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| 4. |
- Almquist, Ylva B., et al.
(författare)
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Only the lonely? All-cause mortality among children without siblings and children without friends
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 27:Suppl. 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In childhood, relations with siblings and friends lie at the core of social interaction. Lacking either type of relationship may reflect lower levels of social support. While social support is known to be negatively associated with premature death, there are still no long-term follow-ups of mortality risks among children without siblings (‘only-children’) and children without friends (‘lonely-children’). The aim of the present study was therefore to examine and compare all-cause mortality in these two groups.Methods: Cox regression analysis was based on a Stockholm cohort born in 1953 (n = 15,117). Individuals were identified as only-children if there were no records of siblings before age 18. Derived from sociometric data collected at age 13, lonely-children were defined as not being nominated by classmates as one of three best friends. The follow-up of all-cause mortality covered ages 20-56.Results: Both only-children and lonely-children had increased risks of premature mortality. When adjusted for a wide range of family-related and individual factors, the risk ratio for only-children increased in strength whereas the risk ratio for lonely-children was reduced. The former finding may be explained by suppressor effects: for example, both only-children and those whose parents had alcohol problems had higher mortality risks but only-children were less likely to have parents with alcohol problems. The latter finding was primarily due to adjustment for scholastic ability.Conclusions: It is concluded that while only-children and lonely-children have similar risks of all-cause mortality, the processes leading up to premature death appear to be rather different. Yet, interventions targeted at improving social learning experiences may be beneficial for both groups.Key messages:Only-children have higher risks of premature mortality but the mechanisms remain unclear.Lonely-children are at risk of premature mortality primarily due to poorer scholastic ability.
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| 5. |
- Bauer, M., et al.
(författare)
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Diffeomorphic density matching by optimal information transport
- 2015
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Ingår i: SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences. - : Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM). - 1936-4954. ; 8:3, s. 1718-1751
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We address the following problem: given two smooth densities on a manifold, find an optimal diffeomorphism that transforms one density into the other. Our framework builds on connections between the Fisher–Rao information metric on the space of probability densities and right-invariant metrics on the infinite-dimensional manifold of diffeomorphisms. This optimal information transport, and modifications thereof, allow us to construct numerical algorithms for density matching. The algorithms are inherently more efficient than those based on optimal mass transport or diffeomorphic registration. Our methods have applications in medical image registration, texture mapping, image morphing, nonuniform random sampling, and mesh adaptivity. Some of these applications are illustrated in examples.
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| 6. |
- Bauer, M., et al.
(författare)
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Diffeomorphic density registration
- 2019
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Ingår i: Riemannian Geometric Statistics in Medical Image Analysis. - : Elsevier. - 9780128147269 ; , s. 577-603
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this book chapter we study the Riemannian geometry of the density registration problem: Given two densities (not necessarily probability densities) defined on a smooth finite-dimensional manifold find a diffeomorphism which transforms one to the other. This problem is motivated by the medical imaging application of tracking organ motion due to respiration in thoracic CT imaging, where the fundamental physical property of conservation of mass naturally leads to modeling CT attenuation as a density. We will study the intimate link between the Riemannian metrics on the space of diffeomorphisms and those on the space of densities. We finally develop novel computationally efficient algorithms and demonstrate their applicability for registering thoracic respiratory correlated CT imaging.
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| 7. |
- Bauer, M., et al.
(författare)
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On geodesic completeness for Riemannian metrics on smooth probability densities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-2669 .- 1432-0835. ; 56:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The geometric approach to optimal transport and information theory has triggered the interpretation of probability densities as an infinite-dimensional Riemannian manifold. The most studied Riemannian structures are the Otto metric, yielding the L-2-Wasserstein distance of optimal mass transport, and the Fisher-Rao metric, predominant in the theory of information geometry. On the space of smooth probability densities, none of these Riemannian metrics are geodesically complete-a property desirable for example in imaging applications. That is, the existence interval for solutions to the geodesic flow equations cannot be extended to the whole real line. Here we study a class of Hamilton-Jacobi-like partial differential equations arising as geodesic flow equations for higher-order Sobolev type metrics on the space of smooth probability densities. We give order conditions for global existence and uniqueness, thereby providing geodesic completeness. The system we study is an interesting example of a flow equation with loss of derivatives, which is well-posed in the smooth category, yet non-parabolic and fully non-linear. On a more general note, the paper establishes a link between geometric analysis on the space of probability densities and analysis of Euler-Arnold equations in topological hydrodynamics.
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| 8. |
- Benn, J., et al.
(författare)
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Currents and Finite Elements as Tools for Shape Space
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-9907 .- 1573-7683. ; 61:8, s. 1197-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nonlinear spaces of shapes (unparameterized immersed curves or submanifolds) are of interest for many applications in image analysis, such as the identification of shapes that are similar modulo the action of some group. In this paper, we study a general representation of shapes as currents, which are based on linear spaces and are suitable for numerical discretization, being robust to noise. We develop the theory of currents for shape spaces by considering both the analytic and numerical aspects of the problem. In particular, we study the analytical properties of the current map and the norm that it induces on shapes. We determine the conditions under which the current determines the shape. We then provide a finite element-based discretization of the currents that is a practical computational tool for shapes. Finally, we demonstrate this approach on a variety of examples.
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| 11. |
- Harbo, HF, et al.
(författare)
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Two genome-wide linkage disequilibrium screens in Scandinavian multiple sclerosis patients
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroimmunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8421 .- 0165-5728. ; 143:1-2, s. 101-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the first two genome-wide screens for linkage disequilibrium between putative multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility genes and genetic markers performed in the genetically homogenous Scandinavian population, using 6000 microsatellite markers and DNA pools of approximately 200 MS cases and 200 controls in each screen. Usable data were achieved from the same 3331 markers in both screens. Nine markers from eight genomic regions (1p33, 3q13, 6p21, 6q14, 7p22, 9p21, 9q21 and Xq22) were identified as potentially associated with MS in both screens. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Högnäs, Robin S., et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent social isolation and premature mortality in a Swedish birth cohort
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1443-2447 .- 1835-9469. ; 37:1, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research shows consistently that social ties are important for longevity, and they may be particularly important during adolescence. An absence of social ties, or social isolation, during adolescence may adversely affect long-term health and wellbeing. While prior research has examined associations between isolation from friends and long-term health, and having no siblings and mortality, no study (of which we are aware) considers jointly both the role of having no friends and no siblings, nor more generally with whom adolescents spend time, and the risk of premature mortality. This paper extends the literature by drawing on data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study to examine the association between different types of social isolation during adolescence (i.e., an absence of friends, siblings, and time with other adolescents) and the risk of premature mortality by midlife. Results suggest that having no siblings, being unliked at school, and spending (mostly) no time with other adolescents, increases the risk of premature mortality. The association between being unliked and premature mortality was attenuated by demographic and adolescent characteristics. Consistent with our expectations, net of a robust set of covariates, adolescents who had no siblings and mostly spent no time with other adolescents (i.e., isolates) were the group most vulnerable to premature mortality by midlife. However, this was only true for females.
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| 14. |
- Kvashnina, K.O., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic structure of complex copper systems probed by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at Cu L3 edge
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physica. B, Condensed matter. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0921-4526 .- 1873-2135. ; 404:20, s. 3559-3566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have used X-ray absorption (XA) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopies to study a series of copper compounds, namely Cu2O, CuO, Cu(OH)2, CuCl2, Cu2S, CuSO4, malachite (Cu2(CO3)2(OH)2) and atacamite (CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2). Cu 2p XA spectra provide information about oxidation states. Divalent copper gives a single narrow line due to excitations into the empty 3d state, whereas monovalent copper gives a broad band at higher energy due to transitions to 4s states. Chemical shifts of the main line in the Cu2+ XA spectra of different compounds are observed but in some cases they are too small to make a clear distinction between the species. It is shown that RIXS at the Cu 2p edge has a great potential to distinguish between the species due to large differences in spectral shapes for the same energy of the incident photon beam. First evidence for the possibility of detecting chemical composition of copper compounds is presented and discussed in details.
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| 16. |
- Modin, A., et al.
(författare)
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Closed source experimental system for soft x-ray spectroscopy of radioactive materials
- 2008
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 79:9, s. 093103-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An instrumental and experimental setup for soft x-ray spectroscopy meeting the requirements of a closed source for radioactivity is described. The system consists of a vacuum sealed cell containing the sample, mounted on a tubing system to ensure compatibility with most standard manipulators. The soft x rays penetrate a thin x-ray window separating the interior of the cell from the vacuum in the experimental chamber. Our first results for single crystal PuO2 confirm the feasibility of experiments using the setup. The results are consistent with results of first principles calculations and previously recorded spectra obtained using a standard open source setup. The results show that the closed source experimental system can be used to collect valuable experimental data from radioactive materials.
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| 17. |
- Modin, A., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic structure of Cu3N films studied by soft x-ray spectroscopy
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 20:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft x- ray emission spectroscopy was used to characterize the electronic structure of seven copper nitride films, one synthesized with atomic layer deposition ( ALD) and six grown with chemical vapor deposition ( CVD) at different preparation temperatures. Interpretation of the x- ray emission spectra was supported by calculations of the electronic structure for bulk pure Cu3N and Cu3N with: an excess of Cu atoms, oxygen or carbon impurities, and N vacancies. The calculations are shown to describe the experimental spectra quite well. Analysis of the x- ray spectra suggests that films grown in copper rich environments and above a cut- off temperature of approximately 360 degrees C have a growing fraction of copper enriched areas, while films prepared below this temperature do not have these areas with excess copper.
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| 25. |
- Rosfors, S, et al.
(författare)
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Laser Doppler Measurements of Systolic Blood Pressure on the First and Second Toe in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
- 2022
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Ingår i: The International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 1061-1711. ; 31:1, s. 52-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laser Doppler was used to measure toe blood pressure (TBP) in 40 consecutive patients with various degree of peripheral arterial disease. The aim of this methodological study was to increase the usefulness of TBP by exploring the interchangeability between TBP from the first and second toe and by investigating daily routine reproducibility and measurement variability. According to our study design pressure values were based on three measurements that were averaged. At simultaneous measurements, TBP of the first toe was 71 mm Hg (standard deviation [SD] 25) compared with 70 mm Hg (SD 25) on the second toe. The correlation (r) between first and second toe pressure measurements was 0.84 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.84. The difference between TBP on the first and second toe was not related to gender, diabetes, or magnitude of the pressures. Repeated TBP measurements of the right first toe after disconnection of cuffs, 5 to 10 minutes rest, and reconnection of cuffs had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 9% and an ICC of 0.93. CV for toe-brachial index (TBI) was 8%. Our results show that measurements of TBP from the second toe to a large extent are interchangeable with those assessed from the first toe and can be used in clinical situations where measurements from the first toe are not feasible. Flow detection with three averaged laser Doppler measurements generates TBP and TBI with low variability.
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| 26. |
- Saheb-Alam, S., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Start-Up Strategies and Electrode Materials on Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Biocathodes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 84:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The enrichment of CO2-reducing microbial biocathodes is challenging. Previous research has shown that a promising approach could be to first enrich bio-anodes and then lower the potential so the electrodes are converted into biocathodes. However, the effect of such a transition on the microbial community on the electrode has not been studied. The goal of this study was thus to compare the start-up of biocathodes from preenriched anodes with direct start-up from bare electrodes and to investigate changes in microbial community composition. The effect of three electrode materials on the long-term performance of the biocathodes was also investigated. In this study, preenrichment of acetate-oxidizing bioanodes did not facilitate the start-up of biocathodes. It took about 170 days for the preenriched electrodes to generate substantial cathodic current, compared to 83 days for the bare electrodes. Graphite foil and carbon felt cathodes produced higher current at the beginning of the experiment than did graphite rods. However, all electrodes produced similar current densities at the end of the over 1-year-long study (2.5 A/m(2)). Methane was the only product detected during operation of the biocathodes. Acetate was the only product detected after inhibition of the methanogens. Microbial community analysis showed that Geobacter sp. dominated the bioanodes. On the biocathodes, the Geobacter sp. was succeeded by Methanobacterium spp., which made up more than 80% of the population. After inhibition of the methanogens, Acetobacterium sp. became dominant on the electrodes (40% relative abundance). The results suggested that bioelectrochemically generated H-2 acted as an electron donor for CO2 reduction. IMPORTANCE In microbial electrochemical systems, living microorganisms function as catalysts for reactions on the anode and/or the cathode. There is a variety of potential applications, ranging from wastewater treatment and biogas generation to production of chemicals. Systems with biocathodes could be used to reduce CO2 to methane, acetate, or other high-value chemicals. The technique can be used to convert solar energy to chemicals. However, enriching biocathodes that are capable of CO2 reduction is more difficult and less studied than enriching bioanodes. The effect of different start-up strategies and electrode materials on the microbial communities that are enriched on biocathodes has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate two different start-up strategies and three different electrode materials for start-up and long-term operation of biocathodes capable of reducing CO2 to valuable biochemicals.
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| 27. |
- Sandelowsky, H, et al.
(författare)
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Patient outcomes following GPs' educations about COPD: a cluster randomized controlled trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: NPJ primary care respiratory medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-1010. ; 30:1, s. 44-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to compare patient outcomes following case method learning and traditional lectures as methods for continuing medical education (CME) about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for general practitioners (GPs) in Sweden. In a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial, COPD patients (n = 425; case method group n = 209, traditional lectures group n = 216) from 24 primary health care centers replied to questionnaires prior to and 18 months after a 2 × 2-h CME was given to GPs (n = 255). We measured changes in the scores of the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), symptoms, needs for disease information, exacerbations, smoking, and use of pulmonary rehabilitation. The changes over time were similar for both CME methods. Patients who had used pulmonary rehabilitation increased from 13.2 to 17.8% (P = 0.04), and prevalence of smoking decreased from 28.9 to 25.1% (P = 0.003). In conclusion, neither of the used CME methods was superior than the other regarding patient outcomes. CME’s primary value may lay in improving GPs’ adherence to guidelines, which should lead to long-term positive changes in patient health.
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| 28. |
- Suarez, Carolina, et al.
(författare)
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Metagenomic evidence of a novel family of anammox bacteria in a subsea environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2912 .- 1462-2920. ; 24:5, s. 2348-2360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteria in the order 'Candidatus Brocadiales' within the phylum Planctomycetes (Planctomycetota) have the remarkable ability to perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Two families of anammox bacteria with different biogeographical distributions have been reported, marine Ca. Scalinduaceae and freshwater Ca. Brocadiaceae. Here we report evidence of three new species within a novel genus and family of anammox bacteria, which were discovered in biofilms of a subsea road tunnel under a fjord in Norway. In this particular ecosystem, the nitrogen cycle is likely fuelled by ammonia from organic matter degradation in the fjord sediments and the rock mass above the tunnel, resulting in the growth of biofilms where anammox bacteria can thrive under oxygen limitation. We resolved several metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of anammox bacteria, including three Ca. Brocadiales MAGs that could not be classified at the family level. MAGs of this novel family had all the diagnostic genes for a full anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathway in which nitrite was probably reduced by a NirK-like reductase. A survey of published molecular data indicated that this new family of anammox bacteria occurs in many marine sediments, where its members presumably would contribute to nitrogen loss.
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| 29. |
- Tiikkaja, S., et al.
(författare)
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Familial risk of premature cardiovascular mortality and the impact of intergenerational occupational class mobility
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Science & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 75:10, s. 1883-1890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The negative impact of low social class on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality has been consistently documented. However, less scientific consistency exists in terms of whether a unique health effect of social mobility from childhood to adulthood prevails. This study explored how childhood and adult social class and the transition between them (social mobility), are related to premature CVD mortality when familial aggregation of CVD among siblings is also considered. The study includes nearly 1.9 million Swedish residents born 1939-1959 distributed over 1,044,725 families, of whom 14,667 died prematurely from CVD in 1990-2003. Information on parental class (1960) and own mid-life occupational class (1990) was retrieved from the respective censuses. Odds ratios for premature CVD mortality according to trajectory-specific social mobility, along with pairwise mean odds ratios for sibling resemblance of premature CVD mortality, were calculated by means of alternating logistic regression. This model calculates the remaining dependency of CVD mortality within sibships after accounting for available risk factors (like parental and adult social class) in the population mean model. Results showed that premature CVD mortality was associated with both parental and own adult social class. A clear tendency for the downwardly mobile to have increased, and for the upwardly mobile to experience a decreased risk of premature DID mortality was found, as well as a corresponding unique effect of social mobility per se among the manual and non-manual classes. This effect was verified for men, but not for women, when they were analysed separately. The pairwise mean odds ratios for premature CVD mortality among full siblings were 1.78 (95% CI: 1.52-2.08), and were independent of parental CVD mortality and parental or adult occupational class.
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| 30. |
- Öborn, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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A systems approach to assess farm-scale nutrient and trace element dynamics: A case study at the Ojebyn dairy farm
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio: a Journal of Human Environment. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 34:4, s. 301-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A systems analysis approach was used to assess farmscale nutrient and trace element sustainability by combining full-scale field experiments with specific studies of nutrient release from mineral weathering and trace-element cycling. At the Ojebyn dairy farm in northern Sweden, a farm-scale case study including phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) was run to compare organic and conventional agricultural management practices. By combining different element-balance approaches (at farmgate, barn, and field scales) and further adapting these to the FARMFLOW model, we were able to combine mass flows and pools within the subsystems and establish links between subsystems in order to make farm-scale predictions. It was found that internal element flows on the farm are large and that there are farm internal sources (Zn) and loss terms (K). The approaches developed and tested at the Ojebyn farm are promising and considered generally adaptable to any farm.
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