| 1. |
- Ericsson, Karin, et al.
(author)
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New energy strategies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry - The role of national and EU climate and energy policies
- 2011
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 39:3, s. 1439-1449
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Swedish pulp and paper industry has gone through a strategic change in its approach to electricity production and consumption over the past decade. This paper documents this reorientation, which includes increased on-site electricity production, investments and investment plans for wind power, and new partnerships concerning investments in electricity production assets. We also assess the extent to which these changes can be attributed to key energy and climate policies. Our analysis shows that this strategic reorientation has been driven by changes in the underlying economic conditions for the pulp and paper industry, in particular increases in the price of electricity following the Swedish energy market reform in 1996, and the introduction of the EU ETS. The scheme for tradable renewable electricity certificates, on the other hand, has provided a new source of income. While these market-based signals and responses are the most dominant drivers of strategic change, cognitive changes in the pulp and paper industry have also played a role in the strategic reorientation. The cognitive changes concerning the functioning of the electricity market, i.e. the pricing of electricity and influence of the EU ETS, have been particularly important in this regard.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Bengt, et al.
(author)
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Klimatpolitik och energisäkerhet: konflikter och synergier
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- För att begränsa risken för allvarliga klimatförändringar måste utsläppen av växthusgaser minskas kraftigt. Detta kommer att kräva en omställning av energisystemet där energieffektivisering och en ökad elektrifiering, förnybar energi, avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid samt kärnkraft kan få stor betydelse. I denna rapport analyseras hur en sådan omställning kan påverka olika aspekter av energisäkerhet. Det rör sig bland annat om försörjningstryggheten och risken för energibrist och volatila priser, risken för negativa konsekvenser för energiexportörers ekonomi, risken för att energi bidrar till konflikter och används som politiskt påtryckningsmedel samt risken för att olyckor och andra oönskade händelser kan leda till hot mot människors hälsa och miljön, en risk som även kan uppkomma vid normal drift. Enligt våra analyser finns det inget som motsäger att framtida energisystem med låga utsläpp av växthusgaser kan vara minst lika säkra som dagens huvudsakligen fossilbaserade system. Vad gäller många aspekter ser vi i stället betydande fördelar. Energieffektivisering och förnybar energi är huvudsakligen bra för såväl klimat som energisäkerhet men löser inte alla problem. Omställningen kommer att kräva ökad integrering av elmarknader. Under omställningsperioden är det också viktigt att ekonomiska resurser och kompetens tillförs expanderande energislag, samtidigt som tillräckliga resurser och kompetens bibehålls för energislag på tillbakagång. Detta behövs för att inte energisäkerheten ska sjunka för dessa. Vidare måste de nya affärsmodeller, som krävs för att dra full nytta av effektiviserings- och förnybarhetspotentialen, kunna utvecklas i samspel med, eller ersätta, de gamla. Investeringar och nya regelverk kommer också att krävas för att de nya systemen ska kunna leverera en hög energisäkerhetsnivå i bred bemärkelse. Det finns också en rad mer generella slutsatser kring energisäkerhet som kan sammanfattas i följande punkter: Det finns många sätt att mäta energisäkerhet på - men inga heltäckande. Vad man lägger in i begreppet energisäkerhet beror på vems säkerhet det gäller. Importberoende är ett ofta använt men trubbigt mått på energisäkerhet. Hur olika energisäkerhetsaspekter ska prioriteras är huvudsakligen en politisk snarare än en vetenskaplig fråga. Energisäkerhet handlar inte bara om olja och gas även om detta dominerar i den internationella diskussionen och litteraturen. Energisäkerhet för el och förnybara energisystem är också viktigt att studera. Den överordnade prioriteringen bör vara att säkra nyttan av energitjänster snarare än tillförseln av en viss mängd kWh. Man kan inte enkelt ranka energisäkerheten hos framtida system eftersom olika omvärldsfaktorer är avgörande för hur energisäkerheten påverkas av exempelvis klimatåtgärder. Många energisäkerhetsaspekter kommer dessutom att förändras oberoende av klimatomställningen. Det finns brister i hur energisäkerhet integreras med andra energipolitiska mål inom EU. Svensk energipolitik utgår från en global liberal marknadsstrategi men det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till att andra länder och aktörer på energimarknaden har andra utgångspunkter, t.ex. geopolitiska. Mot bakgrund av kommande förändringar i energisystemen finns det anledning för Sverige att se över hanteringen av energisäkerhetsfrågorna, bland annat för en bättre framförhållning och en starkare samordning mellan olika departement, myndigheter och andra aktörer.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Bengt, et al.
(author)
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Transition to a Low Carbon Energy System and Energy Security -Synergies and Conflicts
- 2014
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In: [Host publication title missing].
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Emissions of greenhouse gases must be significantly reduced in order to limit the risk of severe climatic change. Such reductions will require a long-term transition of the energy system to one in which energy efficiency improvements, electrification, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy can play important roles. Energy security will be affected by such a transition. This paper summarises the main findings from a research project that investigated the synergies and conflicts between a low carbon energy transition and energy security. Energy security can be interpreted in several different ways. Our approach involves studying energy both as an object exposed to security threats, using concepts such as security of supply or security of demand, and the energy system as the subject generating or enhancing insecurity and conflict. Our results indicate that a low carbon energy system can have at least as high level of energy security as the current system, but there will be some new challenges. One is the potential strains and conflicts that can emerge around bioenergy and land use issues. Another is the large scale expansion of variable electricity production, which will require significant investments in new infrastructure. An overlook of institutions and regulations will probably be required to meet the new challenges. The transition period requires special attention; however, since while economic resources and competencies need to be redirected to new, expanding, energy systems, there is a risk that contracting technologies may receive insufficient allocation of resources for maintaining a high level of energy security.
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| 5. |
- Jonsson, Daniel K., et al.
(author)
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Energy security matters in the EU Energy Roadmap
- 2015
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In: Energy Strategy Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 2211-467X .- 2211-4688. ; 6, s. 48-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Energy security has gained increasing prominence on the EU political agenda, but is often framed narrowly, in terms of import dependency or security of supply. In this paper we screen and scope out a more comprehensive suite of energy security aspects to be considered when assessing low-carbon energy scenarios and apply it using the EU Energy Roadmap as an example. Availability and affordability issues as well as security of demand matters and geopolitical security aspects are identified and discussed. External factors, e.g., future international climate treaties and international relations, are important for some energy security outcomes. A broader framing of energy security together with structured assessments on the security implications of energy transitions would benefit future EU energy policy.
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| 6. |
- Kristensen, Ingrid, et al.
(author)
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A dose based approach for evaluation of inter-observer variations in target delineation
- 2017
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In: Technical Innovations and Patient Support in Radiation Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6324. ; 3-4, s. 41-47
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: Substantial inter-observer variations in target delineation have been presented previously. Target delineation for paediatric cases is difficult due to the small number of children, the variation in paediatric targets, the number of study protocols, and the individual patient's specific needs and demands. Uncertainties in target delineation might lead to under-dosage or over-dosage. The aim of this work is to apply the concept of a consensus volume and good quality treatment plans to visualise and quantify inter-observer target delineation variations in dosimetric terms in addition to conventional geometrically based volume concordance indices.Material and methods: Two paediatric cases were used to demonstrate the potential of adding dose metrics when evaluating target delineation diversity; Hodgkin's disease (case 1) and rhabdomyosarcoma of the parotid gland (case 2). The variability in target delineation (PTV delineations) between six centres was quantified using the generalised conformity index, CIgen, generated for volume overlap. The STAPLE algorithm, as implemented in CERR, was used for both cases to derive a consensus volumes. STAPLE is a probabilistic estimate of the true volume generated from all observers. Dose distributions created by each centre for the original target volumes were then applied to this consensus volume.Results: A considerable variation in target segmentation was seen in both cases. For case 1 the variation was 374-960 cm3 (average 669 cm3) and for case 2; 65-126 cm3 (average 109 cm3). CIgen were 0.53 and 0.70, respectively. The DVHs in absolute volume displayed for the delineated target volume as well as for the consensus volume adds information on both ''compliant" target volumes as well as outliers which are hidden with just the use of concordance indices.Conclusions: The DVHs in absolute volume add valuable and easily understood information to various indices for evaluating uniformity in target delineation.
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| 7. |
- Kristensen, Ingrid, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of volume segmentation in radiotherapy of adolescents; a treatment planning study by the Swedish Workgroup for Paediatric Radiotherapy
- 2014
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In: Acta Oncologica. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 53:1, s. 126-133
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose. The variability in target delineation for similar cases between centres treating paediatric and adolescent patients, and the apparent differences in interpretation of radiotherapy guidelines in the treatment protocols encouraged us to perform a dummy-run study as a part of our quality assurance work. The aim was to identify and quantify differences in the segmentation of target volumes and organs at risk (OARs) and to analyse the treatment plans and dose distributions. Materials and methods. Four patient cases were selected: Wilms tumour, Hodgkins disease, rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate and chordoma of the skull base. The five participating centres received the same patient-related material. They introduced the cases in their treatment planning system, delineated target volumes and OARs and created treatment plans. Dose-volume histograms were retrieved for relevant structures and volumes and dose metrics were derived and compared, e. g. target volumes and their concordance, dose homogeneity index (HI), treated and irradiated volumes, remaining volume at risk and relevant V x and D x values. Results. We found significant differences in target segmentation in the majority of the cases. The planning target volumes (PTVs) varied two-to four-fold and conformity indices were in the range of 0.3-0.6. This resulted in large variations in dose distributions to OARs as well as in treated and irradiated volumes even though the treatment plans showed good conformity to the PTVs. Potential reasons for the differences in target delineation were analysed. Conclusion. Considerations of the growing child and difficulties in interpretation of the radiotherapy information in the treatment protocols were identified as reasons for the variation. As a result, clarified translated detailed radiotherapy guidelines for paediatric/adolescent patients have been recognised as a way to reduce this variation.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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54 forskare: Inte alla klarar höjd pensions-ålder
- 2017
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In: Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm. - 1101-2412.
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet, så att fler klarar att arbeta i högre ålder. Att enbart genom ekonomiska åtgärder höja pensionsåldern är inte långsiktigt hållbart, skriver 54 forskare.DEBATT | PENSIONForskning visar att cirka var fjärde har en diagnos eller skada orsakad av sitt arbete. Detta gör arbetsorsakad sjukdom och skada till ett betydelsefullt folkhälsoproblem. Att då enbart genom ekonomiska åtgärder höja pensionsåldern för samtliga (yrkes)grupper utifrån deras kronologiska ålder är inte långsiktigt hållbart när individers biologiska ålder är så olika bland annat till följd av arbetslivet. Detta är en demokratifråga. Forskning om äldre i arbetslivet och hållbart arbete visar att man då främst flyttar individer från pensionssystemet till sjukförsäkringssystemet och ökar klyftorna i samhället.Debatt Det här är en argumenterande text med syfte att påverka. Åsikterna som uttrycks är skribentens egna.Vi är 54 forskare som nu gemensamt har skrivit denna debattartikel. Anledningen är att vi är oroade över att cirka var fjärde blir sjuk av sitt arbete samtidigt som man i det förslag som ligger om att senarelägga ålderspensionen i princip utgår ifrån att arbetskraftsdeltagande enbart styrs av ekonomin. Vi vill trycka på betydelsen av åtgärder i arbetslivet för att komma tillrätta med ohälsan, det vill säga inte enbart ekonomiska restriktioner som tvingar folk som inte kan, vill och orkar att stanna kvar i arbetslivet till en högre kronologisk ålder.Pensionssystemet bygger på att vi ska arbeta en viss del av våra liv för att förtjäna möjligheter till pension. Vi bör dock inte enbart utgå ifrån antalet år sedan en person föddes, då korttidsutbildade generellt träder in på arbetsmarknaden tidigare än långtidsutbildade. De har alltså varit en del av arbetskraften från en yngre ålder. Människor med kortare utbildning har oftare ett arbete som innebär påfrestningar som kan inverka negativt på hälsotillståndet och som till och med kan påskynda det biologiska åldrandet. Dessutom lever korttidsutbildade generellt sett inte lika länge som långtidsutbildade, vilket delvis även avspeglar skilda livs- och arbetsvillkor.Den svenska sjukförsäkringsreformen 2008 avsåg att få tillbaka människor i arbete. Men studien fann att den faktiskt bidrog till att fler gick i tidig ålderspension av dem som var i åldern 55–64 år. Ökningen var störst bland korttidsutbildade. Mer än 5 procent fler gick i tidig ålderspension då det blev svårare att få sjukpenning och sjukersättning. Vi kan notera att det är vanligare att manliga chefer tar ut tidig ålderspension, jämfört med kvinnliga maskinskötare inom tillverkningsindustrin. I vissa yrken är det dessutom vanligare att människor, trots pension, både orkar och faktiskt ges möjlighet att arbeta vidare om de har en specialkompetens som efterfrågas. Om vi endast kombinerar ekonomiska morötter med piskor finns en stor risk att vi ökar klyftan mellan grupper som både kan och vill fortsätta att yrkesarbeta och personer som av olika skäl inte längre kan eller orkar.Ta nytta av den forskning som vi har tagit fram. Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet. Ett hållbart arbetsliv för allt fler i vår åldrande befolkning fordrar att vi samtidigt beaktar faktorer som relaterar till biologisk/kroppslig ålder, mental/kognitiv ålder samt social ålder/livsloppsfas och våra attityder som är kopplade till ålder. Vi måste ta större hänsyn till olika förutsättningar och varierande funktionsförmåga och utifrån detta anpassa de åtgärder som gör att arbetslivet blir möjligt och hållbart för allt fler även i högre ålder.”Morötter” är viktigare för en god arbetshälsa och hög produktivitet än en piska i form av oron för en dålig ekonomi.Forskning visar att pedagogik som bygger på ”morötter” oftast är betydligt bättre än ”piskor” för att nå framgångsrika och långsiktiga mål. ”Morötter” i samhället, för organisationer, företag och individer är därför viktiga för god arbetshälsa och fortsatt produktivitet och kan bidra till ett längre arbetsliv även för grupper som tidigare inte ens klarat av att arbeta fram till pensionsåldern. Genom forskning inom området har bland annat swage-modellen utarbetats. Detta är ett verktyg som visar på komplexiteten i ett hållbart arbetsliv och tillsammans med systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete, handlingsplaner och åtgärder syftar till ett mer hållbart arbetsliv. Morötter är enligt forskningen i detta sammanhang åtgärder för en god fysisk och mental arbetsmiljö, avpassad arbetsbelastning, stödjande teknik, att man kan anpassa arbetstakten, alternativa arbetstidsmodeller vid behov. Det är viktigt att man känner sig trygg och förväntas och tillåts vara delaktig, att man blir sedd av chefen och arbetskamraterna. Att de egna arbetsuppgifterna upplevs som meningsfulla och behövda av andra skapar självförverkligande och tillfredsställelse i arbetet. Att man känner att ens arbetsuppgifter och man själv är viktig för organisationen och företaget. Att man trots högre ålder inkluderas i olika nysatsningar och får tillgång till kompetensutveckling och inte blir åsidosatt eller åldersdiskriminerad. Utvärderingar visar att de äldre medarbetarna som fick några av dessa anpassningar och möjligheter var mer effektiva, utvilade, stimulerade när de var på arbetet samtidigt som sjukfrånvaron minskade. Vilket i sin tur bidrar till ett längre arbetsliv för grupper som tidigare inte klarat av att arbeta fram till pensionsåldern. I organisationer som bygger på en deltagar- och lärandekultur rustas de anställda för att klara omställningar, nya arbetsuppgifter och vid behov även yrkesbyten.Med en åldrande befolkning där allt fler lever allt längre behöver vi arbeta till en högre ålder i framtiden för att pensionssystemet ska hålla. Men ”morötter” är viktigare för en god arbetshälsa och hög produktivitet än en piska i form av oron för en dålig ekonomi. Det kräver också att vi ändrar våra attityder och förhållningssätt till äldre på arbetsmarknaden, vilket vi bäst gör genom att organisationer och företag får incitament till och erbjuder mer individanpassade arbetsvillkor, särskilt för personer i högre ålder. Låt oss därför använda den framtagna kunskapen i praktiken för att göra arbetslivet friskt och hållbart för alla åldrar.
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| 9. |
- Nilsson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
-
Vi är oroade över senare ålderspension
- 2017
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In: Dagens Samhälle. - 1652-6511.
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Var fjärde person blir i dag sjuk till följd av sitt arbete. Att höja pensionsåldern för alla yrkesgrupper, utan konkreta åtgärder för att minska ohälsan, är därför problematiskt och mycket oroande. Det är, enligt forskarna, inte långsiktigt samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att utan andra åtgärder höja pensionsåldern för alla. Vi – 54 forskare – är mycket oroade över konsekvenserna av att, som föreslagits, senarelägga ålderspensionen.Förslaget utgår i princip från arbetskraftsdeltagande i princip enbart styrs av ekonomin, medan forskningen visar att det bara är en av flera faktorer som styr hur länge och hur mycket människor väljer att arbeta.Det här sättet att lösa problemet med en åldrande befolkning och ett sviktande pensionssystem är inte samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt på lång sikt, utan riskerar bara att flytta runt folk mellan olika ersättningssystem. Pensionssystemet bygger på att vi ska arbeta en viss del av våra liv för att tjäna in vår pension. Vi bör dock inte enbart utgå ifrån ålder eller antalet år sedan en person föddes då korttidsutbildade generellt träder in på arbetsmarknaden tidigare än långtidsutbildade. De med kortare utbildningstid har alltså varit en del av arbetskraften från en yngre ålder. Människor med kortare utbildning har också oftare ett arbete som innebär påfrestningar som kan inverka negativt på hälsotillståndet och som till och med kan påskynda det biologiska åldrandet. Dessutom lever korttidsutbildade generellt sett inte lika länge som långtidsutbildade, vilket delvis även avspeglar skilda livs- och arbetsvillkor.Ta nytta av den forskning som vi har tagit fram. Ekonomin är självklart viktigt för att vi ska vilja arbeta, men den är som sagt enbart en av flera faktorer med betydelse vårt arbetsliv.Hälsotillståndet, både det fysiska och det mentala, har en avgörande betydelse för hur länge och hur mycket vi orkar arbeta. Ett fysiskt och mentalt belastande arbete är en stark riskfaktor för en nedsatt hälsa i slutet av arbetslivet. Arbetstid, arbetstakt och möjlighet till återhämtning spelar en allt större roll ju äldre vi blir. Andra aspekter är arbetsinnehåll, hur meningsfulla och stimulerande arbetsuppgifterna är, balansen mellan arbete och familjesituation och fritidsaktiviteter. Organisationskultur, ledarskapet, stöd i arbetet och kompetens har stor betydelse för om vi ska kunna och vilja arbeta till en högre ålder. Vi måste ta större hänsyn till olika förutsättningar och varierande funktionsförmåga och utifrån detta anpassa de åtgärder som gör att arbetslivet blir möjligt och hållbart för allt fler även i högre ålder.Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste därför utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet. Ett hållbart arbetsliv för allt fler i vår åldrande befolkning fordrar att vi samtidigt beaktar faktorer som relaterar till biologisk/kroppslig ålder, mental/kognitiv ålder samt social ålder/livsloppsfas samt de attityder som är kopplade till ålder.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(author)
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Rapid turns in European renewable energy policy: advocacy and framing of the proposed trading of guarantees of origin
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The EU has assumed ambitious targets and strategies for the promotion of renewable sources of energy (RES) binding to all its member states. This report examines the proposed EU-wide policy instrument designed to help achieve the targets on renewable electricity and heat - the trading of Guarantees of Origin (GO). It analyses the rise and fall of the GO trading proposal in the European policy-making machinery during 2007 and 2008. It first discusses its origins, key components and points of contention, and then examines key factors behind the policy development leading first to its development and subsequently to its probable abandonment in 2008. Addressing these factors, the report explores first the near-term policy-making process before and after the proposal on GO trading was tabled in January 2008, focusing on processes in the European bureaucracy and how they were influenced by different interest groups and member state governments. It then looks at how competing policy frames over time have shaped the GO debate. Results show how a strong internal market frame acted as a primary driving force in the Commission throughout the 2000s to promote the GO trading instrument. The subsequent deconstruction of the GO trading proposal can be largely attributed to a) the lack of a strong lobby in favour of GO among member states and interest groups, b) the accumulated experience with and institutionalisation of national RES support policy, and c) growing general political concerns among both member states and EU bodies for supply security, innovation and competitiveness. In the end, the fall of the GO trading instrument is indicative of how the underlying political dividing line between advocates of the European internal market and guardians of national interests has moved in favour of the latter in recent years.
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| 14. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(author)
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The missing link : Bringing institutions and politics into energy future studies
- 2011
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In: Futures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-3287 .- 1873-6378. ; 43:10, s. 1117-1128
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Energy future studies can be a useful tool for learning about how to induce and manage technical, economic and policy change related to energy supply and use. The private sector has successfully deployed them for strategic planning, examining key parameters such as markets, competition and consumer trends. However in public policy, most energy future studies remain disconnected from policy making. One reason is that they often ignore the key political and institutional factors that underpin much of the anticipated, wished-for or otherwise explored energy systems developments. Still, we know that institutions and politics are critical enablers or constraints to technical and policy change. This paper examines how analytical insights into political and institutional dynamics can enhance energy future studies. It develops an approach that combines systems-technical change scenarios with political and institutional analysis. Using the example of a backcasting study dealing with the long term low-carbon transformation of a national energy system, it applies two levels of institutional and political analysis; at the level of international regimes and at the level of sectoral policy, and examines how future systems changes and policy paths are conditioned by institutional change processes. It finds that the systematic application of these variables significantly enhances and renders more useful backcasting studies of energy futures.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(author)
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The rise and fall of GO trading in European renewable energy policy: The role of advocacy and policy framing
- 2009
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 37:11, s. 4454-4462
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines policy processes surrounding the rise and fall of the proposed EU-wide policy instrument designed to help achieve EU´s renewable energy targets – the trading of Guarantees of Origin (GO). It discusses its origins and examines factors in the policy processes over time leading first to its development and then to its rejection. A first analysis looks at the near-term policy-making process before and after the proposal on GO trading in January 2008, focusing on the European law-making institutions and influences of interest groups and member state governments. It then takes a step back and looks over a longer time period at how competing policy frames have shaped the trading debate. Results show how a strong internal market frame acted as a primary driving force in the Commission to promote the GO trading instrument. The rejection of the GO trading proposal in the Council and Parliament can be largely attributed to the lack of a strong lobby in favour of GO, the accumulated experience with and institutionalisation of national RES support policies such as feed-in tariffs, and growing general political concerns for supply security and competitiveness. The framing analysis show that the rise and fall of GO trading embodies a classic conflict between the internal market and the member states’ wish to protect national interests.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Ahlroth, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Weighting and valuation in selected environmental systems analysis tools - suggestions for further developments
- 2011
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 19:2-3, s. 145-156
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In environmental systems analysis tools like Life Cycle Assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cost benefit analysis and environmental management systems, results need to be presented in a comprehensible way to make alternatives easily comparable. One way of doing this is to aggregate results to a manageable set by using weighting methods.. In this paper, we explore how weighting methods are used in some selected Environmental Systems Analysis Tools (ESATs), and suggest possible developments of their use. We examine the differences in current use patterns, discuss the reasons for and implications of such differences, and investigate whether observed differences in use are necessary. The result of our survey shows that weighting and valuation is broadly used in the examined ESATs. The use of weighting/valuation methods is different in different tools, but these differences are not always related to the application; rather, they are related to traditions and views on valuation and weighting. Also, although the requirements on the weights/values may differ between tools, there are intersections where they coincide. Monetary weights, using either endpoint or midpoint methods, are found to be useful in all the selected tools. Furthermore, the inventory shows that that there is a common need for generic sets of weights. There is a need for further research focusing on the development of consistent value sets derived with a wide range of methods. In parallel to the development of weighting methods it is important with critical evaluations of the weighting sets with regard to scientific quality, consistency and data gaps.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Albrecht, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Electrification of vehicles – policy drivers and impacts in two scenarios.
- 2013
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In: Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118446072
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter examines current policy drivers of battery electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs, the current and anticipated impacts on carbon emissions, as well as what potential role policy can play in enhancing the innovation system and market development around such vehicles in the future. We start with a policy review of key targets in the Nordic countries and the EU, up to 2030, and discuss to what extent they are consistent with industry and expert estimates of how the systems can grow. On the basis of this, the second part elaborates two simple scenarios of EV development in the EU: one breakthrough expansion scenario and one incremental expansion scenario. Building on that is an analysis of the climate impacts of the two scenarios, given different assumptions relating to, for example, electricity production as well as EV penetration in the fleet. The third part examines what policy drivers might be needed to enable the breakthrough scenario, using a technological innovation systems perspective to describe the needed processes, drivers and developments.
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| 22. |
- Albrecht, Martin
(author)
-
Enabling socio-technical transitions – electric vehicles and high voltage electricity grids as focal points of low emission futures
- 2017
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development.A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments.As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components.
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| 23. |
- Albrecht, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Nordic power road map 2050:Strategic choices towards carbon neutrality. D4.2.R Policy and Institutional Review Electric Vehicles (EV).
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report examines policy drivers of electric vehicles (EVs), and what potential role policy can play in enhancing the innovation and market development of EVs. We start with a policy review of key targets in the Nordic countries and the EU, up to 2030, and discuss to what extent they are consistent with industry, government and expert estimates of how the EV innovation systems can grow. On the basis of this, the second part examines what policy drivers might be needed to enable a breakthrough scenario, using a technological innovation systems (TIS) perspective to describe the needed processes, drivers and developments in policy and technology.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Andreasson, Måns, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of ultra-thin CuPc and PTCDA layers on Cu(100)
- 2008
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In: Synthetic Metals. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-6779. ; 158:1-2, s. 45-49
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The initial interaction and interface formation between Cu(100) and the organic semiconductors 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and copper phtalocyanine (CuPc) has been studied by means of angle-resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS). Both CuPc and PTCDA are known to adsorb strongly on the Cu(100) surface. The bonding interaction is revealed via interface-related structures in photoemission spectra. However, the spectra develop rather differently in the low coverage regime: while CuPc molecular states are observed below monolayer coverage, the first PTCDA layer is found to be reacted such that the adsorbate-induced emission is strongly modified relative that of intact PTCDA molecules. We find a number of structures that are neither PTCDA- nor Cu-derived, and that the oxygen-related component of the PTCDA spectrum is completely missing in spectra from the monolayer. Importantly for device applications, we find evidence of interfacial electronic states in the form of new peaks located in the former HOMO-LUMO gap for both molecules. In the case of PTCDA these support a chemisorptive bonding model, whereas in the case of CuPc we interpret the state as a monolayer-specific resonance.
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| 26. |
- Angerås, Oskar, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Impact of Thrombus Aspiration on Mortality, Stent Thrombosis, and Stroke in Patients with ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry
- 2018
-
In: Journal of the American Heart Association. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2047-9980. ; 7:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background-Thrombus aspiration is still being used in a substantial number of patients despite 2 large randomized clinical trials showing no favorable effect of routine thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with STsegment- elevation myocardial infarction. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the impact of thrombus aspiration on mortality, stent thrombosis, and stroke using all available data from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). Methods and Results--We identified 42 829 consecutive patients registered in SCAAR between January 2005 and September 2014 who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Thrombus aspiration was used in 25% of the procedures. We used instrumental variable analysis with administrative healthcare region as the treatmentpreference instrumental variable to evaluate the effect of thrombus aspiration on mortality, stent thrombosis, and stroke. Thrombus aspiration was not associated with mortality at 30 days (risk reduction: -1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] , -5.4 to 3.0; P=0.57) and 1 year (risk reduction: -2.4; 95% CI, -7.6 to 3.0; P=0.37). Thrombus aspiration was associated with a lower risk of stent thrombosis both at 30 days (risk reduction: -2.7; 95% CI, -4.1 to -1.4; P < 0.001) and 1 year (risk reduction: -3.5; 95% CI, -5.3 to -1.7; P < 0.001). In-hospital stroke and neurologic complications did not differ between groups (risk reduction: 0.1; 95% CI, -0.8 to 1.1; P=0.76). Conclusions--Mortality was not different between the groups. Thrombus aspiration was associated with decreased risk of stent thrombosis. Our study provides important evidence for the external validity of previous randomized studies regarding mortality.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Biermann, Frank, et al.
(author)
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Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals
- 2022
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In: Nature Sustainability. - : Springer Nature. - 2398-9629. ; 5:9, s. 795-800
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2015, the United Nations agreed on 17 Sustainable Development Goals as the central normative framework for sustainable development worldwide. The effectiveness of governing by such broad global goals, however, remains uncertain, and we lack comprehensive meta-studies that assess the political impact of the goals across countries and globally. We present here condensed evidence from an analysis of over 3,000 scientific studies on the Sustainable Development Goals published between 2016 and April 2021. Our findings suggests that the goals have had some political impact on institutions and policies, from local to global governance. This impact has been largely discursive, affecting the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development. More profound normative and institutional impact, from legislative action to changing resource allocation, remains rare. We conclude that the scientific evidence suggests only limited transformative political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals thus far.
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| 29. |
- Blicharska, Malgorzata, 1979-, et al.
(author)
-
Biodiversity’s contributions to sustainable development
- 2019
-
In: Nature Sustainability. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2398-9629. ; 2, s. 1083-1093
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- International concern to develop sustainably challenges us to act upon the inherent links between our economy, society and environment, and is leading to increasing acknowledgement of biodiversity's importance. This Review discusses the breadth of ways in which biodiversity can support sustainable development. It uses the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a basis for exploring scientific evidence of the benefits delivered by biodiversity. It focuses on papers that provide examples of how biodiversity components (that is, ecosystems, species and genes) directly deliver benefits that may contribute to the achievement of individual SDGs. It also considers how biodiversity's direct contributions to fulfilling some SDGs may indirectly support the achievement of other SDGs to which biodiversity does not contribute directly. How the attributes (for example, diversity, abundance or composition) of biodiversity components influence the benefits delivered is also presented, where described by the papers reviewed. While acknowledging potential negative impacts and trade-offs between different benefits, the study concludes that biodiversity may contribute to fulfilment of all SDGs.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Dogan, Emanuel M., 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Intra-aortic and Intra-caval Balloon Pump Devices in Experimental Non-traumatic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- 2023
-
In: Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1937-5387 .- 1937-5395. ; 16:4, s. 948-955
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use during CPR has been scarcely studied. Intra-caval balloon pump (ICBP) may decrease backward venous flow during CPR. Mechanical chest compressions (MCC) were initiated after 10 min of cardiac arrest in anesthetized pigs. After 5 min of MCC, IABP (n = 6) or ICBP (n = 6) was initiated. The MCC device and the IABP/ICBP had slightly different frequencies, inducing a progressive peak pressure phase shift. IABP inflation 0.15 s before MCC significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and carotid blood flow (CBF) compared to inflation 0.10 s after MCC and to MCC only. Coronary perfusion pressure significantly increased with IABP inflation 0.25 s before MCC compared to inflation at MCC. ICBP inflation before MCC significantly increased MAP and CBF compared to inflation after MCC but not compared to MCC only. This shows the potential of IABP in CPR when optimally synchronized with MCC. The effect of timing of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) inflation during mechanical chest compressions (MCC) on hemodynamics. Data from12 anesthetized pigs.
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| 35. |
- Dogan, Emanuel M., 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in zone I versus zone III in a porcine model of non-traumatic cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation : A randomized study
- 2020
-
In: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 151, s. 150-156
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in zone I increases systemic blood pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), while also obstructing the blood flow to distal organs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects on systemic blood pressure and visceral blood flow of REBOA-III (zone III, infrarenal) and REBOA-I (zone I, supraceliac) during non-traumatic cardiac arrest and CPR.METHODS: Cardiac arrest was induced in 61 anesthetized pigs. Thirty-two pigs were allocated to a hemodynamic study group where the primary outcomes were systemic arterial pressures and 29 pigs were allocated to a blood flow study group where the primary outcomes were superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) and internal carotid arterial (ICA) blood flow. After 7-8minutes of CPR with a mechanical compression device, REBOA-I, REBOA-III or no aortic occlusion (control group) were initiated after randomization.RESULTS: Systemic mean and diastolic arterial pressures were statistically higher during CPR with REBOA-I compared to REBOA-III (50mmHg and 16mmHg in REBOA-I vs 38mmHg and 1mmHg in REBOA-III). Systemic systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures were statistically elevated during CPR in the REBOA-I group compared to the controls. The SMA blood flow increased by 49% in REBOA-III but dropped to the levels of the controls within minutes. The ICA blood flow increased the most in REBOA-I compared to REBOA-III and the control group (54%, 19% and 0%, respectively).CONCLUSION: In experimental non-traumatic cardiac arrest and CPR, REBOA-I increased systemic blood pressures more than REBOA-III, and the potential enhancement of visceral organ blood flow by REBOA-III was short-lived.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Eckerberg, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Institutional analysis of energy and agriculture
- 2007. - 1
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In: Environmental policy integration in practice. - London : Earthscan Publications Ltd.. - 1844073939 - 9781844078158 - 9781849773843 ; , s. 111-136
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 39. |
- Elf, Johan, et al.
(author)
-
Bistable bacterial growth rate in response to antibiotics with low membrane permeability
- 2006
-
In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 97:25, s. 258104-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We demonstrate that growth rate bistability for bacterial cells growing exponentially at a fixed external antibiotic concentration can emerge when the cell wall permeability for the drug is low and the growth rate sensitivity to the intracellular drug concentration is high. Under such conditions, an initially high growth rate can remain high, due to dilution of the intracellular drug concentration by rapid cell volume increase, while an initially low growth rate can remain low, due to slow cell volume increase and insignificant drug dilution. Our findings have implications for the testing of novel antibiotics on growing bacterial strains.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Embring, A., et al.
(author)
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Re-irradiation in Paediatric Tumours of the Central Nervous System: National Guidelines from the Swedish Workgroup of Paediatric Radiotherapy
- 2023
-
In: Clinical Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 0936-6555 .- 1433-2981. ; 35:9, s. 571-575
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a lack of clinical protocols for re-irradiation in paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours. To fill this void, the Swedish Workgroup of Paediatric Radiotherapy (SBRTG) compiled national guidelines on re-irradiation in paediatric CNS tumours (diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, ependymoma, germinoma and medulloblastoma). These have been in clinical practice since 2019 in all paediatric radiotherapy centres in Sweden. Since the implementation, the guidelines have been complemented with a yearly review on clinical outcome and toxicities in all paediatric patients treated according to the guidelines. This article presents the Swedish national guidelines on re-irradiation in paediatric CNS tumours. & COPY; 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal College of Radiologists.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Engström, Rebecka, et al.
(author)
-
Which environmental problems get policy attention? Examining energy and agricultural sector policies in Sweden
- 2008
-
In: Environmental impact assessment review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-9255 .- 1873-6432. ; 8:4-5, s. 241-255
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Not all environmental problems get the same level of policy attention. An interesting question is thus why certain aspects receive attention and others do not. This paper studies the level of policy attention given to different environmental aspects in agriculture and energy policy in Sweden and explores empirically some factors that can explain the level of attention. The first step was to explore the link between environmental issue characteristics and the level of policy attention. The level of policy attention was measured through a content analysis of Swedish government bills. The results from the content analysis are clear and stable over the studied time period. In the agriculture sector biodiversity and toxicity are in focus whereas in the energy sector climate change and resources are given the attention. Besides these aspects, the attention is limited. These results were compared with the results from sector-wide environmental assessments of the same sectors. These assessments were based on hybrid input-output analysis and life cycle assessment methodologies. A main finding from the study is that issue importance is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for policy attention. Other explanations are needed to understand which environmental issues get attention in sectoral policy. Our assessment showed that while the level of knowledge does not provide an explanation, the presence of strong and well-organised stakeholders within the sector, with an interest in having a certain issue on the agenda, might be decisive for issue attention. Path dependency and limited attention capacity are other important factors.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
-
Environmental policy integration in practice : shaping institutions for learning
- 2007. - 1
-
Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Environmental values and concerns are meant to be reflected through environmental policy, which is then integrated into mainstream economic and social policy that serves to govern society and the economy in different sectors. Yet effective environmental policy integration has proved to be very difficult in practice and it remains largely an elusive aspiration. This groundbreaking volume presents the first ever detailed examination of EPI at the national policy level, focusing on the key sectors of energy and agriculture within Sweden, a country that is widely recognized as a front runner in environmental management. The authors deconstruct EPI, look at what it means in policy formation and examine how environmental priorities are treated in relation to other political priorities. The final section of the book lays out the major findings and presents key lessons for international application, including institutional recommendations on how to enhance the potential for EPI. Most fundamentally, the book answers the questions of what works for EPI, why it works, and how it can be achieved in practice across sectors. The result is a rich and indispensable guide for all those involved in environmental and sustainable development policy issues.
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| 46. |
- Eriksson, Ronnie, et al.
(author)
-
Multiplex and quantifiable detection of nucleic acid from pathogenic fungi using padlock probes, generic real time PCR and specific suspension array readout
- 2009
-
In: Journal of Microbiological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7012 .- 1872-8359. ; 78:2, s. 195-202
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new concept for multiplex detection and quantification of microbes is here demonstrated on a range of infectious fungal species. Padlock probe methodology in conjunction with qPCR and Luminex technology was used for simultaneous detection of ten fungal species in one single experiment. By combining the multiplexing properties of padlock probes and Luminex detection with the well established quantitative characteristics of qPCR, quantitative microbe detection was done in 10-plex mode. A padlock probe is an oligonucleotide that via a ligation reaction forms circular DNA when hybridizing to specific target DNA. The region of the padlock probe that does not participate in target DNA hybridization contains generic primer sequences for amplification and a tag sequence for Luminex detection. This was the fundament for well performing multiplexing. Circularized padlock probes were initially amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA), followed by a SybrGreen real time PCR which allowed an additive quantitative assessment of target DNA in the sample. Detection and quantification of amplified padlock probes were then done on color coded Luminex microspheres carrying anti-tag sequences. A novel technique, using labeled oligonucleotides to prevent reannealing of amplimers by covering the flanks of the address sequence, improved the signal to noise ratio in the detection step considerably. The method correctly detected fungi in a variety of clinical samples and offered quantitative information on fungal nucleic acid.
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| 47. |
- Fange, David, et al.
(author)
-
Drug efflux pump deficiency and drug target resistance masking in growing bacteria
- 2009
-
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 106:20, s. 8215-8220
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent experiments have shown that drug efflux pump deficiency not only increases the susceptibility of pathogens to antibiotics, but also seems to "mask" the effects of mutations, that decrease the affinities of drugs to their intracellular targets, on the growth rates of drug-exposed bacteria. That is, in the presence of drugs, the growth rates of drug-exposed WT and target mutated strains are the same in a drug efflux pump deficient background, but the mutants grow faster than WT in a drug efflux pump proficient background. Here, we explain the mechanism of target resistance masking and show that it occurs in response to drug efflux pump inhibition among pathogens with high-affinity drug binding targets, low cell-membrane drug-permeability and insignificant intracellular drug degradation. We demonstrate that target resistance masking is fundamentally linked to growth-bistability, i.e., the existence of 2 different steady state growth rates for one and the same drug concentration in the growth medium. We speculate that target resistance masking provides a hitherto unknown mechanism for slowing down the evolution of target resistance among pathogens.
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| 48. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(author)
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Discussion : What Enabled EPI in Practise?
- 2007
-
In: Environmental policy integration in practice. - London : Earthscan Publications Ltd.. - 1844073939 - 9781844073931 ; , s. 137-161
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 49. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(author)
-
Strategic environmental assessment methodologies : applications within the energy sector
- 2003
-
In: Environmental impact assessment review. - 0195-9255 .- 1873-6432. ; 23:1, s. 91-123
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a procedural tool and within the framework of SEA, several different types of analytical tools can be used in the assessment. Several analytical tools are presented and their relation to SEA is discussed including methods for future studies, Life Cycle Assessment, Risk Assessment, Economic Valuation and Multi-Attribute Approaches. A framework for the integration of some analytical tools in the SEA process is suggested. It is noted that the available analytical tools primarily cover some types of environmental impacts related to emissions of pollutants. Tools covering impacts on ecosystems and landscapes are more limited. The relation between application and choice of analytical tools is discussed. It is suggested that SEAs used to support a choice between different alternatives require more quantitative methods, whereas SEAs used to identify critical aspects and suggest mitigation strategies can suffice with more qualitative methods. The possible and desired degree of site-specificity in the assessment can also influence the choice of methods. It is also suggested that values and world views can be of importance for judging whether different types of tools and results are meaningful and useful. Since values and world views differ between different stakeholders, consultation and understanding are important to ensure credibility and relevance.
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| 50. |
- Folke, Carl, et al.
(author)
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Reconnecting to the biosphere
- 2011
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40:7, s. 719-738
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Humanity has emerged as a major force in the operation of the biosphere, with a significant imprint on the Earth System, challenging social-ecological resilience. This new situation calls for a fundamental shift in perspectives, world views, and institutions. Human development and progress must be reconnected to the capacity of the biosphere and essential ecosystem services to be sustained. Governance challenges include a highly interconnected and faster world, cascading social-ecological interactions and planetary boundaries that create vulnerabilities but also opportunities for social-ecological change and transformation. Tipping points and thresholds highlight the importance of understanding and managing resilience. New modes of flexible governance are emerging. A central challenge is to reconnect these efforts to the changing preconditions for societal development as active stewards of the Earth System. We suggest that the Millennium Development Goals need to be reframed in such a planetary stewardship context combined with a call for a new social contract on global sustainability. The ongoing mind shift in human relations with Earth and its boundaries provides exciting opportunities for societal development in collaboration with the biosphere-a global sustainability agenda for humanity.
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