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1.	Chiaraviglio, Luca, et al. (författare) Minimum Cost Design of Cellular Networks in Rural Areas with UAVs, Optical Rings, Solar Panels and Batteries 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. - 2473-2400. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Bringing the cellular connectivity in rural zones is a big challenge, due to the large installation costs that are incurred when a legacy cellular network based on fixed Base Stations (BSs) is deployed. To tackle this aspect, we consider an alternative architecture composed of UAV-based BSs to provide cellular coverage, ground sites to connect the UAVs with the rest of the network, Solar Panels (SPs) and batteries to recharge the UAVs and to power the ground sites, and a ring of optical fiber links to connect the installed sites. We then target the minimization of the installation costs for the considered UAV-based cellular architecture, by taking into account the constraints of UAVs coverage, SPs energy consumption, levels of the batteries and the deployment of the optical ring. After providing the problem formulation, we derive an innovative methodology to ensure that a single ring of installed optical fibers is deployed. Moreover, we propose a new algorithm, called DIARIZE, to practically tackle the problem. Our results, obtained over a set of representative rural scenarios, show that DIARIZE performs very close to the optimal solution, and in general outperforms a reference design based on fixed BSs.
2.	Chiaraviglio, Luca, et al. (författare) Optimal Design of 5G Networks in Rural Zones with UAVs, Optical Rings, Solar Panels and Batteries 2018 Ingår i: 2018 20TH ANNIVERSARY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS (ICTON). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538666050 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We focus on the problem of designing a 5G network architecture to provide coverage in rural areas. The proposed architecture is composed of 5G Base Stations carried by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and supported by ground sites interconnected through optical fiber links. We also consider the dimensioning of each site in terms of the number of Solar Panels (SPs) and batteries. We then formulate the problem of cost minimization of the aforementioned architecture, by considering: i) the cost for installing the sites, ii) the costs for installing the SPs and the batteries in each site, iii) the costs for installing the optical fiber links between the installed sites, and iv) the scheduling of the UAVs to serve the rural areas. Our results, obtained over a representative scenario, reveal that the proposed solution is effective in limiting the total costs, while being able to ensure the coverage over the rural areas.
3.	Abeywickrama, Sandu, et al. (författare) Protecting core networks with dual-homing: A study on enhanced network availability, resource efficiency, and energy-savings 2016 Ingår i: Optics Communications. - : Elsevier. - 0030-4018 .- 1873-0310. ; 381, s. 327-335 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Core network survivability affects the reliability performance of telecommunication networks and remains one of the most important network design considerations. This paper critically examines the benefits arising from utilizing dual-homing in the optical access networks to provide resource-efficient protection against link and node failures in the optical core segment. Four novel, heuristic-based RWA algorithms that provide dedicated path protection in networks with dual-homing are proposed and studied. These algorithms protect against different failure scenarios (i.e. single link or node failures) and are implemented with different optimization objectives (i.e., minimization of wavelength usage and path length). Results obtained through simulations and comparison with baseline architectures indicate that exploiting dual-homed architecture in the access segment can bring significant improvements in terms of core network resource usage, connection availability, and power consumption.
4.	Ahmed, Jawwad, et al. (författare) Enhancing restoration performance using service relocation in PCE-based resilient optical clouds 2014 Ingår i: Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OFC 2014. - : Optical Society of America. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper investigates the benefits of dynamic restoration with service relocation in resilient optical clouds. Results from the proposed optimization model show that service availability can be significantly improved by allowing a few service relocations.
5.	Ahmed, Jawwad, et al. (författare) Survivability strategies for PCE-based WDM networks offering high reliability performance 2013 Ingår i: National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, NFOEC 2013. - Washington, D.C. : Optical Society of America. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Two approaches based on backup reprovisioning and path restoration are proposed for dynamic failure recovery in survivable, PCE-based, WDM networks. Results show that proposed schemes can achieve high connection availability in double link failure scenarios.
6.	Ajma, Muhammad, et al. (författare) Dynamic provisioning utilizing redundant modules in elastic optical networks based on architecture on demand nodes 2014 Ingår i: Optical Communication (ECOC), 2014 European Conference on. - : IEEE. ; , s. 1-3 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Survivable synthetic ROADMs are equipped with redundant switching modules to support failure recovery. The paper proposes a dynamic connection provisioning strategy which exploits these idle redundant modules to provision regular traffic resulting in a substantial improvement in the blocking performance.
7.	Amato, Elisabetta, et al. (författare) A Resource Sharing Method for Reliable Slice as a Service Provisioning in 5G Metro Networks 2021 Ingår i: 2021 25th Conference On Optical Network Design And Modelling, ONDM 2021. - 9783903176331 ; , s. 1-3 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper proposes a dynamic slice provisioning analysis in a 5G metro network with reliability guarantees and possible sharing of backup resources. Performance of dedicated (DP) and shared (SP) protection solutions are evaluated with respect to slice resource allocation (i.e., bandwidth and processing units). The main results show a remarkable saving, in terms of slice acceptance rate, by applying SP solutions with respect to conventional DP ones.
8.	Araujo, Igor M., et al. (författare) Availability-Guaranteed Service Function Chain Provisioning with Optional Shared Backups 2020 Ingår i: 2020 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE DESIGN OF RELIABLE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS DRCN 2020. - : IEEE. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The dynamic provisioning of Service Function Chain (SFC) using Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) is a challenging problem, especially for availability-constrained services. The provisioning of backup resources is often used to ensure that availability requirements are fulfilled. However, the assignment of backup resources should be carefully designed to avoid resource inefficiencies as much as possible. This paper proposes the Optional Backup with Shared Path and Shared Function (OBSPSF) strategy, which aims at improving resource efficiency while fulfilling the availability requirements of SFC requests. The strategy uses optional backup provisioning to ensure that backup resources are assigned only when strictly needed (i.e., when the SFC alone does not meet the availability constraint). Moreover, OBSPSF encourages backup sharing (among both connectivity and backup VNFs) to reduce the backup resource overhead. Results show that the strategy can accommodate orders-of-magnitude more services than benchmark heuristics from the literature.
9.	Ayoub, Omran, et al. (författare) Towards Explainable Reinforcement Learning in Optical Networks: The RMSA Use Case 2024 Ingår i: Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Technical Digest Series. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We propose an approach to extract explanations from a trained reinforcement learning agent. Our analysis over three RMSA environment variations shows how the agent uses the input information, increasing our understanding of its learned policy.
10.	Cardoso, Diego, et al. (författare) Joint planning of small cells and optical transport deployment in heterogeneous mobile networks 2016 Ingår i: Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, ACP. - : OSA - The Optical Society. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate how to reduce the deployment cost of heterogeneous mobile networks by joint dimensioning small cells and optical transport resources. The proposed heuristic is able to save 24% of total network deployment cost. Asia Communications and Photonics Conferene (ACP)
11.	Cardoso, Evelin, et al. (författare) A Heuristic Approach for the Design of UAV-Based Disaster Relief in Optical Metro Networks 2020 Ingår i: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. - 2162-7339. - 9781728184234 ; 2020-July, s. 1-5 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We propose a novel algorithm to dimension the backup elements in an optical metro network, by considering the adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and wireless interfaces to realize backup wireless links. Our key idea is to efficiently find the set of node pairs that have to be connected by means of multi-hop UAV-based wireless links, which are selected based on the simulation of multiple disaster events. Results, obtained over a set of meaningful scenarios, demonstrate that our solution can greatly reduce the total installation costs compared to a naive approach, which is instead solely tailored to the restoration of the disrupted links in a given disaster scenario.
12.	Careglio, D., et al. (författare) Special issue : Green networking and computing, part 1 of 2 2011 Ingår i: Journal of High Speed Networks. - : IOS Press. - 0926-6801 .- 1875-8940. ; 18:4, s. 211-212 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
13.	Chiaraviglio, Luca, et al. (författare) Bringing 5G into Rural and Low-Income Areas : Is It Feasible? 2017 Ingår i: IEEE Communications Standards Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2471-2825. ; 1:3, s. 50-57 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nowadays, at least two billion people are experiencing a complete lack of wireless cellular network coverage. These users live in rural areas and low-income regions, where network operators are not keen to invest, mainly due to high capital expenditure and operational expenditure costs, as well as the scarcity of electricity from the grid. We tackle this challenge by proposing a 5G network explicitly designed to serve rural and low-income areas. Our solution investigates the possibility of mounting remote radio heads on top of unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as large cells (LCs) to increase the coverage range. In addition, 5G nodes are powered by solar panels and batteries. Preliminary results, obtained over three representative case studies located in Italy, Cook Islands, and Zimbabwe, show that providing connectivity in rural and low-income areas by means of the proposed 5G architecture is feasible. At the same time, we also show that the monthly subscription fee paid by the users can be kept sufficiently low, that is, less than €1/month in low-income areas, and around €11/month in rural regions.
14.	Coelho, Frederico, et al. (författare) Forecasting power load curves from spatial and temporal mobile data 2020 Ingår i: World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. - 1741-2234 .- 1741-2242. ; 16:1, s. 4-21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This work aims at applying computational intelligence approaches to telecommunication data, in order to associate mobile data to energy consumption load curves. Clustering methods are applied in order to allow the telecommunication network to infer about its topology and consumption load forecasting. Through an extensive analysis of Telecom Italia dataset and power distribution lines data available for the city of Trento, it was possible to confirm the high correlation between them, mainly when voice data is considered. To a great extent, this correlation can be explained by the fact that cellular communication devices are physically present in the service area of the distribution lines and when people are communicating, they are also consuming energy. Based on the aforementioned dataset, load curves for the city of Trento were constructed having as inputs data from telecommunication transactions. Results show that it is possible to use the telecommunication load as the input to predict the energy load, with the proposed model performing better than the naive predictor in 82% of the tested distribution lines.
15.	Cugini, Filippo, et al. (författare) P4-based Telemetry Processing for Fast Soft Failure Recovery in Packet-Optical Networks 2023 Ingår i: Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibition. - 9781957171180 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A novel framework for in-network P4 processing of distributed multi-layer telemetry data is presented, enabling effective soft failure detection and recovery strategies enforced in just a few microseconds.
16.	Etezadi, Ehsan, 1993, et al. (författare) Deep reinforcement learning for proactive spectrum defragmentation in elastic optical networks [Invited] 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 15:10, s. E86-E96 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The immense growth of Internet traffic calls for advanced techniques to enable the dynamic operation of optical networks, efficient use of spectral resources, and automation. In this paper, we investigate the proactive spectrum defragmentation (SD ) problem in elastic optical networks and propose a novel deep reinforcement learning-based framework DeepDefrag to increase spectral usage efficiency. Unlike the conventional, often threshold-based heuristic algorithms that address a subset of the defragmentation related tasks and have limited automation capabilities, DeepDefrag jointly addresses the three main aspects of the SD process: determining when to perform defragmentation, which connections to reconfigure, and which part of the spectrum to reallocate them to. By considering services attributes, spectrum occupancy state expressed by several different fragmentation metrics, as well as reconfiguration cost, DeepDefragmis able to consistently select appropriate reconfiguration actions over the network lifetime and adapt to changing conditions. Extensive simulation results reveal superior performance of the proposed scheme over a scenario with exhaustive defragmentation and a well-known benchmark heuristic from the literature, achieving lower blocking probability at a smaller defragmentation overhead.
17.	Etezadi, Ehsan, 1993, et al. (författare) DeepDefrag: A deep reinforcement learning framework for spectrum defragmentation 2022 Ingår i: 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2022 - Proceedings. ; , s. 3694-3699 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Exponential growth of bandwidth demand, spurred by emerging network services with diverse characteristics and stringent performance requirements, drives the need for dynamic operation of optical networks, efficient use of spectral resources, and automation. One of the main challenges of dynamic, resource-efficient Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) is spectrum fragmentation. Fragmented, stranded spectrum slots lead to poor resource utilization and increase the blocking probability of incoming service requests. Conventional approaches for Spectrum Defragmentation (SD) apply various criteria to decide when, and which portion of the spectrum to defragment. However, these polices often address only a subset of tasks related to defragmentation, are not adaptable, and have limited automation potential. To address these issues, we propose DeepDefrag, a novel framework based on reinforcement learning that addresses the main aspects of the SD process: determining when to perform defragmentation, which connections to reconfigure, and which part of the spectrum to reallocate them to. DeepDefrag outperforms the well-known Older-First First-Fit (OF-FF) defragmentation heuristic, achieving lower blocking probability under smaller defragmentation overhead.
18.	Etezadi, Ehsan, 1993, et al. (författare) Demonstration of DRL-based intelligent spectrum management over a T-API-enabled optical network digital twin 2023 Ingår i: European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This demonstration showcases the applicability and benefits of a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent for spectrum defragmentation in a realistic deployment. This is achieved by integrating the DRL agent with the operations of a carrier-grade optical network digital twin via standard T-API messages.
19.	Etezadi, Ehsan, 1993, et al. (författare) Proactive Spectrum Defragmentation Leveraging Spectrum Occupancy State Information 2023 Ingår i: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. - 2162-7339. ; 2023-July Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract One of the main obstacles to efficient resource usage under dynamic traffic in elastic optical networks (EONs) is spectrum fragmentation (SF), leading to blocking of incoming service requests. Proactive spectrum defragmentation (SD) approaches periodically reallocate services to ensure better alignment of available spectrum slots across different links and alleviate blocking. The services for reallocation are commonly selected based on their properties, e.g., age, without detailed consideration of prior or posterior spectrum occupancy states. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm for proactive SD that considers different spectrum fragmentation metrics to select services for reallocation. We analyze the relationship between these metrics and the resulting service blocking probability. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic outperforms the benchmarking proactive SD algorithms from the literature in reducing blocking probability.
20.	Famelis, Panagiotis, et al. (författare) P5: Event-driven Policy Framework for P4-based Traffic Engineering 2023 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing. - 9781665476409 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We present P5, an event-driven policy framework that allows network operators to realize end-to-end policies on top of P4-based data planes in an intuitive and effective manner. We demonstrate how P5 adheres to a service-level agreement (SLA) by applying P4-based traffic engineering with latency constraints.
21.	Farias, Fabricio S., et al. (författare) Green backhauling for heterogeneous mobile access networks : What are the challenges? 2013 Ingår i: 2013 9th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS). - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781479904334 ; , s. 6782868- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment strategies have the potential to improve the energy efficiency of mobile access networks. One key aspect to consider in HetNets is the impact of the power consumption of the backhaul, i.e., the overall energy efficiency of a HetNet deployment is affected by the backhaul technology and architecture. This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the design challenges of a future green backhaul segment for a HetNet deployment. The study is based on the analysis of the medium term future outlook (i.e., between now and the year 2025) of the main technologies used in todays'* backhaul networks (i.e., fiber, microwave and copper). It can be concluded that, even if there arc no doubts that both microwave and fiber will be predominately used in the future, the possible migration paths leading to such fiber- and microwave-dominated scenarios might be different, depending on factors such as spectrum and license costs, time to deployment, availability of equipment, and required Quality of Service (QoS) levels.
22.	Fernandes, Andre L.P., et al. (författare) A Cost Assessment Methodology for User-Centric Distributed Massive MIMO Architectures 2024 Ingår i: IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. - 2644-125X. ; In Press Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract User-centric (UC) distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (D-mMIMO), also known as cell-free mMIMO, is a pivotal technology for enabling future mobile communication systems. While UC D-mMIMO intrinsically follows a distributed architecture, its processing can be implemented in a distributed or centralized fashion. This paper proposes a comprehensive cost assessment methodology for UC D-mMIMO, capturing its total cost of ownership and factoring in the deployment configuration, processing implementation, computational demands, and fronthaul signaling. The methodology considers two transmission reception point (TRP) deployment strategies. The first focuses only on supporting user equipment (UE) demands, while the other fulfills these requirements and also actively strives to provide a fairer service among UEs. The proposed methodology is then used to perform a techno-economic assessment of the feasibility of centralized versus distributed processing functional splits while varying key costs and TRP capabilities, like antenna and served UE count. Results suggest that with the TRP deployment that only supports the required UE rate, distributed processing is usually the most feasible option for UE demands of up to 50 Mbps, and centralized processing is more cost-effective in other cases. Additionally, when considering the actively fairer TRP deployment, centralized processing becomes cheaper for any UE demands.
23.	Fiammengo, M., et al. (författare) Experimental evaluation of cyclic sleep with adaptable sleep period length for PON 2011 Ingår i: Optics InfoBase Conference Papers. - Geneva : OSA. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract An experimental evaluation of cyclic sleep for PON is presented where different control algorithms for adaptable sleep length period are compared.
24.	Furdek Prekratic, Marija, 1985, et al. (författare) Introduction to the ONDM 2021 special issue 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 14:5, s. ONDM1-ONDM2 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This JOCN special issue contains extended versions of selected papers presented at the 25th International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM 2021), which took place virtually from 28 June through 1 July 2021. The topics covered by the papers represent clear trends in current optical networking research, including capacity upgrade through transmission parameter optimization in multiband systems, spectral efficiency improvement through probabilistic constellation shaping in Flex Grid/multicore fiber networks, novel point-to-multipoint optical architectures based on digital subcarrier multiplexing that enable a rethink of multilayer network design, and trustworthy inter-operator sharing of passive optical network capacity based on a smart contract.
25.	Gitre, Ll, et al. (författare) Demonstration of Zero-touch Device and L3-VPN Service Management using the TeraFlow Cloud-native SDN Controller 2022 Ingår i: 2022 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, OFC 2022 - Proceedings. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We demonstrate zero-touch device bootstrapping, monitoring, and L3-VPN service management using the novel TeraFlow OS SDN controller prototype. TeraFlow aims at producing a cloud-native carrier-grade SDN controller offering scalability, extensibility, high-performance, and high-availability features.
26.	Hasegawa, Hiroshi, et al. (författare) Design strategies for survivable Grouped Routing Entity (GRE)-based optical networks 2013 Ingår i: Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), 2013 9th International Conference on the. - 9781479900497 ; , s. 148-154 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In bandwidth abundant optical networks, the Grouped Routing Entity (GRE) concept is a cost-efficient alternative used instead of waveband routing. It offers all the benefits of the waveband routing (i.e., reduced number of ports), without using expensive wavelength cross connects (WXCs) required in hierarchical optical networks. In fact in a GRE-based optical network wavelength channel add/drop operations are accomplished via Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS) or with optical couplers. The objective of this paper is to further investigate the benefits of GRE-based optical networks in a scenario where survivability is required. In this paper a dedicated protection scheme is proposed, where wavelength paths are efficiently routed using mostly disjoint working and backup GRE pipes (i.e., working and backup pipes are allowed to share some common nodes along their paths). Numerical experiments demonstrate that significant hardware scale reduction at the switching nodes can be obtained by using the proposed network design algorithm.
27.	Izquierdo-Zaragoza, J. -L, et al. (författare) On the dimensioning of survivable optical metro/core networks with dual-homed access 2016 Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing, HPSR. - : IEEE Computer Society. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Long-reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs) are able to effectively support the growing demand of traffic originating from residential and business customers. Failures of metro/core (M/C) nodes serving the traffic to/from the access networks covered by LR-PONs, may potentially affect hundreds or thousands of customers. One way of guaranteeing 100% survivability from single-node failures is to apply dual-homing, where each LR-PON is connected to two M/C nodes, and combine it with node-disjoint dedicated-path protection (DPP). In this paper, we present a new approach to provide network survivability against single M/C node failures. Instead of applying dedicated path protection (DPP) strategy, which can require huge amount of extra resources, we combine an unprotected network design with a dynamic multilayer restoration algorithm. Our aim is to determine a suitable amount of resource overbuild (in terms of extra transponders) needed to provide average connection availability close to that guaranteed by DPP. Preliminary results show that dimensioning for the worst-case scenario among a set of predefined M/C node failures, i.e., the one disrupting the highest number of connections, yields to a cost-effective strategy requiring up to 35% less transponders than DPP, while offering the same average connection availability.
28.	Jocevski, Milan, et al. (författare) Harmonized Supervision of Degree Project Work 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Background and purposeEffective supervision practices are vital for the educational and professional development of students,for continuous growth of supervisors, as well as for the development of respective scientific fields. In lightof different learning styles (Taylor & Beasley 2005) and having in mind the time resource constraints ofsupervisors, it is not easy to point out the best pedagogical approach to supervision that maximizes thelearning experience. In addition to the traditional individual supervision (IS) style there are other options(e.g., group supervision (GS) and peer supervision (PS)), which offer certain advantages. These threestyles do not exclude each other, but can rather be combined to complement each other’s strengths.In order to maximize the effectiveness of combining multiple approaches, it is essential to understand itsadvantages and disadvantages. Based on a survey of different experiences among supervisors andstudents collected from different Swedish education institutions, our paper suggests ways to optimizethe supervision processes. Moreover, we call it harmonized supervision, and belive that it would savetime and effort for the supervisors, and help students to overcome the individual limitations of eachsupervision style. Work done/work in progressIn order to study the preferences of students and supervisors with respect to IS, GS, and PS weconducted a survey among faculty members as well as former students at four higher educationinstitutions (HEIs), where our goal was to aggregate their experiences and learnings. The sampling wasdone in two-stages. First, we selected the HEIs. Due to convenience and connections to specific departments at given HEIs that the authors had, we then sent e-mail invitations to both students andsupervisors at these HEIs. In the second stage, through a voluntary process, respondents from bothgroups took part in the survey. Questions in the survey were inspired by the previous experiences of theauthors, and traditional supervision approaches of the affiliated institutions. We asked informants abouttheir experiences, and what they believed were advantages and disadvantages of each of theexperienced supervision styles. Finally, data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitativeanalysis of open-ended questions. Basically, we looked into which style was used the most and in whichsituations, as well as compared different answers that spoke in favor and against each style.Results/observations/lessons learnedIt is interesting to note that supervisors and students had similar views with respect to IS, GS, and PS. Interms of IS “lack of different perspective” and “limited flows of new idea/opinions” are among thedrawbacks highlighted by both supervisors and students. Interestingly enough, a solution to these issuesis readily available among the benefits of GS and PS, i.e., “New ideas for solving problems” and“Diverse feedback”. This observation leads us to conclude that combining IS, GS, and PS in aharmonized supervision approach. By harmonized supervision we refer to an approach where GS andPS are used as the basis, and where IS is used only when needed.Take-home messageRegardless of the choice of the supervision method, one can note that a mixture of style is moreeffective depending on the learner’s phase, which can be broken down in two main stages. In theinitial phase, the supervisor exercises a more structural and contractual style. For instance, thesupervisor acts as a teacher explaining the research method and the student performs it on a step-bystep basis. The next stage is the training phase, where the supervisor can give the student moreformative assessment support and feedback to develope student's skills until a certain autonomy qualityis achieved. Lastly, the learner becomes a master of the thesis topic and therefore becomes moreindependent. When considering supervision it is important to think about different levels of intellectualdevelopment and the social component of the learning process. At the second phase, i.e. trainingphase, the supervisor can adopt group or peer supervision. Engaging the students in peer and groupsupervision may be conducive to the creation of a more secure learning environment. However, it isessential to provide a constructive group constellation and complementing instructions for peers tomaximize the learning outcomes in an efficient manner.
29.	John, Wolfgang, et al. (författare) ANIARA Project - Automation of Network Edge Infrastructure and Applications with Artificial Intelligence 2022 Ingår i: Ada User Journal. - 1381-6551. ; 42:2, s. 92-95 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Emerging use-cases like smart manufacturing and smart cities pose challenges in terms of latency, which cannot be satisfied by traditional centralized infrastructure. Edge networks, which bring computational capacity closer to the users/clients, are a promising solution for supporting these critical low latency services. Different from traditional centralized networks, the edge is distributed by nature and is usually equipped with limited compute capacity. This creates a complex network to handle, subject to failures of different natures, that requires novel solutions to work in practice. To reduce complexity, edge application technology enablers, advanced infrastructure and application orchestration techniques need to be in place where AI and ML are key players.
30.	Kalsson, Stefan, et al. (författare) Eavesdropping G.652 vs. G.657 fibres: a performance comparison 2022 Ingår i: 2022 International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling, ONDM 2022. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract With increasing dependence on secure access to digital services and the ultra-high traffic volumes running on the optical fibre communication infrastructure, the protection of this infrastructure from eavesdropping is extremely important, especially in defense and military applications. The G.657 fibre is recommended to be deployed in in-building installations for its improved bending performance compared to the G.652 fibre. However, the easiness to be eavesdropped, which reflects the security level of those two types of fibres has not yet been investigated. In this paper, we study the eavesdropping of fibre from a system perspective and compare the bending property of G.652 and G.657 fibres. The measurement results show that G.657 can be bent sharper than G.652 without causing any additional power attenuation at the receiver. This indicates that the so-called bending-insensitive G.657 fibre can potentially be eavesdropped more easily than their G.652 counterparts. The paper also shows that the power level measurement at the receiver may not be sufficient for unambiguous eavesdrop detection.
31.	Karlsson, Stefan, et al. (författare) Detection of abnormal activities on a SM or MM fiber 2023 Ingår i: 2023 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, OFC 2023 - Proceedings. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We demonstrate eavesdrop detection based on polarization signatures by analyzing polarization state changes at the receiver. We identify changes related to the normal operation and the ones caused by eavesdropping.
32.	Karunakaran, Vignesh, et al. (författare) TAPI-based Telemetry Streaming in Multi-Domain Optical Transport Network 2024 Ingår i: Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) 2024. - 9781957171326 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We demonstrate a TAPI-based telemetry streaming framework for automated service provisioning and monitoring in multi-domain optical networks. The demo showcases ML-based anomaly detection and network management across domains adhering to recommended YANG and protocol standards.
33.	Keshavarz, Mohammad Hossein, et al. (författare) Optimal QoS-Aware Allocation of Virtual Network Resources to Mixed Mobile-Optical Network Slices 2021 Ingår i: Proceedings - IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM. - 2334-0983 .- 2576-6813. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Slicing allows 5G networks to accommodate services with different needs over a unified physical network infrastructure. Particularly, in radio access networks (RANs), the baseband processing functions of different slices are treated as virtual applications running on shared compute nodes. Managing this cloud-native network in a cost-effective way requires tightly cou-pled control of connectivity and processing resources. This paper proposes an optimization problem to minimize the overall cost while guaranteeing distinct latency and reliability requirements of different network slices deployed over the infrastructure. This is achieved by choosing for each service, the functional split and transmission parameters that best adapt to the connectivity and processing resources available in the infrastructure. Results demonstrate that the proposed flexible resource allocation scheme provides considerable cost saving (up to 2.4 times) and reduced request blocking (up to 2 times) compared to conventional fixed deployment techniques. The reliability requirements can be guaranteed by packet duplication and/or virtualized forward error correction at the expense of consuming connectivity and/or processing resources, respectively. The flexible assurance of the reliability requirements in the proposed scheme contributes considerably to the achieved improvements on cost saving and request blocking.
34.	Kilper, Dan, et al. (författare) INGR Roadmap 2022 Ingår i: Proceedings - 2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum, FNWF 2022. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Optical networks have long played a central role in telecommunication networks, forming the fiber backbone of the Internet. Over time fiber optic systems have evolved and found deployment increasingly closer to the network edge. Today, optical systems extend to the server network interface cards and home access networks. New application areas have emerged such as the use of free space communications using LiFi technologies, space communication networks between satellites and ground stations. Looking ahead, optical systems in many areas will continue to be driven by the need for higher speeds and capacity in order to keep up with traffic demands. In addition to faster interfaces speeds, parallel fiber or spatial division multiplexing will be used for future capacity growth. In several application areas, new functionality is expected such as low latency in Xhaul networks and optical switching and co-packaged optics in data centers. LiFi will become critical for mitigating RF interference for in-building networks. Intense research is underway to develop quantum networks to connect quantum computers. This general trend toward new functionalities for optical systems, moving beyond capacity growth in fiber networks, is driven in large part by the increasing performance and demands of today's user equipment and applications. From the network edge to the data centers, components are reliant on optics. The integration of optics into these new applications and the higher levels of functionality demanded of optics motivate the use of roadmaps to guide research and development and overcome future roadblocks.
35.	Kilper, Dan, et al. (författare) Optics 2023 Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 IEEE Future Networks World Forum: Future Networks: Imagining the Network of the Future, FNWF 2023. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Optical networks have long played a central role in telecommunication networks, forming the fiber backbone of the internet. Over time, fiber optic systems have evolved and found deployment increasingly closer to the network edge. Today, optical systems extend to the server network interface cards and home access networks. New application areas have emerged, such as the use of free space communications using LiFi technologies, space communication networks between satellites, and ground stations. Looking ahead, optical systems in many areas will continue to be driven by the need for higher speeds and capacity to keep up with traffic demands. In addition to faster interface speeds, parallel fibers or spatial division multiplexing will be used for future capacity growth. In several application areas, new functionality is expected, such as low latency in XHaul networks and optical switching and co-packaged optics in data centers. LiFi will become critical for mitigating RF interference for in-building networks. Intense research is underway to develop quantum networks to connect quantum computers. This general trend toward new functionalities for optical systems, moving beyond capacity growth in fiber networks, is driven in large part by the increasing performance and demands of today's user equipment and applications. From the network edge to the data centers, components are reliant on optics. However, many of these developments are occurring quite independently and this situation carries the risk of creating problems down the road when eventually all of these components need to be seamlessly connected to maximaze efficiency. Therefore, integration of optics into these new applications and the higher levels of functionality demanded of optics motivate the use of roadmaps to guide research and development to overcome future roadblocks.
36.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) A Shared-Path Shared-Compute Planning Strategy for a Resilient Hybrid C-RAN 2019 Ingår i: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. - 2162-7339. ; 2019-July Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract One key challenge in 5G networks is to guarantee the survivability of services in the event of failures. This paper focuses on the hybrid cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) architecture. The proposed strategy guarantees survivability in the presence of failures affecting nodes/links in the midhaul segment (i.e., connecting the radio aggregation unit (RAU) nodes to their respective radio cloud center (RCC) nodes) as well as compute resources (i.e., servers) in the RCC nodes. In the envisioned strategy each RAU node is connected to a primary and a backup RCC node (i.e., with backup compute resources) via two node disjoint connectivity paths in the midhaul. The proposed strategy, called Shared-Path Shared-Compute Planning (SPSCP), lowers the overall design cost by trying to share as much as possible backup connectivity and compute resources among RAU nodes. This is made possible by introducing a shareability metric early into the RCC node selection process so that the chance of sharing backup resources is maximized. Simulation results show that the SPSCP strategy can lead to up to 28% cost savings when compared to conventional resilient design strategies
37.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) Cost Benefits of Centralizing Service Processing in 5G Network Infrastructures 2019 Ingår i: Optics InfoBase Conference Papers. - 2162-2701. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We assess the benefits of centralizing service processing in a few high-scale data center locations within an operator infrastructure. Results show up to 74% less cost while provisioning latency and availability constrained services.
38.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) Designing and Operating Optical Transport Networks in 5G and Beyond Scenarios 2023 Ingår i: Photonic Networks and Devices in Proceedings Advanced Photonics Congress 2023 - Part of Advanced Photonics Congress 2023. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Deploying and operating optical transport networks is a complex task. This paper presents a few challenges operators must tackle when considering 5G and beyond scenarios and the lesson learned by addressing them.
39.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) End-to-End Provisioning of Latency and Availability Constrained 5G Services 2021 Ingår i: IEEE Communications Letters. - 1558-2558 .- 1089-7798. ; 25:6, s. 1857-1861 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We address a key challenge of 5G networks by proposing a strategy for the resource-efficient and end-to-end allocation of compute and connectivity resources in a dynamic 5G service provisioning scenario, such that the service latency and availability requirements are guaranteed. Our heuristic algorithm shows that resource efficiency is significantly improved by processing services in the large core data centers (DCs) with a rich amount of compute resources and exploiting the benefits of traffic grooming over the metro and core fiber links. Moreover, our resource-efficient provisioning algorithm avoids possible violation of the service availability requirements caused by reaching the central DC locations by adding backup connectivity resources. Our simulation results demonstrate a resource efficiency improvement reflected by lowering the service blocking probability by up to four orders of magnitude compared to the conventional service provisioning methods utilizing distributed small DCs.
40.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) Fiber- vs. Microwave-based 5G Transport: a Total Cost of Ownership Analysis 2022 Ingår i: European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Answering a key question from operators, the paper compares the techno-economic performance of fiber and microwave-based 5G transport deployments using vendor’s inventories and real-life field deployment scenarios. Results highlight how microwave gains vary based on the geo-types, the fiber trenching, and microwave equipment costs.
41.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) Techno-economics of 5G transport deployments 2023 Ingår i: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE. - 0277-786X .- 1996-756X. ; 12429 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Network densification is a crucial enabler for 5G, requiring the installation of a large number of devices and/or cables for the 5G transport network. This invited paper provides a techno-economic study focusing on adopting microwave and fiber equipment for 5G transport network deployments. Different architectures for low layer split supporting latency critical services are considered.
42.	Lashgari, Maryam, 1991, et al. (författare) Techno-economics of Fiber vs. Microwave for Mobile Transport Network Deployments [Invited] 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 15:7, s. C74-C87 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract One of the challenges for network operators is to design and deploy cost-efficient transport networks (TNs) to meet the high capacity and strict latency/reliability requirements of today’s emerging services. Therefore, they need to consider different aspects, including the appropriate technology, the level of reconfigurability, and the functional split option. A crucial aspect of network design is assessing the impact of these aspects against the total cost of ownership (TCO), latency, and reliability performance of a given solution. For this reason, this paper proposes a framework to investigate the TCO, latency, and reliability performance of a set of fiber and microwave-based TN architectures. They are categorized based on their baseband functional split option and the reconfigurability capabilities of the equipment used. The results, based on real data from a non-incumbent operator, show that in most of the considered scenarios, a microwavebased TN exhibits lower TCO than a fiber-based one. The TCO gain may vary with the choice of the functional split option, geo-type, reconfigurability features, fiber trenching costs, and cost of microwave equipment, with a more significant impact in a dense urban geo-type, where for a low layer functional split option the fiber- and microwave-based architectures have a comparable TCO. Finally, it was found that the considered fiber and microwave architectures have almost similar average latency and connection availability performance. Both are suitable to meet the service requirements of 5G and beyond 5G services in most of the considered scenarios. Only in extreme latency-critical scenarios, a small number of the cells might not fully satisfy the latency requirements of a low layer split option due to multiple microwave hops in the microwave-based architecture.
43.	Li, Yajie, et al. (författare) Flexible RAN : A Radio Access Network Concept with Flexible Functional Splits and a Programmable Optical Transport 2018 Ingår i: European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538656242 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We present the flexible RAN concept and evaluate its performance in different radio coordination scenarios considering an optical transport network. Results show the benefits of flexible RAN compared to C-RAN in terms of wavelength usage and transponder cost.
44.	Li, Yajie, et al. (författare) Flexible RAN : Combining Dynamic Baseband Split Selection and Reconfigurable Optical Transport to Optimize RAN Performance 2020 Ingår i: IEEE Network. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0890-8044 .- 1558-156X. ; 34:4, s. 180-187 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The introduction of functional splits in C-RANs brings a tradeoff between radio performance and transport capacity. Higher-layer splits relax transport capacity requirements, whereas radio performance is not guaranteed. Lower-layer splits are beneficial for the radio performance, but they may require a more expensive and high capacity transport network. Facing the challenge of how to deploy 5G RANs in the short-term future, network operators need to find the best functional split options able to accommodate radio performance requirements without incurring excessive transport network costs. This article presents an architecture referred to as F-RAN able to choose the most appropriate split option while considering time-varying radio performance and the availability of transport resources. F-RAN can accommodate these needs by means of an SDN-based orchestration layer and a programmable optical transport network. The performance of F-RAN is benchmarked against a conventional C-RAN architecture in terms of the number of wavelengths and transponders to be deployed. Simulation results confirm the overall benefits of F-RAN in terms of better utilization of transport resources.
45.	Licciardello, M., et al. (författare) Performance evaluation of abstraction models for orchestration of distributed data center networks 2017 Ingår i: 2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538608586 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Cloud computing is increasingly based on geographically distributed data centers interconnected by high performance networks. Application of Software Defined Networking (SDN) is studied as an emerging solution to support dynamic network resource management for distributed data centers (DCs) jointly with extensive use of Network Function Virtualization (NFV). SDN/NFV operation takes advantage of orchestration of network control functions according to distributed DCs communication needs. Orchestration relies on a set of logical information related to the underlying infrastructure, called abstraction, which offers different levels of visibility of available resources, depending on the abstraction strategy adopted.
46.	Marsh, Ian, et al. (författare) Evolving 5G : ANIARA, an edge-cloud perspective 2021 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers 2021, CF 2021. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9781450384049 ; , s. 206-207 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract ANIARA (https://www.celticnext.eu/project-ai-net) attempts to enhance edge architectures for smart manufacturing and cities. AI automation, orchestrated lightweight containers, and efficient power usage are key components of this three-year project. Edge infrastructure, virtualization, and containerization in future telecom systems enable new and more demanding use cases for telecom operators and industrial verticals. Increased service flexibility adds complexity that must be addressed with novel management and orchestration systems. To address this, ANIARA will provide en-ablers and solutions for services in the domains of smart cities and manufacturing deployed and operated at the network edge(s). © 2021 Owner/Author.
47.	Marzouk, Fatma, et al. (författare) Virtual Networking for Lowering Cost of Ownership 2022 Ingår i: Enabling 6G Mobile Networks. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 331-369 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract 5G and beyond mobile networks hold the promise of supporting a vast emergence of new services and increased traffic growth. This represents a challenge for mobile networks operators, which are faced with the pressure of providing a variety of these services according to the stringent requirements of future mobile network generations, while still being able to (i) preserve service resilience, (ii) sustain profitability by reducing costs, and (iii) ensuring minimal energy consumption in the infrastructure. Fortunately, emerging 5G and beyond networks are expected to adopt increasingly prominent technological drivers that can tackle the above challenges by pushing the planning and management operations logic to the limit.
48.	Monti, Paolo, 1973-, et al. (författare) A Flexible 5G RAN Architecture with Dynamic Baseband Split Distribution and Configurable Optical Transport 2017 Ingår i: 2017 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS (ICTON). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538608593 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
49.	Monti, Paolo, 1973-, et al. (författare) Introduction to the Feature Issue on the IEEE Globecom 2017 ONS Symposium 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - : Optical Society of America. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 10:8, s. ONS1-ONS2 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This feature issue is based on extended and revised versions of the top-ranked papers presented at the Optical Networks and Systems (ONS) Symposium that took place during the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2017). The papers appearing in this Feature Issue cover a wide range of topics, including elastic optical networks, mobile fronthaul, network function virtualization, survivability, and hybrid datacenter networks.
50.	Monti, Paolo, 1973, et al. (författare) Network automation: challenges, enablers, and benefits 2021 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Communication infrastructures are evolving towards an ad-hoc service provisioning scenario where programmability and flexibility are fundamental concepts. Network automation is expected to play a vital role in streamlining all aspects of the service provisioning process (i.e., deployment, maintenance, and tear down). However, to fully realize this autonomous operation vision, closed-loop automation procedures need to be developed. This tutorial will present the main motivations and challenges behind designing and operating closed-loop autonomous decision-making processes, including a brief overview of current standardization initiatives. The tutorial will then address several use cases showcasing how network automation can alleviate the complexity of the service provisioning processes and the benefits brought in by the introduction of network automation.

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