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- Jönson Ring, Ingrid, 1971-
(författare)
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Nocturnal enuresis and rapid maxillary expansion : – long-term effect, prognostic variables, respiration during sleep and quality of life
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background:The orthodontic technique rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has been reported to have a potentially curative effect on nocturnal enuresis (NE). The mechanism behind this is unknown but could possibly be due to placebo and/or effects on respiration during sleep. Aim: This thesis aims to approach an answer to the following questions, with a randomized, placebo-controlled method: 1) Does rapid maxillary expansion have a curative effect on therapy-resistant NE? 2) Is the potential curative effect due to respiratory events that can be measured during sleep? 3) Do enuretic children have an impaired quality of life (QoL)? Subjects & Methods: In study I we evaluated the QoL in enuretic children while assessing the test re-test reliability of a Swedish version of an established QoL questionnaire. Study II and IV assess respiration during sleep in children with NE; in study II comparisons are made with healthy control children and in study IV we evaluate the respiratory effects of RME. Study III is a randomized placebo-controlled study investigating whether RME is a useful therapy for NE and if the treatment effect is due to placebo.Results: Study I:The Swedish version of the questionnaire proved to be a reliable tool (Chronbach’s alpha 0.87) with excellent test-retest stability (ICC = 0.762). Enuresis affects the children’s QoL and interactions with peers.Study II:The hypopnea index (HI) and the oxygen desaturation index were both significantly higher in the enuretic children compared to the healthy controls, (p=0.04 and p=0.05) but all values fell within the normal range.Study III:RME resulted in a significant reduction in wet nights i.e. the mean number of wet nights out of 14 was 11.4 before and 9.2 after RME. (p=0.003) This was not observed in the placebo group (p=0.40).Study IV:There was a significant reduction of sleep efficiency during RME. (p=0.001) The mean HI was also affected. (p=0.005)Conclusions: • Children with nocturnal enuresis have an impaired self-esteem and their quality of life is affected in their relationship with friends.• There were no major differences in respiration during sleep between enuretic children and controls.• Rapid maxillary expansion reduces the number of wet nights in children with enuresis, but the effect is of limited clinical value.• The antienuretic effect does not seem to be due to a placebo effect of the appliance.• The majority of the children in our study sample did not have sleep disordered breathing as a co-morbidity to their nocturnal enuresis.
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| 2. |
- Enskär, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers in the School-Based Pan-Gender HPV Vaccination Program in Sweden : Healthcare Providers' Perspective
- 2023
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Ingår i: Vaccines. - : MDPI. - 2076-393X. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines effectively prevent, and can even eliminate, HPV-related cancers. Currently, vaccination rates are suboptimal in the national Swedish school-based vaccination program. School nurses play a key role in all aspects of the vaccination process. Therefore, this study aims to explore school nurses' perceived HPV vaccination challenges.Methods: Seven focus group interviews were conducted with school nurses (n = 35) working in nine socio-demographically diverse municipalities in mid-Sweden. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: Participants described difficulties in encountering and handling the diversity of reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Parents known to be skeptical of vaccines in general were seen as most difficult to reach. Uncertainty was expressed concerning the extent of professional responsibility for vaccine promotion. The informants expressed a lack of guidelines for vaccine promotion and described challenges in supporting the child's own wishes. Creating a safe space for the individual child was seen as crucial. Other problems described were the challenges of overcoming children's fear of needles, supporting unvaccinated children, and being confronted with the remaining gender inequities of the pan-gender vaccination program.Conclusions: Our results suggest that school nurses, especially those new to their profession, may benefit from training and guidance22 material on how to address vaccine hesitancy.
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| 3. |
- Enskär, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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School children's perceptions about being offered the HPV vaccination : A focus group study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimThere is limited knowledge about the perceptions of HPV vaccination in middle-school children. This qualitative study aimed to explore their views.MethodsWe conducted focus group interviews with children, 10–11 years of age, who had been offered HPV vaccination through the school health services in mid-north Sweden in spring of 2023. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis.ResultsThis study included six focus group interviews with 49 children (boys n = 29; girls n = 20), mean of 11 years of age. Participating children expressed the need to feel safe to be of utmost importance and the means to do so was to be prepared and informed by someone the child trusted. The school nurse was perceived as the expert, best suited to provide factual information, support and motivation, both to children and their parents.ConclusionWe confirm that healthcare providers' recommendations are crucial for HPV vaccine acceptance also from the child's perspective. Improved information about HPV vaccination to children is necessary. Children's right to participate on their own terms is not fulfilled today. Vaccine promotion, both to children and parents, should be actively managed by the school nurse.
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| 4. |
- Grandahl, Maria, Universitetslektor, Docent, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers towards HPV vaccinations for boys and young men : a narrative review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI. - 1999-4915. ; 13:8
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: HPV vaccination of both girls and boys can protect against infection and eliminate the risk for HPV-associated cancer. Due to a common misconception that the virus only poses risks to women, vaccine coverage is suboptimal among men in many countries. It is urgent to identify barriers to vaccination of boys and men.METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of publications examining attitudes and beliefs regarding HPV vaccination for boys and young men. The electronic databases searched were PubMed, PsychInfo and Scopus (December 2020; last update July 2021). A total of 103 original articles were included in the final analysis.RESULTS: The central barriers against vaccination of boys and men are: (1) lack of knowledge, (2) vaccine hesitancy in general, (3) lack of recommendation from and/or discussions with healthcare providers, (4) cost and logistics, and (5) the idea that HPV vaccination may promote promiscuity. Men who have sex with men and families belonging to ethnic minorities express a need for information tailored to their situation.CONCLUSIONS: Boys should be included in national immunization programs and men should also be offered catch-up vaccinations. Future studies should focus on addressing vaccine hesitancy and developing interventions to promote pan-gender HPV vaccination.
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| 5. |
- Grandahl, Maria
(författare)
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Prevention of Human Papillomavirus in a school-based setting
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to examine beliefs about human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention, especially vaccination, among parents, immigrant women, adolescents and school nurses, and to promote primary prevention among adolescents.The methods used in the thesis were focus group interviews, individual interviews, a web-based questionnaire, and finally, a randomised controlled intervention study.The immigrant women were largely in favour of HPV prevention, although barriers, such as logistic difficulties, and cultural or gender norms were found. Parents’ decision concerning vaccination of their daughters depended on several factors. Regardless of their final choice, they made the decision they believed was in the best interest of their daughter. The benefits outweighed the risks for parents choosing to vaccinate while parents declining made the opposite judgement. The majority of the school nurses reported that the governmental financial support given because of the vaccination programme had not been used for the intended purpose. Three out of four nurses had been contacted by parents who raised questions regarding the vaccine; most were related to side effects. The educational intervention had favourable effects on the adolescents’ beliefs regarding HPV prevention, especially among those with an immigrant background. Furthermore, the intention to use condom as well as actual vaccination rates among girls was slightly increased by the intervention.Trust in the governmental recommendations and the amounts of information given are important factors in the complex decision about HPV vaccination. Attention given to specific needs and cultural norms, as well as the possibility to discuss HPV vaccination with the school nurse and provision of extra vaccination opportunities at a later time are all strategies that might facilitate participation in the school-based HPV vaccination programme. School nurses need sufficient resources, knowledge and time to meet parents’ questions and concerns. The vaccinations are time-consuming and the governmental financial support needs to be used as intended, for managing the vaccination programme. A school-based intervention can have favourable effects on the beliefs and actual actions of young people and may possibly thus, in the long term, decrease the risk for HPV-related cancer.
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| 6. |
- Kaarme, Johan, 1973-
(författare)
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A world inside : Gastrointestinal microbiota in healthy Swedish children at day care centers and aspects on antibiotic resistance, enteric pathogens and transmission
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health and is defined by the World Health Organization as a crisis that must be managed with the utmost urgency. Antibiotic resistant bacteria increase both mortality and morbidity and have a great impact on the global economy. Resistance is not confined to human health care, but is present also among animals and in our environment at large. Indeed, resistant bacterial strains have now been found in virtually all parts of the world, even in locations without direct human contact.The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a complex, dynamic, diverse and highly interactive collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, yeasts and viruses, which constitutes our gastrointestinal microbiota. This microbiota is an important reservoir of resistance genes (our gastrointestinal resistome) and a “melting pot” for transfer of resistance genes between microbes, including potential pathogens.In this thesis I investigated the prevalences of two clinically important kinds of antibiotic resistance: extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), as well as asymptomatic carriage of potential enteropathogens among healthy preschool children in Uppsala. Fecal samples from unidentified, individual diapers were collected in 2010 (125+313 samples) and in 2016 (334 samples). In addition, 204 environmental samples from the children’s preschools were collected in autumn 2016.A prevalence of 2.9% ESBL-producing Enterobactericeae was demonstrated in the first samples from 2010. No VRE were found and the occurrence of enteropathogens were reassuringly low. Results on ESBL prevalence in 2016 and transmission of resistance between children will be presented when the manuscript is published and at the dissertation.
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