| 1. |
- Jyväsjärvi, J., et al.
(författare)
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Climate-induced warming imposes a threat to north European spring ecosystems
- 2015
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 21:12, s. 4561-4569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in climate change effects on groundwater has increased dramatically during the last decade. The mechanisms of climate-related groundwater depletion have been thoroughly reviewed, but the influence of global warming on groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) remains poorly known. Here we report long-term water temperature trends in 66 northern European cold-water springs. A vast majority of the springs (82%) exhibited a significant increase in water temperature during 1968-2012. Mean spring water temperatures were closely related to regional air temperature and global radiative forcing of the corresponding year. Based on three alternative climate scenarios representing low (RCP2.6), intermediate (RCP6) and high-emission scenarios (RCP8.5), we estimate that increase in mean spring water temperature in the region is likely to range from 0.67 °C (RCP2.6) to 5.94 °C (RCP8.5) by 2086. According to the worst-case scenario, water temperature of these originally cold-water ecosystems (regional mean in the late 1970s: 4.7 °C) may exceed 12 °C by the end of this century. We used bryophyte and macroinvertebrate species data from Finnish springs and spring-fed streams to assess ecological impacts of the predicted warming. An increase in spring water temperature by several degrees will likely have substantial biodiversity impacts, causing regional extinction of native, cold-stenothermal spring specialists, whereas species diversity of headwater generalists is likely to increase. Even a slight (by 1 °C) increase in water temperature may eliminate endemic spring species, thus altering bryophyte and macroinvertebrate assemblages of spring-fed streams. Climate change-induced warming of northern regions may thus alter species composition of the spring biota and cause regional homogenization of biodiversity in headwater ecosystems.
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| 2. |
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| 4. |
- Brodin, N., et al.
(författare)
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Coaching patients with early rheumatoid arthritis to healthy physical activity : A multicenter, randomized, controlled study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Arthritis and Rheumatism. - Hoboken, NJ : Wiley. - 0004-3591 .- 1529-0131. ; 59:3, s. 325-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To investigate the effect of a 1-year coaching program for healthy physical activity on perceived health status, body function, and activity limitation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Methods. A total of 228 patients (169 women, 59 men, mean age 55 years, mean time since diagnosis 21 months) were randomized to 2 groups after assessments with the EuroQol visual analog scale (VAS), Grippit, Timed-Stands Test, Escola Paulista de Medicina Range of Motion scale, walking in a figure-of-8, a visual analog scale for pain, the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, a self-reported physical activity questionnaire, and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints. All patients were regularly seen by rheumatologists and underwent rehabilitation as prescribed. Those in the intervention group were further individually coached by a physical therapist to reach or maintain healthy physical activity (=30 minutes, moderately intensive activity, most days of the week). Results. The retention rates after 1 year were 82% in the intervention group and 85% in the control group. The percentages of individuals in the intervention and control groups fulfilling the requirements for healthy physical activity were similar before (47% versus 51%, P > 0.05) and after (54% versus 44%, P > 0.05) the intervention. Analyses of outcome variables indicated improvements in the intervention group over the control group in the EuroQol VAS (P = 0.025) and muscle strength (Timed-Stands Test, P = 0.000) (Grippit, P = 0.003), but not in any other variables assessed. Conclusion. A 1-year coaching program for healthy physical activity resulted in improved perceived health status and muscle strength, but the mechanisms remain unclear, as self-reported physical activity at healthy level did not change. © 2008, American College of Rheumatology.
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| 5. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency of pedal forces during ergometer cycling.
- 1988
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sports Medicine. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0172-4622 .- 1439-3964. ; 9:2, s. 118-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to record the forces applied to the pedal during ergometer cycling and to calculate the effectiveness of these force vectors. Six healthy subjects rode a weight-braked bicycle ergometer at different work loads, pedaling rates, saddle heights, and pedal foot positions. The left lower limb and crank motions were recorded by a cinefilm camera and pedal reaction forces by a Kistler force measuring transducer mounted on the left pedal. The force effectiveness was computed as a ratio between the force tangential to instantaneous direction of pedal movement and the resultant force. The mean force efficiency ratio significantly increased by an increase of the ergometer work load or use of the anterior foot position instead of the posterior. It was not significantly changed due to alterations of the pedaling rate or saddle height.
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| 6. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Load moments about the hip and knee joints during ergometer cycling.
- 1986
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - 0036-5505 .- 1940-2228. ; 18:4, s. 165-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to calculate the magnitudes of moments of force acting about the bilateral hip and knee joint axes during ergometer cycling. Six healthy subjects pedalled a weight-braked bicycle ergometer at different workloads, pedalling rates, saddle heights and pedal foot position. During cycling at 120 Watts, 60 revolutions per minute with mid-saddle height and anterior pedal foot position, the mean peak flexing and extending hip load moments were 34.3 and 8.9 Nm, respectively. Mean peak flexing knee load moments was 28.8 Nm and extending moment was 11.9 Nm. Hip load moments were significantly increased by increasing the ergometer workload or pedalling rate. For knee load moments, workload was the most important factor. The flexing knee load moment did not change with changes in pedalling rate. Different saddle heights or pedal food positions had a slight but not always statistically significant influence on the hip and knee joint loads. The maximum hip and knee joint load moments induced during cycling were small compared with those obtained during other exercises or normal activities such as level walking, stair climbing, and lifting.
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| 7. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Muscular activity during ergometer cycling.
- 1985
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - 0036-5505 .- 1940-2228. ; 17:2, s. 53-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to quantify the activity as recorded by electromyography during ergometer cycling in eleven different muscles of the lower extremity. Eleven healthy subjects rode in twelve different ways at different work-load, pedalling rate, saddle height and pedal foot position. Vastus medialis and lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and the soleus muscle were the most activated muscles. Changes in muscle activity during different calibrations were studied in eight of the eleven muscles. An increase in work-load significantly increased the mean maximum activity in all the eight muscles investigated. An increase of the pedalling rate increased the activity in the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, medial hamstring, gastrocnemius medialis and soleus muscles. An increase of the saddle height increased the muscle activity in the gluteus medius, medial hamstring and gastrocnemius medialis muscles. Use of a posterior pedal foot position increased the activity in the gluteus medius and rectus femoris muscles, and decreased the activity in the soleus muscle.
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| 8. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Patellofemoral joint forces during ergometric cycling.
- 1987
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Ingår i: Physical Therapy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0031-9023 .- 1538-6724. ; 67:9, s. 1365-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimated the patellofemoral joint forces generated during pedaling on a bicycle ergometer. Our calculations were based on measurements from a force transducer mounted on the pedal, 16-mm cine-film sequences, and biomechanical models of the cycling motion and of the patellofemoral joint. Six healthy male subjects cycled at different work loads, pedaling rates, saddle heights, and pedal foot positions. The maximum patellofemoral compressive force was 905 N (1.3 times body weight [BW]) when cycling with an anterior foot position at 120 W, 60 rpm, and middle saddle height. The mean peak compressive force between the quadriceps tendon and the intercondylar groove was 295 N (0.4 BW), and the patellar-tendon and quadriceps-tendon strain forces were 661 N (0.9 BW) and 938 N (1.3 BW), respectively. The patellofemoral joint forces were increased with increased work load or decreased saddle height. Different pedaling rates or foot positions did not significantly change these forces.
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| 9. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Power output and work in different muscle groups during ergometer cycling.
- 1986
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. - 0301-5548 .- 1432-1025. ; 55:3, s. 229-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to calculate the magnitude of the instantaneous muscular power output at the hip, knee and ankle joints during ergometer cycling. Six healthy subjects pedalled a weight-braked bicycle ergometer at 120 watts (W) and 60 revolutions per minute (rpm). The subjects were filmed with a cine camera, and pedal reaction forces were recorded from a force transducer mounted in the pedal. The muscular work at the hip, knee and ankle joint was calculated using a model based upon dynamic mechanics described elsewhere. The mean peak concentric power output was, for the hip extensors, 74.4 W, hip flexors, 18.0 W, knee extensors, 110.1 W, knee flexors, 30.0 W and ankle plantar flexors, 59.4 W. At the ankle joint, energy absorption through eccentric plantar flexor action was observed, with a mean peak power of 11.4 W and negative work of 3.4 J for each limb and complete pedal revolution. The energy production relationships between the different major muscle groups were computed and the contributions to the total positive work were: hip extensors, 27%; hip flexors, 4%; knee extensors, 39%; knee flexors, 10%; and ankle plantar flexors 20%.
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| 10. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Quantified electromyography of lower-limb muscles during level walking.
- 1986
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - 0036-5505 .- 1940-2228. ; 18:4, s. 159-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electromyography (EMG) of eleven different lower limb muscles of ten healthy subjects was quantified during normal level walking. The surface EMGs obtained were normalized, in percentage, to the activity obtained during an isometric maximum voluntary test contraction of each subject. The mean peak activities of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and medial hamstring muscles occurred at heel-strike and were between 5 and 15% of max isometric EMG. The magnitudes of tibialis anterior and triceps surae muscular activity were higher than those of the other muscles investigated. Mean peak activity in tibialis anterior was 27%, in gastrocnemius medialis 42%, in gastrocnemius lateralis 19% and in soleus 40%. The important role of the triceps surae during walking was reflected in comparatively high muscular activity at push-off.
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| 11. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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The forces of ankle joint structures during ergometer cycling.
- 1985
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Ingår i: Foot & ankle. - : SAGE Publications. - 0198-0211. ; 6:3, s. 135-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ankle joint moment, joint compressive force, and Achilles tendon force obtained during ergometer cycling were calculated by using a quartz force-measuring transducer mounted on the pedal. Six healthy subjects rode in 11 different ways at different workloads, pedalling rates, saddle heights, and pedal foot positions. The mean maximum dorsiflexing load moment about the ankle joint during standardized ergometer cycling was calculated to 30.9 nm. The mean ankle joint compressive force and mean Achilles tendon force measured 1008 N (1.4 times body weight) and 762 N (1.1 times body weight), respectively. The ankle joint moment was significantly changed by a change of workload or pedal foot position.
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| 12. |
- Ericson, Mats O, et al.
(författare)
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Tibiofemoral joint forces during ergometer cycling.
- 1986
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Ingår i: American Journal of Sports Medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0363-5465 .- 1552-3365. ; 14:4, s. 285-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Six healthy subjects pedaled on a weight-braked bicycle ergometer at different workloads, pedaling rates, saddle heights, and pedal foot positions. The subjects were filmed with a cine-film camera and pedal reaction forces were recorded from a force transducer mounted on the left pedal. Net knee moments were calculated using a dynamic model, and the tibiofemoral shear and compressive force magnitudes were calculated using a biomechanical model of the knee. During cycling at 120 W, 60 rpm, midsaddle height, and anterior pedal foot position, the mean peak tibiofemoral compressive force was 812 N [1.2 times body weight (BW)]. The maximum anteriorly directed tibiofemoral shear force was found to be low (37 N). The compressive and shear forces were significantly increased by an increased ergometer workload. The pedaling rate had no influence on the tibiofemoral force magnitudes. The stress on the ACL was low and could be further decreased by use of the anterior foot position instead of the posterior.
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| 13. |
- Frisell, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative effectiveness of abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab and TNFi biologics in RA : Results from the nationwide Swedish register
- 2019
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Ingår i: Rheumatology (United Kingdom). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-0324 .- 1462-0332. ; 58:8, s. 1367-1377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Current guidelines rank abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab and TNF-inhibitors (TNFi) as having equal effectiveness for the treatment of RA, at least as second line therapies. These recommendations are mainly based on meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, with few direct drug-drug comparisons. Our objective was to compare the real-world absolute and relative effectiveness among RA patients starting any of the available biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs). Methods: We used the Swedish Rheumatology Register to identify patients with RA initiating TNFi, rituximab, abatacept or tocilizumab in 2010-2016 as first bDMARD (n = 9333), or after switch from TNFi as first bDMARD (n = 3941). National Swedish registers provided additional covariates and censoring events. Effectiveness was assessed 3 and 12 months after treatment start, as the proportion remaining on therapy and with EULAR Good Response, HAQ improvement >0.2, zero swollen/tender joints and CDAI remission. Adjusted differences were estimated with multivariable linear regression. Results: Patients starting non-TNFi (vs TNFi) as first bDMARD had a higher proportion remaining on drug and reaching most response outcomes as first bDMARD (1-year EULAR Good Response/HAQ improvement: TNFi 24.9/25.4%, rituximab 28.6/37.2%, abatacept 31.9/33.7%, tocilizumab 50.9/43.1%). After switch from a first TNFi, rituximab and tocilizumab, but not abatacept, were associated with significantly better response measures than TNFi (1-year EULAR Good Response/HAQ improvement: TNFi 11.6/16.1%, rituximab 24.8/33.2%, abatacept 13.1/17.5%, tocilizumab 34.1/29.4%). Differences remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusion: Treatment outcomes among RA patients treated in Swedish clinical practice are in line with a superior effectiveness of non-TNFi bDMARDs, in particular tocilizumab and rituximab, compared with TNFi.
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| 14. |
- Gron, KL, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated in routine care with abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab in Denmark and Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annals of the rheumatic diseases. - : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 78:3, s. 320-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To estimate (1) crude and age-and gender-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) of serious infections (SI) and (2) relative risks (RR) of SI in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) initiating treatment with abatacept, rituximab or tocilizumab in routine care.MethodsThis is an observational cohort study conducted in parallel in Denmark and Sweden including patients with RA in Denmark (DANBIO) and Sweden (Anti-Rheumatic Treatment in Sweden Register/Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register) who started abatacept/rituximab/tocilizumab in 2010–2015. Patients could contribute to more than one treatment course. Incident SI (hospitalisations listing infection) and potential confounders were identified through linkage to national registries. Age- and gender-adjusted IRs of SI per 100 person years and additionally adjusted RRs of SI during 0–12 and 0–24 months since start of treatment were assessed (Poisson regression). Country-specific RRs were pooled using inverse variance weighting.ResultsWe identified 8987 treatment courses (abatacept: 2725; rituximab: 3363; tocilizumab: 2899). At treatment start, rituximab-treated patients were older, had longer disease duration and more previous malignancies; tocilizumab-treated patients had higher C reactive protein. During 0–12 and 0–24 months of follow-up, 456 and 639 SI events were identified, respectively. The following were the age- and gender-adjusted 12-month IRs for abatacept/rituximab/tocilizumab: 7.1/8.1/6.1 for Denmark and 6.0/6.4/4.7 for Sweden. The 24-month IRs were 6.1/7.5/5.2 for Denmark and 5.6/5.8/4.3 for Sweden. Adjusted 12-month RRs for tocilizumab versus rituximab were 0.82 (0.50 to 1.36) for Denmark and 0.76 (0.57 to 1.02) for Sweden, pooled 0.78 (0.61 to 1.01); for abatacept versus rituximab 0.94 (0.55 to 1.60) for Denmark and 0.86 (0.66 to 1.13) for Sweden, pooled 0.88 (0.69 to 1.12); and for abatacept versus tocilizumab 1.15 (0.69 to 1.90) for Denmark and 1.14 (0.83 to 1.55) for Sweden, pooled 1.13 (0.91 to 1.42). The adjusted RRs for 0–24 months were similar.ConclusionFor patients starting abatacept, rituximab or tocilizumab, differences in baseline characteristics were seen. Numerical differences in IR of SI between drugs were observed. RRs seemed to vary with drug (tocilizumab < abatacept < rituximab) but should be interpreted with caution due to few events and risk of residual confounding.
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| 17. |
- Kylhammar, David, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting mortality during long-term follow-up in pulmonary arterial hypertension
- 2021
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Ingår i: ERJ open research. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 2312-0541. ; 7:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) guideline recommendation of comprehensive risk assessments, which classify patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as having low, intermediate or high mortality risk, has not been evaluated during long-term follow-up in a “real-life” clinical setting. We therefore aimed to investigate the utility of risk assessment in a clinical setting for up to 5 years post diagnosis.386 patients with PAH from the Swedish PAH Registry were included. Risk group (low/intermediate/high) and proportion of low-risk variables were investigated at 3-, 4- and 5-year follow-ups after time of diagnosis. In an exploratory analysis, survival rates of patients with low-intermediate or high-intermediate risk scores were compared.A low-risk profile was in multivariate Cox proportional hazards regressions found to be a strong, independent predictor of longer transplant-free survival (p<0.001) at the 3-, 4- and 5-year follow-ups. Also, for the 3-, 4- and 5-year follow-ups, survival rates significantly differed (p<0.001) between the three risk groups. Patients with a greater proportion of low-risk variables had better (p<0.001) survival rates. Patients with a high-intermediate risk score had worse survival rates (p<0.001) than those with a low-intermediate risk score. Results were similar when excluding patients with ≥3 risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation and/or age >75 years at diagnosis.Our findings suggest that the ESC/ERS guideline strategy for comprehensive risk assessments in PAH is valid also during long-term follow-up in a “real-life” clinical setting.
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| 18. |
- Milerad, E, et al.
(författare)
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An electromyographic study of dental work.
- 1991
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Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 34:7, s. 953-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Musculoskeletal disorders are common among dentists, and have been ascribed to the demands of high precision work and sustained static loading in the neck-shoulder region, combined with a flexed and rotated cervical spine. In order to determine muscular load levels during dentistry, activity in neck, shoulder, and arm muscles was recorded using an electromyography technique (EMG). Normalized mean, median, 10th and 90th percentile EMG amplitude levels (% maximal reference contraction, %max-RVC) were calculated during ordinary dental work. Among the muscles investigated, the trapezius muscle on both sides had the highest mean (the right trapezius 9.0% and the left 7.6% of max-RVC) and 10th percentile amplitude levels (both about 2% of max-RVC). The trapezius muscles showed similar myoelectric activity on the right and left side, probably because of similar muscular static load on the both sides. The right extensor carpi radialis muscle had a significantly higher muscular load level than the left one, possibly due to stabilization demands on the dominant wrist during demanding precision work. The infraspinatus muscle had low activity level on both sides, reflecting that the dentists worked with a small degree of arm elevation and external rotation. The dentistry work thus seems to generate relatively high muscular load on both trapezius and dominant extensor-carpi-radialis, and relatively low load on the infraspinatus muscle.
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| 24. |
- Nisell, R, et al.
(författare)
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Tibiofemoral joint forces during isokinetic knee extension.
- 1989
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Ingår i: American Journal of Sports Medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0363-5465 .- 1552-3365. ; 17:1, s. 49-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a Cybex II, eight healthy male subjects performed isokinetic knee extensions at two different speeds (30 and 180 deg/sec) and two different positions of the resistance pad (proximal and distal). A sagittal plane, biomechanical model was used for calculating the magnitude of the tibiofemoral joint compressive and shear forces. The magnitude of isokinetic knee extending moments was found to be significantly lower with the resistance pad placed proximally on the leg instead of distally. The tibiofemoral compressive force was of the same magnitude as the patellar tendon force, with a maximum of 6300 N or close to 9 times body weight (BW). The tibiofemoral shear force changed direction from being negative (tibia tends to move posteriorly in relation to femur) to a positive magnitude of about 700 N or close to 1 BW, indicating that high forces arise in the ACL when the knee is extended more than 60 degrees. The anteriorly directed shear force was lowered considerably by locating the resistance pad to a proximal position on the leg. This model may be used when it is desirable to control stress on the ACL, e.g., in the rehabilitative period after ACL repairs or reconstructions.
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