| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Area-based Policies : A Critical Appraisal
- 2005
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Ingår i: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. - : Wiley. - 0040-747X .- 1467-9663. ; 96:4, s. 377-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Roger, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Neighbourhood Ethnic Composition and Employment Effect on Immigrant Incomes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of ethnic and migration studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1369-183X .- 1469-9451. ; 40:5, s. 710--736
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, in many Western countries there are concerns that clustering of ethnic minorities in certain parts of cities will negatively affect integration processes. However, scholarly theory and evidence on this point is mixed. We use Swedish data and conduct a panel analysis quantifying the degree to which the ethnic composition of the neighbourhood affects the subsequent labour income of individuals for the 1991 to 2006 period. We employ a fixed effects model to reduce the potential bias arising from unmeasured individual characteristics leading to neighbourhood selection. We also control for a range of individual demographic and socioeconomic attributes. Based on gender-stratified analyses of eight immigrant categories (N = 110,000) in three Swedish metropolitan areas, we find that male immigrants (females less so) gain if they reside in neighbourhoods with higher shares of co-ethnics and (under most circumstances) other immigrants, though the impact depends on neighbourhood level of employment and trajectory of ethnic share. This, we argue, should not be seen as an argument for ethnic residential segregation, but it tells us that the high degree of exclusion from the labour market experienced by many immigrants in Sweden is not directly caused by the level of immigrant residential segregation.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Roger, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Port-of-Entry Neighbourhood and its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Migration Review. - : SAGE Open. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 53:3, s. 671-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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What Mix Matters?
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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What mix matters? : Exploring the relationships between individuals' incomes and different measures of their neighbourhood context
- 2007
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Ingår i: Housing Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-3037 .- 1466-1810. ; 22:5, s. 637-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is substantial interest among policy makers in both Western Europe and North America in reducing concentrations of disadvantaged households through initiatives to enhance the `social mix' of neighbourhoods. However, there is little consideration or understanding with regard to which mix of household characteristics matters most in influencing the socio-economic outcomes for individual residents. This paper explores the degree to which a wide variety of 1995 neighbourhood conditions in Sweden are statistically related to earnings for all adult metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women during the 1996-99 period, controlling for a wide variety of personal characteristics. The paper finds that the extremes of the neighbourhood income distribution, operationalized by the percentages of adult males with earnings in the lowest 30th and the highest 30th percentiles, hold greater explanatory power than domains of household mix related to education, ethnicity or housing tenure. Separating the effects of having substantial shares of low and high income neighbours, it is found that it is the presence of the former that means most for the incomes of metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women, with the largest effects for metropolitan men.
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| 11. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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What scale matters? : exploring the relationships between individuals' social position, neighbourhood context and the scale of neighbourhood
- 2010
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3684 .- 1468-0467. ; 92B:1, s. 23-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past few years, neighbourhood effects research has received significant attention from the academic world, not only in the US, where that attention has a longer tradition, but also in Western Europe. There is also substantial interest among policy makers. Most policy makers intend to reduce concentrations of poverty by enhancing the social mix of neighbourhoods. Avoiding high immigrant concentrations in particular neighbourhoods is another issue that fuels political debate and policy intervention in many Western European countries, Scandinavian countries included. However, there are clear gaps in the understanding of the relationship between neighbourhood composition and social outcomes. One of these gaps regards the scale of the neighbourhood; if there would be neighbourhood effects, what scale is it relevant to consider? Is mix good or bad for the social prospects of individuals at a level that is very local, for example a few neighbouring streets, or could mix be helpful at a somewhat higher scale? This article will focus on this issue, applying individual longitudinal data in multi-level models for the entire active population of the three largest metropolitan areas in Sweden. We will explore the degree to which the social and ethnic composition of geographical districts, at a variety of scales (measured at time t), are statistically related to individual employment and earnings for adult metropolitan residents at time t+1, controlling for relevant personal and household characteristics.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
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Are Males' Incomes Influenced by the Income Mix of Their Male Neighbors? : Explorations into Nonlinear and Threshold Effects in Stockholm
- 2015
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Ingår i: Housing Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-3037 .- 1466-1810. ; 30:2, s. 315-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the degree to which neighborhood income composition affects the subsequent income of individual male residents, and test the degree to which these effects are characterized by nonlinear, threshold-like relationships. We specify a fixed-effects model to reduce potential bias arising from unmeasured individual characteristics affecting neighborhood selection and income. We employ annual data on 124000 working-age males residing in Stockholm over the 1991-2006 period to estimate parameters for innovative variables measuring the sequence, duration, and intensity of neighborhood exposures. We find that two thresholds-one above 20 per cent and the other above 40 per cent-best describe the strong inverse relationship between consistent exposure to higher percentages of low-income male neighbors and subsequent earnings of individual male residents. We draw implications for potential causal mechanisms behind this relationship and formulating public policy towards places of concentrated disadvantage.
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| 14. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
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Does Neighborhood Income Mix Affect Earnings of Adults? : New Evidence from Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:3, s. 858-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contributes to the literature on obtaining unbiased estimates of neighborhood effects, explored in the context of a centralized social welfare state. We employ a longitudinal database comprised of all working age adults in metropolitan Sweden 1991-1999 to investigate the degree to which neighborhood income mix relates to subsequent labor incomes of adults and how this relationship varies by gender and employment status. We control for unobserved, time-invariant individual characteristics by estimating a first-difference equation of changes in average incomes between the 1991-1995 and 1996-1999 periods. We further control for unobserved time varying characteristics through an analysis of non-movers. These methods substantially reduce the magnitude of the apparent effect of neighborhood shares of low-, middle- and high-income males. Nevertheless, statistically and substantively significant neighborhood effects persist, though relationships are nonlinear and vary by gender and employment status. Males who are not fully employed appear most sensitive to neighborhood economic mix in all contexts.
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| 15. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood Social Mix And Adults' Income Trajectories : Longitudinal Evidence From Stockholm
- 2016
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3684 .- 1468-0467. ; 98:2, s. 145-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the relationship between neighborhood income composition and income trajectories of adults, employing annual panel data from Stockholm over the 1991–2008 period and multiple measures of neighborhood income mix. We advance the human geography literature in three ways by quantifying neighborhood effects that: (1) are unusually precise due to our large sample size; (2) are arguably causal and unbiased due to the econometric techniques employed; (3) are potentially heterogeneous, varying according to gender, income group, and ethnicity. Our innovative, fixed-effect change modeling indicates that neighborhood income mix affects subsequent one- and five-year income trajectories of residents in highly heterogeneous ways according to gender, income and ethnicity, and for some groups this effect is substantial. The evidence supports on Pareto improvement grounds a social mix policy that attempts to reduce the incidence of lower-income dominant neighborhood environments and replace them with more mixed or middle-income dominant ones.
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| 16. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
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Who Is Affected by Neighbourhood Income Mix? : Gender, Age, Family, Employment and Income Differences
- 2010
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 47:14, s. 2915-2944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses the degree to which the mixture of low-, middle- and high-income males in the neighbourhood affects the subsequent earnings of individuals, and aims to test explicitly the degree to which these impacts vary across gender, age, presence of children, employment status or income at the start of the analysis period. An intertemporal differences specification of an econometric model is employed to eliminate the potential selection bias arising from unmeasured individual characteristics, utilising data on 1.67 million adults living in Swedish metropolitan areas 1991-99. It is found that there are important differences in the nature and magnitude of neighbourhood income mix effects in several dimensions, but many are statistically and economically significant. Neighbourhood mix effects are consistently stronger for parents and those who do not work full-time, independently of other individual dimensions, although a combination of personal attributes typically governs the vulnerability of the individual to the neighbourhood.
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| 17. |
- Kadarik, Kati, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods : Impact on immigrants' employment opportunities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : Sage Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 53:5, s. 1201-1218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does living in an area characterized by high concentrations of residents of the same country-of-origin deprive ethnic minority groups, or does potential access to an extended country-of-origin-specific network stimulate their integration? This paper takes a new approach to analysing the potential of country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods to increase employment opportunities. We add to the 'ethnic enclave' debate by measuring country-of-origin-specific economic capital as the rate of employed co-countrymen, while controlling for the presence of co-countrymen and general employment rates in the neighbourhood. Whereas many studies employ aggregated data to estimate the impact of neighbourhood, here we use individualized, scalable neighbourhoods. This allows for a flexible approach in studying the impact of country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods. We employ individual longitudinal Swedish registry data for 2000-2010 on working-age individuals of Iraqi, Iranian, Turkish, and Somalian backgrounds in Stockholm, Goteborg, and Malmo. We find that an increased share of employed co-countrymen positively influences individual employment prospects. We add to existing knowledge by showing that the impact of minority clustering on employment outcomes is conditional on the quality of local networks - i.e., country-of-origin-specific economic capital - and on the scale of measurement.
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| 18. |
- Kadarik, Kati, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic economic capital in neighbourhoods: impact on immigrants’ employment opportunities
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Does living in areas characterized by high co-ethnic concentrations deprive ethnic minority groups, or does potential access to an extended ethnic network with valuable resources further their integration? This paper takes a new approach to analysing the potential of ethnic economic capital in neighbourhoods to increase employment opportunities. While many studies employ aggregated administrative neighbourhood data, an important methodological advance here is that we use individualized, scalable neighbourhoods. This enables us to apply a flexible approach in studying the existence and impact of ethnic economic capital in neighbourhoods. In addition, we not only focus on the concentration of co-ethnics, or on local economic factors, but also measure ethnic economic capital in neighbourhoods as the rate of employed co-ethnics. We employ individual longitudinal Swedish registry data for 2000–2010 on working-age males of Iraqi, Iranian, Turkish, and Somalian backgrounds in Stockholm, Göteborg, and Malmö. We find that an increased share of employed co-ethnics positively affects males’ employment prospects. We add to existing knowledge by showing that the effect of ethnic clustering on employment outcomes is conditional on the quality of ethnic networks – i.e., ethnic economic capital – and on the scale of measurement.
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| 19. |
- Marcinczak, Szymon, et al.
(författare)
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Where the grass is greener : social segregation in three major Polish cities at the beginning of the 21st century
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Urban and Regional Studies. - London : Sage Publications. - 0969-7764 .- 1461-7145. ; 19:4, s. 383-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe a range of segregation studies can be found in the North, West and South, but hardly any in Central Eastern Europe - a region where the major economic and political changes induced by the demise of socialism in 1989 contributed to new social divisions and related spatial patterns. However, these changes have not been uniform and have resulted in context-specific outcomes. Relying on data on the socio-occupational structure of the population from the National Census 2002 at the census tract scale, this article explores the levels and patterns of social segregation in three major Polish cities: Lodz, Cracow and Warsaw, urban areas that reflect divergent paths of more and less successful post-socialist transformations. This contribution concludes that, more than a decade after the demise of socialism, census tracts still generally contained populations that were heterogeneous with regard to socio-occupational status and that socioeconomic transformations in Poland and the social toll these processes involved have not yet been fully translated into intra-urban spaces.
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| 20. |
- Musterd, Sako, et al.
(författare)
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Are immigrants' earnings influenced by the characteristics of their neighbours?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40:4, s. 785-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in immigrant economic trajectories have been attributed to a wide variety of factors. One of these is the local spatial context where immigrants reside. This spatial context assumes special salience in light of expanding public exposure to and scholarly interest in the potential impacts of spatial concentrations of immigrants. A crucial question is whether immigrants' opportunities are influenced by their neighbours. In this paper we contribute statistical evidence relevant to answering this vital question. We develop multiple measures of the spatial context in which immigrants reside and assess their contribution to the average earnings of immigrant individuals in the three large Swedish metropolitan areas, controlling for individual and regional labour-market characteristics. We use unusually rich longitudinal information about Swedish immigrants during the 1995-2002 period. We find evidence that immigrant men and women paid a substantial penalty during 1999-2002 if in 1999 they resided in areas where a substantial number of their neighbours were members of the same ethnic group. The evidence suggests that own-group concentrations can initially pay dividends for immigrants, but these benefits quickly turn into net disadvantages over time.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Musterd, Sako, et al.
(författare)
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Neighbourhood Effects on Social Mobility
- 2019
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Ingår i: Handbook of Urban Geography. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781785364594 - 9781785364600 ; , s. 281-296
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Musterd, Sako, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal dimensions and the measurement of neighbourhood effects
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 44:3, s. 605-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract. We conduct a panel analysis quantifying the degree to which the mixture of low-income, middle-income, and high-income males in the neighbourhood affects the subsequent labour income of individuals, and test the degree to which these effects vary by timing (lagging up to three years), duration (one to four years), and cumulative amount of exposure and to what extent these effects are persistent. We employ a fixed-effects model to reduce the potential bias arising from unmeasured individual characteristics leading to neighbourhood selection. The empirical study applies individual-level data for the working-age population of the three largest cities in Sweden covering the period 1991 – 2006. The analyses suggest that there are important temporal dimensions in the statistical effect of neighbourhood income mix: recent, continued, or cumulative exposure yields stronger associations than lagged, temporary ones, and there is a distinct time decay (though some persistence) in the potential effects after exposure ceases, though with some gender differences. Keywords:neighbourhood effects, social mixing, duration effects, lag effects, cumulative effects, fixed-effects modelsThis article has supplementary online material:Appendix
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