| 1. |
- Stocklassa, B, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a new X-ray fluorescent analysis technique for the creation of a Nordic hair database : Elemental distributions within the root and the virgin segment of hair fibers
- 2001
-
Ingår i: JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE. - New York : Society of Cosmetic Chemists. - 0037-9832 .- 1525-7886. ; 117:3, s. 312-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new, non-destructive X-ray fluorescence technique for quantitative estimation of elemental content in biological tissues has been developed. Technical and instrumental characteristics of the ITRAX X-ray spectrometer have been evaluated in relation to the properties of biological samples, i.e., human hair fibers. Thus, attenuation variations of the fluorescent X-rays in the hair bulk mass were demonstrated by analysis of sulfur, calcium, and zinc in a virgin part near the root of one hair fiber with elliptical cross section. By rotation of the hair fiber and successive analyses made of the same part of the hair fiber, the results showed that concentrations of elements varied as functions of the diameter of the analyzed hair volume. Other sources of errors are also discussed. The ITRAX instrument allows for precise, fast, non-destructive, simultaneous, quantitative recording of the detected elements and trace elements down to levels of 1 ppm (mug/g). It was used fur assessment of normal values of physiologically important elements present in hair in a cohort of normal, healthy Swedish, Caucasian individuals. The database constructed from data retrieved from a conceivably homogenous ethnic set of individuals represents, to our knowledge, the first of its kind.
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| 2. |
- Adman, Per, et al.
(författare)
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171 forskare: ”Vi vuxna bör också klimatprotestera”
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 26/9. Vuxna bör följa uppmaningen från ungdomarna i Fridays for future-rörelsen och protestera eftersom det politiska ledarskapet är otillräckligt. Omfattande och långvariga påtryckningar från hela samhället behövs för att få de politiskt ansvariga att utöva det ledarskap som klimatkrisen kräver, skriver 171 forskare i samhällsvetenskap och humaniora.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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A study of changes in everyday mobility during the Covid-19 pandemic : As perceived by people living in Malmö, Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 106, s. 109-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden's strategy to manage the spread of Covid-19 has not included any form of lockdown, in contrast to the approaches adopted by most other countries. Instead, the strategy has been largely based on strong recommendations for society. Even though Sweden has not had any form of lockdown, the Covid-19 pandemic has during a relatively short period of time brought changes for society, significantly disrupting everyday life. The pandemic poses both challenges and opportunities for sustainable future transport, not least public transport provision, supply and use. The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes for society have translated into changes for mobility as an element of everyday life during the early stages of a pandemic. This study draws on a map-based online survey (public participatory GIS) which was purposefully designed to allow people to contribute with their experiences in order to capture how the current situation has affected several different facets of people's everyday life. Results suggest that effects on mobility, such as the possibility to telework, affect different groups differently and may exacerbate existing differences in terms of gender, geography and mobility. In order to mitigate negative effects, transport policy needs to be tailored in order to take these heterogeneities into account. Both spatio-temporal adjustment and modal adjustment were dominant themes for most activities, although the dominance of these themes varied among the activities. Our findings give an indication of both the short and long-term impacts on everyday mobility in the Swedish context, for groups of inhabitants in the city of Malmö. Through deepening our understanding of the processes at play, we suggest eight possible policy responses that can be carefully tailored, both in the interim and into the future.
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| 5. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Borrowed sizes : A hedonic price approach to the value of network structure in public transport systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Land Use. - : University of Minesota. - 1938-7849. ; 14:1, s. 87-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
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| 6. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Effekter av tågtrafik i Västra Götaland : Prisutveckling på småhusmarknaden
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten belyser hur småhuspriser i Västra Götaland påverkas av närheten till järnvägsstationer, och består av huvudsakligen två delar. Den första delen av rapporten innehåller en övergripande analys av hur försäljning av småhus har utvecklats i Västra Götaland under perioden 2002-2016, samt en statistisk analys av hela Västra Götaland för 2015 där olika faktorer inkluderas för att analysera prispåverkan. Med hjälp av en så kallad hedonisk prismodell studeras hur närheten till en tågstation påverkar småhusens pris. Den andra delen består av två fallstudier av en mer deskriptiv karaktär. I den första fallstudien studeras fyra orter i Dalsland, av vilka två orter har tillgång till järnvägstrafik och två orter av jämförbar storlek och karaktär inte har det. Den andra fallstudien fokuserar på de nya stationerna i Göta älvdalen som öppnades för trafik under 2012. Det är området närmast stationerna (inom 10 min cykeltur) i respektive ort som är fokus i fallstudierna. Resultaten visar att närheten till tågstationer har en positiv inverkan på småhuspriserna generellt i Västra Götaland. Antalet avgångar har också en positiv inverkan på prisbilden. Samtidigt dras effekten på priserna ned om fastigheten befinner sig alltför nära stationerna, vilket kan förklaras av negativa externa effekter från järnvägen i form av exempelvis buller. Dessa resultat ligger i linje med tidigare forskning. För de två fallstudierna pekar resultaten på att områden med tillgång till tågtrafik har haft en kraftigare prisutveckling. För orterna i Dalsland har de två orterna med tågtrafik haft en större prisutveckling än de två jämförande orterna som bara har busstrafik. Det är dock inte möjligt att säkerställa att detta beror på enbart tågtrafik, utan det kan även finnas andra faktorer som påverkar. Exempelvis går tågtrafiken längs Vänern, varför de två valda stationerna har sjönära lägen, vilket i sig tenderar ha en positiv inverkan på fastighetspriser. För Göta älvdalsstråket kan man se att prisutvecklingen generellt är kraftigare ju närmare Göteborg stationerna ligger. Sammanfattande punkter: • Närhet till tågstation har positiv påverkan på priset på småhus i Västra Götaland • Fler avgångar vid station har positiv inverkan på småhuspriser • Resultat indikerar en kraftigare prisutveckling över tid i orter med tågstationer • Priset för småhus nära stationer påverkas negativt av exempelvis buller.
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| 7. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Income Inequality as a Determinant of Trade Flows
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Applied Economics. - 1548-0003. ; 4:1, s. 40-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer studies have a long tradition of incorporating non-homothetic preferences in their models, whereas this has been very uncommon in studies of international trade. We use a model from Mitra and Trindade (2005) to set up a gravity model in which we include income distribution measures as explanatory variables for the exporting as well as for the importing countries. Our results indicate that non-homothetic preferences significantly affect both exports and imports.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of regional commuter trains on property values : price segments and income
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 56, s. 102-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using single-family home transactions and commuter rail data from 2014, we estimate hedonic price models using two-stage spatial quantile regression to capture variations across price segments. The results are significant and robust across different model specifications and across the different price segments, but the price effect of proximity to a commuter train station is strongest in lower price segments of the housing market. These price segment effects are also valid for proximity to highways, as well as for several other property attributes. Results also reveal that the largest of the three regional labour markets in our study has a greater effect on prices. Furthermore, the study introduces property-specific neighbourhood data from raster data, showing that population density has a negative impact on property prices at the neighbourhood level while population size has a positive impact at the municipal level.
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| 10. |
- Borgström, Benedikte, et al.
(författare)
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Citylogistik på fekiska
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Brosché, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualizing Civil War Complexity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Security Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-6412 .- 1556-1852. ; 32:1, s. 137-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil wars that appear to observers to be the most complex—even using a colloquial understanding of the concept—are also those that seem to register the most intense fighting, the most prolonged spells of war, and the most resistance to durable conflict resolution. But what does it really mean for a civil war to be complex? We currently lack a concept of “civil war complexity” that can help us better understand the most important variations in civil wars across time and space. To address this gap we develop a conceptualization of “civil war complexity” consisting of three dimensions—“actor complexity,” “behavior complexity,” and “issue complexity”—and demonstrate how they manifest empirically. We also highlight this conceptualization’s utility—and the danger of overlooking it—through the case of Darfur. This conceptualization paves the way for a new research agenda that explores how civil wars differ in terms of their complexity, the causes and consequences of civil war complexity, and how to refine conflict resolution techniques and strategies.
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| 12. |
- Cil, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping Blue Helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 57:2, s. 360-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we introduce the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset, which presents new data on subnational peacekeeping deployment for all UN missions to Africa, 1994–2014. The Geo-PKO dataset is the most comprehensive dataset of its kind and enables scholars to address new questions about peacekeeping operations and their effects by exploring variations in peacekeeping at the subnational level. The dataset offers information on several key features of peacekeeping deployment at the local level, such as data on the size of deployments and how these vary over time, as well as information on the location of mission headquarters, the type of peacekeepers deployed, and which troop-contributing countries deploy to each location. This article describes the data collection process and illustrates some of the many utilities of this dataset for the scholarly community. For example, we show that peacekeeping troops are able to reduce battle-related violence in areas with high road density, suggesting that peacekeepers’ ability to project their power is stronger when they can increase their reach and more easily patrol larger territories. Hence, our data can fruitfully be combined with information such as socio-economic, geographical or demographic characteristics, to further explore how peacekeeping operations can contribute to peace and security in the areas where they operate. By providing fine-grained data on the location of peacekeepers across time and space, the Geo-PKO dataset should help facilitate important inquires that can push the research agenda on peacekeeping forward.
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| 13. |
- Eck, Kristine, 1978-
(författare)
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Raising Rebels : Participation and Recruitment in Civil War
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Why do some individuals choose to participate in rebellion, and what recruitment tactics can rebel groups use to affect this decision? These questions are central to the study of civil war because rebel groups must raise troops in order to challenge the government and to survive as an organization. Indeed, much of the civil war literature builds on participation as a key causal mechanism, yet it is rarely specified in theoretical or empirical models. The dissertation attempts to open this black box by tackling three sets of gaps in the existing literature; these relate to the assumptions made in most studies, the theoretical bases for understanding participation and recruitment, and the record of empirical testing. Essay I examines whether a particular type of recruitment practice, ethnic mobilization, is associated with higher levels of violence. The results show that when rebel groups mobilize along ethnic lines, there is a higher risk for intensified violence. Essay II employs new data on rebel troop size to study what factors affect participation in rebellion. The findings indicate that concerns over personal security rather than economic and social incentives best explain participation. Essay III addresses coerced recruitment, positing that conflict dynamics affect whether rebel groups shift from voluntary to coerced recruitment. Using micro-level data on the conflict in Nepal, the results show that the more losses rebels suffer on the battlefield, the greater the number of individuals they subsequently abduct. Finally, the Nepal case study presented in Essay IV suggests that indoctrination as a recruitment strategy was more important to rebel leaders than other facets of the insurgency. Taken together, this dissertation indicates that there is analytical leverage to be had by examining not only the individual’s decision to participate, but also the rebel group’s recruitment strategy, and that these rebel strategies are flexible and contingent on conflict dynamics.
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| 14. |
- Elfversson, Emma, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
The pursuit of inclusion : Conditions for civil society inclusion in peace processes in communal conflicts in Kenya
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 57:2, s. 171-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are some peace processes in communal conflicts more inclusive of civil society actors than others? Inclusion of civil society actors, such as churches and religious leaders, women’s organizations, or youth groups, is seen as important for normative reasons, and studies also suggest that civil society inclusion can improve the prospects for durable peace. Yet, we have a very limited understanding of why we observe inclusion in some communal conflicts but not others. We address this gap by theorizing about various forms of civil society inclusion in local peace processes, and examining to what extent involvement by different types of third-party actors—governments, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—may contribute to inclusion. Empirically, we draw on a combination of cross-case and in-depth data covering peace negotiations in communal conflicts in Kenya. The findings show that civil society was less frequently included as facilitators when the government was involved as a third party, while inclusion in the form of direct participation of civil society in negotiations, or via involvement in the implementation phase, was equally common across different types of third-party actors. Our study thus provides important new insights regarding how inclusion plays out in communal conflicts.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Eschmann, Nathanael, et al.
(författare)
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Better together? : Civil society coordination during peace negotiations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 58:1, s. 42-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive research has been conducted in the field of peacebuilding concerning the role of civil society in peace negotiations. However, although research has stressed the importance of coordination among civil society groups, we have limited knowledge concerning the impact civil society coordination can have on the content of a peace agreement. This article addresses this gap by examining how the extent of coordination among civil society groups during peace negotiations influences the reflectiveness of a peace agreement in regard to civil society viewpoints. We argue that a high extent of coordination, where civil society actors coordinate tasks and spearhead viewpoints together, can help facilitate peace agreements that are more reflective of civil society group views. Based on a comparative analysis of Guatemala and El Salvador, the findings show that whereas coordination between different civil society groups was quite extensive in both peace processes, civil society viewpoints were inscribed into the peace agreement to a larger extent in the Guatemalan case. We identify two factors that contribute in shaping how coordination influences the content of peace accords: symmetrical transfer of information, and openness from the negotiation parties to consider suggestions from civil society.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Protection Through Presence : UN Peacekeeping and the Costs of Targeting Civilians
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 73:1, s. 103-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are UN peacekeepers effective in protecting civilians from violence? Existing studies examine this issue at the country level, thereby making it difficult to isolate the effect of peacekeepers and to assess the actual mechanism at work. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of UN peacekeeping success in protecting civilians at the subnational level. We argue that peacekeepers through their sizable local presence can increase the political and military costs for warring actors to engage in civilian targeting. Since peacekeepers' access to civilian populations rests on government consent, peacekeepers will primarily be effective in imposing these costs on rebel groups, but less so for government actors. To test these conjectures we combine new monthly data on the location of peacekeepers with data on the location and timing of civilian killings in Africa. Our findings suggest that local peacekeeping presence enhances the effectiveness of civilian protection against rebel abuse, but that UN peacekeeping struggles to protect civilians from government forces.
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| 19. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, et al.
(författare)
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Rebels against Rebels : Explaining Violence between Rebel Groups
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 56:4, s. 604-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rebel groups that confront the government frequently become engaged in fierce and violent struggles with other groups. Why does a rebel group who is already fighting with the government become engaged in yet another struggle, thereby sacrificing scarce resources in the fight against other rebel groups? This article addresses this puzzle by providing the first global study on the determinants of interrebel violence. The authors argue that this violence should be understood as a means to secure material resources and political leverage that can help the group prevail in the conflict with the government. The quantitative analysis builds on new data on armed conflict between nonstate actors, 1989-2007. The results show that interrebel conflict is more likely when the rebel group fights in an area with drug cultivation, when the group is in control of territory beyond government reach, when the group is either militarily strong or weak in relation to other rebels, and where state authority is weak.
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| 20. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The Rise of Rebel Contenders : Barriers to entry and fragmentation in civil wars
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 55:5, s. 551-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fragmentation of armed opposition movements through the rise of new rebel groups constitutes a significant challenge to conflict termination and peacebuilding. Yet, the question of why some rebel movements remain cohesive whereas others see a number of contending groups during the course of the armed conflict has received limited attention in existing research. This article addresses this gap by analyzing the determinants of the rise of rebel contenders in intrastate armed conflicts worldwide, 1975–2013. The theoretical framework focuses on barriers to entry, that is, variations in the costs and disadvantages that must be borne by nascent rebel contenders that are not borne to the same extent by incumbent rebel groups. The study proposes that strong social networks underpinning incumbent groups create structural barriers to entry for nascent groups by aggravating challenges of organization building. It further suggests that the interaction between incumbent groups and the government influences strategic barriers to entry as changes in government policies produce windows of opportunity for nascent groups to form. Consistent with these arguments, the study finds that when incumbent groups have strong networks – because rebels either tap into ethnic networks or draw on a leftist ideology – the risk of fragmentation is lower. Furthermore, when the government accommodates groups, through either negotiations or democratic concessions, the risk of fragmentation increases.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Frohm Nilsson, M., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of two dye lasers in the treatment of port-wine stains
- 2010
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Ingår i: Clincal and Experimental Dermatology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0307-6938 .- 1365-2230. ; 35:2, s. 126-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Port-wine stains (PWS) are congenital capillary malformations that persist throughout life. Laser therapy is a common treatment for PWS, and pulsed-dye laser is the current treatment of choice.AIM: To compare the clinical results on untreated PWS of two dye lasers with different wavelengths and pulse duration: a flashlamp-pumped dye laser (FPDL) and a long-pulse-duration dye laser (LPDL).METHODS: In total, 24 patients were treated on 4-6 test areas with both laser types using high-energy and low-energy fluences. An FPDL with 0.45 ms pulse duration tuned to 585 nm was compared with an LPDL with 1.5 or 3.0 ms pulse duration tuned to 595 nm. Twelve weeks later the degree of lightening was evaluated by a blinded assessor. Pain was assessed directly after treatment with both lasers, using a visual analogue scale.RESULT: There was no significant difference overall between the two systems in lightening of the lesion or in patient-reported pain.CONCLUSION: Both laser systems are equivalent in terms of efficacy and pain.
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| 23. |
- Hegre, Håvard, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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ViEWS : A political violence early-warning system
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 56:2, s. 155-174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents ViEWS – a political violence early-warning system that seeks to be maximally transparent, publicly available, and have uniform coverage, and sketches the methodological innovations required to achieve these objectives. ViEWS produces monthly forecasts at the country and subnational level for 36 months into the future and all three UCDP types of organized violence: state-based conflict, non-state conflict, and one-sided violence in Africa. The article presents the methodology and data behind these forecasts, evaluates their predictive performance, provides selected forecasts for October 2018 through October 2021, and indicates future extensions. ViEWS is built as an ensemble of constituent models designed to optimize its predictions. Each of these represents a theme that the conflict research literature suggests is relevant, or implements a specific statistical/machine-learning approach. Current forecasts indicate a persistence of conflict in regions in Africa with a recent history of political violence but also alert to new conflicts such as in Southern Cameroon and Northern Mozambique. The subsequent evaluation additionally shows that ViEWS is able to accurately capture the long-term behavior of established political violence, as well as diffusion processes such as the spread of violence in Cameroon. The performance demonstrated here indicates that ViEWS can be a useful complement to non-public conflict-warning systems, and also serves as a reference against which future improvements can be evaluated.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Hultman, Lisa, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Employing Local Peacekeeping Data to Forecast Changes in Violence
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Interactions. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0305-0629 .- 1547-7444. ; 48:4, s. 823-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way of improving forecasts is through better data. We explore how much we can improve predictions of conflict violence by introducing data reflecting third-party efforts to manage violence. By leveraging new sub-national data on all UN peacekeeping deployments in Africa, 1994–2020, from the Geocoded Peacekeeping (Geo-PKO) dataset, we predict changes in violence at the local level. The advantage of data on peacekeeping deployments is that these vary over time and space, as opposed to many structural variables commonly used. We present two peacekeeping models that contain several local peacekeeping features, each with a separate set of additional variables that form the respective benchmark. The mean errors of our predictions only improve marginally. However, comparing observed and predicted changes in violence, the peacekeeping features improve our ability to identify the correct sign of the change. These results are particularly strong when we limit the sample to countries that have seen peacekeeping deployments. For an ambitious forecasting project, like ViEWS, it may thus be highly relevant to incorporate fine-grained and frequently updated data on peacekeeping troops.
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| 26. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence and Peace Processes
- 2022. - 3rd
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Ingår i: Contemporary Peacemaking. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030829612 - 9783030829629 ; , s. 289-306
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Car bombings, kidnappings, political assassinations, conventional battles and street protests. These are all types of violence that can occur conjointly with efforts to negotiate and implement peace. This chapter addresses the role of violence as an influence on peace negotiations. We look at its main characteristics in terms of the actors involved, targets and motives, as well as chart the main modes by which domestic and international actors seek to prevent and stop violence that threaten to undermine peace efforts.
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| 27. |
- Hörfelt, Camilla, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy for treatment of facial acne vulgaris: results of a randomized, controlled study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Br J Dermatol. - : Blackwell Publishing. ; 155:3, s. 608-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: There is a need for alternative treatments for moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Preliminary experience suggests that topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT) may have potential. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of MAL-PDT for treatment of moderate inflammatory facial acne. PATIENTS/METHODS: Thirty patients aged 15-28 years with moderate to severe acne were included in a blinded, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled multicentre study. Each side of each patient's face was randomly assigned to treatment with MAL (160 mg g1) or placebo cream, applied for 3 h prior to illumination. A second treatment was given 2 weeks later. On each occasion, patients assessed the intensity of pain using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions were counted at baseline and 4 and 10 weeks after the last PDT treatment. The investigator assessed the global severity of acne at baseline (seven patients had severe acne on at least one side of the face) and each study visit using a six-point rating scale. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis, including all 30 patients. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant greater reduction in the total inflammatory lesion count with MAL-PDT compared with placebo PDT at week 12; median reduction 54% [95% confidence interval (CI) 35-64%] vs. 20% (95% CI 8-50%), P = 0.0006. MAL-PDT was associated with more pain than placebo PDT, although intensity varied across centres and was reduced with repeated treatment. Local adverse events were consistent with this treatment modality. CONCLUSIONS: MAL-PDT is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe inflammatory facial acne. Further studies are warranted to optimize this promising procedure.
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| 28. |
- Jarstad, Anna K., 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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From words to deeds : the implementation of power-sharing pacts in peace accords
- 2008
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Ingår i: Conflict Management and Peace Science. - London : Routledge. - 0738-8942 .- 1549-9219. ; 25:3, s. 206-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is the implementation of power-sharing provisions the key to durable peace? This study analyzes whether the implementation of political, military, and territorial power-sharing provisions contributes to peace. We introduce a new dataset (IMPACT), which contains unique information on the implementation of power-sharing pacts in peace accords in the post–Cold War period. Based on the logic of costly signaling, we demonstrate that when the parties engage in costly concessions by implementing military and territorial provisions, peace is more likely to prevail. In contrast, the implementation of political pacts is less costly, and hence does not increase the prospects of peace.
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| 29. |
- Jarstad, Anna, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Making and keeping promises : regime type and power-sharing pacts in peace agreements
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 43:2, s. 178-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power sharing is increasingly recognized as an important tool for creating sustainable peace in war-torn societies. However, we have limited knowledge concerning why political, territorial, and military power-sharing pacts are reached and implemented. This article addresses this gap by providing a global study examining the signing and implementation of powersharing pacts in intrastate armed conflicts. We focus on how the type of political regime can influence these choices and theorize about the strategic incentives for warring parties in different types of regimes to sign and implement different pacts. Our large-N analysis is based on data on power-sharing provisions in eighty-three peace accords in forty intrastate armed conflicts between 1989 and 2004. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that political and military pacts are more likely to be signed in autocracies, whereas territorial pacts are more common in democracies. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no difference in the implementation patterns across regimes.
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| 30. |
- Jarstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Political Pacts- No Promise of Peace? : no promise of peace
- 2006
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Ingår i: Paper prepared for the 2006 Conference on Globalization and Peacebuilding, arranged by the Swedish Network of Peace, Conflict and Development Research, Uppsala, 6–8 November 2006, and for the 40th Annual Meeting of the Peace Science Society, Columbus, Ohio, 10–12 November 2006..
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Do political power-sharing arrangements lead to durable peace? Power sharing has become a preferred choice for policy makers to facilitate peacebuilding. However, the scientific support of the effectiveness of power sharing in this regard remains weak. In some cases, such as South Africa, power sharing is indeed associated with democracy and peace. On the other hand, the genocide in Rwanda, following a settlement containing provisions for power sharing, suggests that such changes of power balance can at worst be followed by violent conflict. Also statistical analyses indicate mixed results. Barbara Walter (2002) find that negotiated settlements, which include provisions of power sharing in the central government, may serve to reduce the risk of recurring conflict. In contrast, Matthew Hoddie and Caroline Hartzell (2005) do not find political power sharing in peace agreements to significantly affect the duration of peace.These mixed results suggest a need for a deeper analysis of the logic and consequences of power sharing. Drawing on insights from consociational theory we propose that settlements that include provisions for political power sharing should lead to peace if the parties agree on a political pact and if such promises are implemented. Firstly, such pacts guarantee a share of political power, which can enable the parties in overcoming the uncertainties involved in a peace process. Secondly, implementation of political power sharing allows for protracted negotiations in which the parties settle their main incompatibilities in iterative rounds of cooperation and compromises.We identify two main limitations in the literature on this topic. The first concerns the definitions used to examine the effect of political power-sharing on durable peace. One possible explanation to the mixed results is that different definitions of political power-sharing are employed. In line with consociational theory, political pacts that guarantee seats in the central government is a central component of political power-sharing (Lijphart 1977; Walter 2002). In other studies, political power-sharing is defined broadly and also includes cases of proportional electoral systems (e.g. Hartzell and Hoddie 2003; Mukherjee 2006). However, when using such a wide definition it is not possible to single out the effect of political pacts on durable peace. Second, previous research only to some extent investigates the implementation of political power sharing. In one of the few studies that do analyze implementation of political pacts, the absence of war is included as an integral part of the definition of implementation (Walter 2002). For this reason, we do not know if the implementation itself has effects on the duration of peace.To address these limitations, we introduce the IMPACT dataset (Implementation of Pacts). This new dataset not only contains information on whether the agreements entail provisions concerning political, military and territorial pacts, but also unique data on whether and when these pacts have been implemented. This dataset builds on information from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) and includes all 83 peace agreements signed by the government and one or more rebel groups in internal armed conflicts during the period 1989–2004 (UCDP 2006). We include more peace agreements stipulating political pacts than previous research by studying the entire post-Cold War period, examining full-scale civil wars as well as low intensity armed conflicts, and by focusing not only on the agreements signed by all or the main warring parties.The results of this study challenges conventional wisdom and puts into question the effectiveness of political power sharing as a tool for conflict resolution. The findings indicate that even when using a definition that captures the very essence of power sharing by focusing on guaranteed positions in central government, no significant influence on durable peace is found. Perhaps even more surprising, political pacts that are implemented are not shown to enhance the prospects for lasting peace.
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| 31. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Globalisation and Distribution of Exports
- 2007
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Ingår i: Uddevalla Symposium 2007. - Trollhättan : Department of Economics and Informatics, University West. - 9789163315787
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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GLOBALIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORTS
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the 1980s many economists started to use the term globalisation as a catchword for an increased interaction between countries in world trade. The literature does not provide a clear definition of globalisation. We set up a number of criteria and formulate hypotheses about globalisation that we explore for Swedish export flows during the years 1965-2000. Globalisation, in this study, is referred to as increases in country diversity, extended transport radii, less effect of distance on trade flows, and the ratio of exports to the importing countries’ incomes. The results from the empirical analysis do not support the hypotheses of increasing trade globalisation It is rather the case that export flows are becoming more internationally regionalised.
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| 33. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Globalization and distribution of exports
- 2012
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Ingår i: The regional economics of knowledge and talent. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781848443280 - 9781781953549 ; , s. 300-319
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 1980s many economists started to use the term globalization as a catchword for an increased interaction between countries in world trade. The literature does not provide a clear definition of globalization. We set up a number of criteria and formulate hypotheses about globalization that we explore for Swedish export flows during the years 1965-2000. Globalization, in this study, is referred to as increases in country diversity, extended transport radii, less effect of distance on trade flows, and the ratio of exports to the importing countries’ incomes. The results from the empirical analysis do not support the hypotheses of increasing trade globalization. It is rather the case that export flows are becoming more internationally regionalized.
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| 34. |
- Karlén, Niklas, 1985-
(författare)
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Sponsors of War : State Support for Rebel Groups in Civil Conflicts
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many civil wars are illustrative of wider international tensions and connections that transcend state borders. States often intervene to influence the trajectory and outcome of civil conflicts by providing external support to warring parties. This assistance ranges from direct military intervention to the provision of weapons, training, funds, safe havens, intelligence, logistics and other critical resources. This dissertation contains four individual essays that each seeks to advance our knowledge of state support to rebel movements. The first essays (I and II) add to our understanding of how external state support influences conflict dynamics while the latter (III and IV) begin to unpack the political decision-making process behind decisions that alter the original support commitment. Essay I evaluates whether state support to rebels increases the probability of civil war negotiations being initiated. The findings question a widespread belief among policymakers that support can foster negotiations. Essay II explores if external support influences the risk of conflict recurrence. It finds that state support to rebels can increase the risk of conflict recurrence in the short-term while there is no equivalent effect of support provided to governments. Essay III is the first global analysis of support termination and it thereby opens up an entirely new research field. The results suggest that the causes related to the initiation of support and its termination are largely distinct while the transition from the Cold War and the absence of ethnic kinship ties offer some insights into when states are more likely to terminate support. Essay IV unpacks the political decision-making process of the United States’ support to the armed opposition in Nicaragua in the 1980s and in Syria in the 2010s. The results indicate that adverse feedback functions as a trigger for increasing previous commitments as long as policy failure can be attributed to external actors, while reduced support is often a result of attributing failure to the state sponsor’s own actions. Taken together, the essays make significant contributions to advance our understanding of biased third-party interventions, conflict recurrence, civil war negotiations, foreign policy decision-making and state sponsorship of terrorism.
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| 35. |
- Larsson Gebre-Medhin, David, 1985-
(författare)
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Compliance with Territorial Awards : Territorial Concessions, Domestic Constraints, and International Legal Rulings
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under what conditions do states engaged in interstate territorial disputes comply with unfavorable international legal awards? Interstate territorial disputes have proven to be a major threat to international peace and security. Of the available options for the peaceful resolution of territorial claims, legal dispute resolution has proven to be very effective, as states overwhelmingly comply with international awards. However, despite the relevance of legal dispute resolution, we have limited knowledge about it, especially concerning how and when states choose to comply with unfavorable legal rulings. This dissertation examines the extent to which one of the most influential approaches to legal dispute resolution – domestic-constraints theory – is able to explain the compliance behavior of states which have “lost in court.” Extant research has suggested that international legal processes facilitate the reduction of domestic constraints on territorial concessions, enabling dispute resolution through compliance with international rulings. Yet no study so far has systematically traced whether legal processes indeed influence the domestic politics of territorial concession-making, or the extent to which compliance behavior is linked to domestic constraints. Employing a qualitative case-study design, this dissertation traces three implementation processes of awards that required salient territorial concessions. The cases examined are Israel, 1984–1989 (concerning the Taba dispute with Egypt); Nigeria, 1994–2008 (concerning the Bakassi dispute with Cameroon); and Ethiopia, 1998–2007 (concerning the Badme dispute with Eritrea). This study finds support for domestic-constraints theory as an explanation for compliance behavior. The findings show that domestic constraints pose a sufficient obstacle to compliance with territorial concessions, but that legal processes can facilitate attempts by governments to overcome such domestic obstacles, thereby enabling the implementation of legally ruled territorial losses. This study contributes to the research on territorial dispute resolution in particular by confirming and developing our understanding of how legal dispute resolution helps to solve high-salience territorial claims, specifically as a remedy for domestic obstacles to settlement. On a more general level, the results also speak to the ability of international law to influence state behavior in foreign relations.
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| 36. |
- Lindberg Bromley, Sara, 1980-
(författare)
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Keeping Peace while Under Fire : The Causes, Characteristics and Consequences of Violence against Peacekeepers
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Peacekeepers are widely viewed as being at growing risk of direct and deliberate violence. Attacks are recorded in many and diverse contexts, targeting interventions deployed by both the United Nations and other organisations. This dissertation seeks to advance the understanding of such violence, studying its causes, characteristics and consequences. The impact of deliberate violence against peacekeepers can be severe; it often extends past those immediately affected and impacts interveners’ ability to accomplish their aims. As a topic of scientific inquiry, however, violence against peacekeepers has only recently seen a growth in interest, and systematic study has so far been sparse. This dissertation makes a number of theoretical and empirical contributions to this emerging area of research. The dissertation contains four individual essays. To set the stage and provide foundations for further studies, Essay I specifies key concepts and maps the research field to date. It promotes a wider, and arguably more theoretically appropriate, conceptualisation of violence against peacekeepers than used in earlier studies. Essay II presents new, systematically collected event data on violence against UN and non-UN peacekeepers deployed to conflict-affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 1989 and 2009. Patterns from the data demonstrate that, while widely prevalent, violence against peacekeepers is not ubiquitous to peacekeeping and displays considerable variation within and across interventions. Drawing on this novel data, Essay III provides one of the first systematic studies on the time-varying determinants of rebel attacks on peacekeepers, showing its occurrence to be closely linked to rebel performance on the battlefield. Finally, Essay IV explores how operating in a challenging security environment can affect peacekeepers’ ability to perform core mission functions, drawing on the case of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). The analysis illustrates how such an environment may expose and further constrain already limited capabilities and willingness for robust and armed action in UN peacekeeping operations. Taken together, the essays advance our understanding of the causes, characteristics and consequences of violence against peacekeepers.
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| 37. |
- Lindgren, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Microspectroscopic evidence of cretaceous bone proteins.
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low concentrations of the structural protein collagen have recently been reported in dinosaur fossils based primarily on mass spectrometric analyses of whole bone extracts. However, direct spectroscopic characterization of isolated fibrous bone tissues, a crucial test of hypotheses of biomolecular preservation over deep time, has not been performed. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous proteinaceous molecules are retained in a humerus from a Late Cretaceous mosasaur (an extinct giant marine lizard). In situ immunofluorescence of demineralized bone extracts shows reactivity to antibodies raised against type I collagen, and amino acid analyses of soluble proteins extracted from the bone exhibit a composition indicative of structural proteins or their breakdown products. These data are corroborated by synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopic studies demonstrating that amino acid containing matter is located in bone matrix fibrils that express imprints of the characteristic 67 nm D-periodicity typical of collagen. Moreover, the fibrils differ significantly in spectral signature from those of potential modern bacterial contaminants, such as biofilms and collagen-like proteins. Thus, the preservation of primary soft tissues and biomolecules is not limited to large-sized bones buried in fluvial sandstone environments, but also occurs in relatively small-sized skeletal elements deposited in marine sediments.
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| 38. |
- Lindgren, Mathilda, 1983-
(författare)
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Peacemaking Up Close : Explaining Mediator Styles of International Mediators
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Scholarly work on international mediation suggests that how third parties mediate influences the resolution of armed conflicts. However, our understanding of what explains mediator style is limited. This dissertation addresses this gap by offering the first systematic study on explanations for mediator styles at the level of the individual. It explores the research question: what explains mediator styles of individuals mediating for peacemaking organizations in armed conflicts? Mediator style is studied as themes in goals and behaviors along two dimensions: directiveness and orientation. Directiveness covers a mediator's use of leverage and varies from non-directive to directive, while orientation covers a mediator's prioritized type of outcome and varies from relationship-oriented to settlement-oriented. The dissertation develops a theoretical framework on the effects of conflict context and mediator characteristics on mediator style. It formulates a set of theoretical expectations concerning how context in the form of conflict intensity, and characteristics such as the mediator's background profile and personality, influence mediator style. The framework is evaluated and developed based on the findings of a mixed-method design combining a survey experiment and 46 semi-structured in-depth interviews with a broad variety of IGO and NGO mediators. The results on context suggest that high-intensity conflicts make mediators on average more directive than low-intensity conflicts as a result of heightened humanitarian concerns. Furthermore, on characteristics, high-profile mediators are shown to be overall more settlement-oriented than low-profile mediators as a result of their views on conflict causes and mediator accountabilities. These findings are complemented with evidence for contingent relationships between conflict intensity, mediator personality and directiveness as well as conflict intensity, mediator profile and orientation. The study thus contributes with a refined understanding of the mediator styles of international mediators that both facilitates its further scholarly exploration and provides input to the practice of peacemaking.
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| 39. |
- Manjate, Alice, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory-based evaluation of the 4th-generation AlereTM HIV Combo rapid point-of-care test
- 2024
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mozambique is a high-prevalence country for HIV and early detection of new HIV infections is crucial for control of the epidemic. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 4th-generation rapid diagnostic test (RDT) AlereTM HIV Combo in detecting acute and seroconverted HIV-infection, among sexually-active women attending three clinical health centers in Maputo, Mozambique.METHODS: Women aged 14-55 years (n = 920) seeking care at the Mavalane Health Area, Maputo (February 2018-January 2019) were included, and blood specimens sampled. Sociodemographic and sexual behavior data were collected. Point-of-care HIV testing was performed using Alere DetermineTM HIV-1/2 and Uni-GoldTM HIV-1/2. All samples were also tested using Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 and Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb in laboratory. The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo was evaluated on serum samples in the laboratory. Finally, Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab), and HIV RNA quantification acted as gold standard assays in the evaluation of AlereTM HIV Combo test for HIV antigen detection (in clinical samples and in three HIV-1 seroconversion panels).RESULTS: The antibody component of the 4th generation AlereTM HIV Combo RDT demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% examining clinical samples. However, the test did not detect HIV p24 antigen in any clinical samples, while Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, verified by Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab) and/or HIV RNA quantification, detected HIV antigen in six clinical samples. Furthermore, the AlereTM HIV Combo RDT had a low sensitivity in the detection of HIV p24 antigen in seroconversion panels. The HIV prevalence among the examined women was 17.8%.CONCLUSIONS: The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo showed similar sensitivity to the 3rd-generation RDTs to detect seroconverted HIV-infections. However, the sensitivity for detection of HIV p24 antigen and diagnosing acute HIV infections, before seroconversion, was low. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate simple and affordable POC tests with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing individuals with acute HIV infection in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.
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| 40. |
- Nilsson, Desirée
(författare)
-
Agreements and Sustainability
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace. - New York : Oxford University Press. - 9780195334685 ; , s. 30-32
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 41. |
- Nilsson, Desirée
(författare)
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Anchoring the Peace : Civil Society Actors in Peace Accords and Durable Peace
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Interactions. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0305-0629 .- 1547-7444. ; 38:2, s. 243-266
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is peace more likely to prevail when the peace accord includes civil society actors such as religious groups, women's organizations, and human rights groups? This is the first statistical study that explores this issue. The article develops key claims in previous research regarding the role of civil society actors and durable peace, and proposes a set of hypotheses that focus on legitimacy in this process. The hypotheses are examined by employing unique data on the inclusion of civil society actors in all peace agreements in the post-Cold War period. The statistical analysis shows that inclusion of civil society actors in the peace settlement increases the durability of peace. The results further demonstrate that peace accords with involvement from civil society actors and political parties in combination are more likely to see peace prevail. The findings also suggest that inclusion of civil society has a particularly profound effect on the prospects for overall peace in nondemocratic societies.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
-
Civil society protests and inclusive peace talks
- 2023
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- What are the drivers of inclusion in peace negotiations? How can meaningful participation in peace processes be ensured? This research brief shows that civil society engagement, in the form of non-violent protests, demonstrations, or other forms of street action can help shape the conditions for inclusive peace talks in civil wars. We also present trends and patterns based on data on civil society engagement across civil wars in Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East. We propose three recommendations directed at international peacebuilding actors who strive to promote inclusive peace processes.This brief is part of a research brief series generated by a joint initiative by the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). The aim of the series is to contribute to policy development by bringing cutting-edge research on key issues within mediation to the attention of policy makers and practitioners. The topics to be explored in the series were selected during joint discussions within the FBA initiative “Improving Mediation Effectiveness” throughout 2021-2023. The Initiative brought together policymakers, practitioners, and researchers within the mediation field to discuss challenges and opportunities for greater effectiveness in mediation. The editorial committee has consisted of Dr. Niklas Hultin, Agnes Cronholm, Dr. Johanna Malm and Maja Jakobsson from FBA, and Andrea Prah from ACCORD. We would like to thank the members of the Mediation Support Network for comments. The views and opinions expressed in the brief series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the collaborating partners.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Dealing with Divergence : Intra-party Dynamics and Spoiler Management in Civil Wars
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Global Security Studies. - : Oxford University Press. - 2057-3170 .- 2057-3189. ; 8:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil war peace processes are frequently accompanied by spoiler behavior relating to intra-party divergence, such as leadership struggles or breakaway groups, which risk undermining the implementation of a peace accord. However, previous literature has not sufficiently explored how third-party actors can address spoiler behavior linked to such intra-party aspects. This study addresses this gap by providing an empirical analysis of a few illustrative cases of spoiler behavior by armed actors in two peace processes in West Africa—Sierra Leone after the 1999 Lomé peace accords and Liberia after the 2003 Accra peace agreement. We find that in contexts where there is a vertical divergence between the leader and the rest of the group, divisive strategies—aimed to divide and rule or marginalize—are effective. In contrast, in situations of horizontal divergence between different factions that are more equal in power, integrative strategies—aimed at unifying the ranks or reconciling a divided leadership—are more appropriate. This study enhances our understanding of how third-party strategies can be devised to manage intra-party divisions that otherwise may threaten a transition from war to peace.
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| 46. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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Different Paths of Reconstruction : Military Reform in Post-War Sierra Leone and Liberia
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Peacekeeping. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1353-3312 .- 1743-906X. ; 20:1, s. 2-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Security Sector Reform (SSR) has developed into a key component of international peacebuilding agendas. However, there is a lack of sufficient knowledge of the advantages and drawbacks of different reform processes. This study offers a comparative analysis of two post-war states with diverse approaches to the reconstruction of the national armed forces after a civil war: Sierra Leone after the 1999 Lome Peace Accord, where the competing warring parties were integrated into a single force; and Liberia following the 2003 Accra Peace Agreement, where the old army was disbanded and a new force was recruited and built from scratch. The findings show that each approach was associated with distinct benefits and risks during the implementation process. However, the outcomes are also similar in many important respects, and raise questions about the long-term sustainability of these reforms.
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| 47. |
- Nilsson, Désirée, et al.
(författare)
-
Effekter av förändrad tillgång till kollektivtrafik
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pågatåg Nordost började som ett samverkansprojekt mellan elva kommuner och näringslivet, med syftet att förbättra tågtrafiken i regionerna. År 2010 beslutades det om att Pågatåg Nordost skulle ingå i den nationella transportplanen. I december 2013 öppnade tio nya järnvägsstationer i nordöstra Skåne och i Kronoberg som en del av initiativet. Satsningen fick olika konsekvenser eftersom några orter fick ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik, samtidigt som kollektivtrafiken (i form av regionbuss) antingen nästan helt eller delvis drogs in på andra orter.Rapporten är skriven inom ramen för projektet Effekter av en förändrad tillgång tillkollektivtrafik (EffektKoll), som finansieras av Energimyndigheten. Projektet syftar till attstudera effekter i resebeteenden och attityder, och påverkan på orter och dess befolkning, vid en större investering i tågtrafik. I studien inkluderas orter i nordöstra Skåne och Kronoberg som fått ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik och orter som har mer begränsad tillgång till kollektivtrafik.Det har i rapporten utgåtts särskilt ifrån följande frågeställningar;• Vilken betydelse har kollektivtrafik i berörda orter?• Hur kan samhället tillgodose de behov som finns i orterna i arbetet mot ett mer transporteffektivt samhälle?I projektet används olika metoder, kvantitativa och kvalitativa, vilka bidrar till att belysafrågeställningarna från flera perspektiv. Det har genomförts en enkätundersökning, textanalysav artiklar i dagspress samt intervjuer. Resultaten från de olika delarna kompletterar ochfördjupar förståelsen av de möjligheter och utmaningar som en del mindre kommuner står införnär det gäller hållbar utveckling.Valet av orter att ingå i studien utgick från de orter som ingick i ett tidigare projekt, vars resultatfinns publicerade i rapporten Pågatåg nordost och Krösatåg - Tio nya järnvägsstationer inordöstra Skåne och södra Småland (Nilsson, 2015). Det gjorde det möjligt att följa upputveckling av förändringar av resebeteende på längre sikt efter att ett nytt transportmedelintroducerats. I den tidigare studien ingick tio orter. Vi har i den här studien kompletterat medytterligare fem orter. De fem orterna har valts utifrån deras geografiska placering, utvecklingav befolkning och delvis begränsade tillgång till kollektivtrafik.Den enkätundersökning som har genomförts inom ramen för projektet har gjorts för att ocksåkunna jämföra resultat med de enkätundersökningar som gjordes 2013 och 2014, även om fokusi Effektkoll skiljer sig delvis från den uppföljning som rapporterades 2015. Åren 2020 och 2021präglades starkt av en pandemi (Covid 19), vilket påverkade många människors vardagligamobilitet och resande. Det blev en avvägning för att genomföra enkätundersökningen omresvanor i de aktuella orterna. För att kunna få en uppfattning om omfattningen av påverkan av Covid 19 på invånarnas resvanor kompletterades listan av frågor även med frågor om hurpandemin påverkat deras resor.Enkätundersökningen har genomförts enligt de metoder som är traditionellt vedertagna inomstatistiska undersökningsmetoder, där urval ska vara representativt och respondenter väljs utslumpmässigt. Det har dels varit en del utmaningar i arbetet, både gällande svarsfrekvens ochrepresentativitet. I projektet har vi även använt mikrodata från SCB för att dels presentera ivilken geografisk kontext som de 15 orterna befinner sig i samt den utveckling som de har haftunder det senaste decenniet. Kvalitativa fördjupningar har genomförts av fyra kommuner/orter; Hässleholms kommun(Bjärnum), Kristianstads kommun (Önnestad), Örkelljunga kommun (Skånes Fagerhult) ochMarkaryds kommun (Strömsnäsbruk), vilket innebär en viss genomgång av övergripande styrdokument samt intervjuer med regionala- och kommunala aktörer. Detta för att fördjupa förståelsen för kollektivtrafikens betydelse samt att mer övergripande resonera kring hur samhället kan tillgodose de transportmässiga behoven i arbetet mot ett mer transporteffektivt samhälle. Kommunerna/orterna har valts ut genom vissa kriterier som har diskuterats gemensamt i projektgruppen och med referensgruppen. Det har varit av vikt att belysa olika kontexter, liksom hur satsningen inneburit att vissa orter fått ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik,medan andra orter kan ha en mer begränsad tillgång till kollektivtrafik.I nyhetsmedia skildras Pågatåg Nordost på olika sätt. Tillskott i form av kollektivtrafik beskrivs överlag som något bra och i vissa sammanhang menar man att involverade kommuner såg satsningen på regional utveckling i nordöstra delen av Skåne som nödvändig. Det relateras till hur nya tågstationer på olika sätt kan bidra till att skapa tillväxt, utveckling och attraktivitet. Även nyttorna i termer av ökad attraktivitet för näringslivet och ökat underlag för service och utbildning lyfts.Användning av bil är det huvudsakliga transportmedlet i de studerade orterna, och har fortsattatt vara det under årens gång. Resultat från resvaneundersökningsdelen visar på att resande med tåg inte har ökat under åren sedan järnvägsstationer öppnade i orterna. Invånarna är positiva tillatt det har öppnat järnvägsstationer och de ser det som något positivt för ortens framtid. De har också en positiv inställning till kollektivtrafik, men det visar sig inte i val av transportmedel. I enkätsvaren indikerar respondenterna att det är en utmaning att resa med kollektivtrafik. En inte obetydlig andel svarar också att de reser mindre med kollektivtrafik efter att stationernaöppnade.Resultat från intervjuer med tjänstepersoner och politiker i fyra kommuner pekar mot envariation av hinder i arbetet för en snabb omställning till ett transporteffektivt samhälle, samt mot upplevda utmaningar i skapandet av en jämlik fördelning av resurser. Man ifrågasätter exempelvis hur man ser på, och mäter, behoven av kollektivtrafik ur det regionala perspektivet. Det riktas viss kritik mot kostnadstäckningsgrader och procentuella mål och man ser ett märkbart behov av att ytterligare belysa kollektivtrafikens roll, som man ser inte minst är en högaktuell fråga i pandemins efterdyningar. Det ses som angeläget att uppmärksamma mindre orters betydelse för sitt omland och på samma gång uppmärksamma bussens betydelse somsammanlänkande och för bevarandet av sociala strukturer på landsbygd. Likaså hänvisar man till diffusa roller och ansvarsfördelning mellan nationella-, regionala- och kommunala nivåer med långa ledtider och segdragna processer, vilket i sig tycks skapa direkta hinder för en snabbomställning.I efterdyningarna av Covid-19, klimathot, energikris och det rådande säkerhetsläget, har medvetande om behoven av en snabb omställning till ett transporteffektivt samhälle blivit alltmer uppenbart för samhällets aktörer. Ändå går omställningen inte i en takt som är önskvärd. Det finns hinder av olika karaktär, på olika nivåer, där fragmentiserade prioriteringar blir svåra att samordna. Olika mål och ansvarsområden försvårar möjligheter att koordinera åtgärder, så att de kan bidra till en helhet som gör mer hållbara transporter i större utsträckning användbara i vardagen för hushåll och företag.
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| 48. |
- Nilsson, Désirée, et al.
(författare)
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Effekter av kollektivtrafiksatsningar
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ”Effekter av kollektivtrafikåtgärder” är ett projekt som finansierats av Trafikverket och som genomförts av Trivector Traffic och K2/Malmö högskola. Projektet syftar till att dels sammanfatta den kunskap som finns i Sverige och internationellt om effekter av åtgärder i lokal och regional kollektivtrafik. Sammanställning av kunskapsläget baseras på effektkataloger, utredningar och studier som har utgivits på senare tid i Sverige, Norden och några europeiska länder (se avsnitt 3). I projektet inkluderas även en forskningsöversikt som fokuserar på relativt ny forskning om kollektivtrafik och dess effekter. Denna del baseras helt och hållet på artiklar publicerade i vetenskapliga journaler (se avsnitt 4). Det avslutande avsnittet identifierar kunskapsluckor och pekar på behov av fördjupade studier. I den svenska transportsektorn pratas ofta om effektsamband. Trafikverket (2014) beskriver dessa samband som vilka effekter eller konsekvenser olika åtgärder i transportsystemet får för samhället. Det finns många sätt att försöka identifiera samband. Ett tillvägagångsätt som ofta används inom transportforskning är någon form av kvantitativ metod. Kvalitativa metoder används också inom transportforskningen för att identifiera effekter, även om de inte används i lika stor utsträckning som de kvantitativa metoderna. Många gånger är det de icke-kvantifierbara och de mer subjektiva effekterna som önskas fångas genom dessa metoder. Ofta används de kvalitativa metoderna i kombination med kvantitativa metoder, vilket brukar kallas för blandade metoder. När det gäller kunskapsöversikten har fokus varit att titta närmare på kollektivtrafikens effekter på resandet samt påverkan på miljö. Fokus har varit på effekter som kvantifierats och som återkommer i flera studier med konsekventa resultat. Det finns en rad studier som visar på att vissa åtgärder anses viktiga av resenärerna och sannolikt ger effekt, men där effekterna ännu inte har kvantifierats. Enskilda åtgärder har sorterats in i större huvudkategorier, t ex infrastrukturella åtgärder, informationsåtgärder, planeringsåtgärder, fordonsåtgärder. Kunskapen om effekter och effektsamband av olika kollektivtrafikåtgärder är varierar beroende på område. En del av dessa åtgärder förekommer i större omfattning och för dessa finns det ett större underlag som visar på tydliga kvantifierade effekter, genom t ex ökning av resande i procent. Gemensamt för dessa åtgärder är att de till stor del syftar till att effektivisera resandet genom ex ökad framkomlighet, ökad utbud så att ex restiden minskar. De åtgärder som där det inte finns lika tydliga och enhetliga effekter är åtgärder som inkluderar effekter som i större utsträckning är beroende av subjektiva uppfattningar, ex komfort, trygghet, information. Forskningsöversikten lyfter vilka perspektiv som på senare tid förts fram kollektivtrafikforskningen som mer intressanta att utveckla. Här märks framförallt kapitalisering av kollektivtrafikinvesteringar (effekter på fastighetspriser), miljöeffekter samt nyttan av att flera åtgärder genomförs för att nå önskad effekt. Det finns exempelvis en positiv värdepåverkan som tillgänglighet till spårtrafik för med sig, vilket även gäller kommersiella fastigheter och industrifastigheter. Kundnöjdhet och ruttplanering för buss är också forskningsfrågor som behandlas i artiklarna. För kundnöjdheten är det intressant att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar nöjdheten samt om det finns skillnader mellan resenärers upplevelse av kvalitet och objektivt mätbara mått på kvalitet. Det finns också forskning som försöker kvantifiera mer kvalitativa aspekter av kollektivtrafiken, vilket behövs för att överbrygga en del av de kunskapsluckor som identifierats i projektet.
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| 49. |
- Nilsson, Désirée
(författare)
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Essays on Trade Flows, Demand Structure and Income Distribution
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral dissertation consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. The common features of the four separate essays are that they analyse international trade flows focusing on the role of demand structures. The first essay uses a gravity model to detect the effects of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the export and import of different types of goods. The second essay analyses the effect of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the likelihood of firms selecting that particular destination for their exports. The third essay explores the globalisation of Swedish exports during the period 1965-2000. The last essay investigates the changes in production and export structures of the OECD countries and relates these changes to the development of export market shares for these countries.
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| 50. |
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