| 1. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating deviance distraction and the impact of the modality of the to-be-ignored stimuli
- 2018
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Ingår i: Experimental psychology (Göttingen). - Göttingen : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1618-3169 .- 2190-5142. ; 65:2, s. 61-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that deviance distraction is caused by unexpected sensory events in the to-be-ignored stimuli violating the cognitive system's predictions of incoming stimuli. The majority of research has used methods where the to-be-ignored expected (standards) and the unexpected (deviants) stimuli are presented within the same modality. Less is known about the behavioral impact of deviance distraction when the to-be-ignored stimuli are presented in different modalities (e.g., standard and deviants presented in different modalities). In three experiments using cross-modal oddball tasks with mixed-modality to-be-ignored stimuli, we examined the distractive role of unexpected auditory deviants presented in a continuous stream of expected standard vibrations. The results showed that deviance distraction seems to be dependent upon the to-be-ignored stimuli being presented within the same modality, and that the simplest omission of something expected; in this case, a standard vibration may be enough to capture attention and distract performance.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Arvidsson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Easily Applicable Methods for Measuring the Mental Load on Tractor Operators
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. - : American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers. - 1074-7583 .- 1943-7846. ; 26:1, s. 5-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture technology is moving toward automation, placing operators in a supervisory role. This change in operator workload may lead to increased stress and higher mental load, resulting in reduced attention and hence greater risk of illness or injury to humans and damage to equipment. This study investigated the use of easily applicable equipment to measure mental load. Three methods were used to measure the mental load on machine operators: heart rate monitoring, two types of electroencephalograph (EEG) evaluation, and an assessment protocol. Three driving exercises (general driving, slalom driving, and loading) and a counting exercise were used in a driving simulator to create different levels of mental load. Due to the number of exercises, a single-scale assessment protocol was used to save time. We found that only the assessment protocol gave clear results and would work well as an evaluation tool. The heart rate and EEG measurements did not provide clear data for mental load assessment.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive after-effects of vibration and noise exposure and the role of subjective noise sensitivity
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational Health. - : Wiley. - 1341-9145 .- 1348-9585. ; 49:2, s. 111-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effects on attention performance after exposure to noise and whole-body vibration in relation to subjective noise sensitivity. Sixteen high and 16 low sensitivity male students, as determined by the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Questionnaire, participated in a within-subjects experiment. Noise and vibration stimuli similar to those usually occurring in forestry vehicles were presented either individually, combined or not at all in four separate sessions lasting approximately 44 min. After exposure, participants completed an attention task and made subjective ratings of alertness. No main effect of noise sensitivity was observed in MANOVA, thus the data was pooled with the data from a pilot study using the exact same procedure without using a noise sensitivity inclusion criterion. The combined data revealed performance degradation in the attention task after exposure to vibration, regardless as to whether it was presented alone or in combination with noise. Increased ratings of alertness after vibration exposure and decreased ratings of alertness after noise exposure were also found. Neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects were observed from the combined noise and vibration exposure.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on spatial skills after exposure to low frequency noise
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. - : SAGE Publications. - 0263-0923 .- 1461-3484 .- 2048-4046. ; 23:1, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of spatial skills was conducted with 27 male and 27 female participants. The aim of the study was to examine the post-exposure effect of a complex low frequency noise (21 Hz) on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesised that reaction time and number of errors would increase after 20 minutes exposure to noise exposure compared to performance after a control condition, and that groups exposed to higher intensity noise would exhibit greater impairment. Three groups of participants were exposed to a control condition and a noise condition (either, 77, 81 or 86 dB (A)). After each exposure, subjects completed a mental rotation task where the stimulus consisted of one of three letters presented in five different rotations, showed either normally or mirrored. The participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible, affirmatively if the letter presented was not mirrored and negatively if it was mirrored. Statistical analysis revealed that the medium intensity level generated significant post-exposure effects while no effects were seen at the low or high intensity levels
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on spatial skills after exposure to low frequency noise
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th annual meeting - Bridging fundamentals & new opportunities : Baltimore, Maryland, September 30 - October 4, 2002. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of spatial skills was conducted with 27 male and 27 female participants. The aim of the study was to examine the post-exposure effect of a complex low frequency noise (21 Hz) on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesised that reaction time and number of errors would increase after 20 minutes exposure to noise, and that persons exposed to more intense noise would exhibit greater impairment. Three groups of participants were exposed to a quiet control condition and a noise condition (either 77, 81 or 86 dB(A)). After each exposure, subjects completed a mental rotation task where the stimulus consisted of one of three letters presented in five different rotations, shown either normally or mirrored. The participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible, affirmatively if the letter presented was not mirrored and negatively if mirrored. Statistical analysis revealed that the medium intensity level generated post-exposure effects when comparing noise and a quiet condition.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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‘What’s in a name?’ ‘No more than when it's mine own’. Evidence from auditory oddball distraction
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 150, s. 161-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research of the distractor value of hearing the own name has shown that this self-referring stimulus captures attention in an involuntary fashion and create distraction. The behavioral studies are few and the outcomes are not always clear cut. In this study the distraction by own name compared to a control name was investigated by using a cross-modal oddball task in two experiments. In the first experiment, thirty-nine participants were conducting a computerized categorization task while exposed to, to-be ignored own and matched control names (controlling for familiarity, gender and number of syllables) as unexpected auditory deviant stimulus (12.5% trials for each name category) and a sine wave tone as a standard stimulus (75% of the trials). In the second experiment, another group of thirty-nine participants completed the same task but with the additional deviant stimulus of an irrelevant word added (10% trials for each deviant type and 70% trials with the standard stimulus). Results showed deviant distraction by exposure to both the irrelevant word, own and the control name compared to the standard tone but no differences were found showing that the own name captured attention and distracted the participants more than an irrelevant word or a control name. The results elucidate the role of the own name as a potent auditory distractor and possible limitations with its theoretical significance for general theories of attention are discussed.
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| 19. |
- Lindros, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Accidents in family forestry´s firewood production
- 2008
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 40, s. 877-886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Firewood is commonly used around the world, but little is known about the work involved in its production and associated accidents. The objectives were to identify relationships between accidents and time exposure, workers’ age and sex, equipment used and work activities in family forestry’s firewood production. Data from a postal survey in Northern Sweden were compared to a database of injuries in the same region. Most accidents occurred to 50–69 year old men, who also worked most hours. No significant differences in sex and age were found between expected and recorded accident frequencies when calculated from total work hours; however, when calculated using numbers of active persons significant differences were found for both age and sex. Frequency of accidents per unit worked time was higher for machine involving activities than for other activities. Accidents that occurred when using wedge splitter machines were responsible for most of this overrepresentation. Fingers were the most commonly injured body parts. Mean accident rate for the equipment used was 87 accidents per million work hours, and the rate was highest for wedge splitters (122 accidents per million work hours). Exposure to elevated risks due to violation of safety procedures is discussed, as well as possible preventative measures.
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| 20. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Stress, subjective experience and cognitive performance during exposure to noise an vibration
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 27:1, s. 44-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects of noise and whole-body vibration on saliva cortisol levels and subjectively rated difficulty and stress while performing cognitive tasks. In the first experiment, 24 men completed a logical reasoning task and a short-term memory task while, on separate occasions, being exposed to noise, vibration, combined stimuli, and control conditions. The environmental stimuli were designed to simulate the exposure from a forestry vehicle. The main finding was that participants made significantly higher ratings of stress when the noise stimulus was present, either alone or in combination with vibration. There were, however, some indications that noise sensitivity might moderate both subjective and objective measures such as higher ratings of stress and elevated cortisol levels in high noise sensitive participants. A second experiment was conducted where noise sensitivity was used as an inclusion criterion. A low sensitive and a high sensitive group were created, each containing 16 participants. The results of the second experiment, found only marginal effects of noise sensitivity and no effects at all on performance or cortisol. Increased ratings of stress and difficulty were found whenever either environmental stressor was present, whether by itself or in combination. The same result was seen even when pooling the data from both experiments. The main conclusion of the study is that relatively short exposures to noise and vibration typical of those levels that are found in industrial vehicles do not significantly affect performance in cognitive tasks nor saliva cortisol levels even if work in these environments can be experienced as more difficult or stressful.
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| 21. |
- Ljungberg K., Jessica, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Any Tom, Dick, or Harry will do : Hearing one's own name distracts no more than any other in a cross-modal oddball task
- 2014
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Ingår i: Abstracts of the psychonomic Society. ; , s. 115-115
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research of the distractor value of hearing the own name has shown that this self-referring stimulus captures attention in an involuntary fashion and creates distraction. The behavioral studies are few and the outcomes are not always clear cut. In this study, the distraction by 'own names' compared to control names (controlling for familiarity, gender and number of syllables) or matched neutral words was investigated in 2 experiments using a cross-modal oddball task. Participants completed a visual categorization task while exposed to either a sine wave tone as a standard stimulus (75% of thetrials) or unexpected auditory deviants (12.5% trials for eachname category in Experiment 1, and 10 % for each name category and for words in Experiment 2). Results showed deviant distraction by exposure to both the irrelevant word, own and the control name compare to the standard tone but no differences were found showing that the own name captured attention and distracted the participants more than an irrelevant word or a control name. The results elucidate the role of the own name as a potent auditory distractor and possible limitations with its theoretical significance for general theories of attention are discussed.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-
(författare)
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Attention capture by sudden and unexpected changes : a multisensory perspective
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main focus for this thesis was cross-modal attention capture by sudden and unexpected sounds and vibrations, known as deviants, presented in a stream the same to-be-ignored stimulus. More specifically, the thesis takes a multisensory perspective and examines the possible similarities and differences in how deviant vibrations and sounds affect visual task performance (Study I), and whether the deviant and standard stimuli have to be presented within the same modality to capture attention away from visual tasks (Study II). Furthermore, by presenting spatial deviants (changing the source of the stimuli from one side of the body to the other) in audiotactile (bimodal), tactile, and auditory to-be-ignored, it explores whether bimodal stimuli are more salient compared to unimodal (Study III). In addition, Study III tested the claims that short-term memory is domain-specific.In line with previous research, Study I found that both auditory and tactile deviants captured attention away from the visual task. However, the temporal dynamics between the two modalities seem to differ. That is, it seems like practice causes the effect of vibratory deviants to reduce, whereas this is not the case for auditory deviants. This suggests that there are central mechanisms (detection of the change) and sensory-specific mechanisms.Study II found that the deviant and standard stimuli must be presented within the same modality. If attention capture by deviants is produced by a mismatch within a neural model predicting upcoming stimuli, the neural model is likely built on stimuli within each modality separately.The results of Study III revealed that spatial and verbal short-term memory are negatively affected by a spatial change in to-be-ignored sequences, but only when the change is within a bimodal sequence. These results can be taken as evidence for a unitary account of short-term memory (verbal and spatial information stored in the same storage) and that bimodal stimuli may be integrated into a unitary percept that make any change in the stream more salient.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Deviance Distraction Is Contingent on Stimuli Being Presented Within the Same Modality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Abstracts of the Psychomic Society. - : The Psychonomic Society. ; , s. 101-101
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sudden and unexpected changes in the auditory and visual channel are known to capture attention. This attention capture has been shown to negatively impact performance in an ongoing task (i.e., deviance distraction). In three experiments we examined if deviant stimuli presented in a different modality than astandard stimuli caused distraction in a visual categorization task, using a multi-sensory oddball task. In two experiments a deviant sound was presented (20 % of trials) against 80 % vibrotactile standard trials. In one the standard was omitted on deviating sound trials, while in the other the standard and deviants were presented simultaneously. In the third experiment the standard vibration was omitted in 20 % of the trials without any presentation of a deviant sound. Results showed distraction by deviating sounds (p < .05), but not when standard vibrations were presented simultaneously (p >.05). Interestingly, the omission of a standard vibration showed distraction (p < .05). In conclusion, deviance distraction might be bound to within rather than between modalities.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Role of Spatial Changes in Bimodal and Uni-Modal To-Be-Ignored Stimuli and How They Affect Short-Term Memory Processes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the potential vulnerability of short-term memory processes to distraction by spatial changes within to-be-ignored bimodal, vibratory, and auditory stimuli. Participants were asked to recall sequences of serially presented dots or digits while being exposed to to-be-ignored stimuli. On unexpected occasions, the bimodal (Experiment 1), vibratory (Experiment 2), or auditory (Experiment 3) stimuli changed their spatial origin from one side of the body (e.g., ear and arm, arm only, ear only) to the other. It was expected that the bimodal stimuli would make the spatial change more salient compared to that of the uni-modal stimuli and that this, in turn, would yield an increase in distraction of serial short-term memory in both the verbal and spatial domains. Performance across three experiments support this assumption as a disruptive effect of the spatial deviant was only observed when presented within the bimodal to-be-ignored sequence (Experiment 1): Uni-modal to-be-ignored sequences, whether vibratory (Experiment 2) or auditory (Experiment 3), had no impact on either verbal or spatial short-term memory. Implications for models of attention capture, short-term memory, and the potential special role attention capturing role of bimodal stimuli is discussed.
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| 29. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Change In Multisensory Distractors Impact On Spatial and Verbal Short-Term Memory Performance
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Unexpected changes (known as deviant sounds) in a repetitive stream ofstandardsounds are known to prolong responses in visual categorization tasks (Parmentier, 2014) and disrupt short-term memory (Hughes, Vachon, & Jones, 2005; 2007). While this deviation effect,has been studied extensively, unexpected changes in multisensory irrelevant stimuli have yet to be explored. A further issue is whether a spatial change in either tactile, auditory, or in both modalities simultaneously, affects verbal and spatial short-term memorysimilarly. We explored how spatial and verbal memory performance were affected by a spatial change unexpectedly presented in a multisensory stream consisting of task-irrelevant vibrations and sounds.The sounds were presented from headphones and the vibrations from coin-like vibrating motors strapped to the upper arms of the participants. In the majority of trials (approximately 80%) the multisensory stream was presented on one side of the body whereas on deviant trials the irrelevant stimuli changed to the other side of the body. Preliminarily results suggest that a spatial change in a multisensory stream of irrelevant stimuli affects short-term memory performance both the spatial and verbal domains similarly. We conclude by discussing the results in the framework of multisensory views of short-term memory and attention (e.g., Cowan's, 1988; 1995) and the predictive coding framework (e.g., Talsma, 2015)
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| 30. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of Unexpected and Sudden Vibrations and Sounds Does Not Disrupt Performance Similarly Over Time
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research on the effects of sudden and unexpected vibrations (i.e., deviants) have on visual tasks is scarce. Previous research has shown that vibrating deviants disrupt performance (i.e., deviance distraction) in visual digit categorization tasks in a similar manner as auditory deviants; however, this research has not used methods feasible for examining the temporal aspects of the effects. In our experiment, auditory and tactile stimuli were presented in different parts to examine the temporal aspects of deviance distraction of sounds and vibrations. Deviance distraction was found in both modalities. The effects of auditory deviants remained throughout the auditory part of the experiment whereas the effects of tactile deviants did not. Our results indicate that although deviance distraction may share similar mechanisms, the temporal aspects of deviance distraction might be dissimilar in the two modalities.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Neely, G Gregory, et al.
(författare)
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A Genome-wide Drosophila Screen for Heat Nociception Identifies alpha 2 delta 3 as an Evolutionarily Conserved Pain Gene
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cell. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 143:4, s. 628-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Worldwide, acute, and chronic pain affects 20% of the adult population and represents an enormous financial and emotional burden. Using genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knockdown in Drosophila, we report a global screen for an innate behavior and identify hundreds of genes implicated in heat nociception, including the alpha 2 delta family calcium channel subunit straightjacket (stj). Mice mutant for the stj ortholog CACNA2D3 (alpha 2 delta 3) also exhibit impaired behavioral heat pain sensitivity. In addition, in humans, alpha 2 delta 3 SNP variants associate with reduced sensitivity to acute noxious heat and chronic back pain. Functional imaging in alpha 2 delta 3 mutant mice revealed impaired transmission of thermal pain-evoked signals from the thalamus to higher-order pain centers. Intriguingly, in alpha 2 delta 3 mutant mice, thermal pain and tactile stimulation triggered strong cross-activation, or synesthesia, of brain regions involved in vision, olfaction, and hearing.
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| 33. |
- Neely, Gregory, et al.
(författare)
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Missing a Meal : Effects on Alertness during Sedentary Work
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nutrition and Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 0260-1060 .- 2047-945X. ; 18:1, s. 37-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute effects of missing a meal on alertness. The participants were ten university students between 20–29 years old, five females and five males. Participants were chosen on the basis of their good sleep and eating practices. Measurements were collected during an eight hour period starting at 8.00 AM on four separate days. During the test period, participants carried out their normal study activities while on separate days receiving either just breakfast, just lunch, both lunch and breakfast, or no meal at all. During the test period, EEG was monitored continuously while subjective ratings of performance and tiredness were collected every half-hour. The results showed that while there were neither physiological nor subjective indications of tiredness which could be attributed to meal consumption, subjective feelings of lack of energy and motivation was significantly more pronounced at the end of the workday when missing a meal or two.
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| 34. |
- Neely, Gregory, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying environmental intolerance with a smartphone app
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fechner Day 2018. - Lüneburg, Germany : International Society for Psychophysics. ; , s. 271-276
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmental intolerance (EI) is a condition characterized by low tolerance to environmental stimuli at levels that would not affect most people. EI is an ill-defined condition from which sufferers experience highly individual multisystem symptoms following exposure from specific environmental sources. Most research on EI is conducted using cross sectional approaches, however, longitudinal approaches that capture daily exposure are needed to fully understand how EI develops and change over time. This paper describes an app that was developed that can be used with most smartphones and, in conjunction with a website, can be used to collect symptoms and ratings of discomfort in the field as well as qualitative reports of the incident that triggered the discomfort.
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| 35. |
- Neely, Gregory, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported incidents, accidents, and use of protective gear among small-scale forestry workers in Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 44:8, s. 723-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-reported data were collected from 156 self-employed small-scale forestry workers regarding their work, including use of safety gear and number and type of incidents and accidents. About 40% of the respondents reported that during the previous 24 months they had some kind of work-related accident where an injury occurred, and/or experienced in incident, a close call that could have resulted in an injury. Of those injured or involved in an accident, 50% reported that at the time of the accident or incident they were not fully using their safety gear. Sixty-seven percent of the accident victims reported seeking medical attention for their injuries. No significant relationships were found between production level, age, use of safety gear or sensation seeking tendencies and the reports of accidents and incidents. Accidents and incidents were most likely to occur during felling, thinning and transportation activities and were usually caused by unforeseen interactions with falling trees/branches or equipment. Compared to earlier surveys of Swedish small-scale forestry workers, consistent use of all required safety gear was down by 10% to 50%. Protective pants and gloves were the items least likely to be used while ear, eye and foot protection were most likely to be used. The results indicate that better planning during felling processes may be the key to reducing the number of accidents for this population.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Neely, Gregory, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Some observations about ecological momentary assessment of real-world exposure to unpleasant sound and smell
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fechner Day 2022. - Lund : International Society for Psychophysics. ; , s. 74-74
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Retrospective questionnaire methodology designed to survey individuals' exposures and experiences to real-world stimuli is susceptible various types of recall biases. EcologicalMomentary Assessment (EMA) investigates individuals´ behaviour and experiences in real time by asking them to document their experience as soon as possible after exposure. This presentation reports some preliminary results from a study where a total of 114 participants in northern Sweden, comprised of 53 sound or smell hypersensitive persons (age: M=56, SD=12.7) and 61 non-hypersensitive individuals (age: M=61.1, SD=10.8), were surveyed through a questionnaire twice with a three-month period in between about exposure and experiences with unpleasant sounds and smells. During the three-month period, participates used a smartphone app to document incidents and experiences of unpleasant sounds between questionnaires. This presentation will discuss the similarities and differences observed between the results of the questionnaires and EMA as well as address methodological advantages and challenges presented by collecting EMA using a smartphone app system.
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| 38. |
- Neely, Gregory, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of spoken action words on performance in a cross-modal oddball task
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study a cross-modal oddball task was employed to study the effect that words spokeneither non-urgently or urgently would have on a digit categorization task and if women wouldexhibit greater behavioral inhibitory control. The words were unrelated to the task itself, butrelated to the action required to complete the task. Forty participants (21 women) conducteda computerized categorization task while exposed to a sinewave tone as a standard stimulus(75% of the trials) or a to-be ignored word (press, stop) spoken either non-urgently orurgently as unexpected auditory deviant stimulus (6.25% trials for each category). Urgentwords had sharp intonation and an average fundamental frequency (F0) ranging from 191.9(stop) to 204.6 (press) Hz. Non-urgent words had low intonation with average F0 rangingfrom 103.9.9 (stop) to 120.3 (press) Hz. As expected, deviant distraction and longerresponse times were found by exposure to the word stop, but deviant distraction was notfound to be significant with the word press or due to intonation. While the results showedthat women had in general longer reaction times, there were no gender differences foundrelated to the deviant distraction caused by word or intonation. The present results do notsupport the hypothesis that women have greater behavioral inhibitory control, but there wasevidence that the meaning of the word could influence response times.
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| 39. |
- Neely, Gregory W.
(författare)
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Category-ratio scaling of sensory magnitude in comparison with other methods
- 1995
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neely, G. (1995). Category-Ratio Scaling of Sensory Magnitude in Comparison with Other Methods. Stockholm: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University .-The Category-Ratio (CR) scales are designed to convey information about the absolute intensity levels experienced with sensory stimuli, as is often done with category scales, as well as about the growth of perceived intensity with increased sensory magnitude, as is done with ratio scaling procedures. The objective of this dissertation is to assess the CR procedure by comparing it with other methods of scaling sensory magnitude. In four studies describing seven experiments, CR scaling is compared with free magnitude estimation (ME), line production, a seven-graded category scale, the Category-Partitioning (CP) scale, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The studies covered measurements of perceived exertion, pain, loudness, and the darkness and chromaticness of color chips and included evaluations of response bias, test-retest reliability, and prediction fulfillment. The main result was that the CR scaling procedure yielded data that were similar to ME data with respect to exponents from the psychophysical functions, direct comparisons of scale responses, and measures of reliability while also performing equally well in obtaining absolute level determinations as the CP scale. However, comparisons to both category and ratio scaling techniques indicated that the extreme lower portions of the CR scales, where subjects required to provide decimal responses, were avoided. The CR scaling method proved to be resistant to response biases and yielded results that were in agreement with what could be predicted. It is concluded that the CR scaling method achieved its goal of providing both category and ratio information of perceived magnitude and that the method fulfills most experimental and applied needs.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Nordin, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Odor and noise intolerance in persons with self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Evironmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1660-4601. ; 11:9, s. 8794-8805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lack of confirmation of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and triggered by EMF exposure has highlighted the role of individual factors. Prior observations indicate intolerance to other types of environmental exposures among persons with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). This study assessed differences in odor and noise intolerance between persons with EHS and healthy controls by use of subscales and global measures of the Chemical Sensitivity Scale (CSS) and the Noise Sensitivity Scale (NSS). The EHS group scored significantly higher than the controls on all CSS and NSS scales. Correlation coefficients between CSS and NSS scores ranged from 0.60 to 0.65 across measures. The findings suggest an association between EHS and odor and noise intolerance, encouraging further investigation of individual factors for understanding EMF-related symptoms.
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| 42. |
- Nordin, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Stress and odor sensitivity in persons with noise sensitivity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Noise & Health. - : Medknow Publications. - 1463-1741 .- 1998-4030. ; 15:64, s. 173-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has indicated that sensory sensitivity/intolerance to a specific modality may be part of a more general environmental hypersensitivity, and possibly mediated by stress. This study investigated the relationship between noise sensitivity, perceived stress, and odor sensitivity in a group of men. A quasi-experimental design was used. One-hundred and thirty-four male undergraduate students completed Weinsteins noise sensitivity scale from which a low-sensitivity group (n = 16) and a high-sensitivity (n = 16) group were formed. These two groups were screened for loss in auditory and olfactory detection sensitivity, and completed the perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ) and the chemical sensitivity scale (CSS). One-way analysis of variance and Spearman correlational analyses were performed. Significantly higher scores on the PSQ (P < 0.05) and the CSS (P < 0.05) were found in the high noise-sensitivity group compared to the low noise-sensitivity group. These findings raise the question of whether the relation between noise and odor sensitivity reflects a general environmental sensitivity.
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| 43. |
- Nyström, Markus B. T., et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral activation versus physical activity via the internet : A randomized controlled trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 215, s. 85-93, s. 396-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A major problem today is that only about fifty percent of those affected by depressionseeks help. One way to reach more sufferers would be by offering easily accessible internet based treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare/evaluate four therapist supported internet administered treatments.Method/results: Two hundred eighty six participants were included. The treatment period lasted twelve weeks, consisting of the following treatments: 1) physical activity without treatment rational, 2) physical activity with treatment rational, 3) behavioral activation without treatment rational and 4) behavioral activation with treatment rational. All groups (including a control-group) showed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms. When the treatment groups were pooled and compared to the control group, there were significant differences from pretest to posttest (Hedges gav treatment =1.01, control group =0.47). This held true also when each of the four treatment groups was compared to the control group, with one exception: Physical activity without treatment rationale.Limitations: The differences between how many modules the participants completed could indicate that there are other factors than the treatments that caused the symptom reduction, however, the dose-response analysis did not detect any significant differences on account of modules completed.Conclusions: The results support the positive effects of internet administered treatments for depression, and highlights the importance of psychoeducation, which tends to affect both the treatment outcome and the probability of remaining in treatment. These aspects need to be considered when developing and conducting new treatments for depression, since they would increase the likelihood of positive treatment outcomes.
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| 44. |
- Nyström, Markus B. T., 1973-
(författare)
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Treating depression with activation
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to evaluate and compare four therapist-supported Internet-administered treatments for depression. Three studies were conducted. The first was a systematic review to determine the most effective mode and dose of physical activity (PA) for treating major depressive disorders (MDDs), and to suggest guidelines and recommendations for clinicians. These recommendations included that the PA needs to be individually customized, performed for at least 30 minutes, preferably under supervision, and with a frequency of at least three times per week to be effective for treating MDDs. Recommendations, however, must be viewed in light of the relatively few studies that match the inclusion criteria. The second study aimed to empirically evaluate and compare the effect of four therapist-supported Internet-administered treatments for mild to moderate depression. Two of the treatments were based on PA and two on behavioural activation (BA). One PA group was provided with a rationale; whereas, the other was not. The treatment in one BA group was based on Lewinsohn’s model and the other on Martell’s model. Results showed that all groups (including the control group) significantly reduced their depressive symptoms. Group comparisons revealed that three of the four treatment groups (all except the PA group that did not receive a rationale) had a significantly greater symptom reduction than the control group. This suggests that some sort of rationale is important for symptom reduction. The third study aimed to examine if a relapse prevention program would affect symptom change during a 24-month follow-up. We also examined if symptom change during the acute phase (AP) treatment period predicted symptom change during the follow-up period. A third and final aim was to examine if the number of symptoms post-AP treatment predicted symptom change during the follow-up period. The initial analysis indicated that the introduction of a relapse prevention program did not affect symptom change during follow-up. The symptom change during AP treatment did predict symptom change during follow-up for three of the four treatment groups (all except one of the BA groups). The number of symptoms post-AP treatment, however, did not predict symptom change during follow-up for any of the treatment groups. The main conclusion from this thesis is that PA seems to be effective for treating and preventing depressive symptoms. PA with a rationale is more effective than without one, and an understanding of the person’s situation is important for a treatment outcome. If a symptom change can be achieved during the acute phase, the likelihood for symptom change during the follow-up increases.
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| 45. |
- Nyström, Markus B. T., 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Treating Major Depression with Physical Activity : A Systematic Overview with Recommendations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 44:4, s. 341-352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this systematic overview was to determine the most effective mode and dose of physical activity (PA) for treating major depressive disorder (MDD), and to suggest guidelines and recommendations for clinicians. The selection process consisted of a comprehensive search that was conducted up until April 2014 in the following databases: PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed and Scopus. The inclusion criteria were: (1) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, (2) complete description of intensity, duration and frequency of the PA, (3) the participants had to be diagnosed with MDD according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual 4 th edition (DSM-IV) or International Classification of Disease tenth Revision (ICD-10) criteria (4) if the controls received any treatment, it had to be specified, (5) published after 1990, (6) consist of aerobic or anaerobic treatment PA, and (7) not be a pilotor preliminary study. A quality assessment of each study was conducted independently by two reviewers; this stringent selection process resulted in 12 reviewed studies. Conclusion: individually customized PA, for at least 30 minutes, preferably performed under supervision and with a frequency of at least three times per week is recommended when treating MDD. These recommendations must be viewed in light of the relatively few studies matching the inclusion criteria.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Palmquist, Eva, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Coping and social support in environmental intolerance
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: Environmental intolerance (EI) is a broad term encompassing several conditions characterized by unspecific symptom patterns attributed to certain environmental exposure, such as odorous/pungent chemicals, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and sounds. Limited documentation of the role of coping strategies and social support in these EIs motivated the present study of (i) combinations of coping strategies and social support in high and low intolerance severity at baseline, and (ii) combinations of coping strategies and social support at baseline that are associated with recovery from EI at follow-up, three years later.Methods: The study used cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden, which is a large questionnaire-based survey. Individuals with EI attributed to chemicals, EMFs or sounds were identified through self-report (n=301 at baseline, n=213 at follow-up). The extent of use of four problem- and four emotion-focused strategies were assessed as well as perceived emotional, instrumental and informative support from seven sources.Results: The low and high intolerance severity groups differed as a function of relatively high problem-focused coping and instrumental support compared to lower reported levels of informational support, emotion-focused coping and emotional support. The groups not recovering and recovering from EI differed as a function of relatively high instrumental support and problem-focused coping compared to lower reported levels of informational support, emotional support and emotion-focused coping.Conclusions: The combination of coping strategies and perceived social support seem to be important in recovering from EI, for which emotion-focused coping, emotional and informational support seem to enhance recovery.
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| 48. |
- Palmquist, Eva, 1977-
(författare)
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Environmental intolerance : psychological risk and health factors
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmental intolerance (EI) is an embracing term for a number of conditions characterized by a wide range of non-specific symptoms attributed to certain environmental exposures (e.g. pungent/odorous chemicals, residing in a certain building, electromagnetic fields and everyday sounds). EI often leads to lifestyle alterations (e.g. not taking part of activities formerly engaged in) and functional impairment (e.g. not being able to work, social deprivation). The etiology of the conditions is largely unknown, though there is growing empirical evidence for associations between mental ill-health and EI. However, mainly cross-sectional studies have been conducted which cannot demonstrate temporality. Further on, the prognosis for EI is not well-known.This thesis includes four studies based on cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal (Study 2-4) data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study (VEHS). The VEHS contains data from three data collections performed on the same set of respondents in 2010 (T1; n=3406), 2013 (T2; n=2336) and 2016 (T3; n=1837). In Study 1 the co-prevalence between EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings, EMFs and sounds was investigated. The co-prevalence between all types of self-reported EI was greater than predictions based on coincidence, indicating that the different types of EI are associated, possibly sharing the same pathogenesis or that the afflicted individuals share some common predisposition to acquire the conditions. In Study 2 coping strategies and social support in EI were investigated and particularly whether certain combinations of different types of coping and social support may be important in recovering from EI. The participants who recovered from EI showed different combinations of coping strategies and social support than those who did not recover. In Study 3 the temporality between EI (attributed to chemicals, buildings and sounds) and psychological factors was investigated. The results showed that stress, anxiety, depression and burnout are risk factors for EI attributed to chemicals and sounds, but not for EI attributed to buildings. Changing perspective, EI attributed to buildings was a significant predictor of burnout, whereas EI attributed to sounds and chemicals were not. In Study 4 the prognosis of EI during a six-year period was studied. The probability of recovering from a state of specific EI was 44.3%, the probability of a specific EI to spread to other types of EI was 12.8%, and the probability of relapse was 3.9%. The participants who recovered showed lower levels of emotional and behavioral disruption than those who did not recover. The participants who showed spreading from one to several EIs perceived more stress than those who remained in a state of a specific EI, but had lower levels of burnout.Based on the findings of the studies in the thesis it is suggested that psychotherapy focusing on reducing the emotional and behavioral reactions of exposure might be helpful. Even though the causation of EI is unknown, negative expectations about exposure might accumulate symptoms, setting a vicious circle into motion. The task of the psychologist might be to break this circle.
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| 49. |
- Palmquist, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental intolerance and mental ill-health : which comes first?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: Environmental intolerance (EI) is a broad term encompassing several conditions characterized by unspecific symptom patterns attributed to certain environmental exposure. EI has previously been associated with mental ill-health, but prospective studies (enabling the direction of causality) within the field are sparse. This motivated the present study of testing whether (i) burnout, anxiety, depression and perceived stress are predictors of EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings or sounds, and (ii) EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings or sounds are predictors of burnout, anxiety or depression.Methods: The study used longitudinal data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden, which is a large questionnaire-based survey. Individuals with EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings or sounds were identified through self-report. Logistic regression was used to test whether burnout (Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10) were predictors of EI, and, vice versa, whether EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings or sounds were predictors of burnout, anxiety and depression. Results: Burnout, anxiety, depression and perceived stress predicted EI attributed to chemicals and sounds, but not EI attributed to certain buildings (after controlling for age, sex, other EIs and asthma). EI attributed to chemicals, certain buildings or sounds were not predictors of burnout, anxiety or depression, except for EI attributed to certain buildings which was a significant predictor of burnout.Conclusion: The results provide important information about the cause-effect relations between EIs and mental ill-health, of value for both treatment and preventive healthcare for EI.
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| 50. |
- Palmquist, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Overlap in prevalence between various types of environmental intolerance
- 2014
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Ingår i: International journal of hygiene and environmental health. - : Elsevier. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 217:4-5, s. 427-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental intolerance (EI) is characterized by attribution of several, multisystem symptoms to specific environmental exposures, such as exposure to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and everyday sounds. The symptoms are medically unexplained, non-specific and the symptoms overlap between different types of EI. To approach the issue of underlying mechanisms the matter of overlap in prevalence between intolerances can provide valuable information. The aim of the study was to examine if the overlap between intolerance to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, EMFs and sounds is larger than the expected overlap if no association would exist between them. The study was using cross-sectional data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden; a large questionnaire-based survey. 8520 adults (18-79 years) were randomly selected after stratification for age and sex, of whom 3406 (40%) participated. Individuals with the four types of intolerance were identified either through self-report, or by having been physician-diagnosed with a specific EI. The overlaps between the four EIs were greater than predictions based on coincidence for both self-reported and diagnosed cases (except for the overlap between diagnosed intolerance to sounds and EMFs). The results raise the question whether different types of EI share similar underlying mechanisms, or at least that the sufferers of EI share some predisposition to acquire the conditions.
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