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- Geithner, Christina A., et al.
(författare)
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Relative Age Effects in Women’s Ice Hockey : Contributions of Body Size and Maturity Status
- 2018
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Ingår i: Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal. - : Human Kinetics. - 1063-6161 .- 1938-1581. ; 26:2, s. 124-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on relative age effects (RAEs) in women’s ice hockey is lacking data on participant characteristics, particularly body size and maturity status. The purposes of our study were to investigate RAEs in women’s ice hockey players from two countries, and to determine whether RAE patterns could be explained by chronological age, body size, and maturity status. Participants were 54 Swedish elite and 63 Canadian university players. Birthdates were coded by quartiles (Q1–Q4). Weight and height were obtained, and body mass index and chronological age were calculated for each player. Players recalled age at menarche, and maturity status was classified as early, average, or late relative to population-specific means. Chi-square (χ2), odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and effect sizes (Cohen’s w) were calculated using population data across quartiles and for pairwise comparisons between quartiles. Descriptive statistics and MANOVAs were run by quartile and by country. Significant RAEs were found for Canadian players across quartiles (p < .05), along with a Q2 phenomenon (Q2: Q3, Q2: Q4, p < .05). Swedish players were overrepresented in Q3 (Q3: Q4, p < .05). Q4 was significantly underrepresented in both countries (p < .05). The oldest, earliest maturing, and shortest players in both countries were clustered in Q2, whereas the next oldest and latest maturing Swedish players were found in Q3. Age, physical factors, and interactions may contribute to overrepresentations in Q2 and Q3. These findings do not suggest the same bias for greater relative age and maturity found in male ice hockey.
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| 2. |
- Molenaar, Claire E., et al.
(författare)
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The Relative Age Effect in Women's Ice Hockey : International and Positional Comparison
- 2015
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Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 47:5S, s. 629-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A relative age effect (RAE), or chronological age differences among individuals within the same age group, has been observed in 14 sports (Cobley et al., 2009). A strong RAE has been reported in men’s ice hockey since 1985 (Barnsley et al., 1985). In contrast, research on RAE in women’s ice hockey is limited (Wattie et al., 2007; Weir et al., 2010) and findings are equivocal.PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a RAE in women’s ice hockey, and if it varies by country or player position.METHODS: Participants were 117 female ice hockey players (mean age=19.9±2.3 yr) on 2 Swedish elite-level club teams (n=54) and 4 Canadian university teams (n=63). Players reported birthdate and position (Forward=F, Defenseman=D, Goalie=G). Birthdates were coded by quartiles (Q1: Jan.-March, Q2: April-June, Q3: July-Sept., Q4: Oct.-Dec.) and by half-year. Birthdate data were submitted to chi-square analyses for the sample, by country, and by position. SPSS 17.0 for Windows was used for all analyses (significance level: p<0.05). RESULTS: A significant RAE was observed for the entire sample by quartile (Q1: 28.2%, Q2: 34.2%, Q3: 25.6%, Q4: 12.0%; χ2=12.402, p=0.006). More players were born in the first half of the year than the second (62.4% vs. 37.6%, respectively; χ2=7.188, p=0.007). In contrast, Q4 was underrepresented for the sample and by country (Canada: 12.7%, Sweden: 11.1%). A RAE was present for the Canadian players by quartile (χ2=13.381, p=0.004) and half-year (χ2=9.921, p=0.002); however, no RAE was observed for Swedish players. In addition, a significant RAE was observed for the entire sample by position for G and D by quartiles (G - χ2=10.077, p=0.018; D - χ2=8.444, p=0.038) and half year (G - χ2=6.231, p=0.013; D - χ2=4.000, p=0.046), but not for F.CONCLUSIONS: The significant RAE in this sample is consistent with that in men’s ice hockey and the tendency for greater participation by relatively older players in women’s ice hockey. RAE absence in the Swedish players may reflect lower participant number, competitive level, and sociocultural support, as well as greater variation in skill level. The significant RAEs observed in Canadian players and by position support the findings of Weir et al. (2010), but the positional differences found were inconsistent, perhaps due to differences in sample size and competitive level between studies.
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