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- Bernal, Ximena E., et al.
(författare)
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Empowering Latina scientists
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 363:6429, s. 825-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Fridén, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Diet composition, nutrient substitutions and circulating fatty acids in relation to ectopic and visceral fat depots
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 42:10, s. 1922-1931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short-term randomized trials have demonstrated that replacing saturated fat (SFA) with polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) causes a reduction or prevention of liver fat accumulation, but population-based studies on diet and body fat distribution are limited. We investigated cross-sectional associations between diet, circulating fatty acids and liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and other fat depots using different energy-adjustment models.METHODS: Sex-stratified analyses of n = 9119 (for serum fatty acids) to 13 849 (for nutrients) participants in UK Biobank were conducted. Fat depots were assessed by MRI, circulating fatty acids by NMR spectroscopy and diet by repeated 24-h recalls. Liver fat, VAT and IMAT were primary outcomes; total adipose tissue (TAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) were secondary outcomes. Three a priori defined models were constructed: the all-components model, standard model and leave-one-out model (main model including specified nutrient substitutions). Imiomics (MRI-derived) was used to confirm and visualize associations.RESULTS: In women, substituting carbohydrates and free sugars with saturated fat (SFA) was positively associated with liver fat (β (95% CI) = 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) and β (95% CI) = 0.20 (0.05-0.35), respectively) and IMAT (β (95% CI) = 0.07 (0.00, 0.14) and β (95% CI) = 0.08 (0.02, 0.13), respectively), whereas substituting animal fat with plant fat was inversely associated with IMAT, ASAT and TAT. In the all-components and standard models, SFA and animal fat were positively associated with liver fat, IMAT and VAT whereas plant fat was inversely associated with IMAT in women. Few associations were observed in men. Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were inversely associated with liver fat, IMAT and VAT in both men and women, whereas SFA and monounsaturated fatty acids were positively associated.CONCLUSIONS: Type of dietary fat may be an important determinant of ectopic fat in humans consuming their habitual diet. Plant fat and PUFA should be preferred over animal fat and SFA. This is corroborated by circulating fatty acids and overall consistent through different energy adjustment models.TWITTER SUMMARY: In UK Biobank, intake of saturated- and animal fat were positively whereas biomarkers of polyunsaturated fat were inversely associated with liver-, visceral- and intermuscular fat. Type of dietary fat may be a determinant of ectopic fat, a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease.
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- Frostdahl, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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The interaction of genetics and physical activity in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction associated liver disease.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1, s. 17817-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic variants associated with increased liver fat and volume have been reported, but whether physical activity (PA) can attenuate the impact of genetic susceptibility to these traits is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate whether higher PA modify genetic impact on liver-related traits in the UK Biobank cohort. PA was self-reported, while magnetic resonance images were used to estimate liver fat (n = 27,243) and liver volume (n = 24,752). Metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD) and chronic liver disease (CLD) were diagnosed using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Ten liver fat and eleven liver volume-associated genetic variants were selected and unweighted genetic-risk scores for liver fat (GRSLF) and liver volume (GRSLV) were computed. Linear regression analyses were performed to explore interactions between GRSLF/ GRSLV and PA in relation to liver-related traits. Association between GRSLF and liver fat was not different among lower (β = 0.063, 95% CI 0.041-0.084) versus higher PA individuals (β = 0.065, 95% CI 0.054-0.077, pinteraction = 0.62). The association between the GRSLV and liver volume was not different across different PA groups (pinteraction = 0.71). Similarly, PA did not modify the effect of GRSLF and GRSLV on MASLD or CLD. Our findings show that physical activity and genetic susceptibility to liver-related phenotypes seem to act independently, benefiting all individuals regardless of genetic risk.
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- Langner, Taro, et al.
(författare)
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MIMIR : Deep Regression for Automated Analysis of UK Biobank MRI Scans
- 2022
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Ingår i: Radiology: Artificial Intelligence. - : Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). - 2638-6100. ; 4:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- UK Biobank (UKB) has recruited more than 500000 volunteers from the United Kingdom, collecting health-related information on genetics, lifestyle, blood biochemistry, and more. Ongoing medical imaging of 100 000 participants with 70 000 follow-up sessions will yield up to 170 000 MRI scans, enabling image analysis of body composition, organs, and muscle. This study presents an experimental inference engine for automated analysis of UKB neck-to-knee body 1.5-T MRI scans. This retrospective cross-validation study includes data from 38 916 participants (52% female; mean age, 64 years) to capture baseline characteristics, such as age, height, weight, and sex, as well as measurements of body composition, organ volumes, and abstract properties, such as grip strength, pulse rate, and type 2 diabetes status. Prediction intervals for each end point were generated based on uncertainty quantification. On a subsequent release of UKB data, the proposed method predicted 12 body composition metrics with a 3% median error and yielded mostly well-calibrated individual prediction intervals. The processing of MRI scans from 1000 participants required 10 minutes. The underlying method used convolutional neural networks for image-based mean-variance regression on two-dimensional representations of the MRI data. An implementation was made publicly available for fast and fully automated estimation of 72 different measurements from future releases of UKB image data. (C) RSNA, 2022.
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- Ortega, Francisco B., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of an Exercise Program on Brain Health Outcomes for Children With Overweight or Obesity The ActiveBrains Randomized Clinical Trial
- 2022
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Ingår i: JAMA Network Open. - : American Medical Association. - 2574-3805. ; 5:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE Pediatric overweight and obesity are highly prevalent across the world, with implications for poorer cognitive and brain health. Exercise might potentially attenuate these adverse consequences. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of an exercise program on brain health indicators, including intelligence, executive function, academic performance, and brain outcomes, among children with overweight or obesity and to explore potential mediators and moderators of the main effects of exercise. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS All preexercise and postexercise data for this 20-week randomized clinical trial of 109 children aged 8 to 11 years with overweight or obesity were collected from November 21, 2014, to June 30, 2016, with neuroimaging data processing and analyses conducted between June 1, 2017, and December 20, 2021. All 109 children were included in the intention-to-treat analyses; 90 children (82.6%) completed the postexercise evaluation and attended 70% or more of the recommended exercise sessions and were included in per-protocol analyses. INTERVENTIONS All participants received lifestyle recommendations. The control group continued their usual routines, whereas the exercise group attended a minimum of 3 supervised 90-minute sessions per week in an out-of-school setting. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Intelligence, executive function (cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory), and academic performance were assessed with standardized tests, and hippocampal volume was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The 109 participants included 45 girls (41.3%); participants had a mean (SD) body mass index of 26.8 (3.6) and a mean (SD) age of 10.0 (1.1) years at baseline. In per-protocol analyses, the exercise intervention improved crystallized intelligence, with the exercise group improving from before exercise to after exercise (mean z score, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.44-0.80]) compared with the control group (mean z score, -0.10 [95% CI, -0.28 to 0.09]; difference between groups, 0.72 SDs [95% CI, 0.46-0.97]; P < .001). Total intelligence also improved significantly more in the exercise group (mean z score, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.48-0.89]) than in the control group (mean z score, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.14 to 0.28]; difference between groups, 0.62 SDs [95% CI, 0.31-0.91]; P < .001). Exercise also positively affected a composite score of cognitive flexibility (mean z score: exercise group, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.05-0.44]; control group, -0.17 [95% CI, -0.39 to 0.04]; difference between groups, 0.42 SDs [95% CI, 0.13-0.71]; P = .005). These main effects were consistent in intention-to-treat analyses and after multiple-testing correction. There was a positive, small-magnitude effect of exercise on total academic performance (mean z score: exercise group, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.18-0.44]; control group, 0.10 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.24]; difference between groups, 0.21 SDs [95% CI, 0.01-0.40]; P = .03), which was partially mediated by cognitive flexibility. Inhibition, working memory, hippocampal volume, and other brain magnetic resonance imaging outcomes studied were not affected by the exercise program. The intervention increased cardiorespiratory fitness performance as indicated by longer treadmill time to exhaustion (mean z score: exercise group, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.27-0.82]; control group, 0.13 [95% CI, -0.16 to 0.41]; difference between groups, 0.42 SDs [95% CI, 0.01-0.82]; P = .04), and these changes in fitness mediated some of the effects (small percentage of mediation [approximately 10%-20%]). The effects of exercise were overall consistent across the moderators tested, except for larger improvements in intelligence among boys compared with girls. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, exercise positively affected intelligence and cognitive flexibility during development among children with overweight or obesity. However, the structural and functional brain changes responsible for these improvements were not identified.
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| 10. |
- Rodriguez-Ayllon, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in the Mental Health of Preschoolers, Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sports Medicine. - : ADIS INT LTD. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 49:9, s. 1383-1410
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Evidence suggests that participation in physical activity may support young peoples current and future mental health. Although previous reviews have examined the relationship between physical activity and a range of mental health outcomes in children and adolescents, due to the large increase in published studies there is a need for an update and quantitative synthesis of effects. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of physical activity interventions on mental health outcomes by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, and to systematically synthesize the observational evidence (both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies) regarding the associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior and mental health in preschoolers (2-5 years of age), children (6-11 years of age) and adolescents (12-18 years of age). Methods A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases was performed from January 2013 to April 2018, by two independent researchers. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the effect of physical activity on mental health outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs (i.e. quasi-experimental studies). A narrative synthesis of observational studies was conducted. Studies were included if they included physical activity or sedentary behavior data and at least one psychological ill-being (i.e. depression, anxiety, stress or negative affect) or psychological well-being (i.e. self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, self-image, positive affect, optimism, happiness and satisfaction with life) outcome in preschoolers, children or adolescents. Results A total of 114 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review (4 RCTs, 14 non-RCTs, 28 prospective longitudinal studies and 68 cross-sectional studies). Of the 18 intervention studies, 12 (3 RCTs and 9 non-RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a small but significant overall effect of physical activity on mental health in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years (effect size 0.173, 95% confidence interval 0.106-0.239, p amp;lt; 0.001, percentage of total variability attributed to between-study heterogeneity [I-2] = 11.3%). When the analyses were performed separately for children and adolescents, the results were significant for adolescents but not for children. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies demonstrated significant associations between physical activity and lower levels of psychological ill-being (i.e. depression, stress, negative affect, and total psychological distress) and greater psychological well-being (i.e. self-image, satisfaction with life and happiness, and psychological well-being). Furthermore, significant associations were found between greater amounts of sedentary behavior and both increased psychological ill-being (i.e. depression) and lower psychological well-being (i.e. satisfaction with life and happiness) in children and adolescents. Evidence on preschoolers was nearly non-existent. Conclusions Findings from the meta-analysis suggest that physical activity interventions can improve adolescents mental health, but additional studies are needed to confirm the effects of physical activity on childrens mental health. Findings from observational studies suggest that promoting physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior might protect mental health in children and adolescents. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42017060373.
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- Rosqvist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Overfeeding polyunsaturated fat compared to saturated fat does not differentially influence lean tissue accumulation in overweight individuals : a randomized controlled trial.
- 2024
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Fatty acids may influence lean tissue volume and skeletal muscle function. We previously reported in young lean participants that overfeeding polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) compared with saturated fat (SFA) induced greater lean tissue accumulation despite similar weight gain.OBJECTIVE: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aimed to investigate if the differential effects of overfeeding SFA and PUFA on lean tissue accumulation could be replicated in individuals with overweight, and identify potential determinants. Further, using substitution models, we investigated associations between SFA and PUFA levels with lean tissue volume, in a large population-based sample (UK Biobank).METHODS: Sixty-one males and females with overweight (BMI 27.3 (interquartile range 25.4 to 29.3), age 43 (interquartile range 36 to 48)) were overfed SFA (palm oil) or n-6 PUFA (sunflower oil) for 8 weeks. Lean tissue was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We had access to n=13849 participants with data on diet, covariates and MRI measurements of lean tissue, as well as 9119 participants with data on circulating fatty acids, in the UK Biobank.RESULTS: Body weight gain (mean±SD) was similar in PUFA (2.01±1.90 kg) and SFA (2.31±1.38 kg) groups. Lean tissue increased to a similar extent (0.54±0.93 L and 0.67±1.21 L for PUFA and SFA group, respectively, with a difference between groups of 0.07 (-0,21, 0,35)). We observed no differential effects on circulating amino acids, myostatin or interleukin-15 and no clear determinants of lean tissue accumulation. Similar non-significant results for SFA and PUFA were observed in UK Biobank, but circulating fatty acids demonstrated ambiguous and sex-dependent associations.CONCLUSION: Overfeeding SFA or PUFA does not differentially affect lean tissue accumulation during 8 weeks in individuals with overweight. A lack of dietary fat type-specific effects on lean tissue is supported by specified substitution models in a large population-based cohort consuming their habitual diet.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02211612.
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