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Sökning: WFRF:(Mohammed Hussein A.)

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1.
  • Thomas, HS, et al. (författare)
  • 2019
  • swepub:Mat__t
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  • Bravo, L, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat__t
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  • Tabiri, S, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat__t
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  • Tran, K. B., et al. (författare)
  • The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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  • Khatri, C, et al. (författare)
  • Outcomes after perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with proximal femoral fractures: an international cohort study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:11, s. e050830-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Studies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis.SettingProspective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study.ParticipantsPatients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative).Primary outcome30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality.ResultsThis study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p<0.001), age >80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787).ConclusionsPatients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups.Trial registration numberNCT04323644
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  • Alvarez, E. M., et al. (författare)
  • The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Lancet Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-2045. ; 23:1, s. 27-52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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  • Ikuta, K. S., et al. (författare)
  • Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Lancet. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10369, s. 2221-2248
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13.7 million (95% UI 10.9-17.1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7.7 million deaths (5.7-10.2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13.6% (10.2-18.1) of all global deaths and 56.2% (52.1-60.1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54.9% (52.9-56.9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52.2 deaths (37.4-71.5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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  • Kocarnik, J. M., et al. (författare)
  • Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019 A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Jama Oncology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2374-2437 .- 2374-2445. ; 8:3, s. 420-488
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • IMPORTANCE The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. OBJECTIVE To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. EVIDENCE REVIEW The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3%(95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9%(95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4%(1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7%(4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and YDALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.
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  • Sheena, B. S., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-1253. ; 7:9, s. 796-829
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-ofsample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4 center dot 1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3 center dot 7 to 4 center dot 5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31 center dot 3% (29 center dot 0 to 33 center dot 9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76 center dot 8% (76 center dot 2 to 77 center dot 5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 6 to 19 center dot 2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 9 to 11 center dot 3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination.
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  • Acero, F., et al. (författare)
  • Prospects for Cherenkov Telescope Array Observations of the Young Supernova Remnant RX J1713.7-3946
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 840:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We perform simulations for future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observations of RX J1713.7-3946, a young supernova remnant (SNR) and one of the brightest sources ever discovered in very high energy (VHE) gamma rays. Special attention is paid to exploring possible spatial (anti) correlations of gamma rays with emission at other wavelengths, in particular X-rays and CO/H I emission. We present a series of simulated images of RX J1713.7-3946 for CTA based on a set of observationally motivated models for the gamma-ray emission. In these models, VHE gamma rays produced by high-energy electrons are assumed to trace the nonthermal X-ray emission observed by XMM-Newton, whereas those originating from relativistic protons delineate the local gas distributions. The local atomic and molecular gas distributions are deduced by the NANTEN team from CO and H I observations. Our primary goal is to show how one can distinguish the emission mechanism(s) of the gamma rays (i.e., hadronic versus leptonic, or a mixture of the two) through information provided by their spatial distribution, spectra, and time variation. This work is the first attempt to quantitatively evaluate the capabilities of CTA to achieve various proposed scientific goals by observing this important cosmic particle accelerator.
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  • Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al. (författare)
  • Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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  • Micah, Angela E., et al. (författare)
  • Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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  • Tao, Hai, et al. (författare)
  • Energy and cost management of different mixing ratios and morphologies on mono and hybrid nanofluids in collector technologies
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1994-2060 .- 1997-003X. ; 17:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) three-dimensional (3D) model was used to numerically evaluate the energy and economic estimates. A laminar flow with 500 ≤ Re ≤ 1900, an inlet temperature of 293 K, and a solar flux of 1000 W/m2 were assumed the operating conditions. Two mono nanofluids, CuO-DW and Cu-DW, were tested with different shapes (Spherical, Cylindrical, Platelets, and Blades) and different volume fractions. Additionally, hybrid nanocomposites from CuO@Cu/DW with different shapes (Spherical, Cylindrical, Platelets and Blades), different mixing ratios (60% + 40%, 50% + 50% and 40% + 60%) and different volume fractions (1 volume%, 2 volume%, 3 volume% and 4 volume%) were compared with mono nanofluids. At 1 volume% and Re = 1900, CuO-Platelets demonstrated the highest pressure drop (33.312 Pa). CuO-Platelets achieved the higher thermal enhancement with (8.761%) at 1 vol.% and Re = 1900. CuO-Platelets reduced the size of the solar collector by 25.60%. Meanwhile, CuO@Cu-Spherical (40:60) needed a larger collector size with 16.69% at 4 vol.% and Re = 1900. CuO-Platelets with 967.61, CuO – Cylindrical with 976.76, Cu Platelets with 983.84, and Cu-Cylindrical with 992.92 presented the lowest total cost. Meanwhile, the total cost of CuO – Cu – Platelets with 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 was 994.82, 996.18, and 997.70, respectively.
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  • Homod, R. Z., et al. (författare)
  • Crude oil production prediction based on an intelligent hybrid modelling structure generated by using the clustering algorithm in big data
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Geoenergy Science and Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2949-8910. ; 225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Since the behavior of a complex dynamic system for a large oil field in Iraq is significantly influenced by many nonlinearities, its dependent parameters exhibit non-stationary with a very high delay time. Developing white-box modelling approaches for such dynamic oil well production cannot handle these large data sets with all dependent dimensions and their non-linear effects. Therefore, this study adopts the hybrid model that combines white-box and black-box to address such problems because the model outputs require various variable types to achieve optimal fitness to measured values. The hybrid model structure needs to evolve with changes in the physical parameters (white-box part) and Neural Networks' Weights (black-box part). The model structure of the proposed hybrid network relied on converting fuzzy rules in a Takagi–Sugeno–Kang Fuzzy System (TSK-FS) into a multilayer perceptron network (MLP). The hybrid parameters are formulated concerning six-dimensional dependent variables to describe them in matrix form or layer and by which can quantify total model outputs. After mapping categorical variables to tuples of MLP, the Gauss-Newton regression (GNR) provides an optimal update of the hybrid parameters to get the best fitting of the model outputs with the target of the dataset. The clustering technique and GNR promote predictive performance due to reducing uncertainties in the hybrid parameters. Due to time being the most effective of the independent variables for predicting oil production, datasets are classified into different clusters based on time. The actual field dataset for training and validation is collected from Zubair Oil Field (9 oil wells), which is implemented to build the proposed model. The results of the hybrid model indicate that the development of the proposed structure has achieved the high capability to represent such big data which is the most imperative feature of the proposed model. Furthermore, obtained results show its accuracy far outpacing competitors and achieving a significant improvement in predictive performance.
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  • Alawi, Omer A., et al. (författare)
  • Heat transfer and hydrodynamic properties using different metal-oxide nanostructures in horizontal concentric annular tube : An optimization study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 11:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Numerical studies were performed to estimate the heat transfer and hydrodynamic properties of a forced convection turbulent flow using three-dimensional horizontal concentric annuli. This paper applied the standard k–ε turbulence model for the flow range 1 × 104 ≤ Re ≥ 24 × 103. A wide range of parameters like different nanomaterials (Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and ZnO), different particle nanoshapes (spherical, cylindrical, blades, platelets and bricks), different heat flux ratio (HFR) (0, 0.5, 1 and 2) and different aspect ratios (AR) (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3) were examined. Also, the effect of inner cylinder rotation was discussed. An experiment was conducted out using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) to characterize metallic oxides in spherical morphologies. Nano-platelet particles showed the best enhancements in heat transfer properties, followed by nano-cylinders, nano-bricks, nano-blades, and nano-spheres. The maximum heat transfer enhancement was found in SiO2, followed by ZnO, CuO, and Al2O3, in that order. Meanwhile, the effect of the HFR parameter was insignificant. At Re = 24,000, the inner wall rotation enhanced the heat transfer about 47.94%, 43.03%, 42.06% and 39.79% for SiO2, ZnO, CuO and Al2O3, respectively. Moreover, the AR of 2.5 presented the higher heat transfer improvement followed by 3, 2, and 1.5.
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31.
  • Alawsi, Mustafa A., et al. (författare)
  • Tuning ANN Hyperparameters by CPSOCGSA, MPA, and SMA for Short-Term SPI Drought Forecasting
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI. - 2073-4433. ; 13:9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Modelling drought is vital to water resources management, particularly in arid areas, to reduce its effects. Drought severity and frequency are significantly influenced by climate change. In this study, a novel hybrid methodology was built, data preprocessing and artificial neural network (ANN) combined with the constriction coefficient-based particle swarm optimisation and chaotic gravitational search algorithm (CPSOCGSA), to forecast standard precipitation index (SPI) based on climatic factors. Additionally, the marine predators algorithm (MPA) and the slime mould algorithm (SMA) were used to validate the performance of the CPSOCGSA algorithm. Climatic factors data from 1990 to 2020 were employed to create and evaluate the SPI 1, SPI 3, and SPI 6 models for Al-Kut City, Iraq. The results indicated that data preprocessing methods improve data quality and find the best predictors scenario. The performance of CPSOCGSA-ANN is better than MPA-ANN and SMA-ANN algorithms based on various statistical criteria (i.e., R2, MAE, and RMSE). The proposed methodology yield R2 = 0.93, 0.93, and 0.88 for SPI 1, SPI 3, and SPI 6, respectively.
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32.
  • Hilo, Salam J., et al. (författare)
  • Structural Performance of Internally Stiffened Double-Skinned Profiled Composite Walls with Openings
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Buildings. - 2075-5309. ; 13:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The double-skin profiled composite wall (DSPCW) system, filled with concrete material, is favorable in modern structures due to its high strength and ductility. Openings may be required within this composite wall (DSPCW) for various reasons, similar to a conventional bearing wall, which can lead to a reduction in bearing capacity. Therefore, to avoid changes in the geometry, materials, and thickness of this DSPCW wall, a new internally stiffening concept has been suggested by providing embedded cold-formed steel tube (CFST) columns. For this purpose, two full-scale DSPCW specimens were tested under static axial load, one of which was fabricated with a large opening size and stiffened with two octagonal CFST columns, while the other was designed without an opening and served as a control wall specimen. The results showed that the stiffened DSPCW with an opening achieved a slightly lower ultimate bearing strength (-9.4%) than the control wall specimen, with no reduction in the ductility behavior. Furthermore, several finite element models of DSPCW have been analyzed and designed to investigate additional parameters that were not experimentally tested, including the effects of the embedded CFST column's shape and different types of internal stiffeners longitudinally provided inside these columns. The numerical investigation confirmed that the embedded CFST column with an octagonal cross-section was more efficient compared to the hexagonal and rectangular shapes by about 11% and 18.4%, respectively. Furthermore, using internal steel stiffeners for embedded tubes with a T-shape improved the axial bearing capacity of the DSPCW with an opening slightly higher than the corresponding stiffened walls with other investigated stiffener shapes (V-shaped, U-shaped, and L-shaped).
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33.
  • Ishigaki, Kazuyoshi, et al. (författare)
  • Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses identify novel genetic mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 54:11, s. 1640-1651
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly heritable complex disease with unknown etiology. Multi-ancestry genetic research of RA promises to improve power to detect genetic signals, fine-mapping resolution and performances of polygenic risk scores (PRS). Here, we present a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RA, which includes 276,020 samples from five ancestral groups. We conducted a multi-ancestry meta-analysis and identified 124 loci (P < 5 × 10−8), of which 34 are novel. Candidate genes at the novel loci suggest essential roles of the immune system (for example, TNIP2 and TNFRSF11A) and joint tissues (for example, WISP1) in RA etiology. Multi-ancestry fine-mapping identified putatively causal variants with biological insights (for example, LEF1). Moreover, PRS based on multi-ancestry GWAS outperformed PRS based on single-ancestry GWAS and had comparable performance between populations of European and East Asian ancestries. Our study provides several insights into the etiology of RA and improves the genetic predictability of RA.
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34.
  • Braik, Malik, et al. (författare)
  • Adaptive dynamic elite opposition-based Ali Baba and the forty thieves algorithm for high-dimensional feature selection
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Cluster Computing. - : SPRINGER. - 1386-7857 .- 1573-7543.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High-dimensional Feature Selection Problems (HFSPs) have grown in popularity but remain challenging. When faced with such complex situations, the majority of currently employed Feature Selection (FS) methods for these problems drastically underperform in terms of effectiveness. To address HFSPs, a new Binary variant of the Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (BAFT) algorithm known as binary adaptive elite opposition-based AFT (BAEOAFT), incorporating historical information and dimensional mutation is presented. The entire population is dynamically separated into two subpopulations in order to maintain population variety, and information and knowledge about individuals are extracted to offer adaptive and dynamic strategies in both subpopulations. Based on the individuals' history knowledge, Adaptive Tracking Distance (ATD) and Adaptive Perceptive Possibility (APP) schemes are presented for the exploration and exploitation subpopulations. A dynamic dimension mutation technique is used in the exploration subpopulation to enhance BAEOAFT's capacity in solving HFSPs. Meanwhile, the exploratory subpopulation uses Dlite Dynamic opposite Learning (EDL) to promote individual variety. Even if the exploitation group prematurely converges, the exploration subpopulation's variety can still be preserved. The proposed BAEOAFT-based FS technique was assessed by utilizing the k-nearest neighbor classifier on 20 HFSPs obtained from the UCI repository. The developed BAEOAFT achieved classification accuracy rates greater than those of its competitors and the conventional BAFT in more than 90% of the applied datasets. Additionally, BAEOAFT outperformed its rivals in terms of reduction rates while selecting the fewest number of features.
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35.
  • El Jery, Atef, et al. (författare)
  • Optimization of oil industry wastewater treatment system and proposing empirical correlations for chemical oxygen demand removal using electrocoagulation and predicting the system’s performance by artificial neural network
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ Inc.. - 2167-8359. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The alarming pace of environmental degradation necessitates the treatment of wastewater from the oil industry in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of human civilization. Electrocoagulation has emerged as a promising method for optimizing the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater obtained from oil refineries. Therefore, in this study, electrocoagulation was experimentally investigated, and a single-factorial approach was employed to identify the optimal conditions, taking into account various parameters such as current density, pH, COD concentration, electrode surface area, and NaCl concentration. The experimental findings revealed that the most favorable conditions for COD removal were determined to be 24 mA/cm2 for current density, pH 8, a COD concentration of 500 mg/l, an electrode surface area of 25.26 cm2, and a NaCl concentration of 0.5 g/l. Correlation equations were proposed to describe the relationship between COD removal and the aforementioned parameters, and double-factorial models were examined to analyze the impact of COD removal over time. The most favorable outcomes were observed after a reaction time of 20 min. Furthermore, an artificial neural network model was developed based on the experimental data to predict COD removal from wastewater generated by the oil industry. The model exhibited a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.12% and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99, indicating its high accuracy. These findings suggest that machine learning-based models have the potential to effectively predict COD removal and may even serve as viable alternatives to traditional experimental and numerical techniques.
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36.
  • Hussein, Wafaa Mohamed, et al. (författare)
  • A review of the infection-associated cancers in North African countries
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Infectious Agents and Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1750-9378. ; 11:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cancer is typically classified as a leading non-communicable disease; however, infectious agents, such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human papilloma virus (HPV), contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of various cancers. Less developed countries, including countries of the North African (NA) region, endure the highest burden of infection-related cancers. The five most common infection-associated cancers in NA in order of incidence are bladder cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This review aims to outline the epidemiologic pattern of infection-associated cancers in five NA countries (namely: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt) highlighting the similarities and differences across the region. The present study employed an initial literature review of peer-reviewed articles selected from PubMed, ScienceDirect and World Health Organization (WHO) databases based on key word searches without restriction on publication dates. Original research articles and reports written in French, as well as data from institutional reports and regional meeting abstracts were also included in this extensive review. Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco were selected to be the focus of this review.
  •  
37.
  • Marhoon, Khitam Abbas, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of the trophic status at Al-Sabil River using the trophic indices in Al-Shinafiya district, Southern Iraq
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: EurAsian Journal of BioSciences. - Turkey : Foundation for Enviromental Protection and Research. - 1307-9867. ; 14:2, s. 5661-5667
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The current study was conducted to determine the quality of the water of Al- Sabil River in Al-Shinafiya district, Province of Al- Diwaniyah, for the period from September 2018 to August 2019. Three sites were selected along the river, a quantitative and qualitative study of the diatoms as well as its indices to assess the quality of water in the river, such as trophic diatom Index (TDI), Trophic State Index (TSI), Diatomic Index (DI), and General Diatoms Index (GDI). The current study was diagnosed about 136 species of diatoms at three sites, where the central diatoms was 12 species while the pannals diatoms reached 124 species, and recorded total numbers of diatoms (35453.8, 29447.2 and 36504.76) cell*310/L, and rates (2954.48, 2453.93 and 3042.06) cells*310/L for the three locations respectively, as shown by the results of the trophic diatom Index(TDI) values ranged from (23.33 to 55.54) and the values of Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from (0.07 to 0.81) and the Diatomic Index (DI) values ranged from (9.08 to 16.20) and the values of the General Diatoms Index (GDI) ranged from (2.23 to 3.17). It was noted that the water quality was Oligotrophic to Mesotrophic based on TDI and TSI, while its moderate to Good based on DI and GDI, and concluded that the higher the evidence values indicated that the water quality tended to be good, free or low pollution, suitable for living well, and that water was few nutrients, while its low values indicated the deterioration of the water quality in the river.
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38.
  • Rashid, Farhan Lafta, et al. (författare)
  • A review of the current situation and prospects for nanofluids to improve solar still performance
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Print). - : Springer. - 1388-6150 .- 1588-2926.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Drinking water production has been thrust to the forefront of global issues as a direct result of the critical need for accessto clean water and the expanding environmental difculties. Solar stills are becoming an increasingly popular technologyfor the purifcation of water since they provide a greener and more cost-efective alternative to the production of distilledwater of a high standard. Recent research has focused on the incorporation of nanofuids, which are suspensions of metallicor non-metallic nanoparticles, into base fuids such as water and oil in the hopes of further increasing the efectiveness ofsolar distillation. This novel technique intends to improve thermophysical and evaporation parameters, which will eventuallylead to greater production in solar stills. In this paper, a complete overview of the most recent developments in the use ofnanofuids in solar still technology is presented. This research investigates the potential of nanofuid-flled solar still systemsby focusing on their one-of-a-kind qualities. These qualities include increased thermophysical properties, better thermalconductivity, and enhanced thermal absorptivity. The innovative nature of this method is highlighted by the fact that the use of nanofuids in active solar stills has proven a decrease in the amount of pumping power that is required. For instance, ithas been ascertained that the inclusion of carbon quantum dots nanofuids to a solar still can expressively improve the waterproduction, boosting the output by 57.9% to 823 mL compared to the 521 mL produced by a conventional still. Also, usinga concentration of 0.9%, Al2O3, TiO2, CuO nanofuids and multiwall carbon nanotubes can boost the water production by11.57%, 7.16%, 6.32%, and 4.66%, respectively, if compared to a solar still without nanofuids. This study serves as a pioneering examination of the future possibilities of nanofuid-enabled solar still systems, shining light on a transformational routetoward environmentally friendly and efective water purifcation technologies. In light of these astonishing discoveries, thisresearch serves as a pioneering exploration of the future prospects of nanofuid-enabled solar desalination units. 
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