SwePub - sökning: WFRF:(Mohammadi Ali 1983 )

Numrering	Referens	Omslagsbild	Hitta
1.	Rabiee, Navid, et al. (författare) Green Biomaterials : fundamental principles 2023 Ingår i: Green Biomaterials. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2993-4168. ; 1:1, s. 1-4 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
2.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of farming systems in north Iran 2014 Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Pergamon Press. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 30, s. 724-733 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Efficient use of energy resources in crop production is an important goal in sustainable agriculture. This study compares the energy flow in farming systems across farm size with their corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - presented in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) - in the north of Iran. To reach this aim, primary data were collected by survey with farmers whose main activity was major crops production in the region that included wheat, barley, canola, soybean, paddy and corn silage. The results showed that total energy input for corn silage (52.1 GJ ha(-1)) is greater than other systems. The results also revealed that yield and output energy of crops were not significantly affected by field size, whereas energy use efficiency of systems increased significantly as field size increased. Study shows that the cultivation of paddy emits the highest CO2 eq. emission (6094 kg CO2 eq. ha(-1)) among crops, in which around 60% is contributed by methane (CH4). The efficient use of fertilizers, optimized pumping facilities for irrigation, stopping of crop residue burning in the field and use them for energy supply could be among the options to improve energy use efficiency and mitigate GHG emissions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
3.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Joint Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis for the benchmarking of environmental impacts in rice paddy production 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 106, s. 521-532 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The combined implementation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been identified as a suitable tool for the evaluation of the environmental and economic performance of multiple similar entities. In this study, a total of 82 rice paddy fields for spring and summer growing seasons in north of Iran were assessed using a combined LCA and DEA methodology to estimate the technical efficiency of each farmer. Furthermore, the environmental consequences of operational inefficiencies were quantified and target performance values benchmarked for inefficient units so that ecoefficiency criteria were verified. Results showed average reduction levels of up to 20% and 25% per material input for spring and summer systems, leading to impact reductions which ranged from 8% to 11% for spring farms and 19% to 25% for summer farms depending on the chosen impact category. Additionally, the potential economic savings from efficient farming operations were also determined. The economic results indicate that an added annual gross margin of 0.045 $ per 1 kg rice paddy could be achieved if inefficient units converted to an efficient operation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4.	Al-Hazmi, Hussein E., et al. (författare) Polysaccharide nanocomposites in wastewater treatment : A review 2024 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 347 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract In modern times, wastewater treatment is vital due to increased water contamination arising from pollutants such as nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues. Polysaccharides (PSAs) are natural, renewable, and non-toxic biopolymers used in wastewater treatment in the field of gas separation, liquid filtration, adsorption processes, pervaporation, and proton exchange membranes. Since addition of nanoparticles to PSAs improves their sustainability and strength, nanocomposite PSAs has gained significant attention for wastewater treatment in the past decade. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of PSA-based nanocomposites used for efficient wastewater treatment, focusing on adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane-based methods. It also discusses potential future applications, challenges, and opportunities in adsorption, filtration, and photocatalysis. Recently, PSAs have shown promise as adsorbents in biological-based systems, effectively removing heavy metals that could hinder microbial activity. Cellulose-mediated adsorbents have successfully removed various pollutants from wastewater, including heavy metals, dyes, oil, organic solvents, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues. Thus, PSA nanocomposites would support biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. A major concern is the discharge of antibiotic wastes from pharmaceutical industries, posing significant environmental and health risks. PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents, like clay polymeric nanocomposite hydrogel beads, efficiently remove antibiotics from wastewater, ensuring water quality and ecosystem balance. The successful use of PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents in wastewater treatment depends on ongoing research to optimize their application and evaluate their potential environmental impacts. Implementing these eco-friendly adsorbents on a large scale holds great promise in significantly reducing water pollution, safeguarding ecosystems, and protecting human health.
5.	Al-Hazmi, Hussein E., et al. (författare) Wastewater reuse in agriculture : Prospects and challenges 2023 Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 236 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.
6.	Anukam, Anthony, et al. (författare) A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion : Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency 2019 Ingår i: Processes. - Basel : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 7:8, s. 1-19 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The anaerobic digestion technology has been in existence for centuries and its underlying theory established for decades. It is considered a useful technology for the generation of renewable energy, and provides means to alleviate problems associated with low access to energy. However, a great deal of current research is targeted towards the optimization of this technology under diverse digestion process conditions. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the chemistry of anaerobic digestion and discusses how process chemistry can be used to optimize system performance through identification of methods that can accelerate syntrophic interactions of different microorganisms for improved methanogenic reactions. Recent advances in addition to old research are discussed in order to offer a general but comprehensive synopsis of accumulated knowledge in the theory of anaerobic digestion, as well as an overview of previous research and future directions and opportunities of the AD technology. Achieving a sustainable energy system requires comprehensive reforms in not just economic, social and policy aspects, but also in all technical aspects, which represents one of the most crucial future investments for anaerobic digestion systems.
7.	Ebrahimian, Farinaz, et al. (författare) A biorefinery platform to valorize organic fraction of municipal solid waste to biofuels : An early environmental sustainability guidance based on life cycle assessment 2023 Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 283 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The biorefining of biowastes, specifically the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), into biofuels and high-value products is an energy-demanding process, still immature, and largely dependent on the process configuration and efficiency of employed microorganisms. Such issues might undermine the environmental sustainability of the biorefinery by inducing adverse impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources, which need to be explored before the process scale-up. Hence, this study was performed as early sustainability guidance to investigate the environmental impacts of different biorefinery platforms for biofuels production from OFMSW. More specifically, three pretreatment methods (i.e., acetone organosolv, acid, and hot water), two hydrolysis treatments (i.e., acidic and enzymatic), and two fermentation alternatives (i.e., ethanolic fermentation and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation) were investigated. Based on European Commission's Joint Research Center instruction, the environmental impacts were studied using consequential life cycle assessment for the macro-level decision context. The results demonstrated that ABE fermentation scenarios were not environmentally favorable because the avoided impacts from final products were not sig-nificant enough to compensate for the induced environmental burdens from acetone pretreatment. On the contrary, the ethanolic fermentation scenarios with either acid or hot water pretreatment outperformed both ABE fermentation and ethanolic fermentation with acetone pretreatment. Based on the results, the scenario including simultaneous dilute acid pretreatment and hydrolysis of OFMSW followed by ethanolic fermentation manifested the best performance in all damage categories, as compared to those including acetone pretreatment or higher consumption of enzymes. Such improvements in this scenario led to the highest net saving of-842 potentially disappeared fraction (PDF)/m2/yr,-249.95 kg CO2 eq, and-3275.22 MJ primary per ton of OFMSW on ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources, respectively, and the lowest net burden of 1.54 x 10-5 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) per ton of OFMSW on human health. The results of sensitivity analysis on this scenario demonstrated that the substitution of excess heat for marginal heat with fossil origin can consid-erably decrease impacts on human health.
8.	Ebrahimian, Farinaz, et al. (författare) A critical review on pretreatment and detoxification techniques required for biofuel production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste 2023 Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 368 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a widely-available promising feedstock for biofuel production. However, the presence of different inhibitors originating from fruit and food/beverage wastes as well as recalcitrant lignocellulosic fractions hampers its bioconversion. This necessitates a pretreatment to augment the biodigestibility and fermentability of OFMSW. Hence, this review aims to provide the in-vogue inhibitory compound removal and pretreatment techniques that have been employed for efficient OFMSW conversion into biofuels, i.e., hydrogen, biogas, ethanol, and butanol. The techniques are compared concerning their mode of action, chemical and energy consumption, inhibitor formation and removal, economic feasibility, and environmental sustainability. This critique also reviews the existing knowledge gap and future perspectives for efficient OFMSW valorization. The insights provided pave the way toward developing energy-resilient cities while addressing environmental crises related to generating OFMSW.
9.	Ebrahimian, Farinaz, et al. (författare) Assessing the environmental footprints and material flow of 2,3-butanediol production in a wood-based biorefinery 2023 Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 387 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study aims to scrutinize and compare the environmental impacts of biobased 2,3-butanediol (BDO) and its fossil-based counterpart. BDO is a fundamental chemical in various industries, traditionally derived from petroleum sources. Wood residues, largely available in Nordic countries, are sustainable alternative feedstocks, offering potential environmental benefits. Material flow analysis followed by consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) were employed to quantify the potential environmental burdens associated with various biorefinery stages of wood-based BDO production. The findings indicated that refraining from wood combustion and, instead, utilizing wood in a biorefinery to produce BDO as the main product, with methane and fertilizer as coproducts from the waste residue, resulted in 125%, 52%, and 90% better environmental performance regarding human health, climate change, and resource scarcity, respectively, compared to fossil-based BDO production. The results offer valuable insights for technology developers and policymakers, empowering them to make informed decisions and support sustainable practices.
10.	Ebrahimian, Farinaz, et al. (författare) Bioprocess Design and Technoeconomic Analysis of 2,3-Butanediol Production in Wood-Based Biorefineries 2024 Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract 2,3-Butanediol (BDO) is a crucial precursor in various industries, traditionally derived from fossil resources, raising environmental concerns. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of producing BDO from wood residues, a sustainable resource abundantly available in Nordic countries. By modeling a biorefinery plant with a daily capacity of 100 metric tons of wood chips, three scenarios (Sc.) were explored: Sc. 1, where BDO is the sole product; Sc. 2, where BDO is produced alongside methane and biofertilizer; and Sc. 3, which incorporates a combined heat and power system using biogas from the waste stream. The analysis emphasizes the minimum selling price (MSP) of BDO, revealing it to be lowest in Sc. 1 at USD2.97/kg, compared to USD3.20/kg and USD3.48/kg for Sc. 2 and Sc. 3, respectively. Notably, sensitivity analysis highlighted the impact of processing capacity on economic performance, suggesting a potential for higher scalability and profitability in Sc. 2. This study contributes novel insights into the role of processing capacity and fermentation yield in optimizing BDO production, providing a valuable framework for technology developers aiming to establish wood-based biorefineries. These findings not only enhance understanding of economic thresholds but also underscore the importance of resource efficiency and strategic planning in bio-based production setups. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).
11.	Eskandari, Samieh, et al. (författare) Hydrochar-Amended Substrates for Production of Containerized Pine Tree Seedlings under Different Fertilization Regimes 2019 Ingår i: Agronomy. - : MDPI. - 2073-4395. ; 9:7, s. 1-17 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is a growing body of research that recognizes the potentials of biochar application in agricultural production systems. However, little is known about the effects of biochar, especially hydrochar, on production of containerized seedlings under nursery conditions. This study aimed to test the effects of hydrochar application on growth, quality, nutrient and heavy metal contents, and mycorrhizal association of containerized pine seedlings. The hydrochar used in this study was produced through hydrothermal carbonization of paper mill biosludge at 200 °C. Two forms of hydrochar (powder and pellet) were mixed with peat at ratios of 10% and 20% (v/v) under three levels of applied commercial fertilizer (nil, half and full rates). Application of hydrochar had positive or neutral effects on shoot biomass and stem diameter compared with control seedlings (without hydrochar) under tested fertilizer levels. Analysis of the natural logarithmic response ratios (LnRR) of quality index and nutrient and heavy metal uptake revealed that application of 20% (v/v) hydrochar powder or pellet with 50% fertilizer resulted in same quality pine seedlings with similar heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr) and nutrient (P, K, Ca and Mg) contents as untreated seedlings supplied with 100% fertilizer. Colonization percentage by ectomycorrhizae significantly increased when either forms of hydrochar were applied at a rate of 20% under unfertilized condition. The results of this study implied that application of proper rates of hydrochar from biosludge with adjusted levels of liquid fertilizer may reduce fertilizer requirements in pine nurseries.
12.	Govindarajan, Venkatesh, 1972-, et al. (författare) Soil to soil : In the true spirit of a circular bioeconomy 2023 Ingår i: Science Reporter. - New Delhi, INDIA. - 2457-1032. ; 60:6, s. 24-25 Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Converting rice husk to biochar andreturning it back to the soil will providea wide range of benefits for theenvironment, resource (and nutrient)conservation, and perhaps even makerice cultivation and sale more profitableto India’s farmers.
13.	Högosta, Johanna, et al. (författare) Sensitivity Analysis of the Climate Effect of Using Pyrochar Biofuel for Heat and Electricity Generation 2021 Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 9:10, s. 1-17 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study aims to quantify the climate change impact of pyrochar production from pulp and paper mill sludge and the subsequent utilisation in combined heat and power (CHP) plants for co-generation of heat and electricity using the environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) method. In the Pyrochar Scenario, in which the sludge is pyrolyzed into pyrochar, the authors have assumed that pyrochar would replace coal. In the Reference Scenario, sludge is incinerated with a subsequent low rate of energy recovery. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the conditions in which the sludge pyrochar would offer the greatest climate-effect benefits. The parameters selected for the said analysis are the form of pyrochar (pellet or powder), fuels replaced by it in the CHP plant (solid waste and peat vis-à-vis coal), and the utilisation of the pyrochar fuel in another European country (Germany and Spain vis-à-vis Sweden). The results of this E-LCA clearly show that using pyrochar as a biofuel in CHP plants delivered a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (−1.87 tonne CO2-eq per 2.8 tonne dry sludge). Contribution analysis reveals that the process accounting for the biggest share of the reduction is the pyrochar combustion (a negative contribution of 76%), which results in a displacement of coal-based fuels. The authors conclude that the utilisation of pyrochar in firing units would provide the highest reduction in GHG emissions, while recommending a comprehensive economic analysis in addition to climate effect assessment, before making a decision regarding the introduction of sludge pyrochar to the energy sector.
14.	Jaya, Shankar Tumuluru, et al. (författare) Thermal Pretreatment Technologies for Moisture Removal and Upgrading the Biomass Quality 2024 Ingår i: Handbook of Biorefinery Research and Technology. - : Springer. - 9789400767249 - 9789400767249 ; , s. 1-41 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract The supply-chain logistics – storage and transportation over long distances – and downstream processes in biofuel production are adversely impacted by the moisture content in the biomass feedstock. Most woody, herbaceous, low-cost biomass resources such as municipal organic solid wastes and forest residues have moisture content over 30% (of the wet-biomass mass). This makes them less amenable to thermochemical biomass-to-biofuel conversion technologies like pyrolysis and gasification. If pyrolyzed or gasified, the resulting biofuels have a higher moisture content, which truncates their calorific values. During storage, there is a loss of dry matter owing to a tendency to compost aerobically/anaerobically, which is detrimental to the quality of the biomass as a potential source of biofuel. Beyond that, fire hazards due to the spontaneous combustion of wet biomass are not uncommon, necessitating storage in a dry condition. However, drying high-moisture biomass is energy-intensive. The quality of the product and the efficiency of drying are affected by particle sizes and drying technologies adopted. Within this chapter, the authors focus on managing and controlling the moisture content of the biomass utilized in the biofuels sector by resorting to drying and torrefaction technologies. The chapter dwells on drying principles, models and media in drying systems, types of drying systems, mechanical dewatering and torrefaction, the impact of drying, dewatering, and torrefaction on the physical and chemical properties of the end-product, and techno-economic analysis of torrefaction.
15.	Khemis, Chiheb, et al. (författare) Development of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict the Effect of Tractor Speed on Soil Compaction Using Penetrologger Test Results 2022 Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717 .- 2227-9717. ; 10:6, s. 1-16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract African agriculture is adversely impacted by arable soil compaction, the degree of which is affected by the speed at which the tractor is maneuvered on the fields, which affects the degree of soil compaction. However, there is no reliable, existing mathematical correlation between the extent of compaction on the one hand, and the tractor speed/s and soil moisture levels on the other. This paper bridges this gap in knowledge by resorting to the artificial neural networks (ANNs) method to predict the effects of tractor speed and soil moisture on the state of soil compaction. The models were ‘trained’ with penetration resistance (CPR) and bulk density test data obtained from field measurements. The resulting correlation coefficient (R = 0.9) showed good compliance of the prediction made with the ANN models with on-field data. It follows, thereby, that the model developed by the authors in this study can be effectively used for predicting the effects of speed, soil density, and moisture content on compaction of alluvial, poorly developed soil with much greater precision, thereby providing guidance to farmers around the world.
16.	Khoshnevisan, Benyamin, et al. (författare) A critical review on livestock manure biorefinery technologies : Sustainability, challenges, and future perspectives 2021 Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 135 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An ever increasing demand for animal protein products has posed serious challenges for managing the increasingquantities of livestock manure. The choice of treatment technologies is still a complicated task and considerabledebates over this issue still continue. To build a clearer picture of manure treatment framework, this study wasconducted to review the most frequently employed manure management technologies from their state of the art,challenges, sustainability, environmental regulations and incentives, and improvement strategies perspectives.The results showed that most treatment technologies have focused on the solid fraction of manure while theliquid fraction still remains a potential environmental threat. Compared to other waste to energy solutions,anaerobic digestion is the most mature technology to upgrade manure’s organic matter into renewable energy,however the problems associated with high investment costs, operating parameters, manure collection, anddigestate management have hindered its developments in rural areas in developing countries. Bio-oil productionthrough hydrothermal liquification is also a promising solution, as it can directly convert the wet manure intobiofuel. However, lipid-poor nature of manure, operational difficulties, and the need for downstream process toremove nitrogenous compounds from the final product necessitate further research. Livestock manure management(both solid and liquid fractions) under biorefinery approach seems an inevitable solution for futuresustainable development to meet circular bioeconomy requirements. Much research is still required to establish asystematic framework based on regional requirements to develop an integrated manure nutrient recycling andmanure management planning with minimum environmental risks and maximum profit.
17.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) A Comprehensive Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Hydrochar Pellets in Combined Heat and Power Plants 2020 Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been seen as a potentially beneficial process for converting wet biomass into value-added products. It is, however, necessary to overcome the challenges associated with handling the powdered form of hydrochar—a solid product of the HTC process—by controlling the formation of dust and facilitating smoother transportation and distribution in a potentially wide marketplace. In this paper, the authors investigate the environmental consequences of different alternatives for using hydrochar pellets produced from mixed sludges from pulp and paper mills in Sweden, using the environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA). Two scenarios for possible end-uses of hydrochar in combined heat and power (CHP) plants as a source of energy (heat and electricity) were assessed. In these scenarios, hydrochar pellets were assumed to be combusted in CHP plants, thereby avoiding the use of combustible solid wastes (Scenario A) and coal (Scenario B), respectively, to recover energy in the form of electricity and heat. The environmental damages to Human Health, Ecosystem Quality, Climate Change, and Resources are evaluated based on 1 tonne of dry sludge as the functional unit. The results from this analysis illustrate that Scenario B, in which hydrochar replaces coal, offers the greatest reduction in all the environmental damage characterizations, except the Resources category. The displacement of energy-based coal due to hydrochar combustion contributed most significantly to the environmental damages wrought by the system—ranging from 52% in Resources to 93% in Ecosystem Quality. Overall, the results highlight that the application of hydrochar pellets for energy recovery to offset waste- and coal-based energy sources has great environmental benefits. The favorability of sludge hydrochar over solid wastes as fuel for CHP plants may be counter-intuitive at first, since HTC is an energy-intensive process, but when accounting for the necessity of dependence on imports of wastes for instance, the hydrochar pellet may well emerge as a good option for CHPs in Sweden.
18.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) A Critical Review on Advancement and Challengesof Biochar Application in Paddy Fields: Environmental and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 2020 Ingår i: processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 8:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Paddy fields emit considerable amounts of methane (CH4), which is a potent greenhousegas (GHG) and, thereby, causes significant environmental impacts, even as they generate wealth andjobs directly in the agricultural sector, and indirectly in the food-processing sector. Application ofbiochar in rice production systems will not just help to truncate their carbon footprints, but alsoadd to the bottom-line. In this work, the authors have reviewed the literature on climate change,human health, and economic impacts of using organic residues to make biochar for the additionto croplands especially to rice paddy fields. Biochar-bioenergy systems range in scale from smallhousehold cook-stoves to large industrial pyrolysis plants. Biochar can be purveyed in dierentforms—raw, mineral-enriched, or blended with compost. The review of published environmental lifecycle assessment (E-LCA) studies showed biochar has the potential to mitigate the carbon footprint offarming systems through a range of mechanisms. The most important factors are the stabilization ofthe carbon in the biochar and the generation of recoverable energy from pyrolysis gases produced asco-products with biochar as well as decreased fertiliser requirement and enhanced crop productivity.The quantitative review of E-LCA studies concluded that the carbon footprint of rice produced inbiochar-treated soil was estimated to range from -1.43 to 2.79 kg CO2-eq per kg rice grain, implying asignificant reduction relative to rice produced without a biochar soil amendment. The suppressionof soil-methane emission due to the biochar addition is the dominant process with a negativecontribution of 40–70% in the climate change mitigation of rice production. The review of the lifecycle cost studies on biochar use as an additive in farmlands demonstrated that biochar applicationcan be an economically-feasible approach in some conditions. Strategies like the subsidization ofthe initial biochar capital cost and assignment of a non-trivial price for carbon abatement in futurepricing mechanisms will enhance the economic benefits for the rice farmers.
19.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Biochar addition in rice farming systems : Economic and energy benefits 2017 Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 140, s. 415-425 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigated economic returns and energy use of alternative rice production systems in North Vietnam with various residue management options. The traditional practice of open burning of rice residues (System A) was compared with the alternative of converting residues to biochar, which was returned to the paddy fields (System B). It was assumed that households used improved cook-stoves and drum ovens to produce biochar, and that the agronomic impacts of biochar compound with increasing biochar applications until reaching maximum benefit at 18 Mg ha(-1). This amount of biochar would take eight years to be produced in pyrolytic cook-stoves and drum ovens using the rice residues produced on site. The net present value (NPV) of producing rice in the two systems was calculated based on their expected streams of costs and benefits. Biochar addition enhanced the NPV of rice by 12% and reduced the non-renewable energy intensity by 27%, relative to System A, after eight years of application. The difference in NPV values between production systems significantly increased to 23% and 71% by crediting GHG emissions abatement in low and high carbon price scenarios, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential economic benefits of converting rice residues to biochar for soil application. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Biochar use for climate-change mitigation in rice cropping systems 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 116, s. 61-70 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study estimated the climate change effects of alternative rice production systems in North Vietnam with different residue management options, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The traditional practice of open burning of residues (System A) was compared with the alternative of converting residues to biochar, which was returned to the same land area from which the residues were obtained (System B). Pyrolytic cook-stoves and drum ovens were assumed to be used by households to produce biochar, and the cook-stoves produced heat energy for cooking. The annual rate of biochar applied was determined by the amount of biochar produced from the straw and husk available. We assumed that agronomic effects of biochar increased with each annual biochar application until reaching maximum benefits at 18 Mg ha I, which takes eight years to be produced in pyrolytic cook-stoves and drum ovens. The largest contributor to the carbon footprint of rice at the mill gate, was CH4 emissions from soil, in both systems. Biochar addition reduced the carbon footprint of spring rice and summer rice by 26% and 14% respectively, compared with System A, in the first year of application. These values substantially increased to 49% and 38% after eight years of biochar addition. The climate effect of System B was most sensitive to the assumed suppression of soil CH4 emissions due to biochar application. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
21.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Biorefinery processes for value addition from forest residues : Sustainable and innovative scenarios 2023 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Bio-based resources from well managed forests play important roles in the transition to a sustainable society, especially in heavily-forested countries like Sweden and Finland. With limited supply, and multiple utilisation pathways, bio-based resources have to be used efficiently. In the project WoodPro, a critical review is carried out to develop and discuss holistic process chains for the value addition from wood-based residues. The goal is to produce biomaterials in a sustainable fashion. The study investigates the usefulness of ubiquitous forest residues, by moving away from energy recovery towards materials recovery and product development. The current incineration of forest residues followed by landfilling of ash is a convenient practice, but it leads to loss of valuable organic material and plant nutrients.The considered value added-products from valorisation of forest-based biomass (such as bark, sawdust, pulp & paper mill sludge) would be 2,3-butanediol, biopolymer, biogas, hydrochar and biochar. The products were chosen to be economically viable and of interest in industrial processes. The study thus encompasses three types of products: fine chemicals of high purity, small scale industrial production of specialiczed products, and large scale production of products used in bulk. Several technological scenarios have been developed to increase value addition to biomass residues from forest operations and wood manufacturing through their conversion to the above-mentioned bioproducts.The biomaterials chosen are chemicals of importance in the manufacture of paints, biopolymers for production of protective sheaths for forest tree seedlings, and biochar for soil amendment that will enhance soil fertility and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this review would assist policy makers in development and commercialization of lignocellulose-based bioproducts and facilitate transition to a carbon neutral economy which is a priority issue in Sweden and in the European Union (EU).
22.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Blended biofuel pellets using Miscanthus biomass and wood residues 2022 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
23.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983- (författare) Carbon sequestration potential of Miscanthus application as biofuel source in Sweden 2022 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Sweden aims to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2045. To do this, one strategy could be increasing the biomass contribution in energy sector as approximately 75% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are related to energy consumption. Therefore, it is beneficial to explore efficient ways to upgrade biomass materials into high value-added bioenergy. This study considers the potential of Miscanthus cultivation and its application as biofuel materials in Sweden in terms of carbon sequestration and contribution in climate impact mitigation. Miscanthus, as an energy crop with relatively low maintenance requirements and a high dry matter yield and energy content, can play a major role in the sustainable development of biofuels. Using Miscanthus for energy, results in avoiding fossil fuel combustion and the corresponding GHG emissions. The results of this assessment demonstrated that the Miscanthus cultivation contributes in soil organic carbon sequestration by over one tonne carbon ha−1 yr−1 which results in mitigating a significant amount of soil CO2 fluxes. Therefore, the adaption of Miscanthus biomass, would directly contribute in UN Goal 7, affordable and clean energy, and Goal 13, climate action due to a significant reduction in GHG emissions. The integration of Miscanthus plant into the landscape may stimulate the economy of rural areas in the country and offer more profit than afforestation and reforestation on abandoned and marginal croplands.
24.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Climate-change and health effects of using rice husk for biochar-compost : Comparing three pyrolysis systems 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 162, s. 260-272 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study presents a comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of different biochar-compost (COMBI) systems in North Vietnam relative to the conventional practice of open burning of rice husks. Three COMBI systems, using different pyrolysis technologies (pyrolytic cook-stove, brick kiln and the BigChar 2200 unit) for conversion of rice husk into biochar were modelled. Biochar was assumed to be composted with manure and straw, and the biochar-compost produced from each system was assumed to be applied to paddy rice fields. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that the three COMBI systems significantly improved environmental and health impacts of rice husk management in spring and summer compared with open burning, in terms of climate change, particulate matter (PM) and human toxicity (HT) impacts. The differences between the three COMBI systems in the climate change and PM impacts were not significant, possibly due to the large uncertainties. In all systems, the suppression of soil CH4 emissions is the major contributor to the reduced climate effect for the COMBI systems, comprising 56% in spring and 40% in summer. The greatest reduction in the HT impact was offered by the BigChar 2200 system, where biochar is produced in a large-scale plant in which pyrolysis gases are used to generate heat rather than released into the atmosphere. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
25.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983- (författare) Digital learning of LCA-based courses: challenges and advantages factors 2021 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This study was carried out based on reviewing the published pedagogical studies [1-5] as well as the own experiences of the author in online-teaching of Life CycleAssessment (LCA)-based courses to determine challenges and advantages indigital learning of these types of courses. The results from this review showedthat digital courses can become more interesting and motivational for a largegroup of students while can potentially address learning outcomes and preparethe students for advanced LCA works in both research and education activities.At the advanced level, it could be more efficient if LCA courses are developedaccording to each topic since the LCA approach can be applied to various topicsand they may pursue different learning outcomes. For instance, in Renewableand Sustainable Energy Systems, “sustainability competences” might be in focuswhere the students need to act as decision-makers following graduation [2], while in Construction Engineering, more attention might be paid on themethods, materials and tools [4]. Teaching LCA-tools through online platformsmay also be a challenge since access to the lab-equipment becomes limited.Therefore, designing a blended learning environment is recommended forteaching and learning LCA at the advanced level.
26.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Eco-Efficiency Analysis to Improve Environmental Performance of Wheat Production 2022 Ingår i: Agriculture. - : MDPI. - 2077-0472. ; 12:7, s. 1-16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Though increasing food supply in order to meet the rising demand for nutrition is a global social imperative, reducing the dependence on imports of essential food commodities is both an economic and a geo-political imperative for national governments. However, in light of the Sustainable Development Goals, although Zero Hunger (SDG2) and Good Health and Well-Being (SDG3) can be ensured within a country when the inhabitants are well-nourished and staple food items remain affordable to one and all, oftentimes, there are trade-offs in the process, with the environmental dimensions—SDGs 13 (Climate action), 14 (Life below water) and 15 (Life on Land). In this paper, using a combination of Environmental-Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the authors have evaluated the eco-efficiency of 169 wheat cultivation systems in the Golestan province in the north of Iran. Benchmarking performance based on the best-performing wheat farms and optimizing (decreasing essentially) the consumption of resources, will enable an average reduction of between 10% and 16% in global warming, acidification, eutrophication, and non-renewable energy usage of the wheat cultivation systems in the case study region. The authors recommend the use of this combination not only for wheat cultivation in other regions of the world, but also for other agricultural systems.
27.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Effects of wood ash on physicochemical and morphological characteristics of sludge-derived hydrochar pellets relevant to soil and energy applications 2022 Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 163 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hydrochar is produced through a process called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and constitutes a carbon-rich solid material with different remarkable applications. This study investigated the effects of wood ash on the physicochemical and morphological properties of biosludge-derived hydrochar in pelleted form relevant to the use of the pellets as a soil nutritional and liming agent and as a biofuel source. The hydrochar was mechanically compressed into uniformly-sized pellets under applied pressures of 4 and 8 kN after blending with varying percentages of wood ash in the order 0, 20 and 50%. The pure and blended pellets were characterized to determine the impact of wood ash on key properties, correlated to the two applications mentioned above. Results demonstrated a strong relationship between key features of the pellets and ash proportion. The wood ash-blended hydrochar pellets showed good hydrophobicity as a consequence of increased contents of alkali and alkaline earth metals, but were low in aromatic functional groups compared to the pure hydrochar pellet. Furthermore, the heating value of the pure hydrochar pellet was about 4% higher than that of its parent material and indicates that this pellet has the capacity to serve as a source of energy. The study generally reveals that blending hydrochar produced from biosludge under HTC conditions with up to 20%–50% of wood ash and mechanically compressing into homogeneous pellets has promising potential for a nutrient-rich material that can enhance soil fertility.
28.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Energy Production Features of Miscanthus Pellets Blended with Pine Sawdust 2024 Ingår i: Bioenergy Research. - : Springer Nature. - 1939-1234 .- 1939-1242. ; 17:1, s. 491-504 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the qualities of Miscanthus pellets blended with pine sawdust at various ratios (Miscanthus/pine sawdust—0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0) and relate them to energy generation potential under typical production conditions of the widely used bioenergy production technologies according to literature. Samples of each material were milled to the required sizes and blended in the proportions mentioned above. Water was added (6%) to each mixture to achieve a uniform moisture content of 10% on wet basis. The mixtures were then subjected to pressure agglomeration in the form of mechanical compression using a single pellet press so that homogeneously sized fuel pellets were obtained. Thereafter, the pure and blended pellet samples were examined using a range of analytical techniques to reveal any alterations in characteristics important to the utilization of the pellets as a green energy source. The results showed that, although temperature variations generally caused an estimated 6% moisture loss on a wet basis during pelleting with positive influence on the features of the pellets, the quality of the pellets in terms of ash composition (2–4%), hardness (41–46 kg/pellet), and heating value (20–21 MJ/kg) was in general more desirable for the blended pellets than for pure Miscanthus pellet. Structural analysis also revealed low levels of hydrophobic groups in the blends relative to pure Miscanthus, which were consistent with the fractions of pine sawdust and were also the reason for the pellets’ increased hardness.
29.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Environmental analysis of producing biochar and energyrecovery from pulp and papermill biosludge 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 23:5, s. 1039-1051 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO2‐equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.
30.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Environmental performance of end-of-life handling alternatives for paper-and-pulp-mill sludge : Using digestate as a source of energy or for biochar production 2019 Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 182, s. 594-605 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper evaluates the environmental impacts of different alternatives for handling of sludge from paper and pulp mills in Sweden, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The common practice of incineration of biosludge with energy recovery followed by landfilling of ash (System A) was compared with the alternative of digesting sludge anaerobically to produce biogas using different digestate residue management options. The digestate produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) was assumed to be incinerated for heat energy recovery in System B or pyrolyzed for biochar production in System C to be mixed with forest soils. The impact categories considered in this work are climate change, non-renewable energy use, mineral extraction, aquatic ecotoxicity, carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The LCA results demonstrate that the two proposed systems significantly reduce the environmental impacts of biosludge management relative to incineration. An 85% reduction in the aquatic ecotoxicity impact is achieved in System C, due to the reduced mobility of heavy metals in biochar relative to ash. System C, on the whole, outperformed the other two, leading the authors to the recommendation that the use of pulp and paper mill biosludge in biogas-biochar production systems is preferable to merely recovering energy from it.
31.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Life cycle assessment of combination of anaerobic digestion andpyrolysis : focusing on different options for biogas use 2019 Ingår i: Advances in Geosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7340 .- 1680-7359. ; 49, s. 57-66 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The combination of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysistechnologies could be a novel energy-biochar productionsystem to maximize energy and nutrient recovery frompulp and paper mill sludge. Herein, the life-cycle energy productionand emissions reduction of sludge treatment from atypical pulp and paper mill were investigated, in which alternativeuses of biogas for industrial or household application,in different regions of the world, were assessed. Thethree scenarios considered for different end-uses of biogasare: (A) biogas for vehicle fuel in the transportation sectorin Sweden, (B) biogas for heat and electricity in the powersector in Brazil, and (C) biogas for cooking in households inChina. The results of Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment(E-LCA) show that for all these three scenarios, the use ofbiogas and pyrolysis gas contributes most to emissions mitigation,while the dewatering and drying processes carriedout on the sludge, contribute the most to the environmentalemissions. Addition of biochar to the soil, contributes significantlyto a reduction in global warming by sequesteringcarbon in the soil. Compared to scenarios B and C, ScenarioA, in which biogas substitutes gasoline in transportation, andheat from combusted pyrolysis gases is used for district heatingin Sweden, demonstrates the highest environmental performancefor all the evaluated impact categories.
32.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983- (författare) Overview of the Benefits and Challenges Associated with Pelletizing Biochar 2021 Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 9:9, s. 1591- Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Biochar can be derived from a wide variety of organic materials including agricultural wastes and residues, animal wastes, municipal solid wastes, pulp and paper mill wastes, and sewage sludge. Its productivity relies on feedstock type and thermochemical conditions of production. Biochar has many application advantages in several fields and has been widely studied in recent years. However, most of these studies are mainly on the powder form of biochar, while its pelleted form is sparsely reported. Even with the reported studies on biochar pellets, there is still lack of knowledge and awareness of the effects of different feedstock on the densification behavior of biochar. The mechanisms of biochar densification, which appear to be sensitive to the conditions predominating during its thermochemical production, are affected by the material from which the biochar is derived. This partly accounts for why biochar pellets have not been widely adopted in various application fields. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the benefits associated with the use of biochar pellets and discusses the challenges encountered when pelleting biochars that are derived from different feedstock under various carbonization conditions. Research priority areas needed to overcome the challenges are also identified and discussed. The purpose is to contribute to better understanding on biochar pelletization behavior, and to offer insights useful to comprehend some basic principles that may occur in the pelleting process and to ease further and more thorough investigations.
33.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) Quantifying the greenhouse gas reduction benefits of utilising straw biochar and enriched biochar 2016 Ingår i: EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2016. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 254-261 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigated the carbon footprint of two different biochar production systems for application to paddy fields. The impacts of using rice straw-derived biochar in raw form (System A) were compared with those arising from using rice straw biochar enriched with lime, clay, ash and manure (System B). The GHG abatement of the management of one Mg of rice straw in Systems A and B was estimated at 0.27 and 0.61 Mg CO2-eq, respectively, in spring season, and 0.30 and 1.22 Mg CO2-eq in summer. The difference is mainly due to greater reduction of soil CH4 emissions by enriched biochar.
34.	Mohammadi, Ali, 1983-, et al. (författare) The Technical Challenges of the Gasification Technologies Currently in Use and Ways of Optimizing Them : A Review 2022 Ingår i: Energy Recovery. - : INTECH. - 9781803556093 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract Since the world is gradually drifting toward sustainable development, renewable energy technologies are gaining traction and gasification technology is one of many renewable energy technologies that have gained popularity in recent times. The gasification technology is one of three main (combustion and pyrolysis) thermochemical conversion pathways that can be used to recover energy from biomass materials. Although the gasification technology has been in existence for centuries, it has not been exploited to its full potential mainly because the fundamental principles underpinning its operation are still vague, particularly with regard to feedstock flexibility and the type of gasification system. Furthermore, due to the many types of gasification systems, the mechanisms involved in their feedstock conversion processes are still under debate and require further research to clearly establish the optimum conditions of performance of each type of gasifier. Therefore, this chapter presents an overview of the gasification technology and discusses the different types of gasification systems that are commonly used today for the recovery of energy. The limitations of each type of gasifier in relation to performance and feedstock conversion are also discussed, including research priority areas that will allow for system optimization in terms of efficiency.
35.	Mousavi-Avval, Seyed Hashem, et al. (författare) Development and Evaluation of Combined Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm in Energy, Economic and Environmental Life Cycle Assessments of Oilseed Production 2021 Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Energy consumption, economics, and environmental impacts of canola production were assessed using a combined technique involving an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Data were collected from canola farming enterprises in the Mazandaran province of Iran and were used to test the application of the combined modeling algorithms. Life cycle assessment (LCA) for one ha functional unit of canola production from cradle to farm gate was conducted in order to evaluate the impacts of energy, materials used, and their environmental emissions. MOGA was applied to maximize the output energy and benefit-cost ratio, and to minimize environmental emissions. The combined ANFIS-MOGA technique resulted in a 6.2% increase in energy output, a 144% rise in the benefit-cost ratio, and a 19.8% reduction in environmental emissions from the current canola production system in the studied region. A comparison of ANFIS-MOGA with the data envelopment analysis approach was also conducted and the results established that the former is a better system than the latter because of its ability to generate optimum conditions that allow for the assessment of a combination of parameters such as energy, economic, and environmental impacts of agricultural production systems.
36.	Rafiee, Hamed, et al. (författare) A Cluster Analysis on the Energy Use Indicators and Carbon Footprint of Irrigated Wheat Cropping Systems 2022 Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 14:7, s. 4014-4014 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the energy use efficiency and carbon footprint of irrigated wheat systems in different Iranian provinces. The authors resort to the k-means clustering technique to fulfil the said objective. The empirical results reveal that the average total input energy (59.5 GJ ha−1) is higher than the average energy output (45.82 GJ ha−1) from wheat production, resulting in an average energy efficiency of 0.77, thus rendering the production of irrigated wheat in Iran energy-inefficient on average. Among the thirty wheat-producing Iranian provinces considered in this analysis, only six—East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Ardabil, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Alborz, and West Azerbaijan—register an energy use efficiency greater than unity. The average total of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated wheat is 2243.54 kg CO2-eq ha−1 (with electricity and diesel fuel contributing 52.4% and 29.4%, respectively). The authors categorize the clusters into five groups ranging from sustainable to unsustainable. Five of the six provinces referred to earlier fall into the ‘sustainable’ category, with Bushehr being the sixth. The wheat production units in the ‘sustainable’ category can serve as a benchmark for the clusters in the other categories, which can move up the ladder of sustainability. The authors also recommend measures that policymakers can undertake to ensure the sustainable development of wheat production in Iran, fulfilling the social imperative of food self-sufficiency while truncating the environmental footprint and ensuring economic feasibility.
37.	Saadaoui, Wassim, et al. (författare) Effects of Lead, Copper and Cadmium on Bioaccumulation and Translocation Factors and Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments in Vicia faba L. (Broad Beans) at Different Stages of Growth 2022 Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3417. ; 12:18 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Trace elements in the environmental media contribute to toxicities of different types. Their presence in the arable pedosphere is a human-health risk factor. This study focused on Vicia faba represented by two Tunisian varieties of bean (Mamdouh) and faba bean (Badii). The objective was to analyze the effects of lead, copper and cadmium on their growth, chlorophyll-content and carotenoids-content, as well as the bioaccumulation and translocation factor, at different stages of growth. For each metal, the concentrations the plants were subjected to were 6, 0.3 and 0.03 mg/L of the metal in the compound for lead nitrate, copper nitrate and cadmium acetate, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), encompassing all the parts of the plant. The authors detected a perceptible decrease in the fresh weight of roots and shoots, as well as a drop in the chlorophyll and carotenoid, for all the three heavy metals. Cadmium turned out to be the most toxic of the three metals and copper (which is incidentally an essential micronutrient for plant growth) the least. As far as the bioaccumulation factor was concerned, bean and faba bean exhibited different behaviours, both with regard to the growth stages and the heavy metal absorbed. During the vegetative growth stage, both were accumulators of all the three heavy metals (a translocation factor less than unity). However, in the flowering stage, faba bean was a hyper-accumulator of copper (TF > 1); while the bean plants accumulated a lot of lead in the pods-stage (TF > 1). It is worthwhile to pose new research questions and try to answer them in this study, if legumes are accumulator or hyper accumulator plants in which stage and in where organ accumulate more HMs.
38.	Sandberg, Maria, 1968-, et al. (författare) Upgrading paper mill wastewater materials to forest fertilizers and plant nursery growth media 2023 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)

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