| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
|
|
| 5. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of the JET results
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Figlioli, G, et al.
(författare)
-
The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer
- 2019
-
Ingår i: NPJ breast cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2374-4677. ; 5, s. 38-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Nightingale, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nature Reviews Neurology. - 1759-4758. ; 19:7, s. 424-433
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current approaches to classifying cognitive impairment in people living with HIV can overestimate disease burden and lead to ambiguity around disease mechanisms. In this Consensus Statement, the International HIV-Cognition Working Group have outlined six recommendations towards a new approach, intended to better represent changes in the spectrum of HIV disease in the modern era of antiretroviral therapy. Current approaches to classifying cognitive impairment in people living with HIV can overestimate disease burden and lead to ambiguity around disease mechanisms. The 2007 criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), sometimes called the Frascati criteria, can falsely classify over 20% of cognitively healthy individuals as having cognitive impairment. Minimum criteria for HAND are met on the basis of performance on cognitive tests alone, which might not be appropriate for populations with diverse educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. Imprecise phenotyping of cognitive impairment can limit mechanistic research, biomarker discovery and treatment trials. Importantly, overestimation of cognitive impairment carries the risk of creating fear among people living with HIV and worsening stigma and discrimination towards these individuals. To address this issue, we established the International HIV-Cognition Working Group, which is globally representative and involves the community of people living with HIV. We reached consensus on six recommendations towards a new approach for diagnosis and classification of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV, intended to focus discussion and debate going forward. We propose the conceptual separation of HIV-associated brain injury - including active or pretreatment legacy damage - from other causes of brain injury occurring in people living with HIV. We suggest moving away from a quantitative neuropsychological approach towards an emphasis on clinical context. Our recommendations are intended to better represent the changing profile of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV in diverse global settings and to provide a clearer framework of classification for clinical management and research studies.
|
|
| 11. |
- Ongena, J., et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of recent results on Heating and Current Drive in JET
- 2007
-
Ingår i: RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS. - : AIP. ; , s. 249-256
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent progress on heating and current drive on JET is reported. Topics discussed are: high power coupling of ICRF/LH at ITER relevant antenna/launcher-separatrix distances, succesfull demonstration of 3 dB couplers for ELM tolerance of the ICRF system, influence of ICRF on LH operation, rotation studies in plasma without external momentum with standard and enhanced JET toriodal field ripple, studies of different ICRF heating schemes and of NTM avoidance schemes using Ion Cyclotron Current Drive. A brief outlook on future plans for experiments at JET is given.
|
|
| 12. |
- Garcia-Martin, E. Elena, et al.
(författare)
-
Sources, Composition, and Export of Particulate Organic Matter Across British Estuaries
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 128:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estuaries receive and process a large amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) prior to its export into coastal waters. Studying the origin of this POC is key to understanding the fate of POC and the role of estuaries in the global carbon cycle. Here, we evaluated the concentrations of POC, as well as particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and used stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes to assess their sources across 13 contrasting British estuaries during five different sampling campaigns over 1 year. We found a high variability in POC and PON concentrations across the salinity gradient, reflecting inputs, and losses of organic material within the estuaries. Catchment land cover appeared to influence the contribution of POC to the total organic carbon flux from the estuary to coastal waters, with POC contributions >36% in estuaries draining catchments with a high percentage of urban/suburban land, and <11% in estuaries draining catchments with a high peatland cover. There was no seasonal pattern in the isotopic composition of POC and PON, suggesting similar sources for each estuary over time. Carbon isotopic ratios were depleted (-26.7 +/- 0.42 parts per thousand, average +/- sd) at the lowest salinity waters, indicating mainly terrigenous POC (TPOC). Applying a two-source mixing model, we observed high variability in the contribution of TPOC at the highest salinity waters between estuaries, with a median value of 57%. Our results indicate a large transport of terrigenous organic carbon into coastal waters, where it may be buried, remineralized, or transported offshore. Plain Language Summary Estuaries transport and process a large amount terrigenous particulate organic matter (i.e., carbon and nitrogen) prior to its export to coastal waters. In order to understand the fate of organic carbon and the role of estuaries in the global carbon cycle it is essential to improve our knowledge on its composition, origin, and amount of carbon transported. We quantified the elemental concentrations and stable isotopes composition of carbon and nitrogen to quantify the amount of terrigenous particulate organic matter transported by 13 British estuaries, which drain catchments of diverse land cover under different hydrological conditions. We found a great variability in particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen concentrations across the salinity gradient, implying inputs, and losses of material within the estuaries. Each estuary had similar sources of particulate material throughout the year. In most of the estuaries, the POC had a terrigenous origin at the lowest salinity waters. The terrigenous organic carbon contribution decreased toward coastal waters with an average contribution of 57% at the highest salinity waters, indicating a large transport of terrigenous organic carbon into coastal waters.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Mayoral, M. -L, et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of Recent Results on Heating and Current Drive in the JET tokamak
- 2009
-
Ingår i: RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS. - : AIP. - 9780735407534 ; , s. 39-46
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, significant results in the heating and current drive domains obtained at JET in the past few years following systems upgrade and dedicated experimental time, will be reviewed. Firstly, an overview of the new Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) heating capabilities will be presented i.e. results from the ITER-Like ICRF antenna (ILA), the use of External Conjugate-T and 3dB hybrid couplers to increase the ICRF power during ELMy H-mode, Furthermore, experiments to study the influence of the phasing of the ICRF antenna on power absorption and coupling will be described. Looking at Low Hybrid (I-H) issues for ITER, the effect of the location of gas injection on the LH coupling improvement at large launcher-separatrix distances will be discussed as the possibility to operate at ITER-relevant power densities. Experiments to characterise the LH power losses in the Scrape-Off-Layer (SOL) and to determine the LH wave absorption and current drive using power modulation will be shown. Finally, plasma rotation studies in the presence of ICRF heating with standard and enhanced JET toroidal field ripple will be presented.
|
|
| 16. |
- Tye, Andrew M., et al.
(författare)
-
Dissolved inorganic carbon export from rivers of Great Britain : Spatial distribution and potential catchment-scale controls
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 615
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fluxes from the land to ocean have been quantified for many rivers globally. However, CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere from inland waters are quantitatively significant components of the global carbon cycle that are currently poorly constrained. Understanding, the relative contributions of natural and human-impacted processes on the DIC cycle within catchments may provide a basis for developing improved management strategies to mitigate free CO2 concentrations in rivers and subsequent evasion to the atmosphere. Here, a large, internally consistent dataset collected from 41 catchments across Great Britain (GB), accounting for ∼36% of land area (∼83,997 km2) and representative of national land cover, was used to investigate catchment controls on riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and free CO2 concentrations, fluxes to the coastal sea and annual yields per unit area of catchment. Estimated DIC flux to sea for the survey catchments was 647 kt DIC yr−1 which represented 69% of the total dissolved carbon flux from these catchments. Generally, those catchments with large proportions of carbonate and sedimentary sandstone were found to deliver greater DIC and HCO3− to the ocean. The calculated mean free CO2 yield for survey catchments (i.e. potential CO2 emission to the atmosphere) was 0.56 t C km−2 yr−1. Regression models demonstrated that whilst river DIC (R2 = 0.77) and HCO3− (R2 = 0.77) concentrations are largely explained by the geology of the landmass, along with a negative correlation to annual precipitation, free CO2 concentrations were strongly linked to catchment macronutrient status. Overall, DIC dominates dissolved C inputs to coastal waters, meaning that estuarine carbon dynamics are sensitive to underlying geology and therefore are likely to be reasonably constant. In contrast, potential losses of carbon to the atmosphere via dissolved CO2, which likely constitute a significant fraction of net terrestrial ecosystem production and hence the national carbon budget, may be amenable to greater direct management via altering patterns of land use.
|
|
| 17. |
- Jombart, Thibaut, et al.
(författare)
-
Real-time monitoring of COVID-19 dynamics using automated trend fitting and anomaly detection
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 376:1829
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As several countries gradually release social distancing measures, rapid detection of new localized COVID-19 hotspots and subsequent intervention will be key to avoiding large-scale resurgence of transmission. We introduce ASMODEE (automatic selection of models and outlier detection for epidemics), a new tool for detecting sudden changes in COVID-19 incidence. Our approach relies on automatically selecting the best (fitting or predicting) model from a range of user-defined time series models, excluding the most recent data points, to characterize the main trend in an incidence. We then derive prediction intervals and classify data points outside this interval as outliers, which provides an objective criterion for identifying departures from previous trends. We also provide a method for selecting the optimal breakpoints, used to define how many recent data points are to be excluded from the trend fitting procedure. The analysis of simulated COVID-19 outbreaks suggests ASMODEE compares favourably with a state-of-art outbreak-detection algorithm while being simpler and more flexible. As such, our method could be of wider use for infectious disease surveillance. We illustrate ASMODEE using publicly available data of National Health Service (NHS) Pathways reporting potential COVID-19 cases in England at a fine spatial scale, showing that the method would have enabled the early detection of the flare-ups in Leicester and Blackburn with Darwen, two to three weeks before their respective lockdown. ASMODEE is implemented in the free R package trendbreaker.
|
|
| 18. |
- Tomeny, EM, et al.
(författare)
-
TB morbidity estimates overlook the contribution of post-TB disability: evidence from urban Malawi
- 2022
-
Ingår i: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 7:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite growing evidence of the long-term impact of tuberculosis (TB) on quality of life, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates of TB-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) do not include post-TB morbidity, and evaluations of TB interventions typically assume treated patients return to pre-TB health. Using primary data, we estimate years of life lost due to disability (YLDs), years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and DALYs associated with post-TB cardiorespiratory morbidity in a low-income country.MethodsAdults aged ≥15 years who had successfully completed treatment for drug-sensitive pulmonary TB in Blantyre, Malawi (February 2016–April 2017) were followed-up for 3 years with 6-monthly and 12-monthly study visits. In this secondary analysis, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire data were used to match patients to GBD cardiorespiratory health states and corresponding disability weights (DWs) at each visit. YLDs were calculated for the study period and estimated for remaining lifespan using Malawian life table life expectancies. YLL were estimated using study mortality data and aspirational life expectancies, and post-TB DALYs derived. Data were disaggregated by HIV status and gender.ResultsAt treatment completion, 222/403 (55.1%) participants met criteria for a cardiorespiratory DW, decreasing to 15.6% after 3 years, at which point two-thirds of the disability burden was experienced by women. Over 90% of projected lifetime-YLD were concentrated within the most severely affected 20% of survivors. Mean DWs in the 3 years post-treatment were 0.041 (HIV-) and 0.025 (HIV+), and beyond 3 years estimated as 0.025 (HIV-) and 0.010 (HIV+), compared with GBD DWs of 0.408 (HIV+) and 0.333 (HIV-) during active disease. Our results imply that the majority of TB-related morbidity occurs post-treatment.ConclusionTB-related DALYs are greatly underestimated by overlooking post-TB disability. The total disability burden of TB is likely undervalued by both GBD estimates and economic evaluations of interventions, particularly those aimed at early diagnosis and prevention.
|
|
| 19. |
- Diego, J. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Microlensing and the type Ia supernova iPTF16geu
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 662
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The observed magnifications and light curves of the quadruply imaged iPTF16geu supernova (SN) offers a unique opportunity to study a lens system with a variety of independent constraints. The four observed positions can be used to constrain the macrolens model. The magnifications and light curves at the four SN positions are more useful to constrain microlensing models. We define the macrolens model as a combination of a baryonic component that traces the observed light distribution, and a dark matter halo component. We constrained the macrolens model using the positional constraints given by the four observed images, and compared it with the best model obtained when magnification constraints were included. We found that the magnification cannot be explained by a macrolens model alone, and that contributions from substructures such as microlenses are needed to explain the observed magnifications. We considered microlens models based on the inferred stellar mass from the baryonic component of the macrolens model, and used the observed magnification and light curves to constrain the contribution from microlenses. We computed the likelihood of a variety of macro and micro lens models where we varied the dark matter halo, baryonic component, and microlens configurations. We used information about the position, magnification, and, for the first time, the light curves of the four observed SN images. We combined macrolens and microlens models in order to reproduce the observations; the four SN positions, magnifications, and lack of fluctuations in the light curves. After marginalizing over the model parameters, we found that larger stellar surface mass densities are preferred. This result suggests that the mass of the baryonic component is dominated by its stellar component. We conclude that microlensing from the baryonic component suffices to explain the observed flux ratios and light curves.
|
|
| 20. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J., et al.
(författare)
-
Conflict resilience among community forestry user groups: experiences in Nepal
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Disasters. The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management. - : Wiley. - 0361-3666 .- 1467-7717. ; 38:3, s. 517-539
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the impact of violent conflict in Nepal on the functioning of community forestry user groups (CFUGs), particularly those supported by the Livelihoods and Forestry Programme, funded by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID). The key questions are: (i) what explains the resilience of CFUGs operating at the time of conflict?; (ii) what institutional arrangements and strategies allowed them to continue working under conflict conditions?; and (iii) what lessons can be drawn for donor-supported development around the world? The study contributes to other research on the everyday experiences of residents of Nepal living in a period of conflict. It suggests that CFUG resilience was the result of the institutional set up of community forestry and the employment of various tactics by the CFUGs. While the institutional design of community forestry (structure) was very important for resilience, it was the ability of the CFUGs to support and use it effectively that was the determining factor in this regard.
|
|
| 21. |
- Nightingale, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Moving on From HAND: Why We Need New Criteria for Cognitive Impairment in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and a Proposed Way Forward
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Clinical Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1058-4838 .- 1537-6591. ; 73:6, s. 1113-1118
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) criteria are frequently used to describe cognitive impairment in persons living with HIV (PLWH) across diverse populations globally. These criteria typically find 20-60% of PLWH meet criteria for HAND, which does not tally with clinical observations in the modern era that cognitive disorders present relatively infrequently. Most with HAND have asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment; however, the significance of low cognitive test performance without symptoms is uncertain. Methods underlying HAND criteria carry a false-positive rate that can exceed 20%. Comorbidities, education, and complex socioeconomic factors can influence cognitive test performance, further increasing the potential for misclassification. We propose a new framework to characterize cognitive impairment in PLWH that requires a clinical history and acknowledges the multifactorial nature of low cognitive test performance. This framework is intended to be applicable across diverse populations globally, be more aligned with clinical observations, and more closely represent HIV brain pathology.
|
|
| 22. |
- Nogal, Ana, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic and gut microbiome determinants of SCFA circulating and fecal levels, postprandial responses and links to chronic and acute inflammation
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Gut microbes. - 1949-0976. ; 15:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are involved in immune system and inflammatory responses. We comprehensively assessed the host genetic and gut microbial contribution to a panel of eight serum and stool SCFAs in two cohorts (TwinsUK, n = 2507; ZOE PREDICT-1, n = 328), examined their postprandial changes and explored their links with chronic and acute inflammatory responses in healthy individuals and trauma patients. We report low concordance between circulating and fecal SCFAs, significant postprandial changes in most circulating SCFAs, and a heritable genetic component (average h2 : serum = 14%(SD = 14%); stool = 12%(SD = 6%)). Furthermore, we find that gut microbiome can accurately predict their fecal levels (AUC>0.71) while presenting weaker associations with serum. Finally, we report different correlation patterns with inflammatory markers depending on the type of inflammatory response (chronic or acute trauma). Our results illustrate the breadth of the physiological relevance of SCFAs on human inflammatory and metabolic responses highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of this important class of molecules.
|
|
| 23. |
- Williamson, Jennifer L., et al.
(författare)
-
Landscape controls on riverine export of dissolved organic carbon from Great Britain
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from land to ocean via rivers is a significant term in the global C cycle, and has been modified in many areas by human activity. DOC exports from large global rivers are fairly well quantified, but those from smaller river systems, including those draining oceanic regions, are generally under-represented in global syntheses. Given that these regions typically have high runoff and high peat cover, they may exert a disproportionate influence on the global land–ocean DOC export. Here we describe a comprehensive new assessment of the annual riverine DOC export to estuaries across the island of Great Britain (GB), which spans the latitude range 50–60° N with strong spatial gradients of topography, soils, rainfall, land use and population density. DOC yields (export per unit area) were positively related to and best predicted by rainfall, peat extent and forest cover, but relatively insensitive to population density or agricultural development. Based on an empirical relationship with land use and rainfall we estimate that the DOC export from the GB land area to the freshwater-seawater interface was 1.15 Tg C year−1 in 2017. The average yield for GB rivers is 5.04 g C m−2 year−1, higher than most of the world’s major rivers, including those of the humid tropics and Arctic, supporting the conclusion that under-representation of smaller river systems draining peat-rich areas could lead to under-estimation of the global land–ocean DOC export. The main anthropogenic factor influencing the spatial distribution of GB DOC exports appears to be upland conifer plantation forestry, which is estimated to have raised the overall DOC export by 0.168 Tg C year−1. This is equivalent to 15% of the estimated current rate of net CO2 uptake by British forests. With the UK and many other countries seeking to expand plantation forest cover for climate change mitigation, this ‘leak in the ecosystem’ should be incorporated in future assessments of the CO2 sequestration potential of forest planting strategies.
|
|
| 24. |
- Ahlborg, Helene, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Chimeras of Resource Geographies: unbounding ontologies and knowing nature
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the field of critical resource geographies, work on “socionatures” is well established. However, this growing body of work bridging across the social and natural sciences has not erased a number of frictions associated with disciplinary boundary crossing. We highlight three types of outcomes: epistemic closure, stickiness and sparks. We invite the figure of the chimera, a mythical creature of destruction and incommensurate parts, to argue for a plural—as opposed to hybrid—approach to resource geographies. We propose that far from being a position of “no discipline”, interdisciplinarity requires the embodying of multiple disciplines and the ability to understand how they relate and translate. For critical resource geographies, the chimera suggests that striving for consensus or dismissing other framings are both counterproductive. The chimera symbolizes an embodiment of plural positions, but rather than bringing chaos, she opens up a fruitful and multi-layered terrain of meaning, where new questions and perspectives come into view. We suggest that this is a highly productive terrain, but it meets with stubborn resistance from the scientific community. We counter it with the strangeness and ambiguity of the chimera to investigate the possibilities to “unbound” resource geographies throughmultiple ontologies.
|
|
| 25. |
- Ahlborg, Helene, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mismatch Between Scales of Knowledge in Nepalese Forestry: Epistemology, Power, and Policy Implications
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 17:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of scale dynamics and scale mismatches for outcomes of natural resource management has been widely discussed. In this article we develop theoretically the concept of ‘knowledge scales’ and illustrate it through empirical examples. We define scales of knowledge as the temporal and spatial extent and character of knowledge held by individuals and collectives, and argue that disparate scales of knowledge are an important ‘scale mismatch,’ which together with scale politics, lead to conflicts in Nepalese forest management. We reveal how there are multiple positions within local knowledge systems and how these positions emerge through people’s use of and relations to the forest, in a dynamic interaction between the natural environment and relations of power such as gender, literacy, and caste. Nepalese forestry is a realm in which power and scales of knowledge are being coproduced in community forestry, at the interface of material and symbolic practices in use of forest resources, and in contestations of social-political relations. Further, we reflect upon the importance of clear and precise use of scale concepts and present a methodological approach using triangulation for divergence, enabling researchers and practitioners involved in natural resource management to reveal scale mismatches and politics.
|
|
| 26. |
- Ahlborg, Helene, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Theorizing power in political ecology: a case study of rural electrification and technology development in Tanzania
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Conference paper. Power in political ecology, Research Workshop, Bergen 26-27 November 2015.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Power and politics have been central topics from the early days of Political Ecology. There are different and sometimes conflicting conceptualizations of power in this field that portray power alternatively as a resource, personal attribute or relation. The aim of this paper is to contribute to theorizations of power by probing contesting views regarding its role in societal change and by presenting a specific conceptualization of power, which draws on both political ecology and sociotechnical approaches in science and technology studies. We review how power has been conceptualized in the Political Ecology field and identify three trends that shaped the current discussion. We then develop our conceptual discussion and explicitly ask where power emerges in processes of resource governance projects. We identify four locations that we illustrate through a case of rural electrification in Tanzania that aimed at providing renewable energy-based electricity services to people in order to catalyze social and economic development. Our analysis supports the argument that power is relational and productive, and it draws on Science and technology studies to bring to the fore the critical role of non-human elements in co-constitution of society—technology—nature. This leads us to see power exercise as having contradictory and ambiguous effects. We conclude that by exploring the tension between human agency and constitutive power we keep the politics alive throughout the analysis and are able to show why intentional choices and actions really matter for how resource governance projects play out in everyday life.
|
|
| 27. |
- Fisher, Janet A., et al.
(författare)
-
Strengthening conceptual foundations: analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - 0959-3780 .- 1872-9495. ; 23:5, s. 1098-1111
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A research agenda is currently developing around the linkages between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation. It is therefore timely to consider which conceptual frameworks can best support research at this nexus. Our review of frameworks synthesises existing research on poverty/environment linkages that should not be overlooked with the adoption of the topical language of ecosystem services. A total of nine conceptual frameworks were selected on the basis of relevance. These were reviewed and compared to assess their ability to illuminate the provision of ecosystem services, the condition, determinants and dynamics of poverty, and political economy factors that mediate the relationship between poverty and ecosystem services. The paper synthesises the key contributions of each of these frameworks, and the gaps they expose in one another, drawing out lessons that can inform emerging research. Research on poverty alleviation must recognize social differentiation, and be able to distinguish between constraints of access and constraints of aggregate availability of ecosystem services. Different frameworks also highlight important differences between categories of services, their pathways of production, and their contribution to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, we highlight that it is important to acknowledge the limits of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, given evidence that ecosystem services tend to be more associated with poverty prevention than reduction. We conclude by reflecting on the relative merits of dynamic Social–Ecological Systems frameworks versus more static checklists, and suggest that research on ecosystem services and poverty alleviation would be well served by a new framework distilling insights from the frameworks we review.
|
|
| 28. |
- Lerche, E., et al.
(författare)
-
Optimizing ion-cyclotron resonance frequency heating for ITER : dedicated JET experiments
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 53:12, s. 124019-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past years, one of the focal points of the JET experimental programme was on ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) studies in view of the design and exploitation of the ICRH system being developed for ITER. In this brief review, some of the main achievements obtained in JET in this field during the last 5 years will be summarized. The results reported here include important aspects of a more engineering nature, such as (i) the appropriate design of the RF feeding circuits for optimal load resilient operation and (ii) the test of a compact high-power density antenna array, as well as RF physics oriented studies aiming at refining the numerical models used for predicting the performance of the ICRH system in ITER. The latter include (i) experiments designed for improving the modelling of the antenna coupling resistance under various plasma conditions and (ii) the assessment of the heating performance of ICRH scenarios to be used in the non-active operation phase of ITER.
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J.
(författare)
-
Challenging the Romance with Resilience
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Practising Feminist Political Ecologies: Moving Beyond the ‘Green Economy’ by Wendy Harcourt and Ingrid Nelson. - London : Zed Books. - 9781783600878
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 32. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J.
(författare)
-
Fishing for Nature: the politics of subjectivity and emotion in Scottish in-shore fisheries management
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 45:10, s. 2363-2378
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the relational emergence of subjects, emotions, and socionatures and their consequences for Scottish inshore fishery management. Using a conception of the embodied spatial production of individual and collective subjectivities, and the ‘ambivalence’ of the subject, I explore why some fishers are committed to sustaining the fishing ground and others are not. Many people who work the land or the sea have a deep respect for and attachment to those environments, but overexploit them to make a living. How is it that people whose livelihoods depend on ‘natural’ environments embody apparently contradictory relationships with those environments? I probe such contradictions by exploring how the boundaries between subjects and environments are formed, and the consequences for Scottish inshore fisheries management of such boundary un/making. Using work from socionature, subjectivity, and emotional geographies, I show how fishing subjectivities are highly political and produce emotional and practical responses that have real consequences for how fisheries management plays out. Attending to the way in which subjectivities position fishers differently in relation to their resources and fisheries policies is therefore vital for successful management.
|
|
| 33. |
- Nightingale, A. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction and overview
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Sustainability in a Globalizing World. Andrea J. Nightingale (red.). - New York : Routledge. - 9781317501831 ; , s. 3-12
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter discusses the conceptual framework underlying many approaches to sustainability. It explores how the concepts of natural limits, the importance of cultural diversity and biodiversity, and ecosystems durability or fragility have affected specific local environmentsociety dynamics and the work of sustainable development projects. The chapter introduces three core narratives that derive originally from environmental science: balance; limits; and diversity. The idea that nature is characterized by balance, or stabilizing relationships, is central within environmental sciences, especially ecology. The second concept, limits, is closely linked to carrying capacity, or the idea that a given ecosystem can provide a finite amount of food and other necessary resources. Sustainability has further been linked to the idea of diversity. Within ecology, diversity has to do with the number of species present within a community as well as the relative abundance of each species. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed this book. © 2019 Taylor & Francis.
|
|
| 34. |
- Nightingale, A. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction to the case studies
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environment and Sustainability in a Globalizing World. Andrea J. Nightingale (red.). - New York : Routledge. - 9781317501831 ; , s. 129-134
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This part introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters. The part highlights the importance of fitting alternatives conceived at wider scales to local realities, so that initiatives aimed at producing beneficial change can work with and for local people. It explores how global concerns and narratives are reworked into local practices, and investigates attempts at putting alternative lifestyles into practice. The part investigates the way local communities engage in sustainability. It also explores contested narratives of sustainability in mining practices in the boreal north—the Lake Superior Basin in North America and Sapmi in northern Scandinavia. The part agues how decisions about sustainable mine developments are not purely scientific or technical decisions and how the meaning of sustainability is open for interpretations. It examines the idea that concepts and models of agricultural sustainability need to embrace elements that are as much social and political as they are technical. © 2019 Taylor & Francis.
|
|
| 35. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J., et al.
(författare)
-
Political Transformations: collaborative feminist scholarship in Nepal
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Himalaya. - 0891-4834. ; 34:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Feminist theory has expanded the sphere within which politics is assumed to occur and thus can make significant contributions to research on state transition. This paper traces the development of a research project wherein we combined our expertise and feminist commitments to explore the current political transition in Nepal. The project conceptualized market formation and resource governance to be important sites of political contestation and the formation of citizen subjectivities. Within these sites, we sought to understand what ‘ democracy ’ looks like at different scales, especially where, when and how people make claims and build critical accounts of established social systems in its name. Here we reflect how on our feminist political and intellectual commitments helped develop a collaborative methodology and approach to state transition that integrates ‘ politics ’ across scales. The insights include the role played by spaces of social reproduction in everyday processes of state and political transformation, and the analytical opportunities opened up when research collaborations take the form of a community of inquiry within the field itself. We found ourselves turning back to traditions of feminist scholarship to show how the household is the origin of inequalities and how such relations transmit into wider contestations over ‘ democracy. ’
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J.
(författare)
-
Questioning Commoning
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Social & Cultural Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1464-9365 .- 1470-1197. ; 15:8, s. 980-981
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 38. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J., et al.
(författare)
-
Rethinking Power and Authority: Symbolic Violence and Subjectivity in Nepal’s Terai Forests
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Development and Change. - : Wiley. - 0012-155X .- 1467-7660. ; 44:1, s. 29-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent work on authority, power and the state has opened up important avenues of inquiry into the practices and contexts through which power is exercised. Why certain forms of authority emerge as more durable and legitimate than others remains a challenge, however. In this article we bring together two bodies of thought to engage this issue, feminist theories of power and subjectivity and Bourdieu's ideas of symbolic violence, in order to explore how power and authority are reproduced and entrenched. Our purpose is to advance theorizing on power and authority in the context of contentious political situations and institutional emergence. This unusual theoretical synergy allows us to illustrate how power is exercised in relation to natural resource management and the ways in which the conflict/post-conflict context creates institutional forms and spaces which simultaneously challenge and reinforce antecedent forms of authority. To animate our theoretical concerns, we draw on work in community-based forestry in Nepal, with a focus on some of the conflicts that have arisen in relation to the valuable Sal forests of the Terai, or lowland plains.
|
|
| 39. |
- Nightingale, Andrea J.
(författare)
-
Society-Nature
- 2014
-
Ingår i: The SAGE Handbook of Human Geography. - London : Sage. - 9780857022486
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
- Ojha, Hemant R., et al.
(författare)
-
Policy without politics: technocratic control of climate change adaptation policy making in Nepal
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Climate Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-3062 .- 1752-7457. ; 16:4, s. 415-433
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As developing countries around the world formulate policies to address climate change, concerns remain as to whether the voices of those most exposed to climate risk are represented in those policies. Developing countries face significant challenges for contextualizing global-scale scientific research into national political dynamics and downscaling global frameworks to sub-national levels, where the most affected are presumed to live. This article critiques the ways in which the politics of representation and climate science are framed and pursued in the process of climate policy development, and contributes to an understanding of the relative effectiveness of globally framed, generic policy mechanisms in vulnerable and politically volatile contexts. Based on this analysis, it also outlines opportunities for the possibility of improving climate policy processes to contest technocratic framing and generic international adaptation solutions.
|
|
| 43. |
- Staddon, Samantha C., et al.
(författare)
-
The social nature of participatory environmental monitoring
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Society & Natural Resources. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-1920 .- 1521-0723. ; 27:9, s. 899-914
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participatory ecological monitoring brings together conservationists and members of the public to collect data about changes in nature. This article scrutinizes the “social nature” of such monitoring, considering not only its impacts for nature, but also society, and importantly the ways in which these interact. Drawing on the field of nature–society studies we present a framework with which to explore case studies from the community forests of Nepal. We document the importance of multiple knowledges of nature, including what is referred to as “local monitoring” and its relation to the scientific procedures promoted in participatory monitoring; the consequences of participatory monitoring as a situated and embodied practice, such that it may (re)produce social inequalities; and the place of monitoring within the wider socioecological regime, with regard to possible unintended consequences for both nature and society. This article thus expands our understanding of the complexities of this increasingly popular approach to conservation.
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
