göran, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Politikernas arena : en studie om presskonferenser på regeringsnivå
- 2013. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den svenska regeringens presskonferenser har under 1900-talet gått från att vara informella träffar mellan statsministern och några redaktörer, till en etablerad form för möten mellan ministrar och journalister. Regeringen kan presentera sin politik och journalister har möjlighet att ställa politiker till svars, som en del av den demokratiska processen.Politikernas arena bidrar med fördjupade kunskaper om de normer och praktiker som kännetecknar den svenska regeringens presskonferenser, och hur formerna för mötena utvecklats och institutionaliserats från Tage Erlander över Olof Palme till den borgerliga Alliansregeringen. Med detaljerade analyser av interaktionen under presskonferenserna undersöks om relationerna mellan politiker och journalister kännetecknas av konflikt eller konsensus, och i boken åskådliggörs hur politikerna agerar för att manifestera enighet. Mediernas rapportering från presskonferenser är också föremål för undersökning.Boken riktar sig i första hand till forskare och studenter i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, journalistik och statsvetenskap men även till politiskt intresserade.
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| 12. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and economic assessment methods for waste management decision-support : possibilities and limitations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 25:3, s. 263-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of methods and approaches that can be used for supporting waste management decisions at different levels in society have been developed. In this paper an overview of methods is provided and preliminary guidelines for the choice of methods are presented. The methods introduced include: Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Life-cycle Costing, Risk Assessment, Material Flow Accounting, Substance Flow Analysis, Energy Analysis, Exergy Analysis, Entropy Analysis, Environmental Management Systems, and Environmental Auditing, The characteristics used are the types of impacts included, the objects under study and whether the method is procedural or analytical The different methods can be described as systems analysis methods. Waste management systems thinking is receiving increasing attention. This is, for example, evidenced by the suggested thematic strategy on waste by the European Commission where life-cycle analysis and life-cycle thinking get prominent positions. Indeed, life-cycle analyses have been shown to provide policy-relevant and consistent results. However, it is also clear that the studies will always be open to criticism since they are simplifications of reality and include uncertainties. This is something all systems analysis methods have in common. Assumptions can be challenged and it may be difficult to generalize from case studies to policies. This suggests that if decisions are going to be made, they are likely to be made on a less than perfect basis.
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| 13. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental systems analysis tools : an overview
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 13:12, s. 1165-1173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of tools for assessing environmental impacts are available. It is of interest to characterise different tools in order to better understand their relationships and the appropriateness of different tools in different situations. The characteristics used here are whether the tools are procedural or analytical, what types of impacts are included, what the object of the study is and whether the studies are descriptive or change-orientated. For each object discussed here, there is a tool focusing on both use of natural resources and environmental impacts that seems to be the most suitable. Because different tools focus on different objects, different tools cannot in general easily replace each other.
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| 14. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste - part 1 : general methodology and results
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 13:3, s. 213-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overall goal of the present study is to evaluate different strategies for treatment of solid waste in Sweden based on a life cycle perspective. Important goals are to identify advantages and disadvantages of different methods for treatment of solid waste, and to identify critical factors in the systems, including the background systems, which may significantly influence the results. Included in the study are landfilling, incineration, recycling, digestion and composting. The waste fractions considered are the combustible and recyclable or compostable fractions of municipal solid waste. The methodology used is life cycle assessment (LCA). The results can be used for policy decisions as well as strategic decisions on waste management systems. A waste hierarchy suggesting the environmental preference of recycling over incineration over landfilling is often put forward and used in waste policy making. LCAs can be used to test the waste hierarchy and identify situations where the hierarchy is not valid. Our results indicate that the waste hierarchy is valid as a rule of thumb. The results also suggest that a policy promoting recycling of paper and plastic materials, preferably combined with policies promoting the use of plastics replacing plastics made from virgin materials, leads to decreased use of total energy and emissions of gases contributing to global warming. If the waste can replace oil or coal as energy sources, and neither biofuels nor natural gas are alternatives, a policy promoting incineration of paper materials may be successful in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic environmental assessment methodologies : applications within the energy sector
- 2003
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Ingår i: Environmental impact assessment review. - 0195-9255 .- 1873-6432. ; 23:1, s. 91-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a procedural tool and within the framework of SEA, several different types of analytical tools can be used in the assessment. Several analytical tools are presented and their relation to SEA is discussed including methods for future studies, Life Cycle Assessment, Risk Assessment, Economic Valuation and Multi-Attribute Approaches. A framework for the integration of some analytical tools in the SEA process is suggested. It is noted that the available analytical tools primarily cover some types of environmental impacts related to emissions of pollutants. Tools covering impacts on ecosystems and landscapes are more limited. The relation between application and choice of analytical tools is discussed. It is suggested that SEAs used to support a choice between different alternatives require more quantitative methods, whereas SEAs used to identify critical aspects and suggest mitigation strategies can suffice with more qualitative methods. The possible and desired degree of site-specificity in the assessment can also influence the choice of methods. It is also suggested that values and world views can be of importance for judging whether different types of tools and results are meaningful and useful. Since values and world views differ between different stakeholders, consultation and understanding are important to ensure credibility and relevance.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Goldkuhl, Lisa, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Effekten av att föda barn i ett speciellt utformat födslorum: En randomiserad kontrollerad studie
- 2023
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Ingår i: Konferensbidrag Reproduktiv Hälsa, Karlstad.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund: Den upplevda miljön har betydelse för födselns fysiologiska processer hos kvinnor. Då majoriteten barn föds på sjukhus är det därav betydelsefullt att utforma sjukhusmiljön utifrån aspekter som främjar trygghet och förtrogenhet. Syfte: Att utvärdera om ett speciellt utformat rum ger bättre utfall i samband med födsel, i jämförelse med standardrum. Metod: En randomiserad kontrollerad studie genomfördes under åren 2019–2020 vid ett sjukhus i västra Sverige. Förstföderskor med en singelgraviditet i fullgången tid lottades till att vårdas antingen i ett rum speciellt utformat för att stödja födselns fysiologiska processer (testrummet) eller i ett standardrum. Hypotesen var att det primära kompositutfallet skulle uppfyllas hos fler kvinnor i testrummet, det vill säga: vaginal spontan födsel, ingen användning av oxytocindropp, positiv förlossningsupplevelse, samt blödning <1000ml. För att kunna påvisa en skillnad på 8% mellan de randomiserade grupperna i det primära utfallet, krävdes 1274 studiedeltagare. Bland sekundära utfall fanns andra perinatala utfall samt självskattad förlossningsupplevelse upp till ett år efter födsel. Resultat: Studien avslutades i förtid på grund av Covid-19-pandemin, vilket gjorde att 406 kvinnor randomiserades totalt. Därav uppnåddes inte tillräcklig styrka för att kunna påvisa en statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna avseende det primära utfallet. I testrummet uppfylldes det primära utfallet hos 42% av kvinnorna jämfört med 35% i standardrummet (odds ratio: 1.35, 95% CI 0.90–2.01). Kvinnor i testrummet använde epiduralanalgesi i lägre utsträckning. De rapporterade även mer positiva förlossningsupplevelser 3 och 12 månader efter födsel i jämförelse med kvinnor i standardrummen. Konklusion: Denna för tidigt avslutade studie kunde inte verifiera om testrummet förbättrar det primära utfallet. Däremot använde kvinnor i det testrummet i lägre grad farmakologisk smärtlindring och skattade bättre förlossningsupplevelse över tid. Finansiering: Vetenskapsrådet (2018–02406), Institutionen för Vårdvetenskap och Hälsa, Göteborgs Universitet.
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| 20. |
- Goldkuhl, Lisa, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Birthing Room Design on Maternal Childbirth Experience: Results From the Room4Birth Randomized Trial
- 2023
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Ingår i: HERD. - : SAGE Publications. - 2167-5112 .- 1937-5867. ; 16:1, s. 200-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study the effect of the birthing room design on nulliparous women’s childbirth experience up to 1 year after birth. Background: Although it is known that the birth environment can support or hinder birth processes, the impact of the birthing room design on maternal childbirth experience over time is insufficiently studied. Methods: The Room4Birth randomized controlled trial was conducted at a labor ward in Sweden. Nulliparous women in active stage of spontaneous labor were randomized (n = 406) to either a regular birthing room (n = 202) or a new birthing room designed with more person-centered considerations (n = 204). Childbirth experiences were measured 2 hr, 3 months, and 12 months after birth by using a Visual Analogue Scale of Overall Childbirth Experience (VAS-OCE), the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS), and the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ2). Results: Women randomized to the new room had a more positive childbirth experience reported on the VAS-OCE 3 months (p =.002) and 12 months (p =.021) after birth compared to women randomized to a regular room. Women in the new room also scored higher in the total CEQ2 score (p =.039) and within the CEQ2 subdomain own capacity after 3 months (p =.028). The remaining CEQ2 domains and the FOBS scores did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: These findings show that a birthing room offering more possibilities to change features and functions in the room according to personal needs and requirements, positively affects the childbirth experience of nulliparous women 3 and 12 months after they have given birth.
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| 21. |
- Goldkuhl, Lisa, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Room4Birth – The effect of giving birth in a hospital birthing room designed with person-centred considerations: A Swedish randomised controlled trial
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-5764 .- 1877-5756. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate if a birthing room designed with person-centred considerations improves labour and birth outcomes for nulliparous women when compared to regular birthing rooms. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted at a Swedish labour ward between January 2019 and October 2020. Nulliparous women in spontaneous labour were randomised either to a birthing room designed with person-centred considerations (New room) or a Regular room. The primary outcome was a composite of four variables: vaginal non-instrumental birth; no oxytocin augmentation; postpartum blood loss < 1000 ml; and a positive childbirth experience. To detect a difference of 8% between the groups, 1274 study participants were needed, but the trial was terminated early due to consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 406 women were randomised; 204 to the New room and 202 to the Regular room. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome between the groups (42.2% versus 35.1%; odds ratio: 1.35, 95% Confidence Interval 0.90–2.01; p = 0.18). Participants in the New room used epidural analgesia to a lower extent (54.4% versus 65.3%, relative risk: 0.83, 95% Confidence Interval 0.71–0.98; p = 0.03) and reported to a higher degree that the room contributed to a sense of safety, control, and integrity (p=<0.001). Conclusions: The hypothesis that the New room would improve the primary outcome could not be verified. Considering the early discontinuation of the study, results should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, analyses of our secondary outcomes emphasise the experiential value of the built birth environment in improving care for labouring women.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Hornborg, Anne-Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Att få flow i livet: Mind-body-terapin och coaching som nya helandemetoder
- 2014
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Ingår i: Helig hälsa: helandemetoder i det mångreligiösa Sveirge. - 9789175042671 ; , s. 145-166
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kapitlet undersöker hur nya andliga och vetenskapslika diskurser inom de nya verksamheterna introduceras och tillämpas i det svenska samhället i sökandet efter identitet, mening och hälsa. I fokus står nya entreprenörer som under senare år har etablerat sig som terapeuter eller coacher och som erbjuder personlig utveckling, har skapat egna utbildningssystem med egencertifiering och som även etablerar sig i samhällets huvudfåror.
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| 25. |
- Jarrick, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Prisade forskare visar oss vägen
- 2015
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Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet. - 1101-2412. ; :10/12
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Jönsson, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Immobilized oxazoline-containing ligands in asymmetric catalysis - A review
- 2002
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Ingår i: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. - 0960-894X .- 1464-3405. ; 12:14, s. 1857-1861
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal complexes of chiral oxazoline derivatives immobilized on soluble as well as insoluble supports serve as versatile asymmetric catalysts in a variety of applications. In a few cases recovery and reuse of the chiral ligands have been achieved.
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| 28. |
- Lundgren, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Micro reactors for the optimisation of reaction conditions in asymmetric metal catalysis
- 2005
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Ingår i: Micro Total Analysis Systems 2004. - 0854046437 ; , s. 445-447
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two types of micro reactors were employed for enantioselective metal catalysed reactions. In the first type of reactor, an electroosmotic flow was used, whereas the second type of reactor used a pressure driven flow. The purpose of the study is to develop tools for rapid and efficient optimization of reactions, utilising minimum amounts of reagents.
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| 29. |
- Malmodin, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and entertainment & media sectors
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 14:5, s. 770-790
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The positive and negative environmental impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) are widely debated. This study assesses the electricity use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the ICT and entertainment & media (E&M) sectors at sector level, including end users, and thus complements information on the product level. GHGs are studied in a life cycle perspective, but for electricity use, only the operational use is considered. The study also considers which product groups or processes are major contributors. Using available data and extrapolating existing figures to the global scale for 2007 reveals that the ICT sector produced 1.3% of global GHG emissions in 2007 and the E&M sector 1.7%. The corresponding figures for global electricity use were 3.9% and 3.2%, respectively. The results indicate that for the ICT sector, operation leads to more GHG emissions than manufacture, although impacts from the manufacture of some products are significant. For the E&M sector, operation of TVs and production of printed media are the main reasons for overall GHG emissions. TVs as well as printed media, with the estimations made here, led to more GHG emissions on a global level in 2007 than PCs (manufacture and operation). A sector study of this type provides information on a macro scale, a perspective easily lost when considering, for example, the product-related results of life cycle assessments. The macro scale is essential to capture changes in total consumption and use. However, the potential of the ICT sector to help decrease environmental impacts from other sectors was not included in the assessment.
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| 30. |
- Moberg, A. B., et al.
(författare)
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Community-acquired pneumonia in primary care: clinical assessment and the usability of chest radiography
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 34:1, s. 21-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic value of different clinical and laboratory findings in pneumonia and to explore the association between the doctors degree of suspicion and chest X-ray (CXR) result and to evaluate whether or not CXR should be used routinely in primary care, when available. Design: A three-year prospective study was conducted between September 2011 and December 2014. Setting: Two primary care settings in Linkoping, Sweden. Subjects: A total of 103 adult patients with suspected pneumonia in primary care. Main outcome measures: The physicians recorded results of a standardized medical physical examination, including laboratory results, and rated their suspicion into three degrees. The outcome of the diagnostic variables and the degree of suspicion was compared with the result of CXR. Results: Radiographic pneumonia was reported in 45% of patients. When the physicians were sure of the diagnosis radiographic pneumonia was found in 88% of cases (p<0.001), when quite sure the frequency of positive CXR was 45%, and when not sure 28%. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)50mg/L were associated with the presence of radiographic pneumonia when the diagnosis was suspected (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study indicates that CXR can be useful if the physician is not sure of the diagnosis, but when sure one can rely on ones judgement without ordering CXR.
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| 31. |
- Moberg, Anna, 1976-
(författare)
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Diagnosing pneumonia in primary care : Aspects of the value of clinical and laboratory findings and the use of chest X-ray
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is important to identify patients with pneumonia because it is potentially a serious disease, often of bacterial origin, that should be treated with antibiotics. It is equally important to identify those with acute bronchitis, a self-limiting disease, that should not be treated with antibiotics. Because bacterial resistance is increasing, over-prescribing of antibiotics should be avoided. However, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two diagnoses, and guidelines concerning the assessment do not conform. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate if diagnostics of pneumonia in primary care can be improved and whether this could contribute to reduced prescription of antibiotics. As a first step, different anamnestic, clinical and laboratory findings and the doctor’s degree of suspicion of pneumonia in primary care were compared with chest X-ray (CXR) findings. The doctor’s degree of suspicion of pneumonia was shown to be a good predictor. When the physician was sure of the diagnosis, the likelihood for radiographic pneumonia was high and when quite sure, CXR was positive in less than half of the cases. To further improve the diagnostics of pneumonia, and thus reduce antibiotic prescriptions, patients were referred for CXR when the physician was unsure or quite sure of a pneumonia diagnosis. The intervention did not result in any decrease in antibiotic prescriptions compared with a control group. However, it emerged that the physicians did not fully trust the CXR outcome, but prescribed antibiotics even when the results were negative. To gain insight into the contribution of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to the degree of suspicion, physicians were asked to estimate their degree of suspicion of pneumonia before and after CRP testing. CRP affected the degree of suspicion to a great extent, and most often resulted in a lowered degree of suspicion and thereby in the clinical decision of dismissing the diagnosis of pneumonia. The use of different diagnostic tests and prescription of antibiotics in the assessment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia over time was evaluated in a register-based study. The study showed that the use of diagnostic tests for both diagnoses has increased, and that there has been a reduction in antibiotic prescriptions for acute bronchitis. In conclusion, the doctor’s degree of suspicion of pneumonia seems to be a good predictor of the condition. When the physician is sure of the diagnosis, no further investigation is needed, and antibiotics can be prescribed on reliable grounds. CRP testing affects the degree of suspicion and is most valuable when unsure of the diagnosis where it can be helpful to exclude pneumonia. In contrast, more extensive use of CXR does not contribute to a decrease in antibiotic prescriptions in the diagnostics of pneumonia.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Moberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Use of chest X-ray in the assessment of community acquired pneumonia in primary care - an intervention study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 38:3, s. 323-329
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The aim of this study was to explore if consequent use of chest X-ray (CXR), when the physician is not sure of the diagnosis of pneumonia after clinical examination and CRP-testing, favors a more restrictive prescribing of antibiotics. Design This was an intervention study conducted between September 2015 and December 2017. Setting Two intervention primary health care centers (PHCCs) and three control PHCCs in the southeast of Sweden. Intervention All patients were referred for CXR when the physician s suspicion of pneumonia was unsure, or quite sure after CRP-testing. Control units managed patients according to their usual routine after clinical examination and CRP-testing. Subjects A total of 104 patients were included in the intervention group and 81 patients in the control group. The inclusion criteria of the study were clinically suspected pneumonia in patients >= 18 years, with respiratory symptoms for more than 24 h. Main outcome measure:Antibiotic prescribing rate. Results In the intervention group, 85% were referred for CXR and 69% were prescribed antibiotics, as compared to 26% and 77% in the control group. The difference in antibiotic prescribing rate was not statistically significant, unadjusted OR 0.68 [0.35-1.3] and adjusted OR 1.1 [CI 0.43-3.0]. A total of 24% of patients with negative CXR were prescribed antibiotics. Conclusion This study could not prove that use of CXR when the physician was not sure of the diagnosis of pneumonia results in lowered antibiotic prescribing rate in primary care. In cases of negative findings on CXR the physicians do not seem to rely on the outcome when it comes to antibiotic prescribing.
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| 34. |
- Moberg, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Use of correct or nominal water velocities in Morison's equation
- 1986
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Ingår i: International Conference of Hydraulic Pehenomena in Offshore, Coastal & Inland Waters, London, England, 9-11 April, 1986.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A laboratory experiment has been performed to evaluate the drag and inertia coefficients in the Morison Equation. The total waveforce, the pressure distribution and the kinematics of steep waves have been measured. The experimental arrangement is described and the data processing is sketched. The technique for measuring the velocity is descrbed in detail.It is shown that it is important to use the same type of velocity in design as is used in the experiments from which the coefficients are evaluated. It was also found that the best choice of wave theory from five investgated theories for most cases is th fifth order theory. For shallow water the best choice is the cnoidal theory.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Moberg, Jessica, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Religion och hälsa i dagens Sverige
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Helig hälsa : helandemetoder i det mångreligiösa Sverige / Jessica Moberg & Göran Ståhle (red.). - Stockholm : Dialogos. - 9789175042671 ; , s. 7-17
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 37. |
- Moberg, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Low androstenedione/sex hormone binding globulin ratio increases fracture risk in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health in the Lund Area study.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Maturitas. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4111 .- 0378-5122. ; 75:3, s. 270-275
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) project (n=6917) is a cohort study that started in 1995 and includes a postal questionnaire, physical examination, bone density measurement and blood laboratory analyses. Fracture data have been added, and in this report fracture risk and its association with sex hormones was analysed in postmenopausal women without current hormone therapy (HT). A total of 409 women (median age 56.8 years) with 489 fractures were identified from the postmenopausal women without HT during a median follow-up time of 8.4 years. Lower serum levels of androstenedione (p<0.001), testosterone (p=0.008), androstenedione/sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) ratio (p<0.001), testosterone/SHBG ratio (p=0.003) and higher levels of SHBG (p=0.005) were observed in women with fractures compared to no fracture. No difference in oestradiol levels was observed. Androstenedione and androstenedione/SHBG ratio were further divided into percentiles. Increased fracture risk was found in postmenopausal women with androstenedione in 5th percentile compared to 11-89th percentile HR 1.51 (95% CI 1.02-2.24). The androstenedione/SHBG ratio (11-89th percentile as reference) showed increased fracture risk in women with low ratio 5th percentile HR 1.75 (95% CI 1.20-2.54) and decreased fracture risk with high ratio 95th percentile HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.28-0.98). An increased fracture risk during follow-up was encountered in postmenopausal women with low serum androstenedione and androstenedione/SHBG ratio at baseline and a decreased fracture risk with high androstenedione/SHBG ratio. This study suggests that postmenopausal osteoporosis is influenced by lower levels of androgens.
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| 38. |
- Moberg, Louise M.E., et al.
(författare)
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Primary screening for increased fracture risk by the FRAX® questionnaire—uptake rates in relation to invitation method
- 2019
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Ingår i: Archives of Osteoporosis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1862-3522 .- 1862-3514. ; 14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and most efficient way of offering middle-aged Swedish women a primary fracture screening program via a questionnaire. Two out of five invited women returned the FRAX questionnaire and those contacted directly by mail were most prone to respond. Purpose: Osteoporosis and its associated fractures are increasing, and this study aims to explore ways to identify women at an increased risk of fracture using the FRAX® algorithm. Methods: Three thousand middle-aged women were invited and presented a questionnaire distributed by three different methods–by mail, at routine mammography, or internet-based. Results: In total, 1120 (37.3%) women responded to the questionnaire and agreed to participate. The response rates for the mail, mammography, and internet-based groups were 39.1%, 35.7%, and 25.2% respectively. Women in the mammography group weighed more, were slightly older than the other women, and also had a higher BMI than women from the mail and internet-based groups. No difference was observed between the groups regarding previous fracture, family history for fracture, current smoking, glucocorticoid use, and alcohol usage. The mammography group had a higher median (interquartile range) major osteoporotic FRAX® score (10.0% (7.8–17.0)) than the mail group (9.7% (7.1–15.0); p = 0.005) and the internet-based group (8.7% (6.7–14.0); p = 0.001). Conclusions: Two out of five early postmenopausal women returned the questionnaire and women contacted directly by mail were more prone to respond. Out of the participants, 26.6% had a 10-year fracture risk score ≥ 15% according to the FRAX® algorithm.
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| 39. |
- Moberg, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and history of earlier fracture are independent risk factors for fracture in postmenopausal women. The WHILA study.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Maturitas. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4111 .- 0378-5122. ; 78:4, s. 310-315
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Postmenopausal women in the Western world are highly burdened by osteoporotic fractures. The aim of this study is to investigate risk factors at baseline for fracture in 6416 postmenopausal women during long-term follow-up. At baseline, all women completed a questionnaire regarding background factors, diseases, current use of medications and reproductive and contraceptive history, a physical examination and laboratory analyses. Fracture occurrence after inclusion in the study was recorded with the help of official registries. All significant variables in univariate logistic regression with a decreased or increased risk for fracture were analysed in a multivariate logistic regression. Increased fracture risk was observed in women currently using proton pump inhibitors (PPI), odds ratio (OR) 2.53 (95% confidence interval (CI)) 1.28-4.99, and women having had a fracture after the age of 40, but before inclusion in the study, OR 1.70 (95% CI 1.24-2.32). A protective effect against fractures was observed in women with a positive family history of diabetes OR 0.66 (95% CI 0.44-0.98). A significant interaction was observed between fracture risk, use of PPI and HT status (p=0.014) and women with HT had an increased fracture risk with use of PPI (OR 3.37 (95% CI 1.96-5.80)) compared to women without HT (OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.57-2.24)). In conclusion, usage of PPIs was associated with a doubled risk for fracture in postmenopausal women. Women with previous fractures using PPI should be considered for prophylactic treatment reducing fracture risk.
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| 40. |
- Moberg, Ulla, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Managing ideological differences in joint political press conferences : a study of the strategic use of the personal pronoun 'we'
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Language and Politics. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1569-2159 .- 1569-9862. ; 12:3, s. 315-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on Swedish political press conferences and explores the discursive efforts of politicians to express unity despite diverging ideological views. It concerns the use of the first person pronoun ‘we’ (Swedish.we) and is influenced by both dialogue theory and linguistic theories, which highlight the meaning of pronouns in context. The data consist of transcribed web broadcasts of press conferences with the leaders of the four political parties that form the Swedish Government since 2006. Our analysis reveals that a clear-cut use of the personal pronoun ‘we’ can serve the same political purposes as a more ambiguous use, i.e. to show unity while there are differences. The four party leaders are involved in a communicative project of ‘doing unity’ to demonstrate that they are a very capable government.
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| 41. |
- Moberg, Åsa, 1971-
(författare)
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Assessment of media and communication from a sustainability perspective
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis aims to assess potential environmental impacts of media and communication and to contribute to the development of methods for sustainability assessment. Although the main focus is on printed and electronic media products and environmental impacts, a broader sector analysis is also included and social aspects are discussed. The thesis provides a review of different environmental assessment tools in order to better understand their relationships and the appropriateness of different tools in different situations. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to assess printed and electronic versions of newspapers, books and invoices. Results of the screening LCAs of newspapers and books indicate that when comparing printed and electronic versions there are benefits and drawbacks for both. For news and books read on e-reading devices with energy efficient e-ink screens, the main environmental impacts in the studies stemmed from the production of the device and partly from disposal, with the latter having the potential to reduce some environmental impacts through recycling of materials. However, there are data gaps regarding the production of the e-reading devices, most notably for the e-ink screen and the waste management of obsolete e-reading devices. Existing data on internet energy use are uncertain. The potential impacts from a hypothetical total change from paper invoices to electronic invoices in Sweden were assessed through a screening consequential LCA regarding greenhouse gas emissions and cumulative energy demand. The results indicate that emissions and energy demand could decrease as a result of a change. The screening LCAs performed indicate that users’ practices could substantially influence the environmental impacts. Key factors which can influence results and comparisons of printed and electronic media products are total use of electronic devices, total use of printed media, amount and type of paper, energy use of electronic devices, potential printing of electronic media, electricity mix, and the system boundaries set for the assessments. To get a wider perspective, a sector study of the ICT sector and media sector concerning global greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use was performed. It was estimated that the contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions in 2007 was roughly 1-2 % for each sector. To assess media and communication products from a sustainability perspective, social aspects should also be covered. The author participated in an international project group on social aspects and LCA, one outcome from which was guidelines for social LCA (S-LCA). In addition to providing guidance for S-LCA, another important role of the guidelines is to facilitate discussions, criticism and proposals for improvement and development of the methodology being developed. The LCA and sector studies in this thesis are limited to direct and to some extent indirect environmental impacts. Further studies of the environmental impacts of more long-term changes in practices and potential structural changes, as well as potential social impacts, could provide important additional insights. This could increase the possibility of facilitating sustainable practices related to ICT and media.
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| 42. |
- Moberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
-
Books from an environmental perspective : Part 2. E-books as an alternative to paper books
- 2011
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Nature. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 16:3, s. 238-246
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Information and communication technology (ICT) has been proposed as a means to facilitate environmental sustainability. Dematerialisation is one potential way of DOIng this. Forbooks, this could be realized through using e-book readers, which share many of the qualities of printed media and have notably low-energy requirements during use. The main aim of this study was to analyse the environmental impacts of an e-book read on an e-book reader, and to identify key issues determining the magnitude of the impact. A second aim was to compare the e-book product system with a paper book product system using a life cycle perspective. Materials and methods A screening LCA was performed on an e-book produced and read in Sweden. The e-book reader was assumed to be produced in China. The data used were general data from Ecoinvent 2.0 and site-specific data from companies participating in the study, whenever average data were not available. Results and discussion The results showed that production of the e-book reader was the life cycle step contributing most to the environmentalimpact of the system studied, although data on the e-ink screen were lacking. The disposal phase leads to avoided impact as materials are recycled; however, these results are less certain due to limited data availability. When the e-book was compared with a paper book, the results indicated that the number of books read on the e-book reader during its lifetime was crucial when evaluating its environmental performance compared with paper books. The results indicate that there are impact categories and circumstances where paper books are preferable to e-booksfrom an environmental perspective and vice versa. Conclusions There is no single answer as to which book is better from an environmental perspective according to the results of the current study. To improve the e-book environmental performance, an e-book reader should be used frequently, the life time of the device should be prolonged, as far as possible, and when not in use anymore, the device should be disposed of in a proper way, making material recycling possible. In addition, the production of the e-reader should be energy efficient and striving towards minimisation of toxic and rare substances.
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| 43. |
- Moberg, Åsa, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of a total change from paper invoicing to electronic invoicing in Sweden
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electronic invoicing is a current alternative to traditional invoices distributed on paper.There are reasons to believe that electronic invoicing is environmentally preferable totraditional invoicing, as the production of paper and envelopes, the printing process andthe physical distribution can be avoided. However, there are additional needs for servers,etc. when electronic invoices are used. To assess the environmental performance of aproduct or a service or to compare two alternative ways of providing a service, a life cycleperspective should preferably be used. The study presented here is a screening life cycle assessment (LCA) aimed at assessingthe consequences of a complete transition from all paper invoicing to all electronicinvoicing in Sweden. Readily accessible data were used and the focus was on cumulativeenergy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases. The main purpose of the study wasto increase our knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of such a transition.An additional aim was to identify areas with a lack of data and major uncertainties. In an LCA, environmental impacts are related to the function provided by the product orservice studied. The function provided by invoices is to distribute information aboutpayment obligations from supplier to customer. This may be business-to business (B-to-B) or business-to-consumer (B-to-C). (läs vidare i rapporten)
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| 44. |
- Moberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental impacts of electronic invoicing
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal. - 1476-8917 .- 1478-8764. ; 7:2, s. 93-113
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change threatens ecosystems and health and may cause severe economic impacts. All sectors of society need to act. New solutions based on information and communication technology (ICT) have been proposed to enable action. One possible conversion is from paper invoices to electronic invoices. The aim of this article is to increase current knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of a possible total transition from all paper invoicing to all electronic invoicing in Sweden regarding cumulative energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. A screening life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed as a life cycle perspective should preferably be used when considering environmental impacts of products. The results of the study show that there are benefits from transition to electronic invoices regarding cumulative energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude of the benefits is mainly dependent on the amount of paper used for the traditional invoices and whether the electronic invoices are printed.
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| 45. |
- Moberg, Åsa
(författare)
-
Environmental systems analysis tools for decision-making : LCA and Swedish waste management as an example
- 2006
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decisions are made based on information of different kinds. Several tools have been developed to facilitate the inclusion of environmental aspects in decision-making on different levels. Which tool to use in a specific decision-making situation depends on the decision context. This thesis discusses the choice between different environmental systems analysis (ESA) tools and suggests that key factors influencing the choice of ESA tool are object of study, impacts considered and information type regarding sitespecificity and according to the DPSIR-framework. Waste management in Sweden is used as an example to illustrate decision-making situations, but discussions concerning choice of tools are also thought to be of general concern. It is suggested that there is a need for a number of ESA tools in waste management decision-making. Procedural tools like Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) should be used e.g. by companies applying for development of waste management facilities and by public authorities preparing plans and programmes. Within these procedural tools analytical tools providing relevant information could be used, e.g. Risk Assessment (RA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or Substance Flow Analysis (SFA). Analytical tools may also be used separately. If the decision-making situation concerns a choice between different waste management options, such as recycling, incineration and landfilling, environmental aspects could be assessed using LCA or Material Input Per unit Service (MIPS). To study certain substances within the waste system, RA or SFA could be used. An LCA of different strategies for treatment of municipal solid waste was made. A conclusion from this study is that the waste hierarchy is valid as a rule of thumb. Suggestions resulting from this study are that decisions promoting recycling of paper and plastics should be pursued, preferably in combination with decisions promoting the use of plastics replacing plastics made from virgin sources. The study further identifies a need for limiting transportation by private car for options requiring source separation of waste. When recycling is not an alternative, incineration is in general preferable to landfilling. Key issues that may affect the ranking of the waste treatment options include alternative energy sources, the material the recycled material replaces and the time perspective chosen. It is suggested that LCA may be a useful tool in waste management, both on its own and as a part of an SEA. Results from LCAs can provide advice on ranking of alternatives. More importantly, key assumptions and value choices that may influence the rankings can be highlighted and thus made clear to the decision-makers. In general, LCA results are not site-specific and provide information in the form of potential environmental impacts, and thus could be combined with other tools if other type of information is needed.
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| 46. |
- Moberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste - part 2 : landfilling compared to other treatment methods
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 13:3, s. 231-240
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present paper, the validity of the waste hierarchy for treatment of solid waste is tested. This is done by using the tool life cycle assessment on recycling, incineration with heat recovery and landfilling of recyclable waste for Swedish conditions. A waste hierarchy suggesting the environmental preference of recycling over incineration over landfilling is found to be valid as a rule of thumb. There are however assumptions and value choices that can be made that make landfilling more preferable. This is the case for some waste fractions and for some of the environmental impacts studied when only a limited time period is considered. When transportation of waste by passenger car from the households is assumed for the other treatment options but not for landfilling, landfilling also gains in preference in some cases. The paper concludes that assumptions made including value choices with ethical aspects are of importance when ranking waste treatment options. Uncertainties related to the assessment of toxicological impacts can also influence the conclusions.
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| 47. |
- Moberg, Åsa, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Printed and tablet e-paper newspaper from an environmental perspective : a screening life cycle assessment
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental impact assessment review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-9255 .- 1873-6432. ; 30:3, s. 177-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viable alternatives to conventional newspapers, such as electronic papers, e-papers or e-readers, are intended to have many of the qualities of paper, such as reading using reflective light, high resolution, 180° viewing angle. It has been suggested that the environmental impact of e-paper can be lower than for printed and internet-based newspapers. However, in order to find the facts of the matter, a thorough life cycle perspective covering raw material acquisition, production, use and disposal should preferably be used to study the environmental performance of the different products. A screening life cycle assessment was performed to describe the potential environmental impacts of two product systems; printed on paper and tablet e-paper newspapers. Results show that the most significant phase of the life cycle for both product systems was the production of substrate or platform. Accordingly, key aspects that may affect the resulting environmental performance of newspaper product systems were for the printed newspaper number of readers per copy and number of pages per issue and for the tablet e-paper newspaper lifetime and multi-use of the device. The printed newspaper in general had a higher energy use, higher emissions of gases contributing to climate change and several other impact categories than the tablet e-paper newspaper. It was concluded that tablet e-paper has the potential to decrease the environmental impact of newspaper consumption. However, further studies regarding the environmental impact of production and waste management of electronic devices and internet use, as well as more comprehensive assessment of toxicological impacts are needed. As the data on the electronic devices becomes more comprehensive this may prove to be a major limitation of electronic newspaper systems. Developers are suggested to strive towards minimisation of toxic and rare substances in production.
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| 48. |
- Moberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Screening environmental life cycle assessment of printed, internet-based and tablet e-paper newspaper
- 2007
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Ingår i: ADVANCES IN PRINTING AND MEDIA TECHNOLOGY, VOL XXXIV. - : ACTA GRAPHICA PUBL. ; , s. 419-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viable alternatives to conventional newspapers, such as electronic papers, c-papers or e-readers, are intended to have many of the qualities of paper, such as reading using reflective light, high resolution, 180 degrees viewing angle. It has been suggested that the environmental impact of e-paper can be lower than for printed and internet-based newspapers. However, a life cycle perspective covering raw material acquisition, production, use and disposal should preferably be used to study the environmental performance of the different products. In this way any shift of environmental impact from one part of the life cycle to another can be avoided. In the present study a screening life cycle assessment was performed to describe the potential environmental impacts of three product systems; printed, internet-based and tablet e-paper newspapers. Results from the study show that the significant phases of the life cycle differed for the three product systems and that printed and internet-based newspapers with a longer reading time (i.e. 30 minutes/day) had a higher impact than tablet e-papers and internet-based newspapers with a shorter reading time (i.e. 10 minutes/day). Key aspects that may affect the resulting environmental performance of newspaper product systems were identified. These include number of readers per copy of printed and tablet e-paper newspapers; reading time for internet-based newspapers; lifetime of electronic devices and multi-use of electronic devices. It was concluded that tablet e-paper has the potential to decrease the environmental impact of newspaper consumption.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Moberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Simplifying a life cycle assessment of a mobile phone
- 2014
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 19:5, s. 979-993
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibilities for full life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Information and Communication Technology (ICT) products are often limited, so simplification approaches are needed. The aim of this paper is to investigate possible simplifications in LCA of a mobile phone and to use the results to discuss the possibilities of LCA simplifications for ICT products in a broader sense. Another aim is to identify processes and data that are sensitive to different methodological choices and assumptions related to the environmental impacts of a mobile phone. Different approaches to a reference LCA of a mobile phone was tested: (1) excluding environmental impact categories, (2) excluding life cycle stages/processes, (3) using secondary process data from generic databases, (4) using input-output data and (5) using a simple linear relationship between mass and embodied emissions. It was not possible to identify one or a few impact categories representative of all others. If several impact categories would be excluded, information would be lost. A precautionary approach of not excluding impact categories is therefore recommended since impacts from the different life cycle stages vary between impact categories. Regarding use of secondary data for an ICT product similar to that studied here, we recommend prioritising collection of primary (specific) data on energy use during production and use, key component data (primarily integrated circuits) and process-specific data regarding raw material acquisition of specific metals (e.g. gold) and air transport. If secondary data are used for important processes, the scaling is crucial. The use of input-output data can be a considerable simplification and is probably best used to avoid data gaps when more specific data are lacking. Further studies are needed to provide for simplified LCAs for ICT products. In particular, the end-of-life treatment stage need to be further addressed, as it could not be investigated here for all simplifications due to data gaps.
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